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'{{Short description|Hatred towards the Philippines, Filipinos or Filipino culture}} [[File:Racist Newspaper Clipping Filipino.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|300px|A newspaper clipping from a 1899 ''[[The Boston Globe|Boston Sunday Globe]]'', depicting a Black Filipino man before and after '[[benevolent assimilation]]' by the United States [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|upon the Philippines]]. The clipping portrays the transformation of the Filipino from a "[[Barbarian|barbaric]]" to "civilized" man.]] {{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}} {{Lead too short|date=March 2022}} '''Anti-Filipino sentiment''' refers to the general dislike or hatred towards the [[Philippines]], [[Filipinos]] or [[Culture of the Philippines|Filipino culture]]. This can come in the form of direct slurs or persecution, in the form of connoted [[microaggression]]s, or depictions of the Philippines or the [[Filipinos|Filipino people]] as being inferior in some form [[Psychology|psychologically]], [[Culture|culturally]] or physically. == Incidents by country == === United States === The [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonization of the Philippines]] instigated the immigration of many Filipinos to America, either as ''[[Pensionado Act|pensionados]]'', who came to further their education, or as laborers, who worked in [[Hawaii]]an [[plantation]]s, [[Agriculture in California|California farms]], and the [[Commercial fishing in Alaska|Alaska fishing industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/filmig.html |title=Filipino Migration to the U.S.: Introduction |publisher=Office of Multicultural Student Services, University of Hawai'i |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205552/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/filmig.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> Ethnic discrimination towards Filipinos in America was evident during the American colonial period in the Philippines. Filipino immigrants suffered from wider anti-Oriental prejudice present in America at the time, often confused with the Chinese and Japanese immigrants that had preceded them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The blood of government : race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines|last=Kramer, Paul A. (Paul Alexander), 1968-|date=2006|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-7717-3|location=Chapel Hill|pages=343–344|oclc=80904288}}</ref> Filipinos were perceived to be taking the jobs of [[white American]]s. They were accused of attracting white women which led to the passing of an [[Anti-miscegenation laws|anti-miscegenation law]].<ref name=ELee2016>{{cite book|author=Erika Lee|title=The Making of Asian America: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sfQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3941-0|pages=184–186}}</ref> These interactions between Filipino men and white women were facilitated in part by the [[taxi dance hall]]s, often visited by the migrant population, during the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/impossi_nga_2004_00_9423/page/110|title=Impossible subjects : illegal aliens and the making of modern America|last=Ngai, Mae M.|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-07471-2|location=Princeton, N.J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/impossi_nga_2004_00_9423/page/110 110-111]|oclc=51726775}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> These were merely [[Racism in the United States|racial prejudices]]. Filipino immigrants in America were affected by various socio-economic factors. The majority of Filipino immigrants of that era were men. The gender ratio of Filipino males to females in California then was approximately 14 to 1. Filipino workers were forced to live in poor conditions since they were poorly paid.<ref name="omsdiscr">{{cite web|url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/discrimination.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010808195123/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/discrimination.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2001 |title=Racial Discrimination |publisher=Office of Multicultural Student Services, University of Hawai'i |access-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> <!-- This is commented out because it is a copyright violation. Please rephrase --><!-- Filipinos were discriminated against primarily for economic reasons. White Americans disliked Filipinos for their willingness to work for low wages; consequently, they perceived a loss of job opportunities in favor of Filipinos. The anti-Filipino sentiment was further fueled by the preference of hiring Filipinos because their build was thought to be ideal for "stoop labor", or bent-down kind of work.<ref name="omsdiscr"/> --> The first documented incident occurred on [[New Year's Eve]] 1926, in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], when Filipinos were stabbed and beaten.<ref name=ELee2016 /><ref name="Mabalon2013">{{cite book|author=Dawn Bohulano Mabalon|title=Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ES2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|date=29 May 2013|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9574-4|page=93}}<br/>{{cite book|author=Bill Ong Hing|title=Defining America: Through Immigration Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFdJk_GM-FoC&pg=PA49|year=2004|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-233-1|page=49}}</ref> These anti-Filipino attacks increased with the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Starr|title=Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GvgN0y7yI4C&pg=PA64|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511802-5|page=64}}</ref> Thus, the Stockton 1926 attack was not the last: in November 1927, Filipinos were [[Yakima Valley Anti-Filipino Riot|attacked]] in [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima Valley, Washington]];<ref>{{cite book|author=Rick Baldoz|title=The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898-1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtn31sdI4j8C&pg=PA136|date=28 February 2011|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-0921-4|page=136}}<br/>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Steve |date=4 August 2017 |title=The Yakima Terror |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2017/08/ninety_years_ago_in_washington_a_wave_of_anti_immigrant_sentiment_resulted.html |work=Slate |access-date=24 April 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Meyers |first=Donald W. |date=18 September 2017 |title=It Happened Here: Mobs attack Filipinos in Lower Valley |url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/it-happened-here-mobs-attack-filipinos-in-lower-valley/article_43b171f2-9c2b-11e7-a071-57c15018e1de.html |work=Yakima Herald |access-date=24 April 2018 }}<br/>{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Asian%20Americans/Section%20IV.html |title=IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref> in September 1928, Filipinos were attacked in [[Wenatchee Valley]], Washington;<ref>{{cite book|author1=Huping Ling|author2=Allan W. Austin|title=Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT934|date=17 March 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-47644-3|page=934}}<br/>{{cite book|author=Jonathan H. X. Lee|title=History of Asian Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots: Exploring Diverse Roots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxoUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|date=16 January 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38459-2|page=103}}<br/>{{cite report |author=A. F. Hinriehs |date=1945 |title=Labor Unionism in American Agriculture |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4306?start_page=221 |publisher=United States Department of Labor |via=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |page=211 |access-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref> in October 1929, Filipinos were attacked in [[Exeter, California]];<ref name="Mabalon2013" /> and in January 1930, Filipinos were attacked in [[Watsonville, California]], during the [[Watsonville Riots]], leading to the death of Fermin Tobera.<ref name="Mabalon2013" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Rachel Lee|title=The Routledge Companion to Asian American and Pacific Islander Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478|date=5 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-69841-8|page=478}}</ref> In Stockton's [[Little Manila, Stockton, California|Little Manila]], the Filipino Federation of America building was bombed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Frank Ramos |last2=Perez |first2=Leatrice Bantillo |year=1994 |title=The Long Struggle for Acceptance: Filipinos in San Joaquin County |journal=The San Joaquin Historian |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=3–18 |publisher=The San Joaquin County Historical Society |url=http://www.sanjoaquinhistory.org/documents/HistorianNS8-4.pdf |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094029/http://www.sanjoaquinhistory.org/documents/HistorianNS8-4.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br/>{{cite book|author1=Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.|author2=Rico Reyes|author3=Filipino American National Historical So|title=Filipinos in Stockton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckpjRPYfEk8C&pg=PA25|year=2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-5624-6|page=25}}</ref> In the context of these rising tensions, the government felt compelled to act. Firstly, at a regional level, as the state legislature of California declared Filipinos to be a threat to racial stability.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Action at a national level followed in 1934, as [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act|Tydings-McDuffie Act]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Home bound : Filipino American lives across cultures, communities, and countries|last=Espiritu, Yen Le, 1963-|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92926-5|location=Berkeley|pages=56–57|oclc=52842650}}</ref> This paved the way for the later independence of the Philippines and effectively halted large-scale Filipino migration to the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The blood of government : race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines|last=Kramer, Paul A. (Paul Alexander), 1968-|date=2006|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-7717-3|location=Chapel Hill|pages=357–358|oclc=80904288}}</ref> [[World War II]] was a significant turning point for American views towards Filipinos. During the early period of the war, Filipinos were prohibited to join the army.<ref>{{cite book |title=Filipinos in America |last=Frank |first=Sarah |year=2005 |publisher=Lerner Publications |isbn=978-0-8225-4873-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/filipinosinameri0000fran/page/37 37] |url=https://archive.org/details/filipinosinameri0000fran |url-access=registration |quote=First Filipino Regiment. |access-date=12 November 2009}}</ref> However, in 1942, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] allowed [[Military history of Asian Americans#Filipino Americans|Filipinos to serve in the armed forces]]. During the war, many Filipinos fought with Americans in Asia and Europe, while some opted to be civilians involved in [[mobilization]] efforts. Filipinos earned acceptance and admiration by the end of the war. The United States recognized and affirmed the Filipinos' right to citizenship with the amended [[List of United States immigration legislation#1900s, Post-World War II|Nationality Act of 1940]]. Through the amendment, non-citizens who joined the military were given opportunity to attain citizenship. About ten thousand Filipinos became American citizens through the amendment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/wwii.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011212034509/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/wwii.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2001 |title=Impact of World War II on Filipino Migrant Workers |publisher=Office of Multicultural Student Services, University of Hawai'i |access-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> === Hong Kong === During the 1970–80s, Hong Kong saw the rise of a Filipino population. Many of these Filipinos were working as domestic helpers.<ref name="causes of anti sentiment">{{cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/hong-kong-creates-opportunity-for-filipino-migrant-workers |title=Hong Kong Creates Opportunity for Filipino Migrant Workers |author=Joohee Kim |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015004619/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/hong-kong-creates-opportunity-for-filipino-migrant-workers |archive-date=15 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The increase of Filipino population there created clashes between Hong Kong residents and Filipino workers. The [[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong]] launched an advocacy that Filipinos were causing a significant rise in local unemployment in Hong Kong and costing billions in welfare treatment.<ref name="asiasentinel">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3357&Itemid=405|title=Hong Kong and Anti-Filipino Sentiment|publisher=Asia Sentinel|access-date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102133057/https://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3357&Itemid=405|archive-date=2 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anti-Filipino sentiment in Hong Kong rose again after the [[Manila hostage crisis|2010 hostage crisis]] in [[Manila]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]], in which a bus full of mostly [[Hong Kong]] tourists riding in a [[Hong Thai Travel|Hong Thai]] Bus was brutally, cruelly, violently and fatally [[Siege|besieged]] by a corrupt former [[Philippine National Police|Filipino police]] officer,<ref name="causes of anti sentiment"/> and where subsequent investigations found Filipino officials' handling of the hostage crisis to be directly responsible for the hostages' deaths.<ref name="asiasentinel"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100827-289121/Filipinos-facing-harm-in-HK-may-run-to-govt-commission|title=Filipinos facing harm in HK may run to gov't commission|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=27 August 2010|access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100826-288803/RP-assured-of-safety-of-Filipinos-in-Hong-Kong|title=RP assured of safety of Filipinos in Hong Kong|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=26 August 2010|access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> Tensions eased after Cabinet Secretary [[Jose Rene Almendras]] and [[Joseph Estrada]] secretly went to Hong Kong to talk to officials and the victim's families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/04/24/14/how-philippines-hong-kong-agreed-closure|title=How Philippines, Hong Kong agreed on closure|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=24 April 2014|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> Chinese [[racism]] against Filipinos has intensified in the 21st century, especially in Chinese social media, where Chinese accounts have depicted the Filipinos as "gullible banana sellers and maids".<ref name=":China2016">{{Cite report|last1=Huang|first1=Echo|last2=Stegar|first2=Isabella|year=2016|title=A gullible nation of maids and banana sellers: How many Chinese see the Philippines|url=https://qz.com/800826/a-childlike-nation-of-maids-and-banana-sellers-how-chinese-see-the-philippines/|via=Quartz News}}</ref> === Indonesia === In 2016, anti-Filipino sentiment existed within the Confederation of Indonesian Worker's Unions (KPSI) organization after the recent kidnappings of Indonesian citizens by Sulu-based terrorist group, [[Abu Sayyaf]]. A protest was held by a group of Indonesian protesters of KPSI when they gathered in front of the Philippine Embassy in Indonesia, holding banners that read "Go to hell Philippines and Abu Sayyaf" and "Destroy the Philippines and Abu Sayyaf" to demanding more action from the Philippine government to fighting terrorism in their country, which has since affected neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/protest-philippine-embassy-jakarta-hostage-crisis-worsens/|title=Protest at Philippine Embassy in Jakarta as Hostage Crisis Worsens|publisher=Jakarta Globe|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730112832/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/protest-philippine-embassy-jakarta-hostage-crisis-worsens/|archive-date=30 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/139709-abu-sayyaf-duterte-sailors-rally|title='Go to hell Philippines': Indonesian workers ask Duterte to act on Abu Sayyaf kidnappings|author=Natashya Gutierrez|publisher=Rappler|date=14 July 2016|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726104854/http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/139709-abu-sayyaf-duterte-sailors-rally|archive-date=26 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Persian Gulf === Racist attitudes towards foreign migrant workers, including Filipinos, are almost endemic in gulf Arab nations, where they are given very few human rights. For example, in 2019, a Filipina maid in Kuwait was killed by her employers and stored in a freezer. Due to the fact that this is one of many such incidents of rights abuses, a [[2018 Kuwait–Philippines diplomatic crisis|diplomatic spat ensued between the Philippines and Kuwait]] in which it banned Filipinos from working in the country until it enacted reforms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Employer of Filipina killed in Kuwait guilty of murder in Syria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/employer-filipina-killed-kuwait-guilty-murder-syria-190909055959397.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> === Malaysia === ==== Sabah ==== {{see also|Cross border attacks in Sabah}} The anti-Filipino sentiment is most notable in the state of [[Sabah]], in Malaysia, due to a large presence of Filipino [[Moro people|Moro]] [[Illegal immigrants in Malaysia|illegal immigrants]], causing simmering resentment in the state.<ref name="stealer">{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/illegal-immigrants-causing-simmering-resentment-in-sabah/|title=Illegal immigrants causing simmering resentment in Sabah|publisher=The Malaysian Times|date=22 August 2012|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629170508/http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/illegal-immigrants-causing-simmering-resentment-in-sabah/|archive-date=29 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sabahan locals [[pejorative]]ly refer to illegal immigrants from the southern Philippines as '''Pilak''', meaning ''silver'' or ''money'' in the [[Tausug language]].<ref name="pilak">{{Cite thesis|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38637|hdl = 2429/38637|doi = 10.14288/1.0105420|year = 1967|last1 = Tan|first1 = Evangeline K.|title = The phonology of Tausug : A descriptive analysis|publisher = University of British Columbia}}</ref> The cause of this anti-sentiment is due to the Muslim Filipino illegal immigrants, who arrived in the 1970s from the [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Southern Philippines insurgency]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Riwanto Tirtosudarmo|title=Mencari Indonesia: demografi-politik pasca-Soeharto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLVTKSefAtIC&pg=PA123|year=2007|language=id|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-799-083-1|pages=123–}}</ref> bringing along their social problems, culture of crime, and [[poverty]] conditions, as well as taking away jobs, business opportunities and allegedly stealing Sabahan [[Aboriginal title|native land]] (NCR) in the state.<ref name="stealer"/> This hatred was further strengthened when many of these illegal immigrants were involved in crime, mostly robbery, murder and rape. Locals became the main victims which affected the security of the state, as evidenced by the [[1985 Lahad Datu ambush|1985 ambush]], [[2000 Sipadan kidnappings|2000 kidnappings]] and [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff|2013 standoff]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Pillai|title=People on the Move: Ban Overview of Recent Immigration and Emigration in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA6PAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia|isbn=978-967-947-158-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Asiaweek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxINAQAAMAAJ|date=April 1994|publisher=Asiaweek Limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Azizah Kassim|author2=Universiti Malaysia Sabah|title=Proceedings of seminar on state responses to the presence and employment of foreign workers in Sabah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR-2AAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sabah|isbn=978-983-2369-35-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/23164-pinoys-in-sabah-fear-retaliation|title=Pinoys in Sabah fear retaliation|author=Charlie Saceda|publisher=Rappler|date=6 March 2013|access-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024030440/http://www.rappler.com/nation/23164-pinoys-in-sabah-fear-retaliation|archive-date=24 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Top-Stories/-Localised-illegal-immigrants-helping-foreign-relatives-in-Sabah/ |title='Localised' illegal immigrants helping 'foreign' relatives in Sabah |author=Kanul Gindol |publisher=The Ant Daily |date=31 May 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603065519/http://www.theantdaily.com/Top-Stories/-Localised-illegal-immigrants-helping-foreign-relatives-in-Sabah/ |archive-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Large amounts had been spent for these Filipino illegal immigrants' life maintenance and the amount remains unpaid until today, despite attempts to recover the monies. Sabah Health Department said that infectious disease among illegal immigrants was on the rise resulting in more expenditures, as well as provisions for more funds to accommodate the logistics, such as medical officers and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/58884 |title=RCI: Large amount spent on food, education, healthcare of illegal immigrants |publisher=New Straits Times |date=3 December 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119214600/http://www.nst.com.my/node/58884 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This discrimination was a result of Filipino immigrants to Sabah fleeing the violence of the [[Moro conflict]] which destroyed their homes in [[Mindanao]] and [[Sulu archipelago|Sulu]]; a conflict originated from the atrocities committed during [[Ferdinand Marcos]] dictatorship in the 1970s under his [[Proclamation No. 1081|Martial Law]], which include massacres and abuses towards the Muslim community in Southern Mindanao.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/08/26/1845980/no-moving-marcos-era-massacres-and-abuse-bangsamoro-group-says|access-date=3 April 2023|title=No moving on from Marcos-era massacres and abuse, Bangsamoro group says|website=philstar.com|date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Misuari arrested">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1673857.stm|title=Philippines rebel leader arrested|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2001|access-date=26 September 2015|quote=Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no longer feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1673857.stm|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filipino refugees also feel trapped as the Malaysian government refused to grant citizenship to many such refugees, classifying them as a stateless people.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693626 When States Prefer Non-Citizens over Citizens: Conflict over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia] By Kamal Sadiq</ref> === Singapore === The estimated number of Filipinos working in Singapore tripled in the past decade to about 167,000, as of 2013, according to Philippines census data. Amid increasing general resentment towards foreigners, a backlash towards Filipinos has taken place in Singapore. In 2014, a plan to hold a Philippine Independence Day celebration on Singapore's main shopping street, [[Orchard Road]], was cancelled following online complaints by some Singaporeans who said the space was special to locals. One blogger called the move "insensitive", saying: "Celebrating your Independence Day openly in the public (especially [at a] iconic/tourist location like Orchard Road) is provocative".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2014/04/22/filipino-group-awakens-anti-foreign-anger-in-singapore/|title=Filipino Group Awakens Anti-Foreign Anger in Singapore|author=Jake Maxwell Watts|publisher=The World Street Journal|date=22 April 2014|access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scmp.com/news/asia/article/1497218/celebration-filipinos-sparks-wave-anti-immigrant-abuse-singapore|title=Celebration by Filipinos sparks wave of anti-immigrant abuse in Singapore|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=South China Morning Post|date=25 April 2014|access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref> Anti-Filipino sentiment has continued to swirl online, culminating in a blog titled "Blood Stained Singapore" suggesting ways to abuse Filipinos, calling them "an infestation". The suggestions, which included pushing Filipinos out of trains and threats to spray insecticide on them, eventually caused the blog to be taken down by Google for infringing content rules.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28953147|title=Unease in Singapore over Filipino workers|author=Tessa Wong|work=BBC News|date=29 December 2014|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/filipinos-singapore-drop-iday-celebration-plans-abuse-073504439.html |title=Filipinos in Singapore drop IDay celebration plans after abuse |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014235930/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/filipinos-singapore-drop-iday-celebration-plans-abuse-073504439.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Taiwan === {{see also|2013 Guang Da Xing No. 28 incident}} Anti-Filipino sentiment in Taiwan was noticeable in 2013, as a result of the [[Philippine Coast Guard]] killing a Taiwanese fisherman.<ref name="Taiwan anti sentiment">{{cite web|url=http://eng.taichung.gov.tw/ct.aspx?xItem=12526&ctNode=2282&mp=26 |title=Taichung City Government Labor Affairs Bureau Takes the Initiative in Caring for Filipino Workers, Calling on Residents of Taichung to Be Rational in Their Treatment of the City's Filipino Labor Force |publisher=Research, Development and Evaluation Commission of Taichung City Government |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=15 October 2016 |quote=In recent days there has been a surge in anti-Filipino sentiment among Taiwanese citizens. This is following the Filipino government's handling of an event that saw a government vessel from that country fire upon, and kill, fishermen aboard the Guang Da Xing No. 28 fishing boat (廣大興28號) – leading to a succession of attacks on Filipino workers in counties and governments around Taiwan. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014232506/http://eng.taichung.gov.tw/ct.aspx?xItem=12526&ctNode=2282&mp=26 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, there was widespread discrimination towards Filipino workers with Taiwanese businesses, taking off any Filipino related products from their shelves and some shops refusing to welcome Filipino customers.<ref name="Taiwan anti sentiment"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20130517/104557.shtml |title=Anti-Philippines sentiment spreads in Taiwan |publisher=CCTV News |date=17 May 2013 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014233410/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20130517/104557.shtml |archive-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sanctions placed by the Taiwanese government were removed after an official apology from the Philippine side was made.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23620068|title=Taiwan lifts Philippines sanctions after shooting apology|work=BBC News|date=9 August 2013|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> === United Kingdom === {{see also|2011 Stepping Hill Hospital poisoning incident}} Following a [[2011 Stepping Hill Hospital poisoning incident|poisoning incident]] at the [[Stepping Hill Hospital]] in 2011 by a Filipino nurse named Victorino Chua, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' published an article with a headline of "NHS still hiring Filipino nurses", which was condemned by many organizations for 'singling out nurses from the Philippines for special criticism on the basis of one criminal case'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/20/daily-mail-criticism-victorino-chua-stereotyping-filipino-nurses-case|title=Daily Mail criticised for 'stereotyping' Filipino nurses after Chua murder case|author=Jessica Elgot|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 May 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> Many Filipinos and [[Filipinos in the United Kingdom|British Filipinos]] criticized the response of the [[Mass media in the United Kingdom|British media]] in general to the poisoning, stating that it was motivated by political convictions and an 'attempt to discredit public sector workers', including Filipino workers who were immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/123258/filipinos-in-uk-fear-backlash-after-nurses-murder-conviction|title=Filipinos in UK fear backlash after nurse's murder conviction|author=Melissa Legarda Alcantara |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=21 May 2015|access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref> == Derogatory terms == There are a variety of derogatory terms referring to the [[Philippines]] and [[Filipino people|Filipinos]]. Many of these terms are viewed as [[Racism|racist]]. However, these terms do not necessarily refer to Filipinos as a whole; they can also refer to specific policies or specific time periods in history. ===Chinese=== *'''Huan-a''' (Chinese: 番仔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoan-á) – a pejorative term in the [[Hokkien]] or Minnan languages literally meaning "foreigner or non-Chinese". Used by ethnic Chinese from Taiwan and other parts of South East Asia to refer generally to non-Chinese Southeast Asians and [[Taiwanese Aborigines]].<ref>{{Citation|last=TVBS NEWS|title=【TVBS】立委邱議瑩罵「番仔」 三鞠躬道歉|date=2016-11-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNqLZTMbvPA|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> In the Philippines, this term is used by [[Chinese Filipinos]] to refer to those of Filipino descent.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/124662/my-huan-na-uncle |title=My 'huan-na' uncle |date=October 18, 2019 |last=Tan |first=Michael |access-date=October 20, 2021 |work=[[Inquirer.net]]}}</ref> *'''Hóuzi''' (Chinese: 猴子) - a derogratory term meaning "monkey", used by Chinese people, mostly those who are loyal to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and shows their nationalistic pride, to refer to Filipinos during the [[Spratly Islands dispute|territorial dispute in Spratly Islands]], as well as [[Scarborough Shoal]]. ''Shuǐ hóuzi'' (Chinese: 水猴子) is another derogratory term, meaning "water monkey".{{cn|date=June 2024}} === English === *'''Gugus''' (also spelt '''Goo-goos''') – a racial term used to refer to Filipino guerillas during the [[Philippine–American War]]. The term came from ''gugo'', the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] name for ''[[Entada|Entada phaseoloides]]'' or the St. Thomas bean, the bark of which was used by Filipinas to shampoo their hair. The term was a predecessor to the term [[gook]], a racial term used to refer to all Asians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lakotacountrytimes.com/common/pastarchives/1127.html|title=Derogatory terms used in history|author=Francis Whitebird|publisher=Lakota Country Times|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523101630/http://www.lakotacountrytimes.com/common/pastarchives/1127.html|archive-date=23 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''Flip''' – used to refer to [[Filipino American|American-born Filipinos]]. The term has vague origins with many hypotheses regarding its origin. It is suggested that the term originates from the World War II era. The term was allegedly an acronym for "fucking little island people" as such some Filipinos avoid referring to themselves using this term. === Malay === *'''Pilak''' – literally meaning 'silver' or 'money' in [[Tausug language]] used pejoratively by Sabahans to refer to illegal immigrants from [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|BARMM]] of the Philippines.<ref name="pilak"/> === Spanish === *'''Indio''' – literally, "Indian". The term was used to refer to native Filipinos during the [[Spanish colonization of the Philippines]] and developed negative connotations due to the mistreatment of people with the label. "Filipino" was meanwhile originally reserved for Spanish persons living in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n3/ColonialName.htm|title=Colonial Name, Colonial Mentality and Ethnocentrism (Part One)|publisher=CPCA Brisbane|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> == See also == * [[Little brown brother]] * ''[[Si Tandang Bacio Macunat]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== *{{Commonscatinline|Anti-Filipino sentiment}} {{Discrimination}} [[Category:Anti-Filipino sentiment| ]] [[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Filipino]] [[Category:Anti–Southeast Asian sentiment|Filipino]] [[Category:Asian-Australian issues]]'