Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Sigismund's Chapel 01 AB.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Coat of arms of Poland|Polish White Eagle]] is Poland's enduring [[National symbols of Poland|national and cultural symbol]].]]
{{Culture of Poland}}
The '''culture of Poland''' ({{lang-pl|Kultura Polski }}) is the product of its [[Geography of Poland|geography]] and distinct historical evolution, which is closely connected to [[History of Poland|an intricate thousand-year history]].<ref>Adam Zamoyski, [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Polish-Way-Thousand-History-Culture/dp/0781802008 The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture]. Published 1993, Hippocrene Books, Poland, {{ISBN|0-7818-0200-8}}</ref> Poland has a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] majority, and [[Religion in Poland|religion]] plays an important role in the lives of many Polish people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Infographic - Religiousness of Polish inhabitiants |url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/infographics-and-widgets/infographics/infographic-religiousness-of-polish-inhabitiants,4,1.html |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=en}}</ref> The unique character of Polish culture developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of various European regions.
It is theorised and speculated that ethnic Poles are the combination of descendants of [[West Slavs]] and people indigenous to the region including [[Celts]], [[Balts]] and [[Germanic tribes]] which were gradually [[Polonization|Polonized]] after Poland's [[Baptism of Poland|Christianization]] by the [[Catholic Church]] in the 10th century. Over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic States|Baltic]], [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Latinate]] and to a lesser extent; [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] cultures as well as in continual dialogue with the many other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland.<ref name="MFA">[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland]], 2002–2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203015755/http://poland.gov.pl/Culture,484.html An Overview of Polish Culture]. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref>
The people of Poland have traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from abroad and eager to follow cultural and artistic trends popular in other countries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its complex nuances.<ref name="MFA" /> Nowadays, Poland is a highly [[developed country]] that retains its traditions.
Poland has made significant contributions to the art, music, philosophy, mathematics, science, politics and literature of the [[Western world|Western World]]. The term which defines an individual's appreciation of Polish culture and customs is [[Polonophile|Polonophilia]].
== History ==
{{main|Cultural history of Poland}}
Cultural history of Poland can be traced back to the [[Middle Ages]]. In its entirety, it can be divided into the following historical, philosophical artistic periods: [[Culture of medieval Poland]] (from the late 10th to late 15th century), [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] (late 15th to the late 16th century), [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] (late 16th to the mid-18th century), [[Enlightenment in Poland|Enlightenment]] (second half of the 18th century), [[Romanticism in Poland|Romanticism]] (from around 1820 until the suppression of the 1863 [[January Uprising|January uprising]] against the Russian Empire), [[Positivism in Poland|Positivism]] (lasting until the turn of the 20th century), [[Young Poland]] (between 1890 and 1918), [[Polish culture in the Interbellum|Interbellum]] (1918–1939), [[Polish culture during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945), [[Culture in the People's Republic of Poland|People's Republic of Poland]] (until the 1989 [[Autumn of Nations]]), and [[Culture in modern Poland|Modern]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
== Language ==
{{main|Polish language}}
[[File:AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg|thumb|upright|First [[Polish language]] dictionary published in [[Second Polish Republic|free Poland]] after the century of [[Anti-Polish sentiment|suppression of Polish culture]] by [[Partitions of Poland|foreign powers]]]]
Polish (''język polski'', ''polszczyzna'') is a language of the [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] subgroup of [[West Slavic languages]] (also spelled Lechitic) composed of Polish, Kashubian, Silesian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. The West Slavic Languages are a subfamily of the [[Slavic Languages]], a descendant of the [[Indo-European Languages]]. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River." used throughout [[Poland]] (being that country's [[official language]]) and by [[Polish people|Polish]] minorities in other countries. Its written standard is the [[Polish alphabet]], which corresponds to the [[Latin alphabet]] with several additions. Despite the pressure of non-Polish administrations in Poland, who have often attempted to suppress the Polish language,{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} a rich literature has developed over the centuries. The language is currently the largest, in speakers, of the West Slavic group. It is the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after Russian and ahead of Ukrainian. Polish is mainly spoken in [[Poland]]. Poland is one of the most linguistically [[wiktionary:Homogeneous|homogeneous]] European countries; nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their [[mother tongue]].
{{see also|Polish name}}
== Cuisine ==
{{main|Polish cuisine}}
Polish foods include [[kiełbasa]], [[pierogi]] (filled with meat, potatoes, cabbage, cheese or holiday fruits), [[pyzy (dish)|pyzy]] (meat-filled dough balls), [[kopytka]], [[gołąbki]] (meat and rice stuffed cabbage), śledzie ([[herring]]), [[bigos]], [[kotlet schabowy|schabowy]], [[oscypek]] and much more. Traditionally, food such as soups [[flaki]], [[rosół]], [[zupa ogórkowa]], zupa grzybowa ([[mushroom]] soup), [[żurek]], zupa pomidorowa ([[tomato soup]]) have been prepared in large vessels intended for groups, often necessitating the use of devices such as [[oars]] in their preparation. Traditionally, hospitality is very important.
In the Middle Ages, as the cities of Poland grew larger in size and the food markets developed, the culinary exchange of ideas progressed & people got acquainted with new dishes and recipes. Some regions became well known for the type of sausage they made and many sausages of today still carry those original names. The peasants acknowledged their honorable judgment, allowing them to maintain nourished for longer periods of time.
The first known written mention of [[vodka]] was in 1405 in ''Akta Grodzkie'',<ref name=KRPS>{{Cite web|url=http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27|title=History of vodka production, at the official page of Polish Spirit Industry Association (KRPS), 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> the court documents from the [[Sandomierz Voivodship|Palatinate of Sandomierz]] in Poland.<ref name=KRPS /> At the time, the word vodka (wódka), referred to chemical compounds such as medicines and cosmetics' cleansers, while the popular beverage was called ''gorzałka'' (from the [[Old Polish]] ''gorzeć'' meaning ''to burn''), which is also the source of Ukrainian ''[[horilka]]'' (горілка). The word ''vodka'' written in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref name=KRPS />
According to a 2009 Ernst & Young report, Poland is Europe's third largest beer producer: Germany with 103 million hectolitres, UK with 49.5 million hl, Poland with 36.9 million hl. Following consecutive growth in the home market, Polish Union of the Brewing Industry Employers (Związek Pracodawców Przemysłu Piwowarskiego), which represents approximately 90% of the Polish beer market, announced during the annual brewing industry conference that consumption of beer in 2008 rose to 94 litres per capita, or 35,624 million hectolitres sold on domestic market. Statistically, a Polish consumer drinks some 92 litres of beer a year, which places it a third behind Germany. Drinking beer as a basic drink was typical during the [[Middle Ages]]. Wine is recently becoming more popular. In fact, [[Polish mead]], a honey wine was a traditional drink dating back also to the Middle Ages.
Soft drinks include "napoje gazowane" (carbonated drinks), "napoje bezalkoholowe" (non-alcoholic drinks) like water, tea, juice, coffee or [[kompot]]. Kompot is a non-alcoholic beverage made of boiled fruit, optionally with sugar and spices (clove or cinnamon), served hot or cold. It can be made of one type of fruit or a mixture, including apples, peaches, pears, strawberries or sour cherries. Also, Susz is type of [[kompot]] made with dried fruits, most commonly apples, apricots, figs. Traditionally served on [[Christmas Eve]].
Among holiday meals, there is a traditional Christmas Eve supper called [[Wigilia]]. Another special occasion is [[Fat Thursday]] ("Tłusty Czwartek"), a Catholic feast celebrated on the last Thursday before the Lent. Traditionally it is a day when people eat large amounts of sweets and cakes that are afterwards forbidden until Easter day (see also: the Polish traditional [[Święconka|Easter Breakfast]]).
{{Gallery|width=160|height=155|align=center
|File:Bigos in Kraków.jpg|[[Bigos]] stew and a glass of [[Tyskie]] beer
|File:04565 Christmas dumplings with dried plums.JPG|Traditional Christmas Eve [[Pierogi]]
|File:Kotlet Schabowy.jpg|[[Kotlet schabowy]] served with potatoes and raw vegetable salads
|File:Polish paczki.jpg|[[Pączki]] plum jam doughnuts
}}
{{Gallery|title=Traditional Polish kitchen|width=160|height=155|align=center
|File:Malbork (DerHexer) 2010-07-14 161.jpg|Medieval kitchen from the 14th century
|File:Miód Kurpiowski Dwójniak.jpg|[[Mead]] Kurpiowski Dwójniak
|File:Lyzki polskie.jpg|Polish spoons from the 16th century
}}
== Architecture ==
{{main|Architecture of Poland}}
Polish cities and towns reflect the whole spectrum of European styles. Poland's (along with Hungary's) eastern frontiers used to mark the outermost boundary of [[History of Western Architecture#Western Architecture{{spaced ndash}}Classical to Eclecticism|Western architecture]] on the continent, with strong influences derived from Italy, Germany and the [[Low Countries]].
History has not been good to Poland's architectural monuments. However, ancient structures have survived: castles, churches, and stately buildings, often unique in the regional or European context. Some of them have been painstakingly restored, like [[Wawel Castle]], or completely reconstructed after being destroyed in the [[Second World War]], including the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]] and [[Royal Castle in Warsaw]], as well as the Old Towns of [[Gdańsk]] and [[Wrocław]].
The architecture of [[Gdańsk]] is mostly Hanseatic, common in cities along the [[Baltic Sea]] and in the northern part of Central Europe. The architectural style of [[Wrocław]] is representative of German architecture, since it was a part of the German states for centuries. The center of [[Kazimierz Dolny]] on the [[Vistula]] is a good example of a well-preserved medieval town, also local variation of Renaissance architecture has been developed called [[Lublin Renaissance]] it has preserved in [[Lublin]] as [[Lublin Old Town]] and [[Old City of Zamość]] in [[Zamość]]. Poland's ancient capital, [[Kraków]], ranks among the best-preserved [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance]] urban complexes in Europe. Meanwhile, the legacy of the [[Kresy]] Marchlands of Poland's eastern regions with Wilno and Lwów (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts played a special role in these developments with [[Roman-Catholic]] church architecture deserving special attention.<ref name="MFA" /> In [[Vilnius]] ([[Lithuania]]) there are about forty [[baroque]] and [[Renaissance]] churches. In [[Lwów|Lviv]] ([[Ukraine]]) there are [[gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], and [[baroque]] urban churches with influences of the orthodox and Armenian church.
One of the best-preserved examples of the [[Modernist architecture]] in Europe is located in [[Katowice]], [[Upper Silesia]], designed and built in the 1930s. Interesting buildings were also constructed during the Communist era in the style of [[Socialist Realism]]; some remarkable examples of modern architecture were erected more recently.
{{Gallery|title=Architecture of Poland|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Krakow - Cloth Hall from Basilica - 1.jpg|[[Sukiennice]] (cloth-hall), with medieval [[Kraków]] ratusz (city-hall) tower on the left.
|File:Łańcut, Synagoga w Łańcucie DZolopa 2019-08-16 170419 1306.jpg|Interior of the [[Łańcut Synagogue]], a testament to Poland’s rich [[Judaism in Poland|Jewish heritage]].
|File:Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg|City hall in [[Gdańsk]], where the architecture reflects historical ties to the [[Hanseatic League]].
|File:Paris 1925 59878912.jpg|Polish [[art déco]] pavilion including its artworks representing the culture of Poland, [[Paris]], 1925. The building was awarded the Grand Prix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culture.pl/pl/artykul/pawilony-polskie|title = Pawilony polskie}}</ref>
|File:Szczecin filharmonia (1).jpg|[[Szczecin Philharmonic]] was awarded the [[European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture]]
}}
== Art ==
[[File:Malczewski melancholia.jpg|thumb|left|280px|''Melancholy'' (1894), by [[Jacek Malczewski]]]]
{{Main|Polish art}}
[[File:Matejko Stańczyk.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Stańczyk]]'', painted in 1862 by [[Jan Matejko]]]]Polish art has always reflected European trends while maintaining its unique character. The [[Kraków]] school of Historicist painting developed by [[Jan Matejko]] produced monumental portrayals of customs and significant events in Polish history. [[Stanisław Witkiewicz]] was an ardent supporter of [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] in Polish art, its main representative being [[Józef Marian Chełmoński|Jozef Chełmoński]].
The Młoda Polska ([[Young Poland]]) movement witnessed the birth of modern Polish art and engaged in a great deal of formal experimentation led by [[Jacek Malczewski]] ([[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]), [[Stanisław Wyspiański]], [[Józef Mehoffer]], and a group of Polish [[Impressionists]]. Artists of the 20th century Avant-garde represented various schools and trends. The art of [[Tadeusz Makowski]] was influenced by [[Cubism]]; while [[Władysław Strzemiński]] as well as [[Henryk Stażewski]] worked within the Constructivist idiom, and [[Tamara de Lempicka]] in the [[Art Deco]] style. Distinguished contemporary artists include [[Monika Sosnowska]], [[Roman Opałka]], [[Leon Tarasewicz]], [[Jerzy Nowosielski]], [[Mirosław Bałka]], and [[Katarzyna Kozyra]] and [[Alicja Kwade]] in the younger generation. The most celebrated Polish sculptors include [[Xawery Dunikowski]], [[Katarzyna Kobro]], [[Alina Szapocznikow]] and [[Magdalena Abakanowicz]]. Since the inter-war years, Polish art and documentary photography has enjoyed worldwide recognition. In the 1960s, the [[Polish Poster School]] was formed, with [[Henryk Tomaszewski (poster artist)|Henryk Tomaszewski]] and [[Waldemar Świerzy]] at its head.<ref name="MFA" />
{{Gallery|title=Leading Polish painters|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Schultz Self-portrait.png|[[Daniel Schultz]]<br /><small>(1615–1683)</small>
|File:Michałowski Self-portrait.jpg|[[Piotr Michałowski]]<br /><small>(1800–1855)</small>
|File:Matejko Self-portrait.jpg|[[Jan Matejko]]<br /><small>(1838–1893)</small>
|File:Malczewski Self-portrait with a palette.jpg|[[Jacek Malczewski]]<br /><small>(1854–1929)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Wyspiański Self-portrait 1894.jpg|[[Stanisław Wyspiański]]<br /><small>(1869–1907)</small>
|File:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.jpg|[[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz|Witkiewicz "Witkacy"]]<br /><small>(1885–1939)</small>
|<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: File:Tamara de Lempicka.jpg -->|[[Tamara de Lempicka|Łempicka]]<br /><small>(1898–1980)</small>
|File:Zdzislaw Beksinski in Sanok-crop.jpg|[[Zdzisław Beksiński]]<br /><small>(1929–2005)</small>
|File:Wilhelm Sasnal 2022a.jpg|[[Wilhelm Sasnal]]<br /><small>(b. 1972)</small>
}}
== Dance ==
{{see also|Polish folk dances}}
Dance in Poland consists of a diverse array of traditional and contemporary forms of dance. Traditional dances are often an important part of cultural celebrations, and these dances vary across regions of the country. The national dances of Poland are [[Krakowiak]] (Cracovienne), [[Oberek]], [[Polonaise (dance)|Polonaise]], [[Kujawiak]] and [[Mazur (dance)|Mazur]].
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Polish Dancing (7714985236).jpg|[[Krakowiak]]
|File:DSC 0599 Polanie Polish Dance Group.jpg|[[Kujawiak]]
|File:DSC 0592 Polanie Polish Dance Group.jpg|[[Polka]]
}}
== Music ==
{{Main|Music of Poland}}
[[File:Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg|thumb|250px|Chopin's Polonaise, by [[Kwiatkowski]], depicting a ball at Count [[Czartoryski]]'s [[Hôtel Lambert]] in Paris. National Museum, [[Poznań]]]]
Artists from [[Poland]], including famous composers like [[Karol Lipiński]], [[Frédéric Chopin]] or [[Witold Lutosławski]] and traditional, regionalised [[folk music]]ians, create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognizes its own [[music genre]]s, such as [[sung poetry]]. Today in Poland, one may find [[Trance music|trance]], [[techno]], [[house music]], and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].
The origin of Polish music can be traced as far back as the 13th century, from which manuscripts have been found in [[Stary Sącz]], containing [[polyphony|polyphonic]] compositions related to the Parisian [[Notre Dame School]]. Other early compositions, such as the melody of ''[[Bogurodzica]]'', may also date back to this period. The first known notable composer, however, [[Mikołaj z Radomia]], lived in the 15th century. The melody of ''[[Bóg się rodzi]]'' by an unknown composer was a coronation polonaise for Polish kings.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
During the 16th century, mostly two musical groups – both based in [[Kraków]] and belonging to the King and Archbishop of Wawel – led the rapid innovation of Polish music. Composers writing during this period include [[Wacław z Szamotuł]], [[Mikołaj Zieleński]], and [[Mikołaj Gomółka]]. [[Diomedes Cato]], a native-born Italian who lived in Kraków from about the age of five, became one of the most famous lutenists at the court of Sigismund III. He imported some of the musical styles from southern Europe and blended them with native folk music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semper.pl/muzyczne_dwory_summary.pdf |title=The Music Courts of the Polish Vasas |work=www.semper.pl |page=244 |access-date=2009-05-13 |df=dmy }}{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Among the best classical modern composers are Polish musicians [[Grażyna Bacewicz]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] and [[Henryk Górecki]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Wanda Wilkomirska]]]]
The Polish world renown virtuosos of classical music of all time include composers [[Karol Lipiński]], [[Artur Rubinstein]], [[Ignacy Paderewski]], [[Mieczysław Horszowski]], [[Grażyna Bacewicz]], [[Wanda Wilkomirska]] and [[Krystian Zimerman]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
Jazz musician [[Krzysztof Komeda]] was known after WWII especially for his film soundtracks, including film directed by [[Roman Polański]], but also for his 1966 album ''[[Astigmatic (album)|Astigmatic]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
Іn thе Роlіѕh muѕіс іnduѕtrу Rар ѕtаnd оut аѕ thе mоѕt рrоmіnеnt аnd wіdеlу rесоgnіzеd gеnrе. Роlіѕh rарреrѕ аrе сеlеbrаtеd fоr thеіr tаlеntѕ аnd асhіеvеmеntѕ.<ref>[https://gk24.pl/jak-w-koszalinie-rodzil-sie-rap-opowiadali-reprezentanci-lokalnej-sceny-zdjecia/ar/c1-17109613 Polish Rap]</ref> Оvеr thе уеаrѕ, mоѕt Роlіѕh rарреrѕ ѕtuсk tо thе соntеmроrаrу rар muѕіс, but іn thе 21ѕt сеnturу ѕеvеrаl nеw‐gеnеrаtіоn аrtіѕtѕ bеgаn tо dіvеrѕіfу іntо оthеr gеnrеѕ іnсludіng Тrар. Νоtаblе Роlіѕh rарреrѕ іnсludе [[Magik (rapper)|Magik]], [[Peja (rapper)|Peja]] and [[Popek]]. Whіlе іn tеrmѕ оf Rар thеrе аrе mаnу fеmаlе аrtіѕt but nоnе gаіnеd mаіnѕtrеаm рublісіtу.
Poland has one of the strongest and best-respected [[electronic dance music]] (EDM) scenes in Europe. One of the biggest record labels of EDM in Poland is Empire Records. The death metal band [[Vader (band)|Vader]] is considered the most successful Polish Metal act and have gained commercial and critical praise internationally. Their career spans more than three decades with many international tours. They are often seen as a huge inspiration on modern Death Metal. [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]] and [[Decapitated (band)|Decapitated]] have found significant success inside and outside Poland. Both have toured extensively across Europe, America and, in the case of Decapitated, have recently toured Australia and New Zealand. Recently [[Indukti]], [[Hate (band)|Hate]], [[Trauma (Polish band)|Trauma]], [[Crionics]], [[Lost Soul (band)|Lost Soul]] and [[Lux Occulta]] have started to become well known outside of Poland. There is also an active grindcore, and a vigorous black metals scenes as well, the later led by [[Graveland]], [[Darzamat]], Kataxu, Infernal War and [[Vesania]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Gallery|title=Leading classical composers|width=130|height=165|align=center
||[[Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki]]<br /><small>(1665–1734)</small>
|File:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 043.jpg|[[Frédéric Chopin]]<br /><small>(1810–1849)</small>
|File:Stanisłaŭ Maniuška. Станіслаў Манюшка (T. Maleszewski, 1865).jpg|[[Stanisław Moniuszko]]<br /><small>(1819–1872)</small>
|File:Henryk Wieniawski three quarters length (cropped).jpg|[[Henryk Wieniawski]]<br /><small>(1835–1880)</small>
|File:Karol Szymanowski.jpg|[[Karol Szymanowski]]<br /><small>(1882–1937)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Ignacy Jan Paderewski.PNG|[[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]]<br /><small>(1860–1941)</small>
|File:Lutoslawski3cr.jpg|[[Witold Lutosławski]]<br /><small>(1913–1994)</small>
|File:Henryk Mikołaj Górecki Polish composer.jpg|[[Henryk Górecki]]<br /><small>(1933–2010)</small>
|File:Krzysztof Penderecki 20080706.jpg|[[Krzysztof Penderecki]]<br /><small>(1933–2020)</small>
}}
== Literature ==
{{main|Polish literature}}
Since the arrival of Christianity and the subsequent access to Western European civilization, Poles developed a significant literary production in [[Latin]]. Conspicuous authors of the Middle Ages are among others [[Gallus Anonymus]], [[Wincenty Kadłubek]] and [[Jan Długosz]], an author of the monumental work on the history of Poland. With the arrival of the Renaissance, Poles came under the influence of the artistic patterns of the humanistic style, actively participating in the European issues of that time with their Latin works.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Adam Mickiewicz Monument in Kraków.jpg|thumb|Monument to [[Adam Mickiewicz]], one of the greatest [[Polish poets]], at the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] in [[Kraków]]]]
The origins of [[Literature of Poland|Polish literature]] written in Polish go back beyond the 14th century. In the 16th century the poetic works of [[Jan Kochanowski]] established him as a leading representative of European Renaissance literature. [[Baroque]] and [[Neo-Classicist]] belle letters made a significant contribution to the cementing of Poland's peoples of many cultural backgrounds. The early 19th century novel "[[The Manuscript Found in Saragossa|Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse]]" by Count [[Jan Potocki]], which survived in its Polish translation after the loss of the original in French, became a world classic. [[Wojciech Has]]'s film based on it, a favourite of [[Luis Buñuel]], later became a cult film on university campuses. Poland's great Romantic literature flourished in the 19th century when the country had lost its independence. The poets [[Adam Mickiewicz]], [[Juliusz Słowacki]] and [[Zygmunt Krasiński]], the "[[Three Bards]]", became the spiritual leaders of a nation deprived of its sovereignty, and prophesied its revival. The novelist [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], who won the Nobel Prize in 1905, eulogised the historical tradition. It is difficult to grasp fully the detailed tradition of Polish [[Romanticism in Poland|Romanticism]] and its consequences for Polish literature without a thorough knowledge of [[History of Poland|Polish history]].<ref name="MFA" />
In the early 20th century, many outstanding Polish literary works emerged from the new cultural exchange and Avant-Garde experimentation. The legacy of the [[Kresy]] marshlands of Poland's eastern regions with [[Wilno]] and [[Lwów]] (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts, played a special role in these developments. This was also a region in which [[Jewish]] tradition and the mystic movement of [[Hasidism]] thrived. The Kresy were a cultural trysting-place for numerous ethnic and national groups whose achievements were inspiring each other. The works of [[Bruno Schulz]], [[Bolesław Leśmian]], and Józef Czechowicz were written there. In the south of Poland, [[Zakopane]] was the birthplace of the avant-garde works of [[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz]] ([[Witkacy]]). And, last but not least, [[Władysław Reymont]] was awarded the 1924 Nobel prize in literature for his novel Chłopi (The Peasants).
After the Second World War, many Polish writers found themselves in exile, with many of them clustered around the Paris-based "Kultura" publishing venture run by [[Jerzy Giedroyc]]. The group of emigre writers included [[Witold Gombrowicz]], [[Gustaw Herling-Grudziński]], [[Czesław Miłosz]], and [[Sławomir Mrożek]].
[[Zbigniew Herbert]], [[Tadeusz Różewicz]], [[Czesław Miłosz]], and [[Wisława Szymborska]] are among the most outstanding 20th century Polish poets, including [[novelists]] and playwrights [[Witold Gombrowicz]], [[Sławomir Mrożek]], and [[Stanisław Lem]] (science fiction). [[List of Polish language authors|The long list]] includes [[Hanna Krall]] whose work focuses mainly on the war-time Jewish experience, and [[Ryszard Kapuściński]] with books translated into many languages.
{{Gallery|title=Leading Polish writers and poets|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg|[[Jan Kochanowski]]<br /><small>(1530–1584)</small>
|File:Jan andrzej Morsztyn 1.PNG|[[Jan Andrzej Morsztyn]]<br /><small>(1621–1693)</small>
|File:Krafft the Elder Ignacy Krasicki (detail).jpg|[[Ignacy Krasicki]]<br /><small>(1735–1801)</small>
|File:Jan Potocki.jpg|[[Jan Potocki]]<br /><small>(1761–1815)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Adam Mickiewicz według dagerotypu paryskiego z 1842 roku.jpg|[[Adam Mickiewicz]]<br /><small>(1798–1855)</small>
|File:Juliusz Słowacki 1.PNG|[[Juliusz Słowacki]]<br /><small>(1809–1849)</small>
|File:Joseph Conrad, Fotografie von George Charles Beresford, 1904.jpg|[[Joseph Conrad]]<br /><small>(1857–1924)</small>
|File:Stefan Zeromski Polish writer.jpg|[[Stefan Żeromski]]<br /><small>(1864–1925)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|Bruno_Schulz,_portrait.jpg|[[Bruno Schulz]]<br /><small>(1892–1942)</small>
|File:Witold Gombrowicz by Bohdan Paczowski - detail.jpg|[[Witold Gombrowicz]]<br /><small>(1904–1969)</small>
|File:St Lem resize.jpg|[[Stanisław Lem]]<br /><small>(1921–2006)</small>
|File:Ryszard Kapuscinski by Kubik 17.05.1997 - cropped.jpg|[[Ryszard Kapuściński]]<br /><small>(1932–2007)</small>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! align=center|<small>[[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]<br />(1846–1916)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Władysław Reymont]]<br />(1865–1925)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Isaac Bashevis Singer]]<br />(1902–1991)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Czesław Miłosz]]<br />(1911–2004)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Wisława Szymborska]]<br />(1923–2012)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Olga Tokarczuk]]<br />(1962–)</small>
|-
| [[File:Henryk Sienkiewicz 1905.jpg|107px]]|| [[File:Władysław Reymont.jpg|107px]]|| [[File:Isaac Bashevis Singer (upright).jpg|114px]]|| [[File:Czesław Miłosz 2011(Lt, detail).jpg|108px]]|| [[File:Wisława Szymborska 2009.10.23 (1).jpg|114px]]|| [[File:Olga Tokarczuk-9739.jpg|114px]]
|}
== Philosophy ==
{{Main|History of philosophy in Poland}}
Polish philosophy drew upon the broader currents of European philosophy, and in turn contributed to their growth. Among the most momentous Polish contributions were made, in the 13th century, by the [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] philosopher and scientist [[Vitello]], by [[Paweł Włodkowic]]—in early 15th and, by the [[Renaissance]] [[polymath]] [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] in the 16th century.<ref>[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''Zarys dziejów filozofii w Polsce'' (A Brief History of Philosophy in Poland), p. 32.</ref>
Subsequently, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] partook in the intellectual ferment of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], which for the multi-ethnic Commonwealth ended not long after the [[Partitions of Poland|partitions]] and political annihilation that would last for the next 123 years, until the collapse of the three partitioning empires in [[World War I]].
The period of [[Messianism]], between the [[November Uprising|November 1830]] and [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprisings]], reflected European [[Romanticism|Romantic]] and [[Idealist]] trends, as well as a Polish yearning for political [[resurrection]]. It was a period of [[maximalist]] [[metaphysics|metaphysical systems]].
The collapse of the [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprising]] prompted an agonising reappraisal of Poland's situation. Poles gave up their earlier practice of "measuring their goals by their aspirations" ([[Adam Mickiewicz]]) and buckled down to hard work and study. "[A] Positivist," wrote the novelist [[Bolesław Prus]]'s friend, [[Julian Ochorowicz]], was "anyone who bases assertions on verifiable evidence; who does not express himself categorically about doubtful things, and does not speak at all about those that are inaccessible."<ref>[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''Historia filozofii'' (History of Philosophy), vol. 3, p. 177.</ref>
The 20th century brought a new quickening to Polish philosophy. There was growing interest in western philosophical currents. Rigorously trained Polish philosophers made substantial contributions to specialized fields—to [[psychology]], the [[history of philosophy]], the [[theory of knowledge]], and especially [[mathematical logic]].<ref name="Zarys. p. 32">[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz|Tatarkiewicz]], ''Zarys...'', p. 32.</ref> [[Jan Łukasiewicz]] gained world fame with his concept of [[many-valued logic]] and his "[[Polish notation]]."<ref>[[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], ''A Half Century of Polish Mathematics'', pp. 23–24, 33.</ref> [[Alfred Tarski]]'s work in [[truth theory]] won him world renown.<ref>[[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], ''A Half Century of Polish Mathematics'', p. 30 and ''passim''.</ref>
After [[World War II]], for over four decades, world-class Polish philosophers and [[history of philosophy|historians of philosophy]] such as [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]] continued their work, often in the face of adversities occasioned by the dominance of a politically enforced official philosophy. The [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenologist]] [[Roman Ingarden]] did influential work in [[esthetics]] and in a [[Husserl]]-style [[metaphysics]]; his student [[Karol Wojtyła]] owned a unique influence on the world stage as Pope [[John Paul II]].
{{Gallery|title=Leading Polish philosophers|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Witelo, book.gif|[[Vitello]]<br /><small>(1230–1280/1314)</small>
|File:Grzegorz z Sanoka 1.JPG|[[Gregory of Sanok]]<br /><small>(1403/1407–1477)</small>
|File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]<br /><small>(1473–1543)</small>
|File:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski.JPG|[[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski|Frycz Modrzewski]]<br /><small>(1503–1572)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Kazimierz Twardowski 1933.jpg|[[Lwów–Warsaw school]]<br /><small>(1895–1920/1930)</small>
|File:Witkacy Roman Ingarden 1937.jpg|[[Roman Ingarden]]<br /><small>(1893–1970)</small>
|File:AlfredTarski1968.jpeg|[[Alfred Tarski]]<br /><small>(1901–1983)</small>
|File:PapaJCruz Brazil.jpg|Pope [[John Paul II]]<br /><small>(1920–2005)</small>
}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Poland}}
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Religion in Poland]]
* [[Education in Poland]]
* [[Polish comics]]
* [[Timeline of Polish science and technology]]
* [[Economy of Poland]]
* [[Politics of Poland]]
**[[Foreign relations of Poland]]
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
**[[Seven Wonders of Poland]]
**[[World Heritage Sites of Poland]]
* [[Sport in Poland]]
* [[National costumes of Poland]]
**{{Category|Polish clothing}}
*{{Category|Polish traditions}}
**[[Polish folk dances]]
**[[Wigilia]]
**[[Pasterka]]
**[[Święconka]]
**[[Pisanka (Polish)]]
**[[Easter Monday]]
**[[Fat Thursday]]
**[[Name days in Poland]]
**[[Studniówka]]
**[[Juwenalia]]
**[[Zaduszki]]
{{div col end}}
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Strokes Opener 040719-139 (48247874422).jpg|[[Open'er Festival]] in [[Gdynia]] is one of the biggest annual music festivals in Poland
File:Mercado de Navidad, Plaza del Mercado, Breslavia, Polonia, 2017-12-20, DD 41-49 HDR PAN.jpg|[[Christmas market]] in [[Wrocław]]
File:Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg|Old Town of [[Zamość]] (UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]])
File:Poland NT 2011.jpg|[[Poland national football team]]
</gallery>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Culture of Poland}}
* [http://culture.pl/en/article/looking-at-polands-history-through-the-prism-of-art Looking at Poland's History Through the Prism of Art]
* [http://www.poloniamusic.com Polonia Music] The world of Polish heritage music!
* [http://www.polartcenter.com Polish Art Center] A Treasury of Polish Heritage
* [http://www.pigasus-shop.de/ Pigasus Gallery] Polish Poster, Music & Film
* [http://wsm.serpent.pl/sklep/eng/ Serpent.pl] Albums from genre folk/ethno
* Read more about Polish culture at [https://www.culture.pl/ Culture.pl] – the online magazine promoting Polish culture abroad, run by the [[Adam Mickiewicz Institute]]
{{Poland topics}}
{{Culture of Europe}}
[[Category:Culture of Poland| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Sigismund's Chapel 01 AB.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Coat of arms of Poland|Polish White Eagle]] is Poland's enduring [[National symbols of Poland|national and cultural symbol]].]]
{{Culture of Poland}}
The '''culture of Poland''' ({{lang-pl|Kultura Polski }}) is the product of its [[Geography of Poland|geography]] and distinct historical evolution, which is closely connected to [[History of Poland|an intricate thousand-year history]].<ref>Adam Zamoyski, [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Polish-Way-Thousand-History-Culture/dp/0781802008 The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture]. Published 1993, Hippocrene Books, Poland, {{ISBN|0-7818-0200-8}}</ref> Poland has a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] majority, and [[Religion in Poland|religion]] plays an important role in the lives of many Polish people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUS |title=Infographic - Religiousness of Polish inhabitiants |url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/infographics-and-widgets/infographics/infographic-religiousness-of-polish-inhabitiants,4,1.html |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=stat.gov.pl |language=en}}</ref> The unique character of Polish culture developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of various European regions.
It is theorised and speculated that ethnic Poles are the combination of descendants of [[West Slavs]] and people skibidi sigma
to the region including [[Celts]], [[Balts]] and [[Germanic tribes]] which were gradually [[Polonization|Polonized]] after Poland's [[Baptism of Poland|Christianization]] by the [[Catholic Church]] in the 10th century. Over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic States|Baltic]], [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Latinate]] and to a lesser extent; [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] cultures as well as in continual dialogue with the many other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland.<ref name="MFA">[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland]], 2002–2007, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203015755/http://poland.gov.pl/Culture,484.html An Overview of Polish Culture]. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref>
The people of Poland have traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from abroad and eager to follow cultural and artistic trends popular in other countries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its complex nuances.<ref name="MFA" /> Nowadays, Poland is a highly [[developed country]] that retains its traditions.
Poland has made significant contributions to the art, music, philosophy, mathematics, science, politics and literature of the [[Western world|Western World]]. The term which defines an individual's appreciation of Polish culture and customs is [[Polonophile|Polonophilia]].
== History ==
{{main|Cultural history of Poland}}
Cultural history of Poland can be traced back to the [[Middle Ages]]. In its entirety, it can be divided into the following historical, philosophical artistic periods: [[Culture of medieval Poland]] (from the late 10th to late 15th century), [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] (late 15th to the late 16th century), [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] (late 16th to the mid-18th century), [[Enlightenment in Poland|Enlightenment]] (second half of the 18th century), [[Romanticism in Poland|Romanticism]] (from around 1820 until the suppression of the 1863 [[January Uprising|January uprising]] against the Russian Empire), [[Positivism in Poland|Positivism]] (lasting until the turn of the 20th century), [[Young Poland]] (between 1890 and 1918), [[Polish culture in the Interbellum|Interbellum]] (1918–1939), [[Polish culture during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945), [[Culture in the People's Republic of Poland|People's Republic of Poland]] (until the 1989 [[Autumn of Nations]]), and [[Culture in modern Poland|Modern]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
== Language ==
{{main|Polish language}}
[[File:AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg|thumb|upright|First [[Polish language]] dictionary published in [[Second Polish Republic|free Poland]] after the century of [[Anti-Polish sentiment|suppression of Polish culture]] by [[Partitions of Poland|foreign powers]]]]
Polish (''język polski'', ''polszczyzna'') is a language of the [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] subgroup of [[West Slavic languages]] (also spelled Lechitic) composed of Polish, Kashubian, Silesian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. The West Slavic Languages are a subfamily of the [[Slavic Languages]], a descendant of the [[Indo-European Languages]]. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River." used throughout [[Poland]] (being that country's [[official language]]) and by [[Polish people|Polish]] minorities in other countries. Its written standard is the [[Polish alphabet]], which corresponds to the [[Latin alphabet]] with several additions. Despite the pressure of non-Polish administrations in Poland, who have often attempted to suppress the Polish language,{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} a rich literature has developed over the centuries. The language is currently the largest, in speakers, of the West Slavic group. It is the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after Russian and ahead of Ukrainian. Polish is mainly spoken in [[Poland]]. Poland is one of the most linguistically [[wiktionary:Homogeneous|homogeneous]] European countries; nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their [[mother tongue]].
{{see also|Polish name}}
== Cuisine ==
{{main|Polish cuisine}}
Polish foods include [[kiełbasa]], [[pierogi]] (filled with meat, potatoes, cabbage, cheese or holiday fruits), [[pyzy (dish)|pyzy]] (meat-filled dough balls), [[kopytka]], [[gołąbki]] (meat and rice stuffed cabbage), śledzie ([[herring]]), [[bigos]], [[kotlet schabowy|schabowy]], [[oscypek]] and much more. Traditionally, food such as soups [[flaki]], [[rosół]], [[zupa ogórkowa]], zupa grzybowa ([[mushroom]] soup), [[żurek]], zupa pomidorowa ([[tomato soup]]) have been prepared in large vessels intended for groups, often necessitating the use of devices such as [[oars]] in their preparation. Traditionally, hospitality is very important.
In the Middle Ages, as the cities of Poland grew larger in size and the food markets developed, the culinary exchange of ideas progressed & people got acquainted with new dishes and recipes. Some regions became well known for the type of sausage they made and many sausages of today still carry those original names. The peasants acknowledged their honorable judgment, allowing them to maintain nourished for longer periods of time.
The first known written mention of [[vodka]] was in 1405 in ''Akta Grodzkie'',<ref name=KRPS>{{Cite web|url=http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27|title=History of vodka production, at the official page of Polish Spirit Industry Association (KRPS), 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> the court documents from the [[Sandomierz Voivodship|Palatinate of Sandomierz]] in Poland.<ref name=KRPS /> At the time, the word vodka (wódka), referred to chemical compounds such as medicines and cosmetics' cleansers, while the popular beverage was called ''gorzałka'' (from the [[Old Polish]] ''gorzeć'' meaning ''to burn''), which is also the source of Ukrainian ''[[horilka]]'' (горілка). The word ''vodka'' written in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref name=KRPS />
According to a 2009 Ernst & Young report, Poland is Europe's third largest beer producer: Germany with 103 million hectolitres, UK with 49.5 million hl, Poland with 36.9 million hl. Following consecutive growth in the home market, Polish Union of the Brewing Industry Employers (Związek Pracodawców Przemysłu Piwowarskiego), which represents approximately 90% of the Polish beer market, announced during the annual brewing industry conference that consumption of beer in 2008 rose to 94 litres per capita, or 35,624 million hectolitres sold on domestic market. Statistically, a Polish consumer drinks some 92 litres of beer a year, which places it a third behind Germany. Drinking beer as a basic drink was typical during the [[Middle Ages]]. Wine is recently becoming more popular. In fact, [[Polish mead]], a honey wine was a traditional drink dating back also to the Middle Ages.
Soft drinks include "napoje gazowane" (carbonated drinks), "napoje bezalkoholowe" (non-alcoholic drinks) like water, tea, juice, coffee or [[kompot]]. Kompot is a non-alcoholic beverage made of boiled fruit, optionally with sugar and spices (clove or cinnamon), served hot or cold. It can be made of one type of fruit or a mixture, including apples, peaches, pears, strawberries or sour cherries. Also, Susz is type of [[kompot]] made with dried fruits, most commonly apples, apricots, figs. Traditionally served on [[Christmas Eve]].
Among holiday meals, there is a traditional Christmas Eve supper called [[Wigilia]]. Another special occasion is [[Fat Thursday]] ("Tłusty Czwartek"), a Catholic feast celebrated on the last Thursday before the Lent. Traditionally it is a day when people eat large amounts of sweets and cakes that are afterwards forbidden until Easter day (see also: the Polish traditional [[Święconka|Easter Breakfast]]).
{{Gallery|width=160|height=155|align=center
|File:Bigos in Kraków.jpg|[[Bigos]] stew and a glass of [[Tyskie]] beer
|File:04565 Christmas dumplings with dried plums.JPG|Traditional Christmas Eve [[Pierogi]]
|File:Kotlet Schabowy.jpg|[[Kotlet schabowy]] served with potatoes and raw vegetable salads
|File:Polish paczki.jpg|[[Pączki]] plum jam doughnuts
}}
{{Gallery|title=Traditional Polish kitchen|width=160|height=155|align=center
|File:Malbork (DerHexer) 2010-07-14 161.jpg|Medieval kitchen from the 14th century
|File:Miód Kurpiowski Dwójniak.jpg|[[Mead]] Kurpiowski Dwójniak
|File:Lyzki polskie.jpg|Polish spoons from the 16th century
}}
== Architecture ==
{{main|Architecture of Poland}}
Polish cities and towns reflect the whole spectrum of European styles. Poland's (along with Hungary's) eastern frontiers used to mark the outermost boundary of [[History of Western Architecture#Western Architecture{{spaced ndash}}Classical to Eclecticism|Western architecture]] on the continent, with strong influences derived from Italy, Germany and the [[Low Countries]].
History has not been good to Poland's architectural monuments. However, ancient structures have survived: castles, churches, and stately buildings, often unique in the regional or European context. Some of them have been painstakingly restored, like [[Wawel Castle]], or completely reconstructed after being destroyed in the [[Second World War]], including the [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]] and [[Royal Castle in Warsaw]], as well as the Old Towns of [[Gdańsk]] and [[Wrocław]].
The architecture of [[Gdańsk]] is mostly Hanseatic, common in cities along the [[Baltic Sea]] and in the northern part of Central Europe. The architectural style of [[Wrocław]] is representative of German architecture, since it was a part of the German states for centuries. The center of [[Kazimierz Dolny]] on the [[Vistula]] is a good example of a well-preserved medieval town, also local variation of Renaissance architecture has been developed called [[Lublin Renaissance]] it has preserved in [[Lublin]] as [[Lublin Old Town]] and [[Old City of Zamość]] in [[Zamość]]. Poland's ancient capital, [[Kraków]], ranks among the best-preserved [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance]] urban complexes in Europe. Meanwhile, the legacy of the [[Kresy]] Marchlands of Poland's eastern regions with Wilno and Lwów (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts played a special role in these developments with [[Roman-Catholic]] church architecture deserving special attention.<ref name="MFA" /> In [[Vilnius]] ([[Lithuania]]) there are about forty [[baroque]] and [[Renaissance]] churches. In [[Lwów|Lviv]] ([[Ukraine]]) there are [[gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], and [[baroque]] urban churches with influences of the orthodox and Armenian church.
One of the best-preserved examples of the [[Modernist architecture]] in Europe is located in [[Katowice]], [[Upper Silesia]], designed and built in the 1930s. Interesting buildings were also constructed during the Communist era in the style of [[Socialist Realism]]; some remarkable examples of modern architecture were erected more recently.
{{Gallery|title=Architecture of Poland|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Krakow - Cloth Hall from Basilica - 1.jpg|[[Sukiennice]] (cloth-hall), with medieval [[Kraków]] ratusz (city-hall) tower on the left.
|File:Łańcut, Synagoga w Łańcucie DZolopa 2019-08-16 170419 1306.jpg|Interior of the [[Łańcut Synagogue]], a testament to Poland’s rich [[Judaism in Poland|Jewish heritage]].
|File:Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg|City hall in [[Gdańsk]], where the architecture reflects historical ties to the [[Hanseatic League]].
|File:Paris 1925 59878912.jpg|Polish [[art déco]] pavilion including its artworks representing the culture of Poland, [[Paris]], 1925. The building was awarded the Grand Prix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culture.pl/pl/artykul/pawilony-polskie|title = Pawilony polskie}}</ref>
|File:Szczecin filharmonia (1).jpg|[[Szczecin Philharmonic]] was awarded the [[European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture]]
}}
== Art ==
[[File:Malczewski melancholia.jpg|thumb|left|280px|''Melancholy'' (1894), by [[Jacek Malczewski]]]]
{{Main|Polish art}}
[[File:Matejko Stańczyk.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Stańczyk]]'', painted in 1862 by [[Jan Matejko]]]]Polish art has always reflected European trends while maintaining its unique character. The [[Kraków]] school of Historicist painting developed by [[Jan Matejko]] produced monumental portrayals of customs and significant events in Polish history. [[Stanisław Witkiewicz]] was an ardent supporter of [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] in Polish art, its main representative being [[Józef Marian Chełmoński|Jozef Chełmoński]].
The Młoda Polska ([[Young Poland]]) movement witnessed the birth of modern Polish art and engaged in a great deal of formal experimentation led by [[Jacek Malczewski]] ([[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]), [[Stanisław Wyspiański]], [[Józef Mehoffer]], and a group of Polish [[Impressionists]]. Artists of the 20th century Avant-garde represented various schools and trends. The art of [[Tadeusz Makowski]] was influenced by [[Cubism]]; while [[Władysław Strzemiński]] as well as [[Henryk Stażewski]] worked within the Constructivist idiom, and [[Tamara de Lempicka]] in the [[Art Deco]] style. Distinguished contemporary artists include [[Monika Sosnowska]], [[Roman Opałka]], [[Leon Tarasewicz]], [[Jerzy Nowosielski]], [[Mirosław Bałka]], and [[Katarzyna Kozyra]] and [[Alicja Kwade]] in the younger generation. The most celebrated Polish sculptors include [[Xawery Dunikowski]], [[Katarzyna Kobro]], [[Alina Szapocznikow]] and [[Magdalena Abakanowicz]]. Since the inter-war years, Polish art and documentary photography has enjoyed worldwide recognition. In the 1960s, the [[Polish Poster School]] was formed, with [[Henryk Tomaszewski (poster artist)|Henryk Tomaszewski]] and [[Waldemar Świerzy]] at its head.<ref name="MFA" />
{{Gallery|title=Leading Polish painters|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Schultz Self-portrait.png|[[Daniel Schultz]]<br /><small>(1615–1683)</small>
|File:Michałowski Self-portrait.jpg|[[Piotr Michałowski]]<br /><small>(1800–1855)</small>
|File:Matejko Self-portrait.jpg|[[Jan Matejko]]<br /><small>(1838–1893)</small>
|File:Malczewski Self-portrait with a palette.jpg|[[Jacek Malczewski]]<br /><small>(1854–1929)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Wyspiański Self-portrait 1894.jpg|[[Stanisław Wyspiański]]<br /><small>(1869–1907)</small>
|File:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.jpg|[[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz|Witkiewicz "Witkacy"]]<br /><small>(1885–1939)</small>
|<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: File:Tamara de Lempicka.jpg -->|[[Tamara de Lempicka|Łempicka]]<br /><small>(1898–1980)</small>
|File:Zdzislaw Beksinski in Sanok-crop.jpg|[[Zdzisław Beksiński]]<br /><small>(1929–2005)</small>
|File:Wilhelm Sasnal 2022a.jpg|[[Wilhelm Sasnal]]<br /><small>(b. 1972)</small>
}}
== Dance ==
{{see also|Polish folk dances}}
Dance in Poland consists of a diverse array of traditional and contemporary forms of dance. Traditional dances are often an important part of cultural celebrations, and these dances vary across regions of the country. The national dances of Poland are [[Krakowiak]] (Cracovienne), [[Oberek]], [[Polonaise (dance)|Polonaise]], [[Kujawiak]] and [[Mazur (dance)|Mazur]].
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Polish Dancing (7714985236).jpg|[[Krakowiak]]
|File:DSC 0599 Polanie Polish Dance Group.jpg|[[Kujawiak]]
|File:DSC 0592 Polanie Polish Dance Group.jpg|[[Polka]]
}}
== Music ==
{{Main|Music of Poland}}
[[File:Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg|thumb|250px|Chopin's Polonaise, by [[Kwiatkowski]], depicting a ball at Count [[Czartoryski]]'s [[Hôtel Lambert]] in Paris. National Museum, [[Poznań]]]]
Artists from [[Poland]], including famous composers like [[Karol Lipiński]], [[Frédéric Chopin]] or [[Witold Lutosławski]] and traditional, regionalised [[folk music]]ians, create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognizes its own [[music genre]]s, such as [[sung poetry]]. Today in Poland, one may find [[Trance music|trance]], [[techno]], [[house music]], and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].
The origin of Polish music can be traced as far back as the 13th century, from which manuscripts have been found in [[Stary Sącz]], containing [[polyphony|polyphonic]] compositions related to the Parisian [[Notre Dame School]]. Other early compositions, such as the melody of ''[[Bogurodzica]]'', may also date back to this period. The first known notable composer, however, [[Mikołaj z Radomia]], lived in the 15th century. The melody of ''[[Bóg się rodzi]]'' by an unknown composer was a coronation polonaise for Polish kings.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
During the 16th century, mostly two musical groups – both based in [[Kraków]] and belonging to the King and Archbishop of Wawel – led the rapid innovation of Polish music. Composers writing during this period include [[Wacław z Szamotuł]], [[Mikołaj Zieleński]], and [[Mikołaj Gomółka]]. [[Diomedes Cato]], a native-born Italian who lived in Kraków from about the age of five, became one of the most famous lutenists at the court of Sigismund III. He imported some of the musical styles from southern Europe and blended them with native folk music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semper.pl/muzyczne_dwory_summary.pdf |title=The Music Courts of the Polish Vasas |work=www.semper.pl |page=244 |access-date=2009-05-13 |df=dmy }}{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Among the best classical modern composers are Polish musicians [[Grażyna Bacewicz]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] and [[Henryk Górecki]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Wanda Wilkomirska]]]]
The Polish world renown virtuosos of classical music of all time include composers [[Karol Lipiński]], [[Artur Rubinstein]], [[Ignacy Paderewski]], [[Mieczysław Horszowski]], [[Grażyna Bacewicz]], [[Wanda Wilkomirska]] and [[Krystian Zimerman]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
Jazz musician [[Krzysztof Komeda]] was known after WWII especially for his film soundtracks, including film directed by [[Roman Polański]], but also for his 1966 album ''[[Astigmatic (album)|Astigmatic]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
Іn thе Роlіѕh muѕіс іnduѕtrу Rар ѕtаnd оut аѕ thе mоѕt рrоmіnеnt аnd wіdеlу rесоgnіzеd gеnrе. Роlіѕh rарреrѕ аrе сеlеbrаtеd fоr thеіr tаlеntѕ аnd асhіеvеmеntѕ.<ref>[https://gk24.pl/jak-w-koszalinie-rodzil-sie-rap-opowiadali-reprezentanci-lokalnej-sceny-zdjecia/ar/c1-17109613 Polish Rap]</ref> Оvеr thе уеаrѕ, mоѕt Роlіѕh rарреrѕ ѕtuсk tо thе соntеmроrаrу rар muѕіс, but іn thе 21ѕt сеnturу ѕеvеrаl nеw‐gеnеrаtіоn аrtіѕtѕ bеgаn tо dіvеrѕіfу іntо оthеr gеnrеѕ іnсludіng Тrар. Νоtаblе Роlіѕh rарреrѕ іnсludе [[Magik (rapper)|Magik]], [[Peja (rapper)|Peja]] and [[Popek]]. Whіlе іn tеrmѕ оf Rар thеrе аrе mаnу fеmаlе аrtіѕt but nоnе gаіnеd mаіnѕtrеаm рublісіtу.
Poland has one of the strongest and best-respected [[electronic dance music]] (EDM) scenes in Europe. One of the biggest record labels of EDM in Poland is Empire Records. The death metal band [[Vader (band)|Vader]] is considered the most successful Polish Metal act and have gained commercial and critical praise internationally. Their career spans more than three decades with many international tours. They are often seen as a huge inspiration on modern Death Metal. [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]] and [[Decapitated (band)|Decapitated]] have found significant success inside and outside Poland. Both have toured extensively across Europe, America and, in the case of Decapitated, have recently toured Australia and New Zealand. Recently [[Indukti]], [[Hate (band)|Hate]], [[Trauma (Polish band)|Trauma]], [[Crionics]], [[Lost Soul (band)|Lost Soul]] and [[Lux Occulta]] have started to become well known outside of Poland. There is also an active grindcore, and a vigorous black metals scenes as well, the later led by [[Graveland]], [[Darzamat]], Kataxu, Infernal War and [[Vesania]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Gallery|title=Leading classical composers|width=130|height=165|align=center
||[[Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki]]<br /><small>(1665–1734)</small>
|File:Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 043.jpg|[[Frédéric Chopin]]<br /><small>(1810–1849)</small>
|File:Stanisłaŭ Maniuška. Станіслаў Манюшка (T. Maleszewski, 1865).jpg|[[Stanisław Moniuszko]]<br /><small>(1819–1872)</small>
|File:Henryk Wieniawski three quarters length (cropped).jpg|[[Henryk Wieniawski]]<br /><small>(1835–1880)</small>
|File:Karol Szymanowski.jpg|[[Karol Szymanowski]]<br /><small>(1882–1937)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Ignacy Jan Paderewski.PNG|[[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]]<br /><small>(1860–1941)</small>
|File:Lutoslawski3cr.jpg|[[Witold Lutosławski]]<br /><small>(1913–1994)</small>
|File:Henryk Mikołaj Górecki Polish composer.jpg|[[Henryk Górecki]]<br /><small>(1933–2010)</small>
|File:Krzysztof Penderecki 20080706.jpg|[[Krzysztof Penderecki]]<br /><small>(1933–2020)</small>
}}
== Literature ==
{{main|Polish literature}}
Since the arrival of Christianity and the subsequent access to Western European civilization, Poles developed a significant literary production in [[Latin]]. Conspicuous authors of the Middle Ages are among others [[Gallus Anonymus]], [[Wincenty Kadłubek]] and [[Jan Długosz]], an author of the monumental work on the history of Poland. With the arrival of the Renaissance, Poles came under the influence of the artistic patterns of the humanistic style, actively participating in the European issues of that time with their Latin works.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Adam Mickiewicz Monument in Kraków.jpg|thumb|Monument to [[Adam Mickiewicz]], one of the greatest [[Polish poets]], at the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] in [[Kraków]]]]
The origins of [[Literature of Poland|Polish literature]] written in Polish go back beyond the 14th century. In the 16th century the poetic works of [[Jan Kochanowski]] established him as a leading representative of European Renaissance literature. [[Baroque]] and [[Neo-Classicist]] belle letters made a significant contribution to the cementing of Poland's peoples of many cultural backgrounds. The early 19th century novel "[[The Manuscript Found in Saragossa|Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse]]" by Count [[Jan Potocki]], which survived in its Polish translation after the loss of the original in French, became a world classic. [[Wojciech Has]]'s film based on it, a favourite of [[Luis Buñuel]], later became a cult film on university campuses. Poland's great Romantic literature flourished in the 19th century when the country had lost its independence. The poets [[Adam Mickiewicz]], [[Juliusz Słowacki]] and [[Zygmunt Krasiński]], the "[[Three Bards]]", became the spiritual leaders of a nation deprived of its sovereignty, and prophesied its revival. The novelist [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], who won the Nobel Prize in 1905, eulogised the historical tradition. It is difficult to grasp fully the detailed tradition of Polish [[Romanticism in Poland|Romanticism]] and its consequences for Polish literature without a thorough knowledge of [[History of Poland|Polish history]].<ref name="MFA" />
In the early 20th century, many outstanding Polish literary works emerged from the new cultural exchange and Avant-Garde experimentation. The legacy of the [[Kresy]] marshlands of Poland's eastern regions with [[Wilno]] and [[Lwów]] (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts, played a special role in these developments. This was also a region in which [[Jewish]] tradition and the mystic movement of [[Hasidism]] thrived. The Kresy were a cultural trysting-place for numerous ethnic and national groups whose achievements were inspiring each other. The works of [[Bruno Schulz]], [[Bolesław Leśmian]], and Józef Czechowicz were written there. In the south of Poland, [[Zakopane]] was the birthplace of the avant-garde works of [[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz]] ([[Witkacy]]). And, last but not least, [[Władysław Reymont]] was awarded the 1924 Nobel prize in literature for his novel Chłopi (The Peasants).
After the Second World War, many Polish writers found themselves in exile, with many of them clustered around the Paris-based "Kultura" publishing venture run by [[Jerzy Giedroyc]]. The group of emigre writers included [[Witold Gombrowicz]], [[Gustaw Herling-Grudziński]], [[Czesław Miłosz]], and [[Sławomir Mrożek]].
[[Zbigniew Herbert]], [[Tadeusz Różewicz]], [[Czesław Miłosz]], and [[Wisława Szymborska]] are among the most outstanding 20th century Polish poets, including [[novelists]] and playwrights [[Witold Gombrowicz]], [[Sławomir Mrożek]], and [[Stanisław Lem]] (science fiction). [[List of Polish language authors|The long list]] includes [[Hanna Krall]] whose work focuses mainly on the war-time Jewish experience, and [[Ryszard Kapuściński]] with books translated into many languages.
{{Gallery|title=Leading Polish writers and poets|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg|[[Jan Kochanowski]]<br /><small>(1530–1584)</small>
|File:Jan andrzej Morsztyn 1.PNG|[[Jan Andrzej Morsztyn]]<br /><small>(1621–1693)</small>
|File:Krafft the Elder Ignacy Krasicki (detail).jpg|[[Ignacy Krasicki]]<br /><small>(1735–1801)</small>
|File:Jan Potocki.jpg|[[Jan Potocki]]<br /><small>(1761–1815)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Adam Mickiewicz według dagerotypu paryskiego z 1842 roku.jpg|[[Adam Mickiewicz]]<br /><small>(1798–1855)</small>
|File:Juliusz Słowacki 1.PNG|[[Juliusz Słowacki]]<br /><small>(1809–1849)</small>
|File:Joseph Conrad, Fotografie von George Charles Beresford, 1904.jpg|[[Joseph Conrad]]<br /><small>(1857–1924)</small>
|File:Stefan Zeromski Polish writer.jpg|[[Stefan Żeromski]]<br /><small>(1864–1925)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|Bruno_Schulz,_portrait.jpg|[[Bruno Schulz]]<br /><small>(1892–1942)</small>
|File:Witold Gombrowicz by Bohdan Paczowski - detail.jpg|[[Witold Gombrowicz]]<br /><small>(1904–1969)</small>
|File:St Lem resize.jpg|[[Stanisław Lem]]<br /><small>(1921–2006)</small>
|File:Ryszard Kapuscinski by Kubik 17.05.1997 - cropped.jpg|[[Ryszard Kapuściński]]<br /><small>(1932–2007)</small>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! align=center|<small>[[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]<br />(1846–1916)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Władysław Reymont]]<br />(1865–1925)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Isaac Bashevis Singer]]<br />(1902–1991)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Czesław Miłosz]]<br />(1911–2004)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Wisława Szymborska]]<br />(1923–2012)</small>
! align=center|<small>[[Olga Tokarczuk]]<br />(1962–)</small>
|-
| [[File:Henryk Sienkiewicz 1905.jpg|107px]]|| [[File:Władysław Reymont.jpg|107px]]|| [[File:Isaac Bashevis Singer (upright).jpg|114px]]|| [[File:Czesław Miłosz 2011(Lt, detail).jpg|108px]]|| [[File:Wisława Szymborska 2009.10.23 (1).jpg|114px]]|| [[File:Olga Tokarczuk-9739.jpg|114px]]
|}
== Philosophy ==
{{Main|History of philosophy in Poland}}
Polish philosophy drew upon the broader currents of European philosophy, and in turn contributed to their growth. Among the most momentous Polish contributions were made, in the 13th century, by the [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] philosopher and scientist [[Vitello]], by [[Paweł Włodkowic]]—in early 15th and, by the [[Renaissance]] [[polymath]] [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] in the 16th century.<ref>[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''Zarys dziejów filozofii w Polsce'' (A Brief History of Philosophy in Poland), p. 32.</ref>
Subsequently, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] partook in the intellectual ferment of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], which for the multi-ethnic Commonwealth ended not long after the [[Partitions of Poland|partitions]] and political annihilation that would last for the next 123 years, until the collapse of the three partitioning empires in [[World War I]].
The period of [[Messianism]], between the [[November Uprising|November 1830]] and [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprisings]], reflected European [[Romanticism|Romantic]] and [[Idealist]] trends, as well as a Polish yearning for political [[resurrection]]. It was a period of [[maximalist]] [[metaphysics|metaphysical systems]].
The collapse of the [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprising]] prompted an agonising reappraisal of Poland's situation. Poles gave up their earlier practice of "measuring their goals by their aspirations" ([[Adam Mickiewicz]]) and buckled down to hard work and study. "[A] Positivist," wrote the novelist [[Bolesław Prus]]'s friend, [[Julian Ochorowicz]], was "anyone who bases assertions on verifiable evidence; who does not express himself categorically about doubtful things, and does not speak at all about those that are inaccessible."<ref>[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]], ''Historia filozofii'' (History of Philosophy), vol. 3, p. 177.</ref>
The 20th century brought a new quickening to Polish philosophy. There was growing interest in western philosophical currents. Rigorously trained Polish philosophers made substantial contributions to specialized fields—to [[psychology]], the [[history of philosophy]], the [[theory of knowledge]], and especially [[mathematical logic]].<ref name="Zarys. p. 32">[[Władysław Tatarkiewicz|Tatarkiewicz]], ''Zarys...'', p. 32.</ref> [[Jan Łukasiewicz]] gained world fame with his concept of [[many-valued logic]] and his "[[Polish notation]]."<ref>[[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], ''A Half Century of Polish Mathematics'', pp. 23–24, 33.</ref> [[Alfred Tarski]]'s work in [[truth theory]] won him world renown.<ref>[[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], ''A Half Century of Polish Mathematics'', p. 30 and ''passim''.</ref>
After [[World War II]], for over four decades, world-class Polish philosophers and [[history of philosophy|historians of philosophy]] such as [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]] continued their work, often in the face of adversities occasioned by the dominance of a politically enforced official philosophy. The [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenologist]] [[Roman Ingarden]] did influential work in [[esthetics]] and in a [[Husserl]]-style [[metaphysics]]; his student [[Karol Wojtyła]] owned a unique influence on the world stage as Pope [[John Paul II]].
{{Gallery|title=Leading Polish philosophers|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Witelo, book.gif|[[Vitello]]<br /><small>(1230–1280/1314)</small>
|File:Grzegorz z Sanoka 1.JPG|[[Gregory of Sanok]]<br /><small>(1403/1407–1477)</small>
|File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]<br /><small>(1473–1543)</small>
|File:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski.JPG|[[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski|Frycz Modrzewski]]<br /><small>(1503–1572)</small>
}}
{{Gallery|width=130|height=165|align=center
|File:Kazimierz Twardowski 1933.jpg|[[Lwów–Warsaw school]]<br /><small>(1895–1920/1930)</small>
|File:Witkacy Roman Ingarden 1937.jpg|[[Roman Ingarden]]<br /><small>(1893–1970)</small>
|File:AlfredTarski1968.jpeg|[[Alfred Tarski]]<br /><small>(1901–1983)</small>
|File:PapaJCruz Brazil.jpg|Pope [[John Paul II]]<br /><small>(1920–2005)</small>
}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Poland}}
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Religion in Poland]]
* [[Education in Poland]]
* [[Polish comics]]
* [[Timeline of Polish science and technology]]
* [[Economy of Poland]]
* [[Politics of Poland]]
**[[Foreign relations of Poland]]
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
**[[Seven Wonders of Poland]]
**[[World Heritage Sites of Poland]]
* [[Sport in Poland]]
* [[National costumes of Poland]]
**{{Category|Polish clothing}}
*{{Category|Polish traditions}}
**[[Polish folk dances]]
**[[Wigilia]]
**[[Pasterka]]
**[[Święconka]]
**[[Pisanka (Polish)]]
**[[Easter Monday]]
**[[Fat Thursday]]
**[[Name days in Poland]]
**[[Studniówka]]
**[[Juwenalia]]
**[[Zaduszki]]
{{div col end}}
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Strokes Opener 040719-139 (48247874422).jpg|[[Open'er Festival]] in [[Gdynia]] is one of the biggest annual music festivals in Poland
File:Mercado de Navidad, Plaza del Mercado, Breslavia, Polonia, 2017-12-20, DD 41-49 HDR PAN.jpg|[[Christmas market]] in [[Wrocław]]
File:Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg|Old Town of [[Zamość]] (UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]])
File:Poland NT 2011.jpg|[[Poland national football team]]
</gallery>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Culture of Poland}}
* [http://culture.pl/en/article/looking-at-polands-history-through-the-prism-of-art Looking at Poland's History Through the Prism of Art]
* [http://www.poloniamusic.com Polonia Music] The world of Polish heritage music!
* [http://www.polartcenter.com Polish Art Center] A Treasury of Polish Heritage
* [http://www.pigasus-shop.de/ Pigasus Gallery] Polish Poster, Music & Film
* [http://wsm.serpent.pl/sklep/eng/ Serpent.pl] Albums from genre folk/ethno
* Read more about Polish culture at [https://www.culture.pl/ Culture.pl] – the online magazine promoting Polish culture abroad, run by the [[Adam Mickiewicz Institute]]
{{Poland topics}}
{{Culture of Europe}}
[[Category:Culture of Poland| ]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Poland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Culture+of+Poland%22">"Culture of Poland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Culture+of+Poland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Culture+of+Poland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Culture+of+Poland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Culture+of+Poland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Culture+of+Poland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg/220px-Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg/330px-Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg/440px-Sigismund%27s_Chapel_01_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Polish White Eagle</a> is Poland's enduring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">national and cultural symbol</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228898189">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Poland</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/100px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/200px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_medieval_Poland" title="Culture of medieval Poland">Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Enlightenment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Positivism" title="Polish Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_culture_in_the_Interbellum" title="Polish culture in the Interbellum">Interbellum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Culture in the Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_in_post-communist_Poland" title="Culture in post-communist Poland">Modern-day</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Poland">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refugees_in_Poland" title="Refugees in Poland">Refugees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">North Central Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vilamovian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilamovian language">Vilamovian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythology_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Poland">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Poland">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_artists" title="List of Polish artists">Artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_painters" title="List of Polish painters">Painters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literature_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Poland">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Comics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish-language_authors" title="List of Polish-language authors">Authors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish language poets">Poets</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_composers" title="List of Polish composers">Composers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish musicians">Musicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Poland">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_in_Poland" title="Radio in Poland">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Poland" title="Television in Poland">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Football_in_Poland" title="Football in Poland">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Handball_in_Poland" title="Category:Handball in Poland">Handball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Horse_racing_in_Poland" title="Category:Horse racing in Poland">Horse Racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Poland" title="Category:Motorsport in Poland">Motorsport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Volleyball_in_Poland" title="Category:Volleyball in Poland">Volleyball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Winter_sports_in_Poland" title="Category:Winter sports in Poland">Winter sports</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Poland" title="List of castles in Poland">Castles</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbols_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Poland">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_anthem_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Poland">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Poland" title="Template:Culture of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Culture of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>culture of Poland</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Kultura Polski</i>) is the product of its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">geography</a> and distinct historical evolution, which is closely connected to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">an intricate thousand-year history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Poland has a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> majority, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">religion</a> plays an important role in the lives of many Polish people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The unique character of Polish culture developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of various European regions.
</p><p>It is theorised and speculated that ethnic Poles are the combination of descendants of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> and people skibidi sigma
</p>
<pre>to the region including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> which were gradually <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonized</a> after Poland's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Poland">Christianization</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in the 10th century. Over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinate">Latinate</a> and to a lesser extent; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> cultures as well as in continual dialogue with the many other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-3">[3]</a></sup>
</pre>
<p>The people of Poland have traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from abroad and eager to follow cultural and artistic trends popular in other countries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its complex nuances.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-3">[3]</a></sup> Nowadays, Poland is a highly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> that retains its traditions.
</p><p>Poland has made significant contributions to the art, music, philosophy, mathematics, science, politics and literature of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western World</a>. The term which defines an individual's appreciation of Polish culture and customs is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polonophile" title="Polonophile">Polonophilia</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dance"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Dance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Cultural history of Poland</a></div>
<p>Cultural history of Poland can be traced back to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In its entirety, it can be divided into the following historical, philosophical artistic periods: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_medieval_Poland" title="Culture of medieval Poland">Culture of medieval Poland</a> (from the late 10th to late 15th century), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Renaissance</a> (late 15th to the late 16th century), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque</a> (late 16th to the mid-18th century), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Enlightenment</a> (second half of the 18th century), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism</a> (from around 1820 until the suppression of the 1863 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January uprising</a> against the Russian Empire), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism in Poland">Positivism</a> (lasting until the turn of the 20th century), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a> (between 1890 and 1918), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_culture_in_the_Interbellum" title="Polish culture in the Interbellum">Interbellum</a> (1918–1939), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture in the People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> (until the 1989 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn of Nations">Autumn of Nations</a>), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_in_modern_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture in modern Poland">Modern</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg/170px-AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg/255px-AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg/340px-AdamaKrynskiegoSlownik.tomVII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>First <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> dictionary published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">free Poland</a> after the century of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">suppression of Polish culture</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">foreign powers</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Polish (<i>język polski</i>, <i>polszczyzna</i>) is a language of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a> subgroup of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> (also spelled Lechitic) composed of Polish, Kashubian, Silesian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. The West Slavic Languages are a subfamily of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Languages">Slavic Languages</a>, a descendant of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-European_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European Languages">Indo-European Languages</a>. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River." used throughout <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (being that country's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>) and by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> minorities in other countries. Its written standard is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a>, which corresponds to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> with several additions. Despite the pressure of non-Polish administrations in Poland, who have often attempted to suppress the Polish language,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a rich literature has developed over the centuries. The language is currently the largest, in speakers, of the West Slavic group. It is the second most widely spoken Slavic language, after Russian and ahead of Ukrainian. Polish is mainly spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Poland is one of the most linguistically <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homogeneous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> European countries; nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish name</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish cuisine</a></div>
<p>Polish foods include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kie%C5%82basa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiełbasa">kiełbasa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> (filled with meat, potatoes, cabbage, cheese or holiday fruits), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyzy_(dish)" title="Pyzy (dish)">pyzy</a> (meat-filled dough balls), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kopytka" title="Kopytka">kopytka</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85bki" title="Gołąbki">gołąbki</a> (meat and rice stuffed cabbage), śledzie (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bigos" title="Bigos">bigos</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kotlet_schabowy" title="Kotlet schabowy">schabowy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscypek" title="Oscypek">oscypek</a> and much more. Traditionally, food such as soups <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flaki" title="Flaki">flaki</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ros%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Rosół">rosół</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zupa_og%C3%B3rkowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zupa ogórkowa">zupa ogórkowa</a>, zupa grzybowa (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> soup), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%BBurek" class="mw-redirect" title="Żurek">żurek</a>, zupa pomidorowa (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomato_soup" title="Tomato soup">tomato soup</a>) have been prepared in large vessels intended for groups, often necessitating the use of devices such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oars" class="mw-redirect" title="Oars">oars</a> in their preparation. Traditionally, hospitality is very important.
</p><p>In the Middle Ages, as the cities of Poland grew larger in size and the food markets developed, the culinary exchange of ideas progressed & people got acquainted with new dishes and recipes. Some regions became well known for the type of sausage they made and many sausages of today still carry those original names. The peasants acknowledged their honorable judgment, allowing them to maintain nourished for longer periods of time.
</p><p>The first known written mention of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> was in 1405 in <i>Akta Grodzkie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-4">[4]</a></sup> the court documents from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandomierz Voivodship">Palatinate of Sandomierz</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-4">[4]</a></sup> At the time, the word vodka (wódka), referred to chemical compounds such as medicines and cosmetics' cleansers, while the popular beverage was called <i>gorzałka</i> (from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">Old Polish</a> <i>gorzeć</i> meaning <i>to burn</i>), which is also the source of Ukrainian <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">horilka</a></i> (горілка). The word <i>vodka</i> written in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a 2009 Ernst & Young report, Poland is Europe's third largest beer producer: Germany with 103 million hectolitres, UK with 49.5 million hl, Poland with 36.9 million hl. Following consecutive growth in the home market, Polish Union of the Brewing Industry Employers (Związek Pracodawców Przemysłu Piwowarskiego), which represents approximately 90% of the Polish beer market, announced during the annual brewing industry conference that consumption of beer in 2008 rose to 94 litres per capita, or 35,624 million hectolitres sold on domestic market. Statistically, a Polish consumer drinks some 92 litres of beer a year, which places it a third behind Germany. Drinking beer as a basic drink was typical during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Wine is recently becoming more popular. In fact, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_mead" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish mead">Polish mead</a>, a honey wine was a traditional drink dating back also to the Middle Ages.
</p><p>Soft drinks include "napoje gazowane" (carbonated drinks), "napoje bezalkoholowe" (non-alcoholic drinks) like water, tea, juice, coffee or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kompot" title="Kompot">kompot</a>. Kompot is a non-alcoholic beverage made of boiled fruit, optionally with sugar and spices (clove or cinnamon), served hot or cold. It can be made of one type of fruit or a mixture, including apples, peaches, pears, strawberries or sour cherries. Also, Susz is type of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kompot" title="Kompot">kompot</a> made with dried fruits, most commonly apples, apricots, figs. Traditionally served on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>.
</p><p>Among holiday meals, there is a traditional Christmas Eve supper called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a>. Another special occasion is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a> ("Tłusty Czwartek"), a Catholic feast celebrated on the last Thursday before the Lent. Traditionally it is a day when people eat large amounts of sweets and cakes that are afterwards forbidden until Easter day (see also: the Polish traditional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">Easter Breakfast</a>).
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021810730">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bigos stew and a glass of Tyskie beer"><img alt="Bigos stew and a glass of Tyskie beer" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/155px-Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/233px-Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/310px-Bigos_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1874" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bigos" title="Bigos">Bigos</a> stew and a glass of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyskie" title="Tyskie">Tyskie</a> beer</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Christmas Eve Pierogi"><img alt="Traditional Christmas Eve Pierogi" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG/160px-04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG/240px-04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG/320px-04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Traditional Christmas Eve <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kotlet schabowy served with potatoes and raw vegetable salads"><img alt="Kotlet schabowy served with potatoes and raw vegetable salads" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg/160px-Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg/240px-Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg/320px-Kotlet_Schabowy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kotlet_schabowy" title="Kotlet schabowy">Kotlet schabowy</a> served with potatoes and raw vegetable salads</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Polish_paczki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pączki plum jam doughnuts"><img alt="Pączki plum jam doughnuts" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_paczki.jpg/160px-Polish_paczki.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_paczki.jpg/240px-Polish_paczki.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Polish_paczki.jpg/320px-Polish_paczki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">Pączki</a> plum jam doughnuts</div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Traditional Polish kitchen</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malbork_(DerHexer)_2010-07-14_161.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval kitchen from the 14th century"><img alt="Medieval kitchen from the 14th century" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Malbork_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-14_161.jpg/160px-Malbork_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-14_161.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Malbork_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-14_161.jpg/240px-Malbork_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-14_161.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Malbork_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-14_161.jpg/320px-Malbork_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-14_161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4177" data-file-height="2773" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Medieval kitchen from the 14th century</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mead Kurpiowski Dwójniak"><img alt="Mead Kurpiowski Dwójniak" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg/104px-Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg/156px-Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg/208px-Mi%C3%B3d_Kurpiowski_Dw%C3%B3jniak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2219" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a> Kurpiowski Dwójniak</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lyzki_polskie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish spoons from the 16th century"><img alt="Polish spoons from the 16th century" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lyzki_polskie.jpg/160px-Lyzki_polskie.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lyzki_polskie.jpg/240px-Lyzki_polskie.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lyzki_polskie.jpg/320px-Lyzki_polskie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Polish spoons from the 16th century</div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture of Poland</a></div>
<p>Polish cities and towns reflect the whole spectrum of European styles. Poland's (along with Hungary's) eastern frontiers used to mark the outermost boundary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Western_Architecture#Western_Architecture_–_Classical_to_Eclecticism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western Architecture">Western architecture</a> on the continent, with strong influences derived from Italy, Germany and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.
</p><p>History has not been good to Poland's architectural monuments. However, ancient structures have survived: castles, churches, and stately buildings, often unique in the regional or European context. Some of them have been painstakingly restored, like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>, or completely reconstructed after being destroyed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Old Town</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Castle in Warsaw">Royal Castle in Warsaw</a>, as well as the Old Towns of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>.
</p><p>The architecture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> is mostly Hanseatic, common in cities along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and in the northern part of Central Europe. The architectural style of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> is representative of German architecture, since it was a part of the German states for centuries. The center of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazimierz_Dolny" title="Kazimierz Dolny">Kazimierz Dolny</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> is a good example of a well-preserved medieval town, also local variation of Renaissance architecture has been developed called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lublin_Renaissance" title="Lublin Renaissance">Lublin Renaissance</a> it has preserved in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lublin_Old_Town" title="Lublin Old Town">Lublin Old Town</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_City_of_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Zamość">Old City of Zamość</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>. Poland's ancient capital, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, ranks among the best-preserved <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> urban complexes in Europe. Meanwhile, the legacy of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> Marchlands of Poland's eastern regions with Wilno and Lwów (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts played a special role in these developments with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Catholic">Roman-Catholic</a> church architecture deserving special attention.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-3">[3]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>) there are about forty <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> churches. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lviv</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) there are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> urban churches with influences of the orthodox and Armenian church.
</p><p>One of the best-preserved examples of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">Modernist architecture</a> in Europe is located in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, designed and built in the 1930s. Interesting buildings were also constructed during the Communist era in the style of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a>; some remarkable examples of modern architecture were erected more recently.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Architecture of Poland</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sukiennice (cloth-hall), with medieval Kraków ratusz (city-hall) tower on the left."><img alt="Sukiennice (cloth-hall), with medieval Kraków ratusz (city-hall) tower on the left." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg/130px-Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg/195px-Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg/260px-Krakow_-_Cloth_Hall_from_Basilica_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6409" data-file-height="4212" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukiennice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukiennice">Sukiennice</a> (cloth-hall), with medieval <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> ratusz (city-hall) tower on the left.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%C5%81a%C5%84cut,_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Łańcut Synagogue, a testament to Poland’s rich Jewish heritage."><img alt="Interior of the Łańcut Synagogue, a testament to Poland’s rich Jewish heritage." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%C5%81a%C5%84cut%2C_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg/130px-%C5%81a%C5%84cut%2C_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%C5%81a%C5%84cut%2C_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg/195px-%C5%81a%C5%84cut%2C_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%C5%81a%C5%84cut%2C_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg/260px-%C5%81a%C5%84cut%2C_Synagoga_w_%C5%81a%C5%84cucie_DZolopa_2019-08-16_170419_1306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3558" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut_Synagogue" title="Łańcut Synagogue">Łańcut Synagogue</a>, a testament to Poland’s rich <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Poland">Jewish heritage</a>.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento_Principal,_Gdansk,_Polonia,_2013-05-20,_DD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City hall in Gdańsk, where the architecture reflects historical ties to the Hanseatic League."><img alt="City hall in Gdańsk, where the architecture reflects historical ties to the Hanseatic League." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_03.jpg/94px-Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_03.jpg/142px-Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_03.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_03.jpg/189px-Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="4756" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">City hall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, where the architecture reflects historical ties to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Paris_1925_59878912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish art déco pavilion including its artworks representing the culture of Poland, Paris, 1925. The building was awarded the Grand Prix.[5]"><img alt="Polish art déco pavilion including its artworks representing the culture of Poland, Paris, 1925. The building was awarded the Grand Prix.[5]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paris_1925_59878912.jpg/118px-Paris_1925_59878912.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paris_1925_59878912.jpg/178px-Paris_1925_59878912.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paris_1925_59878912.jpg/236px-Paris_1925_59878912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Polish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_d%C3%A9co" class="mw-redirect" title="Art déco">art déco</a> pavilion including its artworks representing the culture of Poland, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 1925. The building was awarded the Grand Prix.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Szczecin_filharmonia_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Szczecin Philharmonic was awarded the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture"><img alt="Szczecin Philharmonic was awarded the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Szczecin_filharmonia_%281%29.jpg/130px-Szczecin_filharmonia_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Szczecin_filharmonia_%281%29.jpg/195px-Szczecin_filharmonia_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Szczecin_filharmonia_%281%29.jpg/260px-Szczecin_filharmonia_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Szczecin_Philharmonic" title="Szczecin Philharmonic">Szczecin Philharmonic</a> was awarded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union_Prize_for_Contemporary_Architecture" title="European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture">European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture</a></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malczewski_melancholia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Malczewski_melancholia.jpg/280px-Malczewski_melancholia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Malczewski_melancholia.jpg/420px-Malczewski_melancholia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Malczewski_melancholia.jpg/560px-Malczewski_melancholia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><i>Melancholy</i> (1894), by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a></figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Polish art</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jan_Matejko,_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jan_Matejko%2C_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg/200px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jan_Matejko%2C_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg/300px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jan_Matejko%2C_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg/400px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Sta%C5%84czyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5766" data-file-height="4289" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sta%C5%84czyk" title="Stańczyk">Stańczyk</a></i>, painted in 1862 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a></figcaption></figure><p>Polish art has always reflected European trends while maintaining its unique character. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> school of Historicist painting developed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a> produced monumental portrayals of customs and significant events in Polish history. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Witkiewicz">Stanisław Witkiewicz</a> was an ardent supporter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> in Polish art, its main representative being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Marian_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Marian Chełmoński">Jozef Chełmoński</a>.
</p><p>The Młoda Polska (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a>) movement witnessed the birth of modern Polish art and engaged in a great deal of formal experimentation led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer" title="Józef Mehoffer">Józef Mehoffer</a>, and a group of Polish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionists">Impressionists</a>. Artists of the 20th century Avant-garde represented various schools and trends. The art of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tadeusz_Makowski" title="Tadeusz Makowski">Tadeusz Makowski</a> was influenced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>; while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Strzemi%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Strzemiński">Władysław Strzemiński</a> as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_Sta%C5%BCewski" title="Henryk Stażewski">Henryk Stażewski</a> worked within the Constructivist idiom, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamara_de_Lempicka" title="Tamara de Lempicka">Tamara de Lempicka</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style. Distinguished contemporary artists include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monika_Sosnowska" title="Monika Sosnowska">Monika Sosnowska</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Opa%C5%82ka" title="Roman Opałka">Roman Opałka</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leon_Tarasewicz" title="Leon Tarasewicz">Leon Tarasewicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerzy_Nowosielski" title="Jerzy Nowosielski">Jerzy Nowosielski</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Ba%C5%82ka" title="Mirosław Bałka">Mirosław Bałka</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katarzyna_Kozyra" title="Katarzyna Kozyra">Katarzyna Kozyra</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alicja_Kwade" title="Alicja Kwade">Alicja Kwade</a> in the younger generation. The most celebrated Polish sculptors include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xawery_Dunikowski" title="Xawery Dunikowski">Xawery Dunikowski</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katarzyna_Kobro" title="Katarzyna Kobro">Katarzyna Kobro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alina_Szapocznikow" title="Alina Szapocznikow">Alina Szapocznikow</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Magdalena Abakanowicz</a>. Since the inter-war years, Polish art and documentary photography has enjoyed worldwide recognition. In the 1960s, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Poster_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Poster School">Polish Poster School</a> was formed, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_Tomaszewski_(poster_artist)" title="Henryk Tomaszewski (poster artist)">Henryk Tomaszewski</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waldemar_%C5%9Awierzy" title="Waldemar Świerzy">Waldemar Świerzy</a> at its head.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading Polish painters</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel Schultz (1615–1683)"><img alt="Daniel Schultz (1615–1683)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg/130px-Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg/195px-Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg/260px-Schultz_Self-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="2888" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Schultz" title="Daniel Schultz">Daniel Schultz</a><br /><small>(1615–1683)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piotr Michałowski (1800–1855)"><img alt="Piotr Michałowski (1800–1855)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg/130px-Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg/195px-Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg/260px-Micha%C5%82owski_Self-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Piotr Michałowski</a><br /><small>(1800–1855)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Matejko (1838–1893)"><img alt="Jan Matejko (1838–1893)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg/110px-Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg/166px-Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg/221px-Matejko_Self-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="2433" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a><br /><small>(1838–1893)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacek Malczewski (1854–1929)"><img alt="Jacek Malczewski (1854–1929)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg/112px-Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg/169px-Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg/224px-Malczewski_Self-portrait_with_a_palette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski" title="Jacek Malczewski">Jacek Malczewski</a><br /><small>(1854–1929)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanisław Wyspiański (1869–1907)"><img alt="Stanisław Wyspiański (1869–1907)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg/128px-Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg/192px-Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg/255px-Wyspia%C5%84ski_Self-portrait_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a><br /><small>(1869–1907)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Witkiewicz "Witkacy" (1885–1939)"><img alt="Witkiewicz "Witkacy" (1885–1939)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg/113px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg/170px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg/227px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz "Witkacy"</a><br /><small>(1885–1939)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zdzisław Beksiński (1929–2005)"><img alt="Zdzisław Beksiński (1929–2005)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg/116px-Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg/174px-Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg/232px-Zdzislaw_Beksinski_in_Sanok-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Beksi%C5%84ski" title="Zdzisław Beksiński">Zdzisław Beksiński</a><br /><small>(1929–2005)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilhelm Sasnal (b. 1972)"><img alt="Wilhelm Sasnal (b. 1972)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg/126px-Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg/190px-Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg/252px-Wilhelm_Sasnal_2022a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="6418" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilhelm_Sasnal" title="Wilhelm Sasnal">Wilhelm Sasnal</a><br /><small>(b. 1972)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dance">Dance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Polish folk dances</a></div>
<p>Dance in Poland consists of a diverse array of traditional and contemporary forms of dance. Traditional dances are often an important part of cultural celebrations, and these dances vary across regions of the country. The national dances of Poland are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krakowiak" title="Krakowiak">Krakowiak</a> (Cracovienne), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oberek" title="Oberek">Oberek</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polonaise_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonaise (dance)">Polonaise</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kujawiak" title="Kujawiak">Kujawiak</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazur_(dance)" title="Mazur (dance)">Mazur</a>.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Polish_Dancing_(7714985236).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krakowiak"><img alt="Krakowiak" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polish_Dancing_%287714985236%29.jpg/111px-Polish_Dancing_%287714985236%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polish_Dancing_%287714985236%29.jpg/167px-Polish_Dancing_%287714985236%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Polish_Dancing_%287714985236%29.jpg/222px-Polish_Dancing_%287714985236%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krakowiak" title="Krakowiak">Krakowiak</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kujawiak"><img alt="Kujawiak" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg/130px-DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg/195px-DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg/260px-DSC_0599_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kujawiak" title="Kujawiak">Kujawiak</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polka"><img alt="Polka" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg/109px-DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg/164px-DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg/218px-DSC_0592_Polanie_Polish_Dance_Group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2464" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music of Poland</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg/250px-Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg/375px-Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg/500px-Kwiatkowski-chopin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Chopin's Polonaise, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwiatkowski" title="Kwiatkowski">Kwiatkowski</a>, depicting a ball at Count <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czartoryski" title="Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a> in Paris. National Museum, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Artists from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, including famous composers like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Karol Lipiński</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> and traditional, regionalised <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk musicians</a>, create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognizes its own <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genres</a>, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">sung poetry</a>. Today in Poland, one may find <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>.
</p><p>The origin of Polish music can be traced as far back as the 13th century, from which manuscripts have been found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stary_S%C4%85cz" title="Stary Sącz">Stary Sącz</a>, containing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> compositions related to the Parisian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notre_Dame_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame School">Notre Dame School</a>. Other early compositions, such as the melody of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bogurodzica" title="Bogurodzica">Bogurodzica</a></i>, may also date back to this period. The first known notable composer, however, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_z_Radomia" title="Mikołaj z Radomia">Mikołaj z Radomia</a>, lived in the 15th century. The melody of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%B3g_si%C4%99_rodzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bóg się rodzi">Bóg się rodzi</a></i> by an unknown composer was a coronation polonaise for Polish kings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>During the 16th century, mostly two musical groups – both based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and belonging to the King and Archbishop of Wawel – led the rapid innovation of Polish music. Composers writing during this period include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_z_Szamotu%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Wacław z Szamotuł">Wacław z Szamotuł</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Ziele%C5%84ski" title="Mikołaj Zieleński">Mikołaj Zieleński</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Gom%C3%B3%C5%82ka" title="Mikołaj Gomółka">Mikołaj Gomółka</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diomedes_Cato" title="Diomedes Cato">Diomedes Cato</a>, a native-born Italian who lived in Kraków from about the age of five, became one of the most famous lutenists at the court of Sigismund III. He imported some of the musical styles from southern Europe and blended them with native folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the best classical modern composers are Polish musicians <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gra%C5%BCyna_Bacewicz" title="Grażyna Bacewicz">Grażyna Bacewicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg/170px-Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg/255px-Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg/340px-Wanda_Wilkomirska_Polish_violinist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanda_Wilkomirska" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanda Wilkomirska">Wanda Wilkomirska</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Polish world renown virtuosos of classical music of all time include composers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Karol Lipiński</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artur_Rubinstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Rubinstein">Artur Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignacy_Paderewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignacy Paderewski">Ignacy Paderewski</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Horszowski" title="Mieczysław Horszowski">Mieczysław Horszowski</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gra%C5%BCyna_Bacewicz" title="Grażyna Bacewicz">Grażyna Bacewicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanda_Wilkomirska" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanda Wilkomirska">Wanda Wilkomirska</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krystian_Zimerman" title="Krystian Zimerman">Krystian Zimerman</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Jazz musician <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krzysztof_Komeda" title="Krzysztof Komeda">Krzysztof Komeda</a> was known after WWII especially for his film soundtracks, including film directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Pola%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polański">Roman Polański</a>, but also for his 1966 album <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astigmatic_(album)" title="Astigmatic (album)">Astigmatic</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Іn thе Роlіѕh muѕіс іnduѕtrу Rар ѕtаnd оut аѕ thе mоѕt рrоmіnеnt аnd wіdеlу rесоgnіzеd gеnrе. Роlіѕh rарреrѕ аrе сеlеbrаtеd fоr thеіr tаlеntѕ аnd асhіеvеmеntѕ.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Оvеr thе уеаrѕ, mоѕt Роlіѕh rарреrѕ ѕtuсk tо thе соntеmроrаrу rар muѕіс, but іn thе 21ѕt сеnturу ѕеvеrаl nеw‐gеnеrаtіоn аrtіѕtѕ bеgаn tо dіvеrѕіfу іntо оthеr gеnrеѕ іnсludіng Тrар. Νоtаblе Роlіѕh rарреrѕ іnсludе <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magik_(rapper)" title="Magik (rapper)">Magik</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peja_(rapper)" title="Peja (rapper)">Peja</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popek" title="Popek">Popek</a>. Whіlе іn tеrmѕ оf Rар thеrе аrе mаnу fеmаlе аrtіѕt but nоnе gаіnеd mаіnѕtrеаm рublісіtу.
</p><p>Poland has one of the strongest and best-respected <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> (EDM) scenes in Europe. One of the biggest record labels of EDM in Poland is Empire Records. The death metal band <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vader_(band)" title="Vader (band)">Vader</a> is considered the most successful Polish Metal act and have gained commercial and critical praise internationally. Their career spans more than three decades with many international tours. They are often seen as a huge inspiration on modern Death Metal. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behemoth_(band)" title="Behemoth (band)">Behemoth</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decapitated_(band)" title="Decapitated (band)">Decapitated</a> have found significant success inside and outside Poland. Both have toured extensively across Europe, America and, in the case of Decapitated, have recently toured Australia and New Zealand. Recently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indukti" title="Indukti">Indukti</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_(band)" title="Hate (band)">Hate</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trauma_(Polish_band)" title="Trauma (Polish band)">Trauma</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crionics" title="Crionics">Crionics</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_Soul_(band)" title="Lost Soul (band)">Lost Soul</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lux_Occulta" title="Lux Occulta">Lux Occulta</a> have started to become well known outside of Poland. There is also an active grindcore, and a vigorous black metals scenes as well, the later led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graveland" title="Graveland">Graveland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darzamat" title="Darzamat">Darzamat</a>, Kataxu, Infernal War and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vesania" title="Vesania">Vesania</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading classical composers</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849)"><img alt="Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/123px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/185px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg/247px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3391" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a><br /><small>(1810–1849)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_(T._Maleszewski,_1865).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872)"><img alt="Stanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28T._Maleszewski%2C_1865%29.jpg/124px-Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28T._Maleszewski%2C_1865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28T._Maleszewski%2C_1865%29.jpg/186px-Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28T._Maleszewski%2C_1865%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28T._Maleszewski%2C_1865%29.jpg/248px-Stanis%C5%82a%C5%AD_Maniu%C5%A1ka._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%28T._Maleszewski%2C_1865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a><br /><small>(1819–1872)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880)"><img alt="Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_%28cropped%29.jpg/219px-Henryk_Wieniawski_three_quarters_length_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Henryk Wieniawski</a><br /><small>(1835–1880)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Karol_Szymanowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937)"><img alt="Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Karol_Szymanowski.jpg/130px-Karol_Szymanowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Karol_Szymanowski.jpg/195px-Karol_Szymanowski.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Karol_Szymanowski.jpg/260px-Karol_Szymanowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1717" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a><br /><small>(1882–1937)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941)"><img alt="Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG/130px-Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG/195px-Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG/260px-Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski.PNG 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Ignacy Jan Paderewski</a><br /><small>(1860–1941)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lutoslawski3cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Witold Lutosławski (1913–1994)"><img alt="Witold Lutosławski (1913–1994)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lutoslawski3cr.jpg/130px-Lutoslawski3cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lutoslawski3cr.jpg/195px-Lutoslawski3cr.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lutoslawski3cr.jpg/260px-Lutoslawski3cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a><br /><small>(1913–1994)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henryk Górecki (1933–2010)"><img alt="Henryk Górecki (1933–2010)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg/118px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg/177px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg/236px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a><br /><small>(1933–2010)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krzysztof Penderecki (1933–2020)"><img alt="Krzysztof Penderecki (1933–2020)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg/110px-Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg/165px-Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg/220px-Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a><br /><small>(1933–2020)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish literature</a></div>
<p>Since the arrival of Christianity and the subsequent access to Western European civilization, Poles developed a significant literary production in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Conspicuous authors of the Middle Ages are among others <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallus_Anonymus" title="Gallus Anonymus">Gallus Anonymus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek" title="Wincenty Kadłubek">Wincenty Kadłubek</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a>, an author of the monumental work on the history of Poland. With the arrival of the Renaissance, Poles came under the influence of the artistic patterns of the humanistic style, actively participating in the European issues of that time with their Latin works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Adam_Mickiewicz_Monument_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, one of the greatest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish poets">Polish poets</a>, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The origins of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literature_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Poland">Polish literature</a> written in Polish go back beyond the 14th century. In the 16th century the poetic works of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a> established him as a leading representative of European Renaissance literature. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Classicist">Neo-Classicist</a> belle letters made a significant contribution to the cementing of Poland's peoples of many cultural backgrounds. The early 19th century novel "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Manuscript_Found_in_Saragossa" title="The Manuscript Found in Saragossa">Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse</a>" by Count <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Jan Potocki</a>, which survived in its Polish translation after the loss of the original in French, became a world classic. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wojciech_Has" title="Wojciech Has">Wojciech Has</a>'s film based on it, a favourite of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>, later became a cult film on university campuses. Poland's great Romantic literature flourished in the 19th century when the country had lost its independence. The poets <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Zygmunt Krasiński</a>, the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Bards" title="Three Bards">Three Bards</a>", became the spiritual leaders of a nation deprived of its sovereignty, and prophesied its revival. The novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, who won the Nobel Prize in 1905, eulogised the historical tradition. It is difficult to grasp fully the detailed tradition of Polish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism</a> and its consequences for Polish literature without a thorough knowledge of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early 20th century, many outstanding Polish literary works emerged from the new cultural exchange and Avant-Garde experimentation. The legacy of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> marshlands of Poland's eastern regions with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts, played a special role in these developments. This was also a region in which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> tradition and the mystic movement of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a> thrived. The Kresy were a cultural trysting-place for numerous ethnic and national groups whose achievements were inspiring each other. The works of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruno_Schulz" title="Bruno Schulz">Bruno Schulz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Le%C5%9Bmian" title="Bolesław Leśmian">Bolesław Leśmian</a>, and Józef Czechowicz were written there. In the south of Poland, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> was the birthplace of the avant-garde works of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witkacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Witkacy">Witkacy</a>). And, last but not least, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a> was awarded the 1924 Nobel prize in literature for his novel Chłopi (The Peasants).
</p><p>After the Second World War, many Polish writers found themselves in exile, with many of them clustered around the Paris-based "Kultura" publishing venture run by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerzy_Giedroyc" title="Jerzy Giedroyc">Jerzy Giedroyc</a>. The group of emigre writers included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Gombrowicz" title="Witold Gombrowicz">Witold Gombrowicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gustaw_Herling-Grudzi%C5%84ski" title="Gustaw Herling-Grudziński">Gustaw Herling-Grudziński</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mro%C5%BCek" title="Sławomir Mrożek">Sławomir Mrożek</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zbigniew_Herbert" title="Zbigniew Herbert">Zbigniew Herbert</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz" title="Tadeusz Różewicz">Tadeusz Różewicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> are among the most outstanding 20th century Polish poets, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novelists" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelists">novelists</a> and playwrights <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Gombrowicz" title="Witold Gombrowicz">Witold Gombrowicz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mro%C5%BCek" title="Sławomir Mrożek">Sławomir Mrożek</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> (science fiction). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish language authors">The long list</a> includes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanna_Krall" title="Hanna Krall">Hanna Krall</a> whose work focuses mainly on the war-time Jewish experience, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a> with books translated into many languages.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading Polish writers and poets</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Kochanowski (1530–1584)"><img alt="Jan Kochanowski (1530–1584)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg/120px-Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg/180px-Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg/240px-Jan_Kochanowski.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1373" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a><br /><small>(1530–1584)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621–1693)"><img alt="Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621–1693)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG/125px-Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG/187px-Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG/249px-Jan_andrzej_Morsztyn_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Andrzej_Morsztyn" title="Jan Andrzej Morsztyn">Jan Andrzej Morsztyn</a><br /><small>(1621–1693)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801)"><img alt="Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_%28detail%29.jpg/128px-Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_%28detail%29.jpg/192px-Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_%28detail%29.jpg/256px-Krafft_the_Elder_Ignacy_Krasicki_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Ignacy Krasicki</a><br /><small>(1735–1801)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jan_Potocki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Potocki (1761–1815)"><img alt="Jan Potocki (1761–1815)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jan_Potocki.jpg/126px-Jan_Potocki.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jan_Potocki.jpg/189px-Jan_Potocki.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jan_Potocki.jpg/252px-Jan_Potocki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Jan Potocki</a><br /><small>(1761–1815)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855)"><img alt="Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg/130px-Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg/195px-Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg/260px-Adam_Mickiewicz_wed%C5%82ug_dagerotypu_paryskiego_z_1842_roku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a><br /><small>(1798–1855)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849)"><img alt="Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG/130px-Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="130" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG/195px-Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG/260px-Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a><br /><small>(1809–1849)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joseph_Conrad,_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Conrad (1857–1924)"><img alt="Joseph Conrad (1857–1924)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg/119px-Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg/179px-Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg/238px-Joseph_Conrad%2C_Fotografie_von_George_Charles_Beresford%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a><br /><small>(1857–1924)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925)"><img alt="Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg/109px-Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg/163px-Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg/217px-Stefan_Zeromski_Polish_writer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stefan_%C5%BBeromski" title="Stefan Żeromski">Stefan Żeromski</a><br /><small>(1864–1925)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bruno_Schulz,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruno Schulz (1892–1942)"><img alt="Bruno Schulz (1892–1942)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bruno_Schulz%2C_portrait.jpg/118px-Bruno_Schulz%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bruno_Schulz%2C_portrait.jpg/178px-Bruno_Schulz%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bruno_Schulz%2C_portrait.jpg/237px-Bruno_Schulz%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruno_Schulz" title="Bruno Schulz">Bruno Schulz</a><br /><small>(1892–1942)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969)"><img alt="Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg/130px-Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg/195px-Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg/260px-Witold_Gombrowicz_by_Bohdan_Paczowski_-_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witold_Gombrowicz" title="Witold Gombrowicz">Witold Gombrowicz</a><br /><small>(1904–1969)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:St_Lem_resize.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanisław Lem (1921–2006)"><img alt="Stanisław Lem (1921–2006)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Lem_resize.jpg/129px-St_Lem_resize.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Lem_resize.jpg/194px-St_Lem_resize.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Lem_resize.jpg/258px-St_Lem_resize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a><br /><small>(1921–2006)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ryszard Kapuściński (1932–2007)"><img alt="Ryszard Kapuściński (1932–2007)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg/130px-Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg/195px-Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg/260px-Ryszard_Kapuscinski_by_Kubik_17.05.1997_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a><br /><small>(1932–2007)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;">
<tbody><tr>
<th align="center"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a><br />(1846–1916)</small>
</th>
<th align="center"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a><br />(1865–1925)</small>
</th>
<th align="center"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a><br />(1902–1991)</small>
</th>
<th align="center"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a><br />(1911–2004)</small>
</th>
<th align="center"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a><br />(1923–2012)</small>
</th>
<th align="center"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a><br />(1962–)</small>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg/107px-Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg/161px-Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg/214px-Henryk_Sienkiewicz_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg/107px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg/161px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg/214px-W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_(upright).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_%28upright%29.jpg/114px-Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_%28upright%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_%28upright%29.jpg/171px-Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_%28upright%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_%28upright%29.jpg/228px-Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_%28upright%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1736" /></a></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011(Lt,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011%28Lt%2C_detail%29.jpg/108px-Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011%28Lt%2C_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011%28Lt%2C_detail%29.jpg/162px-Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011%28Lt%2C_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011%28Lt%2C_detail%29.jpg/216px-Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz_2011%28Lt%2C_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_%281%29.jpg/114px-Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_%281%29.jpg/171px-Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_%281%29.jpg/228px-Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska_2009.10.23_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg/114px-Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg/171px-Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg/228px-Olga_Tokarczuk-9739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">History of philosophy in Poland</a></div>
<p>Polish philosophy drew upon the broader currents of European philosophy, and in turn contributed to their growth. Among the most momentous Polish contributions were made, in the 13th century, by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> philosopher and scientist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_W%C5%82odkowic" title="Paweł Włodkowic">Paweł Włodkowic</a>—in early 15th and, by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Subsequently, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> partook in the intellectual ferment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, which for the multi-ethnic Commonwealth ended not long after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions</a> and political annihilation that would last for the next 123 years, until the collapse of the three partitioning empires in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.
</p><p>The period of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a>, between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November 1830</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January 1863 Uprisings</a>, reflected European <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist">Idealist</a> trends, as well as a Polish yearning for political <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>. It was a period of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximalist">maximalist</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical systems</a>.
</p><p>The collapse of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January 1863 Uprising</a> prompted an agonising reappraisal of Poland's situation. Poles gave up their earlier practice of "measuring their goals by their aspirations" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>) and buckled down to hard work and study. "[A] Positivist," wrote the novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a>'s friend, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_Ochorowicz" title="Julian Ochorowicz">Julian Ochorowicz</a>, was "anyone who bases assertions on verifiable evidence; who does not express himself categorically about doubtful things, and does not speak at all about those that are inaccessible."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 20th century brought a new quickening to Polish philosophy. There was growing interest in western philosophical currents. Rigorously trained Polish philosophers made substantial contributions to specialized fields—to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theory_of_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of knowledge">theory of knowledge</a>, and especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarys._p._32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarys._p._32-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a> gained world fame with his concept of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Many-valued_logic" title="Many-valued logic">many-valued logic</a> and his "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_notation" title="Polish notation">Polish notation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>'s work in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truth_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth theory">truth theory</a> won him world renown.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, for over four decades, world-class Polish philosophers and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">historians of philosophy</a> such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a> continued their work, often in the face of adversities occasioned by the dominance of a politically enforced official philosophy. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenologist</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a> did influential work in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Esthetics">esthetics</a> and in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a>-style <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>; his student <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karol_Wojty%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyła">Karol Wojtyła</a> owned a unique influence on the world stage as Pope <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading Polish philosophers</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Witelo,_book.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Vitello (1230–1280/1314)"><img alt="Vitello (1230–1280/1314)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Witelo%2C_book.gif/116px-Witelo%2C_book.gif" decoding="async" width="116" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Witelo%2C_book.gif/174px-Witelo%2C_book.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Witelo%2C_book.gif 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a><br /><small>(1230–1280/1314)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregory of Sanok (1403/1407–1477)"><img alt="Gregory of Sanok (1403/1407–1477)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG/130px-Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG/195px-Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG/260px-Grzegorz_z_Sanoka_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1869" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregory_of_Sanok" title="Gregory of Sanok">Gregory of Sanok</a><br /><small>(1403/1407–1477)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)"><img alt="Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/130px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/195px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/260px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a><br /><small>(1473–1543)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Frycz Modrzewski (1503–1572)"><img alt="Frycz Modrzewski (1503–1572)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG/130px-Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG/195px-Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG/260px-Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski" title="Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski">Frycz Modrzewski</a><br /><small>(1503–1572)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lwów–Warsaw school (1895–1920/1930)"><img alt="Lwów–Warsaw school (1895–1920/1930)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg/99px-Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg/149px-Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg/198px-Kazimierz_Twardowski_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w%E2%80%93Warsaw_school" title="Lwów–Warsaw school">Lwów–Warsaw school</a><br /><small>(1895–1920/1930)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman Ingarden (1893–1970)"><img alt="Roman Ingarden (1893–1970)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg/116px-Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg/174px-Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg/232px-Witkacy_Roman_Ingarden_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a><br /><small>(1893–1970)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AlfredTarski1968.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)"><img alt="Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AlfredTarski1968.jpeg/130px-AlfredTarski1968.jpeg" decoding="async" width="130" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AlfredTarski1968.jpeg/195px-AlfredTarski1968.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AlfredTarski1968.jpeg/260px-AlfredTarski1968.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a><br /><small>(1901–1983)</small></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)"><img alt="Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg/130px-PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg/195px-PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg/260px-PapaJCruz_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Pope <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a><br /><small>(1920–2005)</small></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214689105">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion in Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education in Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology" title="Timeline of Polish science and technology">Timeline of Polish science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy of Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations of Poland</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism in Poland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Poland" title="Seven Wonders of Poland">Seven Wonders of Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites of Poland">World Heritage Sites of Poland</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport in Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland" title="National costumes of Poland">National costumes of Poland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Polish_clothing" title="Category:Polish clothing">Category:Polish clothing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Polish_traditions" title="Category:Polish traditions">Category:Polish traditions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Polish folk dances</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasterka" title="Pasterka">Pasterka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">Święconka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisanka_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanka (Polish)">Pisanka (Polish)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_days_in_Poland" title="Name days in Poland">Name days in Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Studni%C3%B3wka" title="Studniówka">Studniówka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juwenalia" title="Juwenalia">Juwenalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaduszki" title="Zaduszki">Zaduszki</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Strokes_Opener_040719-139_(48247874422).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open'er Festival in Gdynia is one of the biggest annual music festivals in Poland"><img alt="Open'er Festival in Gdynia is one of the biggest annual music festivals in Poland" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Strokes_Opener_040719-139_%2848247874422%29.jpg/320px-Strokes_Opener_040719-139_%2848247874422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Strokes_Opener_040719-139_%2848247874422%29.jpg/480px-Strokes_Opener_040719-139_%2848247874422%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Strokes_Opener_040719-139_%2848247874422%29.jpg/640px-Strokes_Opener_040719-139_%2848247874422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open%27er_Festival" title="Open'er Festival">Open'er Festival</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> is one of the biggest annual music festivals in Poland</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mercado_de_Navidad,_Plaza_del_Mercado,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christmas market in Wrocław"><img alt="Christmas market in Wrocław" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mercado_de_Navidad%2C_Plaza_del_Mercado%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg/226px-Mercado_de_Navidad%2C_Plaza_del_Mercado%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mercado_de_Navidad%2C_Plaza_del_Mercado%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg/339px-Mercado_de_Navidad%2C_Plaza_del_Mercado%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mercado_de_Navidad%2C_Plaza_del_Mercado%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg/452px-Mercado_de_Navidad%2C_Plaza_del_Mercado%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8106" data-file-height="6464" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Town of Zamość (UNESCO World Heritage Site)"><img alt="Old Town of Zamość (UNESCO World Heritage Site)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg/269px-Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg/403px-Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg/537px-Ratusz_Zamosc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Old Town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> (UNESCO <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Poland_NT_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poland national football team"><img alt="Poland national football team" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poland_NT_2011.jpg/270px-Poland_NT_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poland_NT_2011.jpg/405px-Poland_NT_2011.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poland_NT_2011.jpg/539px-Poland_NT_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland_national_football_team" title="Poland national football team">Poland national football team</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Zamoyski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Polish-Way-Thousand-History-Culture/dp/0781802008">The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture</a>. Published 1993, Hippocrene Books, Poland, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0200-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0200-8">0-7818-0200-8</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGUS" class="citation web cs1">GUS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/en/infographics-and-widgets/infographics/infographic-religiousness-of-polish-inhabitiants,4,1.html">"Infographic - Religiousness of Polish inhabitiants"</a>. <i>stat.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Infographic+-+Religiousness+of+Polish+inhabitiants&rft.au=GUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Finfographics-and-widgets%2Finfographics%2Finfographic-religiousness-of-polish-inhabitiants%2C4%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MFA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MFA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland</a>, 2002–2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203015755/http://poland.gov.pl/Culture,484.html">An Overview of Polish Culture</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KRPS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">"History of vodka production, at the official page of Polish Spirit Industry Association (KRPS), 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+vodka+production%2C+at+the+official+page+of+Polish+Spirit+Industry+Association+%28KRPS%29%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrps.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D17%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/pl/artykul/pawilony-polskie">"Pawilony polskie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pawilony+polskie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fpl%2Fartykul%2Fpawilony-polskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semper.pl/muzyczne_dwory_summary.pdf">"The Music Courts of the Polish Vasas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.semper.pl</i>. p. 244<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.semper.pl&rft.atitle=The+Music+Courts+of+the+Polish+Vasas&rft.pages=244&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semper.pl%2Fmuzyczne_dwory_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Poland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gk24.pl/jak-w-koszalinie-rodzil-sie-rap-opowiadali-reprezentanci-lokalnej-sceny-zdjecia/ar/c1-17109613">Polish Rap</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a>, <i>Zarys dziejów filozofii w Polsce</i> (A Brief History of Philosophy in Poland), p. 32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a>, <i>Historia filozofii</i> (History of Philosophy), vol. 3, p. 177.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zarys._p._32-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zarys._p._32_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Tatarkiewicz</a>, <i>Zarys...</i>, p. 32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski" title="Kazimierz Kuratowski">Kazimierz Kuratowski</a>, <i>A Half Century of Polish Mathematics</i>, pp. 23–24, 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski" title="Kazimierz Kuratowski">Kazimierz Kuratowski</a>, <i>A Half Century of Polish Mathematics</i>, p. 30 and <i>passim</i>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Poland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of Poland">Culture of Poland</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.pl/en/article/looking-at-polands-history-through-the-prism-of-art">Looking at Poland's History Through the Prism of Art</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poloniamusic.com">Polonia Music</a> The world of Polish heritage music!</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polartcenter.com">Polish Art Center</a> A Treasury of Polish Heritage</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pigasus-shop.de/">Pigasus Gallery</a> Polish Poster, Music & Film</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wsm.serpent.pl/sklep/eng/">Serpent.pl</a> Albums from genre folk/ethno</li>
<li>Read more about Polish culture at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culture.pl/">Culture.pl</a> – the online magazine promoting Polish culture abroad, run by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute" title="Adam Mickiewicz Institute">Adam Mickiewicz Institute</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228936124">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Poland_topics" title="Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Poland_topics" title="Template talk:Poland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_history" title="Timeline of Polish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Prehistory and protohistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of Poland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_early_modern_period_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="History of Poland in the early modern period (1569–1795)">Early Modern <span style="font-size:85%;">(1569–1795)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Partitions, duchies and kingdoms <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–1918)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Interwar years</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Communist Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Poland since 1989</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Cultural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Poland" title="Demographic history of Poland">Demographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Poland">Postal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities and towns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Poland" title="List of islands of Poland">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Poland" title="List of lakes of Poland">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Poland" title="List of mountains in Poland">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Parks_of_Poland" title="National Parks of Poland">National parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland_A_and_B" title="Poland A and B">Poland A and B</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Poland" title="Regions of Poland">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland" title="List of rivers of Poland">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Poland" title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Poland" title="LGBT rights in Poland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Polish_politicians" title="Lists of Polish politicians">Politicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="List of prime ministers of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Poland" title="Agriculture in Poland">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">Central bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Poland" title="Exclusive economic zone of Poland">EEZ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Poland" title="List of exports of Poland">Exports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Merchant_Navy" title="Polish Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Poland" title="List of mines in Poland">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Poland_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Poland by GDP">Regional GDP per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unemployment_in_Poland" title="Unemployment in Poland">Unemployment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Upper Silesian Industrial Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Poland" title="Venture capital in Poland">Venture capital</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Złoty <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Society_of_Poland" title="Category:Society of Poland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawyers_in_Poland" title="Lawyers in Poland">Lawyers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_folk_beliefs" title="Polish folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Folk dances</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Poland" title="Mass media in Poland">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_names" title="Polish names">Polish names</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Poland" title="Public holidays in Poland">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Polish_traditions" title="Category:Polish traditions">Traditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_games_in_Poland" title="Video games in Poland">Video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refugees_in_Poland" title="Refugees in Poland">Refugees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost" title="Poland Is Not Yet Lost">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_flags" title="List of Polish flags">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Poland" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Poland">Orders and decorations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Poland" title="Outline of Poland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
