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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1975 indigenous rights protest march in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox civil conflict|title=Māori Land March|partof=[[Māori protest movement]]|image=Māori Land March - October 13 1975, Parliament, Wellington (21226548415).jpg|image_size=|caption=The Land March arriving at Parliament|place=[[New Zealand]]|date=14 September to 13 October 1975|causes=Land alienation and cultural loss|methods=Marches, [[direct action]]}}
The '''Māori land march''' of 1975 was a protest led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite|Those with Foresight}}, created by [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on 14 September, travelled the length of the [[North Island]], and arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>
== Background ==
In 1953, the government under Prime Minister [[Sidney Holland]] introduced the Maori Affairs Act to enable the use of what was called "unproductive Māori land". Applicants to the [[Māori Land Court]] could apply to have land vested in trustee ownership. The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 introduced compulsory conversion of Māori freehold land with four or fewer owners into general land. It increased the powers of the [[Māori Trustee]] to compulsorily acquire and sell so-called uneconomic interests in Māori land. Māori worried that the law would result in further alienation of what land remained in Māori ownership following historical confiscations and acquisition of land by [[Pākehā]] (New Zealand Europeans).<ref name="NZH Treaty">{{Cite web| url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/treaty-timeline/treaty-events-1950|title=Treaty events since 1950 - Treaty timeline {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online| website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Page 9">{{cite web |last1=Boast |first1=Richard |title=Story: Te tango whenua – Māori land alienation. Page 9. 20th-century developments |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-tango-whenua-maori-land-alienation/page-9 |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Although the legislation was changed in 1974, and the [[Waitangi Tribunal]] established in 1975 to hear Māori concerns, Māori remained concerned about historical taking of land (particularly given that the Tribunal was initially unable to consider historical cases).<ref name="Page 9"/>
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Why_We_March_(20633566803).jpg|alt=Māori land march|thumb|"Why We March"{{efn|From a booklet issued by Te Rōpū O Te Matakite explaining why the Land March took place, addressing previous grievances Māori had suffered with significant loss of land.}} ]]
In early March 1975, a [[Hui (Māori assembly)|hui]] (assembly) was called at [[Te Puea Memorial Marae]] in [[Māngere Bridge (suburb)|Māngere Bridge]], with 79-year-old Whina Cooper present. Cooper had earned much recognition and respect over the many years of her social and political engagement among Māori people and was one of the few women in the Māori community recognised as a leader. Cooper felt that existing organisations like the [[New Zealand Māori Council]], which had existed since 1962, and the [[Māori Women's Welfare League]], founded in 1951, were too traditional and a more modern approach was needed.<ref name="Hill"/> The hui discussed a march from [[Te Hāpua]], a community at the top of the North Island, to Parliament in Wellington. It was thought that the march would gain public attention and raise awareness of Māori concerns, particularly of the "twin themes of landlessness and cultural loss", and it would be led both by the young activist group [[Ngā Tamatoa]] and more traditional elders like Cooper; in this way, it was hoped the march would be able to attract support from a wide range of Māori.<ref name="Hill">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Richard S. |title=Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000 |date=2009 |publisher=Victoria University Press |location=Wellington, New Zealand |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-HilMaor-t1-body-d7-d8.html |access-date=7 August 2022 |chapter=The Maori Land March}}</ref> The following four months were used for planning and fundraising. In August all preparations were made and support and accommodation provided at various marae along the route.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
== The march ==
[[File:Māori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_(21261436989).jpg|alt=|thumb|Māori Land March crossing [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]]]]
On 14 September 1975, the march began at Te Hāpua. It was initially made up of around 50 people led by Cooper, but grew in numbers as they walked through different towns and cities and stayed at local marae. By the time the march reached Wellington, around {{convert|1100|km|mi}} from its starting point, it was made up of around 5,000 people.<ref name="Collins"/> Cooper led discussions at marae along the way about the purpose of the march and along the way people gathered signatures for a petition which would be presented at Parliament.<ref name="NZH Whina"/> A key slogan for the march was "Not one more acre of Maori land".<ref name="NZH Treaty"/><ref name="Poata">{{cite news |last1=Poata |first1=Tama Te Kapua |title=Marching into history |url=https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/marching-into-history/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=E-Tangata |date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
[[Tama Poata]], one of the young organisers on the march, described in his memoir how he and other young people handled a lot of the day-to-day organisation of the march, while Cooper and other elders were able to engage with local Māori at each marae that was visited and encourage them to sign the petition.<ref name="Poata"/>
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Route_of_March_(20631264354).jpg|alt=|thumb|Route of March]]
The march, accompanied by two trucks and a bus carrying supplies, took 29 days, and followed a route from [[Te Hapua]]; [[Kaitaia]]; [[Mangamuka]]; [[Otiria]]; [[Hikurangi]]; Waipu; [[Wellsford]]; [[Orewa]]; [[Auckland]]; [[Ngāruawāhia]]; [[Kihikihi]]; [[Te Kūiti]]; [[Taumarunui]]; [[Raetihi]]; [[Whanganui]]; [[Ratana]]; [[Palmerston North]]; [[Shannon, New Zealand]]; [[Ōtaki, New Zealand]]; [[Porirua]] to [[Wellington]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscellaneous - Maori Land March 1975 and Matakite-O-Aotearoa Incorporated and related matters |url=https://collections.archives.govt.nz/en-GB/web/arena/search |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Archives NZ}}</ref>
[[Titewhai Harawira]] was one of the lead organisers of the march and a spokesperson for Te Roopu Ote Matakite who had set up an 'embassy' occupying parliament grounds after the march.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Titewhai Harawira dies, aged 90 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/483043/titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maori protesters gain support |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19751230.2.121 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Papers Past}}</ref>
== Impact ==
Upon arriving at Parliament, Whina Cooper presented a petition signed by 60,000 people from around New Zealand to Prime Minister [[Bill Rowling]]. The petition called for an end to monocultural land laws which excluded Māori cultural values, and asked for the ability to establish legitimate communal ownership of land within [[iwi]]. The hīkoi represented a watershed moment in the burgeoning Māori cultural renaissance of the 1970s. It brought unprecedented levels of public attention to the issue of alienation of Māori land, and established a method of protest that was repeatedly reused in the following decades, such as the occupation of the land at [[Bastion Point]].<ref name="Collins"/>
This action brought treaty issues to public attention more strongly than at any time since the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
==In film==
The march is brought to life in the 2022 biographical film ''[[Whina (film)|Whina]]'', about the life of Whina Cooper. The march is used as a framing device, with much of the film consisting of flashbacks to earlier in her life, but it shows the growing support for the march, and the crowds reaching the Houses of Parliament in Wellington.<ref>{{cite web | last=Grierson | first=Tim | title='Whina': Edinburgh Review | website=Screen | date=15 August 2022 | url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816095130/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article | archive-date=16 August 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Māori Land March (1975) - Itinerary (20632615253).jpg| Instructions to participants
File:Māori Land March - 13 October 1975, Wellington (20605544353).jpg|March on [[New Zealand State Highway 1]] in Wellington
File:Māori Land March - 13 October 1975, Ngauranga Gorge, Wellington (21226613305).jpg|March travelling down [[Ngauranga Gorge]], Wellington
File:Māori Land March 1975 - Petition to Parliament (20583434754).jpg|Petition presented to Parliament by Whina Cooper
File:Māori Land March 1975 - Petition Sheet (20583549224).jpg|A petition sheet
</gallery>
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
The march was documented in ''[https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/te-matakite-o-aotearoa-1975 Te Matakite o Aotearoa - The Māori Land March]'' a film available via New Zealand on Screen.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maori land march}}
[[Category:Māori history]]
[[Category:1975 in New Zealand|Maori Land March]]
[[Category:1975 protests|Maori Land March]]
[[Category:Māori politics]]
[[Category:Environmental protests in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1975 indigenous rights protest march in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox civil conflict|title=Māori Land March|partof=[[Māori protest movement]]|image=Māori Land March - October 13 1975, Parliament, Wellington (21226548415).jpg|image_size=|caption=The Land March arriving at Parliament|place=[[New Zealand]]|date=14 September to 13 October 1975|causes=Land alienation and cultural loss|methods=Marches, [[direct action]]}}
The '''BIG BLACK MEN ''' of 2005 was a great cause led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite|Those with Foresight}}, created by [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on 14 September, travelled the length of the [[North Island]], and arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>
== Background ==
In 1953, the government under Prime Minister [[Sidney Holland]] introduced the Maori Affairs Act to enable the use of what was called "unproductive Māori land". Applicants to the [[Māori Land Court]] could apply to have land vested in trustee ownership. The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 introduced compulsory conversion of Māori freehold land with four or fewer owners into general land. It increased the powers of the [[Māori Trustee]] to compulsorily acquire and sell so-called uneconomic interests in Māori land. Māori worried that the law would result in further alienation of what land remained in Māori ownership following historical confiscations and acquisition of land by [[Pākehā]] (New Zealand Europeans).<ref name="NZH Treaty">{{Cite web| url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/treaty-timeline/treaty-events-1950|title=Treaty events since 1950 - Treaty timeline {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online| website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Page 9">{{cite web |last1=Boast |first1=Richard |title=Story: Te tango whenua – Māori land alienation. Page 9. 20th-century developments |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-tango-whenua-maori-land-alienation/page-9 |website=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Although the legislation was changed in 1974, and the [[Waitangi Tribunal]] established in 1975 to hear Māori concerns, Māori remained concerned about historical taking of land (particularly given that the Tribunal was initially unable to consider historical cases).<ref name="Page 9"/>
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Why_We_March_(20633566803).jpg|alt=Māori land march|thumb|"Why We March"{{efn|From a booklet issued by Te Rōpū O Te Matakite explaining why the Land March took place, addressing previous grievances Māori had suffered with significant loss of land.}} ]]
In early March 1975, a [[Hui (Māori assembly)|hui]] (assembly) was called at [[Te Puea Memorial Marae]] in [[Māngere Bridge (suburb)|Māngere Bridge]], with 79-year-old Whina Cooper present. Cooper had earned much recognition and respect over the many years of her social and political engagement among Māori people and was one of the few women in the Māori community recognised as a leader. Cooper felt that existing organisations like the [[New Zealand Māori Council]], which had existed since 1962, and the [[Māori Women's Welfare League]], founded in 1951, were too traditional and a more modern approach was needed.<ref name="Hill"/> The hui discussed a march from [[Te Hāpua]], a community at the top of the North Island, to Parliament in Wellington. It was thought that the march would gain public attention and raise awareness of Māori concerns, particularly of the "twin themes of landlessness and cultural loss", and it would be led both by the young activist group [[Ngā Tamatoa]] and more traditional elders like Cooper; in this way, it was hoped the march would be able to attract support from a wide range of Māori.<ref name="Hill">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Richard S. |title=Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000 |date=2009 |publisher=Victoria University Press |location=Wellington, New Zealand |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-HilMaor-t1-body-d7-d8.html |access-date=7 August 2022 |chapter=The Maori Land March}}</ref> The following four months were used for planning and fundraising. In August all preparations were made and support and accommodation provided at various marae along the route.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
== The march ==
[[File:Māori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_(21261436989).jpg|alt=|thumb|Māori Land March crossing [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]]]]
On 14 September 1975, the march began at Te Hāpua. It was initially made up of around 50 people led by Cooper, but grew in numbers as they walked through different towns and cities and stayed at local marae. By the time the march reached Wellington, around {{convert|1100|km|mi}} from its starting point, it was made up of around 5,000 people.<ref name="Collins"/> Cooper led discussions at marae along the way about the purpose of the march and along the way people gathered signatures for a petition which would be presented at Parliament.<ref name="NZH Whina"/> A key slogan for the march was "Not one more acre of Maori land".<ref name="NZH Treaty"/><ref name="Poata">{{cite news |last1=Poata |first1=Tama Te Kapua |title=Marching into history |url=https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/marching-into-history/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |work=E-Tangata |date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
[[Tama Poata]], one of the young organisers on the march, described in his memoir how he and other young people handled a lot of the day-to-day organisation of the march, while Cooper and other elders were able to engage with local Māori at each marae that was visited and encourage them to sign the petition.<ref name="Poata"/>
[[File:Māori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Route_of_March_(20631264354).jpg|alt=|thumb|Route of March]]
The march, accompanied by two trucks and a bus carrying supplies, took 29 days, and followed a route from [[Te Hapua]]; [[Kaitaia]]; [[Mangamuka]]; [[Otiria]]; [[Hikurangi]]; Waipu; [[Wellsford]]; [[Orewa]]; [[Auckland]]; [[Ngāruawāhia]]; [[Kihikihi]]; [[Te Kūiti]]; [[Taumarunui]]; [[Raetihi]]; [[Whanganui]]; [[Ratana]]; [[Palmerston North]]; [[Shannon, New Zealand]]; [[Ōtaki, New Zealand]]; [[Porirua]] to [[Wellington]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscellaneous - Maori Land March 1975 and Matakite-O-Aotearoa Incorporated and related matters |url=https://collections.archives.govt.nz/en-GB/web/arena/search |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Archives NZ}}</ref>
[[Titewhai Harawira]] was one of the lead organisers of the march and a spokesperson for Te Roopu Ote Matakite who had set up an 'embassy' occupying parliament grounds after the march.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=Titewhai Harawira dies, aged 90 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/483043/titewhai-harawira-dies-aged-90 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maori protesters gain support |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19751230.2.121 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Papers Past}}</ref>
== Impact ==
Upon arriving at Parliament, Whina Cooper presented a petition signed by 60,000 people from around New Zealand to Prime Minister [[Bill Rowling]]. The petition called for an end to monocultural land laws which excluded Māori cultural values, and asked for the ability to establish legitimate communal ownership of land within [[iwi]]. The hīkoi represented a watershed moment in the burgeoning Māori cultural renaissance of the 1970s. It brought unprecedented levels of public attention to the issue of alienation of Māori land, and established a method of protest that was repeatedly reused in the following decades, such as the occupation of the land at [[Bastion Point]].<ref name="Collins"/>
This action brought treaty issues to public attention more strongly than at any time since the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
==In film==
The march is brought to life in the 2022 biographical film ''[[Whina (film)|Whina]]'', about the life of Whina Cooper. The march is used as a framing device, with much of the film consisting of flashbacks to earlier in her life, but it shows the growing support for the march, and the crowds reaching the Houses of Parliament in Wellington.<ref>{{cite web | last=Grierson | first=Tim | title='Whina': Edinburgh Review | website=Screen | date=15 August 2022 | url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816095130/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article | archive-date=16 August 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Māori Land March (1975) - Itinerary (20632615253).jpg| Instructions to participants
File:Māori Land March - 13 October 1975, Wellington (20605544353).jpg|March on [[New Zealand State Highway 1]] in Wellington
File:Māori Land March - 13 October 1975, Ngauranga Gorge, Wellington (21226613305).jpg|March travelling down [[Ngauranga Gorge]], Wellington
File:Māori Land March 1975 - Petition to Parliament (20583434754).jpg|Petition presented to Parliament by Whina Cooper
File:Māori Land March 1975 - Petition Sheet (20583549224).jpg|A petition sheet
</gallery>
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
The march was documented in ''[https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/te-matakite-o-aotearoa-1975 Te Matakite o Aotearoa - The Māori Land March]'' a film available via New Zealand on Screen.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maori land march}}
[[Category:Māori history]]
[[Category:1975 in New Zealand|Maori Land March]]
[[Category:1975 protests|Maori Land March]]
[[Category:Māori politics]]
[[Category:Environmental protests in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
{{Infobox civil conflict|title=Māori Land March|partof=[[Māori protest movement]]|image=Māori Land March - October 13 1975, Parliament, Wellington (21226548415).jpg|image_size=|caption=The Land March arriving at Parliament|place=[[New Zealand]]|date=14 September to 13 October 1975|causes=Land alienation and cultural loss|methods=Marches, [[direct action]]}}
-The '''Māori land march''' of 1975 was a protest led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite|Those with Foresight}}, created by [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on 14 September, travelled the length of the [[North Island]], and arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>
+The '''BIG BLACK MEN ''' of 2005 was a great cause led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite|Those with Foresight}}, created by [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on 14 September, travelled the length of the [[North Island]], and arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>
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0 => 'The '''BIG BLACK MEN ''' of 2005 was a great cause led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite|Those with Foresight}}, created by [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on 14 September, travelled the length of the [[North Island]], and arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>'
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0 => 'The '''Māori land march''' of 1975 was a protest led by the group {{Language with name/for|mi|Te Rōpū Matakite|Those with Foresight}}, created by [[Dame Whina Cooper]]. The [[hīkoi]] (march) started in [[Northland Region|Northland]] on 14 September, travelled the length of the [[North Island]], and arrived at the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|parliament building]] in [[Wellington]] on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans). Over the {{convert|1100|km|mi}} course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<ref name="NZH Whina">{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/whina-cooper-led-land-march-te-ropu-o-te-matakite-reaches-parliament|title=Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807|title=Maori land march - 40 years on|last=Collins|first=Mikaela|date=2015-09-14|access-date=2019-12-15|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1975 indigenous rights protest march in New Zealand</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Māori Land March</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975,_Parliament,_Wellington_(21226548415).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975%2C_Parliament%2C_Wellington_%2821226548415%29.jpg/300px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975%2C_Parliament%2C_Wellington_%2821226548415%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975%2C_Parliament%2C_Wellington_%2821226548415%29.jpg/450px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975%2C_Parliament%2C_Wellington_%2821226548415%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975%2C_Parliament%2C_Wellington_%2821226548415%29.jpg/600px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_October_13_1975%2C_Parliament%2C_Wellington_%2821226548415%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The Land March arriving at Parliament</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">14 September to 13 October 1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Land alienation and cultural loss</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Marches, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>BIG BLACK MEN </b> of 2005 was a great cause led by the group <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Rōpū Matakite</i></span> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> for 'Those with Foresight'), created by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dame_Whina_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Whina Cooper">Dame Whina Cooper</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%C4%ABkoi" title="Hīkoi">hīkoi</a> (march) started in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a> on 14 September, travelled the length of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, and arrived at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament_Buildings" title="New Zealand Parliament Buildings">parliament building</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> on 13 October 1975. The purpose of the march was to protest the loss of Māori rights and land through the actions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> (Europeans). Over the 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) course of the march it grew from 50 to approximately 5,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-NZH_Whina_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZH_Whina-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_march"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The march</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_film"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 1953, the government under Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidney_Holland" title="Sidney Holland">Sidney Holland</a> introduced the Maori Affairs Act to enable the use of what was called "unproductive Māori land". Applicants to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land Court</a> could apply to have land vested in trustee ownership. The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 introduced compulsory conversion of Māori freehold land with four or fewer owners into general land. It increased the powers of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Trustee" title="Māori Trustee">Māori Trustee</a> to compulsorily acquire and sell so-called uneconomic interests in Māori land. Māori worried that the law would result in further alienation of what land remained in Māori ownership following historical confiscations and acquisition of land by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> (New Zealand Europeans).<sup id="cite_ref-NZH_Treaty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZH_Treaty-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page_9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_9-4">[4]</a></sup> Although the legislation was changed in 1974, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> established in 1975 to hear Māori concerns, Māori remained concerned about historical taking of land (particularly given that the Tribunal was initially unable to consider historical cases).<sup id="cite_ref-Page_9_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page_9-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Why_We_March_(20633566803).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Māori land march" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Why_We_March_%2820633566803%29.jpg/220px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Why_We_March_%2820633566803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Why_We_March_%2820633566803%29.jpg/330px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Why_We_March_%2820633566803%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Why_We_March_%2820633566803%29.jpg/440px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Why_We_March_%2820633566803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8006" data-file-height="4279" /></a><figcaption>"Why We March"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>In early March 1975, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hui_(M%C4%81ori_assembly)" title="Hui (Māori assembly)">hui</a> (assembly) was called at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te_Puea_Memorial_Marae" title="Te Puea Memorial Marae">Te Puea Memorial Marae</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_Bridge_(suburb)" title="Māngere Bridge (suburb)">Māngere Bridge</a>, with 79-year-old Whina Cooper present. Cooper had earned much recognition and respect over the many years of her social and political engagement among Māori people and was one of the few women in the Māori community recognised as a leader. Cooper felt that existing organisations like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_M%C4%81ori_Council" title="New Zealand Māori Council">New Zealand Māori Council</a>, which had existed since 1962, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Women%27s_Welfare_League" title="Māori Women's Welfare League">Māori Women's Welfare League</a>, founded in 1951, were too traditional and a more modern approach was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-6">[5]</a></sup> The hui discussed a march from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te_H%C4%81pua" title="Te Hāpua">Te Hāpua</a>, a community at the top of the North Island, to Parliament in Wellington. It was thought that the march would gain public attention and raise awareness of Māori concerns, particularly of the "twin themes of landlessness and cultural loss", and it would be led both by the young activist group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C4%81_Tamatoa" title="Ngā Tamatoa">Ngā Tamatoa</a> and more traditional elders like Cooper; in this way, it was hoped the march would be able to attract support from a wide range of Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-6">[5]</a></sup> The following four months were used for planning and fundraising. In August all preparations were made and support and accommodation provided at various marae along the route.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_march">The march</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The march"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_(21261436989).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_%2821261436989%29.jpg/220px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_%2821261436989%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_%2821261436989%29.jpg/330px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_%2821261436989%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_%2821261436989%29.jpg/440px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_Auckland_Harbour_Bridge_%2821261436989%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Māori Land March crossing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auckland_Harbour_Bridge" title="Auckland Harbour Bridge">Auckland Harbour Bridge</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>On 14 September 1975, the march began at Te Hāpua. It was initially made up of around 50 people led by Cooper, but grew in numbers as they walked through different towns and cities and stayed at local marae. By the time the march reached Wellington, around 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) from its starting point, it was made up of around 5,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2">[2]</a></sup> Cooper led discussions at marae along the way about the purpose of the march and along the way people gathered signatures for a petition which would be presented at Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-NZH_Whina_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZH_Whina-1">[1]</a></sup> A key slogan for the march was "Not one more acre of Maori land".<sup id="cite_ref-NZH_Treaty_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZH_Treaty-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poata_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poata-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tama_Poata" title="Tama Poata">Tama Poata</a>, one of the young organisers on the march, described in his memoir how he and other young people handled a lot of the day-to-day organisation of the march, while Cooper and other elders were able to engage with local Māori at each marae that was visited and encourage them to sign the petition.<sup id="cite_ref-Poata_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poata-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Route_of_March_(20631264354).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Route_of_March_%2820631264354%29.jpg/220px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Route_of_March_%2820631264354%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Route_of_March_%2820631264354%29.jpg/330px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Route_of_March_%2820631264354%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Route_of_March_%2820631264354%29.jpg/440px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Route_of_March_%2820631264354%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4622" data-file-height="4002" /></a><figcaption>Route of March</figcaption></figure>
<p>The march, accompanied by two trucks and a bus carrying supplies, took 29 days, and followed a route from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te_Hapua" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Hapua">Te Hapua</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaitaia" title="Kaitaia">Kaitaia</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangamuka" title="Mangamuka">Mangamuka</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otiria" title="Otiria">Otiria</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikurangi" title="Hikurangi">Hikurangi</a>; Waipu; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wellsford" title="Wellsford">Wellsford</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orewa" title="Orewa">Orewa</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C4%81ruaw%C4%81hia" title="Ngāruawāhia">Ngāruawāhia</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kihikihi" title="Kihikihi">Kihikihi</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te_K%C5%ABiti" title="Te Kūiti">Te Kūiti</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taumarunui" title="Taumarunui">Taumarunui</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raetihi" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratana">Ratana</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shannon,_New_Zealand" title="Shannon, New Zealand">Shannon, New Zealand</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%8Ctaki,_New_Zealand" title="Ōtaki, New Zealand">Ōtaki, New Zealand</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porirua" title="Porirua">Porirua</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titewhai_Harawira" title="Titewhai Harawira">Titewhai Harawira</a> was one of the lead organisers of the march and a spokesperson for Te Roopu Ote Matakite who had set up an 'embassy' occupying parliament grounds after the march.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Upon arriving at Parliament, Whina Cooper presented a petition signed by 60,000 people from around New Zealand to Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a>. The petition called for an end to monocultural land laws which excluded Māori cultural values, and asked for the ability to establish legitimate communal ownership of land within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a>. The hīkoi represented a watershed moment in the burgeoning Māori cultural renaissance of the 1970s. It brought unprecedented levels of public attention to the issue of alienation of Māori land, and established a method of protest that was repeatedly reused in the following decades, such as the occupation of the land at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bastion_Point" title="Bastion Point">Bastion Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>This action brought treaty issues to public attention more strongly than at any time since the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_film">In film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The march is brought to life in the 2022 biographical film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whina_(film)" title="Whina (film)">Whina</a></i>, about the life of Whina Cooper. The march is used as a framing device, with much of the film consisting of flashbacks to earlier in her life, but it shows the growing support for the march, and the crowds reaching the Houses of Parliament in Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_(1975)_-_Itinerary_(20632615253).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Instructions to participants"><img alt="Instructions to participants" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Itinerary_%2820632615253%29.jpg/234px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Itinerary_%2820632615253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Itinerary_%2820632615253%29.jpg/351px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Itinerary_%2820632615253%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Itinerary_%2820632615253%29.jpg/467px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_%281975%29_-_Itinerary_%2820632615253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5082" data-file-height="4068" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Instructions to participants</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975,_Wellington_(20605544353).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="March on New Zealand State Highway 1 in Wellington"><img alt="March on New Zealand State Highway 1 in Wellington" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Wellington_%2820605544353%29.jpg/185px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Wellington_%2820605544353%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Wellington_%2820605544353%29.jpg/278px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Wellington_%2820605544353%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Wellington_%2820605544353%29.jpg/369px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Wellington_%2820605544353%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">March on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand State Highway 1">New Zealand State Highway 1</a> in Wellington</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975,_Ngauranga_Gorge,_Wellington_(21226613305).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="March travelling down Ngauranga Gorge, Wellington"><img alt="March travelling down Ngauranga Gorge, Wellington" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Ngauranga_Gorge%2C_Wellington_%2821226613305%29.jpg/185px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Ngauranga_Gorge%2C_Wellington_%2821226613305%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Ngauranga_Gorge%2C_Wellington_%2821226613305%29.jpg/278px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Ngauranga_Gorge%2C_Wellington_%2821226613305%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Ngauranga_Gorge%2C_Wellington_%2821226613305%29.jpg/369px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_-_13_October_1975%2C_Ngauranga_Gorge%2C_Wellington_%2821226613305%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1825" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">March travelling down <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngauranga_Gorge" title="Ngauranga Gorge">Ngauranga Gorge</a>, Wellington</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_(20583434754).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petition presented to Parliament by Whina Cooper"><img alt="Petition presented to Parliament by Whina Cooper" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_%2820583434754%29.jpg/144px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_%2820583434754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_%2820583434754%29.jpg/216px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_%2820583434754%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_%2820583434754%29.jpg/288px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_to_Parliament_%2820583434754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5072" data-file-height="6593" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Petition presented to Parliament by Whina Cooper</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_(20583549224).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A petition sheet"><img alt="A petition sheet" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_%2820583549224%29.jpg/114px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_%2820583549224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_%2820583549224%29.jpg/171px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_%2820583549224%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_%2820583549224%29.jpg/228px-M%C4%81ori_Land_March_1975_-_Petition_Sheet_%2820583549224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4965" data-file-height="8133" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A petition sheet</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From a booklet issued by Te Rōpū O Te Matakite explaining why the Land March took place, addressing previous grievances Māori had suffered with significant loss of land.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2015" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Mikaela (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11512807">"Maori land march - 40 years on"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777">1170-0777</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maori+land+march+-+40+years+on&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.issn=1170-0777&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Mikaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnorthern-advocate%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1503450%26objectid%3D11512807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NZH_Treaty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZH_Treaty_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZH_Treaty_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/treaty-timeline/treaty-events-1950">"Treaty events since 1950 - Treaty timeline | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"</a>. <i>nzhistory.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Treaty+events+since+1950+-+Treaty+timeline+%7C+NZHistory%2C+New+Zealand+history+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Ftreaty%2Ftreaty-timeline%2Ftreaty-events-1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Page_9-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Page_9_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page_9_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoast" class="citation web cs1">Boast, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-tango-whenua-maori-land-alienation/page-9">"Story: Te tango whenua – Māori land alienation. Page 9. 20th-century developments"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Story%3A+Te+tango+whenua+%E2%80%93+M%C4%81ori+land+alienation.+Page+9.+20th-century+developments&rft.aulast=Boast&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fte-tango-whenua-maori-land-alienation%2Fpage-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hill-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Richard S. (2009). "The Maori Land March". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-HilMaor-t1-body-d7-d8.html"><i>Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000</i></a>. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maori+Land+March&rft.btitle=Maori+and+the+State%3A+Crown-M%C4%81ori+relations+in+New+Zealand%2FAotearoa%2C+1950-2000&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-HilMaor-t1-body-d7-d8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Poata-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poata_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poata_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPoata2019" class="citation news cs1">Poata, Tama Te Kapua (17 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-tangata.co.nz/history/marching-into-history/">"Marching into history"</a>. <i>E-Tangata</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Tangata&rft.atitle=Marching+into+history&rft.date=2019-11-17&rft.aulast=Poata&rft.aufirst=Tama+Te+Kapua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-tangata.co.nz%2Fhistory%2Fmarching-into-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.archives.govt.nz/en-GB/web/arena/search">"Miscellaneous - Maori Land March 1975 and Matakite-O-Aotearoa Incorporated and related matters"</a>. <i>Archives NZ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+NZ&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+-+Maori+Land+March+1975+and+Matakite-O-Aotearoa+Incorporated+and+related+matters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.archives.govt.nz%2Fen-GB%2Fweb%2Farena%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19751230.2.121">"Maori protesters gain support"</a>. <i>Papers Past</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papers+Past&rft.atitle=Maori+protesters+gain+support&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FCHP19751230.2.121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson2022" class="citation web cs1">Grierson, Tim (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Whina': Edinburgh Review"</a>. <i>Screen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816095130/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/whina-edinburgh-review/5173406.article">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen&rft.atitle=%27Whina%27%3A+Edinburgh+Review&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendaily.com%2Freviews%2Fwhina-edinburgh-review%2F5173406.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%81ori+land+march" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81ori_land_march&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The march was documented in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/te-matakite-o-aotearoa-1975">Te Matakite o Aotearoa - The Māori Land March</a></i> a film available via New Zealand on Screen.
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1718931872' |
