Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Family of Australian Aboriginal languages}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Yolŋu Matha
|altname=Yuulngu
|region=In northeastern [[Arnhem Land]], including [[Elcho Island]], [[Crocodile Islands]], [[Wessel Islands]], English Company’s Islands, [[Northern Territory|Northern Territory, Australia]]
|ethnicity=[[Yolngu]]
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|children=Signed form: <br>[[Yolŋu Sign Language]]
|glotto=yuul1239
|glottorefname=Yuulngu
|map=Yolngu languages.png
|mapcaption=Yolŋu languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)
}}
'''Yolŋu Matha''' ({{IPA-aus|ˈjuːŋuːl ˈmaːtaː|IPA}}), meaning the 'Yolŋu tongue', is a [[linguistic family]] that includes the languages of the [[Yolngu]] (also known as the Yolŋu and Yuulngu languages), the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]] people of northeast [[Arnhem Land]] in northern [[Australia]]. The ''ŋ'' in Yolŋu is pronounced as the ''ng'' in ''singing''.
==Varieties==
Yolŋu Matha consists of about six languages, some mutually intelligible, divided into about thirty clan varieties and perhaps twelve different [[dialect]]s, each with its own Yolŋu name. Put together, there are about 4600 speakers of Yolŋu Matha languages. Exogamy has often meant that mothers and fathers speak different languages, so that children traditionally grew up at least bilingual, and in many cases polylingual, meaning that communication was facilitated by mastery of multiple languages and dialects of Yolŋu Matha. The linguistic situation is very complicated, given that each of the 30 or so clans also has a named language variety. Dixon (2002) distinguishes the following:<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=xxxvi}}</ref>
[[File:Bilingual english yolŋu crocodile warning sign.jpg|alt=Crocodile Safety. Danger. Crocodiles have been sighted recently in this area. Bäru dhiyala wäŋaŋura nhäŋala. Keep away from the waters edge. Yaka galki gapuŋura dhärriya. Do not enter the water. Yaka ḻup'thurra gapulili. Do not feed crocodiles. Yaka wikaŋa wayin bäruwu.|thumb|350x350px|A bilingual sign in both English and Yolŋu Matha warning about crocodiles in Yirrkala, Northern Territory.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Dhangu-Djangu language]] !! [[Nhangu language]] !! [[Dhuwal language]] !! [[Ritharngu language]] !! [[Djinang language]] !! [[Djinba language]]
|-
| Wan.gurri|| Gamalaŋga|| Gupapuyngu|| Ritharngu|| Yirritjing || Ganhalpuyngu (Ganalbiŋu)
|-
| Lamamirri|| Gorryindi|| Gumatj|| Wagilak|| Wurlaki || Manjdjalpuyngu (Mandjalpiŋu)
|-
| Rirratjingu|| Mäḻarra|| Djambarrpuyngu|| || Djardiwitjibi ||
|-
| Gaalpu|| Bindarra|| Djapu|| || Mildjingi ||
|-
| Ngayimil|| Ngurruwulu|| Liyagalawumirr|| || Balmbi ||
|-
| Warramiri|| Walamangu|| Guyamirlili|| || Djuwing ||
|-
| Mandatja|| || Dhalwangu|| || Marrangu ||
|-
| || || Djarrwark|| || Murrungun ||
|-
| || || || || Manyarring ||
|}
Bowern (2011) adds the varieties in parentheses as distinct languages.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The consonant inventory is basically the same across Yolŋu varieties, although some varieties show minor differences.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Melanie|title=Djambarrpuyŋu: A Yolŋu Variety of Northern Australia|date=2012|publisher=Lincom Europa|location=Muenchen|isbn=978-3-86288-360-8|pages=44–45}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
!colspan=3| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
! [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]
! [[Lenis consonant|Lenis]]
| {{IPAlink|b}} {{grapheme|b}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{grapheme|g}}
| {{IPAlink|d}} {{grapheme|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪}} {{grapheme|dh}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{grapheme|d̠}}
| {{IPAlink|ɟ}} {{grapheme|dj}}
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{grapheme|'}}
|-
! [[Fortis consonant|Fortis]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{grapheme|p}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{grapheme|k}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{grapheme|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}} {{grapheme|th}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{grapheme|t̠}}
| {{IPAlink|c}} {{grapheme|tj}}
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{grapheme|m}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ŋ}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{grapheme|n}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪}} {{grapheme|nh}}
| {{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{grapheme|n̠}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{grapheme|ny}}
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotics]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}} {{grapheme|rr}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɻ}} {{grapheme|r}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}} {{grapheme|l}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɭ}} {{grapheme|l̠}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Approximants]]
| colspan=2| {{IPAlink|w}} {{grapheme|w}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{grapheme|y}}
|
|}
Yolŋu languages have a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis–lenis]] contrast in [[plosive consonants]]. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent voicing, while fortis/long plosives have full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing.
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} {{grapheme|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}} {{grapheme|e}}
|
| {{IPAlink|u}} {{grapheme|u}}, {{IPAlink|uː}} {{grapheme|o}}
|-
! [[open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPAlink|a}} {{grapheme|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}} {{grapheme|ä}}
|
|}
A three-way vowel distinction is shared between Yolŋu varieties, though not all Yolŋu varieties have a contrast in [[vowel length]]. In the varieties that do have a length contrast, long vowels occur only in the initial syllable of words.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Wilkinson|first1 = Melanie|title = Djambarrpuyŋuː A Yolŋu Variety of Northern Australia|date = 2012|publisher = Lincom Europa|location = Muenchen|isbn = 978-3-86288-360-8|pages = 44–45}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
The films ''[[Ten Canoes]]'' (2006) and ''[[Charlie's Country]]'' (2013), both directed by [[Rolf de Heer]] and featuring actor [[David Gulpilil]], feature dialogue in Yolŋu Matha. ''Ten Canoes'' was the first feature film to be shot entirely in Australian indigenous languages, with the dialogue largely in the Ganalbiŋu variety of Yolŋu Matha.
[[Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu |Dr. G. Yunupingu]] was a popular Australian singer who sang in the Gumatj dialect of Yolŋu Matha, as did the Aboriginal rock group [[Yothu Yindi]].
[[Baker Boy]], from the community of [[Milingimbi]] in North Eastern [[Arnhem Land]] released the song "Cloud 9" in 2017, in which he raps in Yolŋu Matha.<ref>[http://abc.net.au/news/2017-05-21/arnhem-land-musician-wants-to-be-first-to-rap-in-language/8543752 ABC News]</ref> As [[Young Australian of the Year]] in 2019, the [[International Year of Indigenous Languages]], and with two of his songs in the [[Triple J Hottest 100, 2019|2019 Triple J Hottest 100]],<ref>{{cite web | title=1-100: Hottest 100 2017 - triple j | website=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=11 November 2011 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/17/countdown/1-100/ | access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> he raised the profile of Yolŋu Matha in mainstream media as well as giving people at home pride in their language.<ref name=reich>{{cite web | last=Reich | first=Hannah | title=Baker Boy ends his tenure as Young Australian of the Year by taking Yolngu language and dance further into the mainstream| website=ABC News (ABC Arts; Stop Everything!)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=25 January 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-25/baker-boy-hip-hop-yolngu-young-australian-of-the-year/11899106 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kelly | first=Barb | title=Baker Boy is named 2019 Young Australian of the Year | website=ABC News | date=25 January 2019|format=video | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-25/2019-young-australian/10752208 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Newstead | first=Al | title=Baker Boy brings Indigenous language to the Hottest 100 top end | website=triple j | date=28 January 2018 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/baker-boy-brings-indigenous-language-to-the-hottest-100-top-end/9367292 | access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>
==Dictionaries and resources==
Dictionaries have been produced by Beulah Lowe, [[David Zorc]] and Michael Christie. A free, web-based [http://yolngudictionary.cdu.edu.au/ searchable dictionary] created by John Greatorex was launched in February 2015 by [[Charles Darwin University]].
There are also several grammars of Yolŋu languages by Jeffrey Heath, Frances Morphy, Melanie Wilkinson and others.<ref>[http://www.ards.com.au/www.ards.com.au/langresources.htm ARDS Language Publications]</ref>
A graduate certificate in Yolŋu studies is offered at [[Charles Darwin University]], teaching Yolŋu kinship, law and the Gupapuyŋu language variety.
[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] [http://www.abc.net.au/news/indigenous/ Indigenous News Radio] broadcasts a news program in Yolngu Matha and also in [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] on weekdays. The [[Aboriginal Resource and Development Services]] (ARDS) broadcast live radio in northeast Arnhem Land, Darwin and Palmerston and provide recordings of past programs on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanning the gap |url=https://ards.com.au/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=ARDS Aboriginal Cultural and Creative Services Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref>
==Words and expressions==
{{further|Yolŋu}}
* {{Lang|mis|Gakal}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'skill, talent, ability'
* ''Bäru'' 'crocodile'
* {{Lang|mis|Gapumirr}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'with water' (bucket with water), 'watery'.<ref>Trudgen, Richard, 2000, 'Thirteen years of wanting to know', Why warriors lie down and die, Aboriginal Resource and Development Services, Inc. Darwin, pp. 97-112</ref>
* {{Lang|mis|Manymak}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'good, OK'
* {{Lang|mis|Yol}} or ''Yo''<!-- Yolŋu languages --> (pronounced 'yo') 'yes'
* ''Yo manymak'' when used together the expression can be synonymous with either of its two component words and also used as a friendly greeting, the 'o' in ''yo'' is usually held for longer when used as part of this expression.
* {{Lang|mis|Yaka}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'ghost'
* {{Lang|mis|Yothu}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'child'
* {{Lang|mis|Akka}}<!-- Yolnu languages --> ‘sister’
* {{Lang|mis|Yindi}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'big'
* {{Lang|mis|Yothu Yindi}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> denotes the link between two different entities which is characterised as a mother-child relationship.<ref>{{cite book|title = Yolŋu language and culture: Study Notes|last = Christie|first = Michael J.|publisher = Yolŋu Studies, Charles Darwin University|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-921576-20-1|location = Darwin, Australia|pages = 40}}</ref>
===Austronesian loanwords===
Like other languages of the Top End, Yolŋu-Matha contains many loanwords from [[Austronesian languages]] due to abundant contact with seafaring peoples from the [[Indonesian archipelago]].<ref name=walker1>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Alan |last2=Zorc |first2=R. David |date=1 Jan 2011 |title=Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land|url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71311/pdf/article071.pdf |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.22459/AH.05.2011.07 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=evans1>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |date=1 August 1997 |title=Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspective |publisher=OUP Australia and New Zealand |pages=237–260 |isbn=0195506707}}</ref><ref name=clark1>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Paul |date=Jun 2013 |title=Macassan History and Heritage: Journeys, Encounters and Influences - Chapter 5 Interpreting the Macassans: Language exchange in historical encounters |publisher=ANU Press|url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p241301/pdf/ch05.pdf |isbn=9781922144966}}</ref><ref name=schapper1>{{cite journal |last1=Schapper |first1=Antoinette |date=19 Jan 2022 |title=Beyond 'Macassans': Speculations on layers of Austronesian contact in northern Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=434–452 |doi=10.1080/07268602.2021.2000365 |s2cid=246070761 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Walker and Zorc<ref name=walker1></ref> have identified 179 Yolŋu-Matha words that are clearly of Austronesian origin, and have identified a further 70 possible Austronesian loanwords requiring further study.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Examples of Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha<ref name=walker1></ref>
|-
! Yolngu word !! Austronesian source language !! Austronesian word !! Meaning in English
|-
| balaʔ || [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]] || bállaʔ || house
|-
| balala || Makassarese || balála || greedy
|-
| balaŋu || Makassarese || balaŋo || anchor
|-
| baluka || Makassarese || palúkka || thief
|-
| baːwʔ || Makassarese or Buginese || báuʔ || fragrance
|-
| gaːruŋ || [[Malay language|Malay]] || karoŋ || sack
|-
| barawu || Malay || perahu || boat
|}
==Vocabulary==
[[Arthur Capell|Capell]] (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items:<ref>Capell, Arthur. 1941–1942, 1942-1943. [https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/104191 Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia]. ''Oceania'' 12: 364–392, 13: 24-51.</ref>
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
! gloss !! Wan‘guri !! Warameri !! Galbu !! Riraidjango !! Yanango !! Golba !! Gobabwingo !! Djambarbwingo !! Dalwongo !! Ridarngo !! Gomaidj !! Manggalili !! Maṙaṙba !! Djinba !! Yandjinang
|-
! man
| {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|jay|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|mis|jọlŋọ}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|djr|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dax|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|rit|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|gnn|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|mis|jọlŋọ}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|jọlŋọ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|julŋi}} || {{lang|dji|djäriwidji}}
|-
! woman
| {{lang|dhg|baɖami}} || {{lang|dhg|baɖami}} || {{lang|dhg|miälg}} || {{lang|dhg|da‘iga}} || {{lang|jay|miälg}} || {{lang|mis|miälg}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|miälg}} || {{lang|djr|miälg}} || {{lang|dax|mareːbulu}} || {{lang|rit|diŋ‘}} || {{lang|gnn|daigaːwuru}} || {{lang|mis|daigaːwuru}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|miälg}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|miälg}} || {{lang|dji|miːlg}}
|-
! head
| {{lang|dhg|muɽguɽ}} || {{lang|dhg|muɽguɽu}} || {{lang|dhg|mulguɽ}} || {{lang|dhg|mulguɽ}} || {{lang|jay|daːmbu}} || {{lang|mis|daːmbu}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|lia}} || {{lang|djr|lia}} || {{lang|dax|mulguɽ}} || {{lang|rit|lia}} || {{lang|gnn|lia}} || {{lang|mis|lia}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|mulguɽ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|gungu}} || {{lang|dji|gɔɳgi}}
|-
! eye
| {{lang|dhg|maŋudji}} || {{lang|dhg|maŋudji}} || {{lang|dhg|miːl}}, {{lang|dhg|maŋudji}} || {{lang|dhg|miːl}} || {{lang|jay|maŋudji}} || {{lang|mis|miːl}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|miːl}} || {{lang|djr|miːl}} || {{lang|dax|maŋudji}} || {{lang|rit|miːl}} || {{lang|gnn|miːl}} || {{lang|mis|miːl}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|miːl}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|mili}} || {{lang|dji|mïːl}}
|-
! nose
| {{lang|dhg|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|dhg|gamuru}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|jay|gamuru}} || || {{lang|guf|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|djr|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|dax|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|rit|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|mis|ŋọrọ}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ŋọrọ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ŋɔrɛ}} || {{lang|dji|ŋɔrɛ}}
|-
! mouth
| {{lang|dhg|ḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|djurwara}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏa}} || {{lang|jay|durwara}} || || {{lang|guf|ḏa}} || {{lang|djr|ḏa}} || {{lang|dax|ḏa}} || {{lang|rit|ḏɛlŋ}} || {{lang|gnn|ḏa}} || {{lang|mis|ḏa}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ḏa}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ɽari}} || {{lang|dji|ɽari}}
|-
! tongue
| {{lang|dhg|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|dhg|maḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|maḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|jay|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|mis|mada}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|maḏa}} || {{lang|djr|maḏa}} || {{lang|dax|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|rit|maḏa}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|mis|ŋaːnar}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|maḏa}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|djäliŋan}} || {{lang|dji|djɛlaŋ}}
|-
! stomach
| {{lang|dhg|guru}} || {{lang|dhg|gulun}} || {{lang|dhg|gulun}} || {{lang|dhg|dulmọ}} || {{lang|jay|gulun}} || {{lang|mis|gulun}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|gulun}} || {{lang|djr|gulun}} || {{lang|dax|dulmọ}} || {{lang|rit|gulun}} || {{lang|gnn|gulun}} || {{lang|mis|gulun}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|gulun}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|gulun}} || {{lang|dji|budjiri}}
|-
! bone
| {{lang|dhg|maṙiṙin}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|jay|maṙiṙin}} || || {{lang|guf|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|djr|ŋaɽag}} || {{lang|dax|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|rit|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|mis|ŋaɽaga}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ŋaɽaga}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|dji|ŋiɽigɛ}}
|-
! blood
| {{lang|dhg|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dhg|jilaŋ}} || {{lang|dhg|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dhg|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|jay|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|mis|gulaŋ}}<!--- Golba ---> || {{lang|guf|maŋgo}}, {{lang|guf|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|djr|maŋgo}}, {{lang|djr|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dax|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|rit|gula}} || {{lang|gnn|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|mis|wuɽuŋgul}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|gulaŋ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dji|bɔṙɛ}}
|-
! kangaroo
| {{lang|dhg|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|dhg|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|dhg|mundbia}} || {{lang|dhg|mulbia}} || {{lang|jay|wiːɖi}} || || {{lang|guf|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|djr|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|dax|ganguɽul}} || {{lang|rit|ŋarggọ}} || {{lang|gnn|mulbia}} || {{lang|mis|mulbia}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|mulbia}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ŋarggọ}} || {{lang|dji|ŋargọ}}
|-
! possum
| {{lang|dhg|ɽubu}} || {{lang|dhg|marŋo}} || {{lang|dhg|marŋo}} || {{lang|dhg|marŋo}} || {{lang|jay|marŋo}} || {{lang|mis|marŋo}}<!--- Golba ---> || {{lang|guf|marŋo}} || {{lang|djr|marŋo}} || {{lang|dax|ɽubu}} || {{lang|rit|marŋo}} || {{lang|gnn|marŋo}} || {{lang|mis|ɽubu}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|marŋo}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|märŋo}} || {{lang|dji|marŋo}}
|-
! emu
| {{lang|dhg|maluiːja}} || {{lang|dhg|wurban}} || {{lang|dhg|’maluja}} || {{lang|dhg|maluiːja}} || {{lang|jay|baɖaːwuma}} || || {{lang|guf|wurban}} || {{lang|djr|wurban}} || {{lang|dax|wurban}} || || {{Lang|gnn|wurban}}|| {{Lang|mis|wurban}}<!-- Manggalili -->|| {{Lang|mis|wurban}}<!-- Maṙaṙba -->|| || {{lang|dji|wurban}}
|-
! crow
| {{lang|dhg|galgmanda}} || {{lang|dhg|waːg}} || {{lang|dhg|gälgäriŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|waːg}} || {{lang|jay|galgmanda}} || || {{lang|guf|waːg}} || {{lang|djr|waːg}} || {{lang|dax|waːg}} || {{lang|rit|waːgia}} || {{lang|gnn|waːg}} || {{lang|mis|waːg}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|waːg}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|waːgia}} || {{lang|dji|waːgire}}
|-
! fly
| {{lang|dhg|buad}} || {{lang|dhg|gädiŋälọ}} || {{lang|dhg|wurubul}} || {{lang|dhg|buad}} || {{lang|jay|buad}} || || {{lang|guf|wurulul}} || {{lang|djr|wurulul}} || {{lang|dax|gädiŋäli}} || {{lang|rit|buad}} || {{lang|gnn|gädiŋälọ}} || {{lang|mis|gädiŋäli}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|wurulul}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|bolgi}} || {{lang|dji|muruläl}}
|-
! sun
| {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|jay|bïːn}} || {{lang|mis|walọ}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|walọ}} || {{lang|djr|walọ}} || {{lang|dax|larŋgai}} || {{lang|rit|walir}} || {{lang|gnn|walọ}} || {{lang|mis|walọ}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|walọ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|djäɽbiɽ}} || {{lang|dji|walir}}
|-
! moon
| {{lang|dhg|wa̱lmura}} || {{lang|dhg|boːla}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|dhg|wa̱lmura}} || {{lang|jay|walmura}} || {{lang|mis|wa̱lmura}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|djr|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|dax|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|rit|ŋaɭindi}}, {{lang|rit|gulgia}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|mis|wirmu}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|naɭindi}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|galgi}} || {{lang|dji|ɽangu}}
|-
! fire
| {{lang|dhg|ŋurdja}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋurdja}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏäŋuḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏäŋuḏa}} || {{lang|jay|bwiːmar}} || {{lang|mis|guɽda̱}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|guɽḏa}} || {{lang|djr|guɽḏa}} || {{lang|dax|ḏäŋuḏa}} || {{lang|rit|guɽḏa}} || {{lang|gnn|goɽḏa}} || {{lang|mis|’bujuga}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ŋuɽa}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|djoŋgɛ}} || {{lang|dji|djoŋgɛ}}
|-
! smoke
| {{lang|dhg|ŋawurŋawur}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏiliwur}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋäräli}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋäräli}} || {{lang|jay|ḏiliwur}} || || {{lang|guf|ḏiliwur}} || {{lang|djr|ḏiliwur}} || {{lang|dax|ŋäräli}} || {{lang|gnn|baːn}} || {{lang|gnn|ḏiliwur}}|| diliwur<!-- Manggalili -->|| {{Lang|mis|ŋäräli}}<!-- Maṙaṙba -->|| {{lang|djb|mälggɛ}} || {{lang|dji|ŋaɽimbi}}
|-
! water
| {{lang|dhg|ŋargula}} || {{lang|dhg|gaɽmag}} || {{lang|dhg|magadi}} || {{lang|dhg|gabu}} || {{lang|jay|gabu}} || {{lang|mis|gabu}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|gabu}} || {{lang|djr|gabu}} || {{lang|dax|gudjärg}} || {{lang|gnn|gabu}} || {{lang|gnn|gabu}}|| gudjäɽg<!-- Manggalili -->|| {{Lang|mis|gabu}}<!-- Maṙaṙba -->|| {{lang|djb|gabi}} || {{lang|dji|gabe}}
|}
</div>
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
* Yolngu.net: grammar, vocabulary, history [http://yolngu.net]
* Aboriginal Resource and Development Services (ARDS) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819044816/http://www.ards.com.au/default.html]
* [[Charles Darwin University]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Yolŋu Matha course [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119040425/http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/yolngustudies/index.htm]
* ARDS Rhombuy Dhäwu: Legal English-Yolngu Matha Online Dictionary [http://www.rombuy.com.au/]
* Trudgen, Richard, ''Why Warriors Lie Down & Die'' [http://www.ards.com.au/whywarriors.htm], ARDS, Darwin, 2000.
* Examples of Yolngu Matha being spoken [http://www.ards.com.au/audio_archive.htm]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s514879.htm Radio National story]
* Watson, Helen and David Wade Chambers (with the Yolngu community at Yirrkala). ''Singing the Land, Signing the Land''. [[Deakin University]].
* [http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/crimes_bail_sentencing/submissions/sub12att_b.pdf Madayin Law in Yolngu and English]
==Further reading==
*{{cite web| title=About Yolngu| website=Nhulunbuy Corporation | url=http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/ }}
*{{cite book| editor-last1=Hercus | editor-first1=Luise | editor-last2=Koch | editor-first2=Harold | title=Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-naming the Australian Landscape | publisher=ANU E Press | series=Aboriginal History Monographs | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-921666-09-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyHh-OrnRGoC|chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p17331/html/ch17.xhtml?referer=81&page=28|chapter=17. ‘This place already has a name’|first1=Melanie|last1= Wilkinson|first2= Raymatta|last2= Marika|first3= Nancy M. |last3=Williams |editor1-link=Luise Hercus}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Other}}
{{Australian Aboriginal languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yolnu languages}}
[[Category:Yolŋu languages| ]]
[[Category:Yolngu]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Family of Australian Aboriginal languages}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Yolŋu Matha
|altname=Yuulngu
|region=In northeastern [[Arnhem Land]], including [[Elcho Island]], [[Crocodile Islands]], [[Wessel Islands]], English Company’s Islands, [[Northern Territory|Northern Territory, Australia]]
|ethnicity=[[Yolngu]]
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|children=Signed form: <br>[[Yolŋu Sign Language]]
|glotto=yuul1239
|glottorefname=Yuulngu
|map=Yolngu languages.png
|mapcaption=Yolŋu languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)
}}
'''Yolŋu Matha''' ({{IPA-aus|ˈjuːŋuːl ˈmaːtaː|IPA}}), meaning the 'Yolŋu tongue', is a [[linguistic family]] that includes the languages of the [[Yolngu]] (also known as the Yolŋu and Yuulngu languages), the [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]] people of northeast [[Arnhem Land]] in northern [[Australia]]. The ''ŋ'' in Yolŋu is pronounced as the ''ng'' in ''singing''. hi
==Varieties==
Yolŋu Matha consists of about six languages, some mutually intelligible, divided into about thirty clan varieties and perhaps twelve different [[dialect]]s, each with its own Yolŋu name. Put together, there are about 4600 speakers of Yolŋu Matha languages. Exogamy has often meant that mothers and fathers speak different languages, so that children traditionally grew up at least bilingual, and in many cases polylingual, meaning that communication was facilitated by mastery of multiple languages and dialects of Yolŋu Matha. The linguistic situation is very complicated, given that each of the 30 or so clans also has a named language variety. Dixon (2002) distinguishes the following:<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=xxxvi}}</ref>
[[File:Bilingual english yolŋu crocodile warning sign.jpg|alt=Crocodile Safety. Danger. Crocodiles have been sighted recently in this area. Bäru dhiyala wäŋaŋura nhäŋala. Keep away from the waters edge. Yaka galki gapuŋura dhärriya. Do not enter the water. Yaka ḻup'thurra gapulili. Do not feed crocodiles. Yaka wikaŋa wayin bäruwu.|thumb|350x350px|A bilingual sign in both English and Yolŋu Matha warning about crocodiles in Yirrkala, Northern Territory.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Dhangu-Djangu language]] !! [[Nhangu language]] !! [[Dhuwal language]] !! [[Ritharngu language]] !! [[Djinang language]] !! [[Djinba language]]
|-
| Wan.gurri|| Gamalaŋga|| Gupapuyngu|| Ritharngu|| Yirritjing || Ganhalpuyngu (Ganalbiŋu)
|-
| Lamamirri|| Gorryindi|| Gumatj|| Wagilak|| Wurlaki || Manjdjalpuyngu (Mandjalpiŋu)
|-
| Rirratjingu|| Mäḻarra|| Djambarrpuyngu|| || Djardiwitjibi ||
|-
| Gaalpu|| Bindarra|| Djapu|| || Mildjingi ||
|-
| Ngayimil|| Ngurruwulu|| Liyagalawumirr|| || Balmbi ||
|-
| Warramiri|| Walamangu|| Guyamirlili|| || Djuwing ||
|-
| Mandatja|| || Dhalwangu|| || Marrangu ||
|-
| || || Djarrwark|| || Murrungun ||
|-
| || || || || Manyarring ||
|}
Bowern (2011) adds the varieties in parentheses as distinct languages.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The consonant inventory is basically the same across Yolŋu varieties, although some varieties show minor differences.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Melanie|title=Djambarrpuyŋu: A Yolŋu Variety of Northern Australia|date=2012|publisher=Lincom Europa|location=Muenchen|isbn=978-3-86288-360-8|pages=44–45}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
!colspan=3| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
! [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]
! [[Lenis consonant|Lenis]]
| {{IPAlink|b}} {{grapheme|b}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{grapheme|g}}
| {{IPAlink|d}} {{grapheme|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪}} {{grapheme|dh}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖ}} {{grapheme|d̠}}
| {{IPAlink|ɟ}} {{grapheme|dj}}
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{grapheme|'}}
|-
! [[Fortis consonant|Fortis]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{grapheme|p}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{grapheme|k}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{grapheme|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}} {{grapheme|th}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{grapheme|t̠}}
| {{IPAlink|c}} {{grapheme|tj}}
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{grapheme|m}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ŋ}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{grapheme|n}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪}} {{grapheme|nh}}
| {{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{grapheme|n̠}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{grapheme|ny}}
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotics]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}} {{grapheme|rr}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɻ}} {{grapheme|r}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}} {{grapheme|l}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɭ}} {{grapheme|l̠}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[Approximants]]
| colspan=2| {{IPAlink|w}} {{grapheme|w}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{grapheme|y}}
|
|}
Yolŋu languages have a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis–lenis]] contrast in [[plosive consonants]]. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent voicing, while fortis/long plosives have full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing.
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} {{grapheme|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}} {{grapheme|e}}
|
| {{IPAlink|u}} {{grapheme|u}}, {{IPAlink|uː}} {{grapheme|o}}
|-
! [[open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPAlink|a}} {{grapheme|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}} {{grapheme|ä}}
|
|}
A three-way vowel distinction is shared between Yolŋu varieties, though not all Yolŋu varieties have a contrast in [[vowel length]]. In the varieties that do have a length contrast, long vowels occur only in the initial syllable of words.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Wilkinson|first1 = Melanie|title = Djambarrpuyŋuː A Yolŋu Variety of Northern Australia|date = 2012|publisher = Lincom Europa|location = Muenchen|isbn = 978-3-86288-360-8|pages = 44–45}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
The films ''[[Ten Canoes]]'' (2006) and ''[[Charlie's Country]]'' (2013), both directed by [[Rolf de Heer]] and featuring actor [[David Gulpilil]], feature dialogue in Yolŋu Matha. ''Ten Canoes'' was the first feature film to be shot entirely in Australian indigenous languages, with the dialogue largely in the Ganalbiŋu variety of Yolŋu Matha.
[[Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu |Dr. G. Yunupingu]] was a popular Australian singer who sang in the Gumatj dialect of Yolŋu Matha, as did the Aboriginal rock group [[Yothu Yindi]].
[[Baker Boy]], from the community of [[Milingimbi]] in North Eastern [[Arnhem Land]] released the song "Cloud 9" in 2017, in which he raps in Yolŋu Matha.<ref>[http://abc.net.au/news/2017-05-21/arnhem-land-musician-wants-to-be-first-to-rap-in-language/8543752 ABC News]</ref> As [[Young Australian of the Year]] in 2019, the [[International Year of Indigenous Languages]], and with two of his songs in the [[Triple J Hottest 100, 2019|2019 Triple J Hottest 100]],<ref>{{cite web | title=1-100: Hottest 100 2017 - triple j | website=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=11 November 2011 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/17/countdown/1-100/ | access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> he raised the profile of Yolŋu Matha in mainstream media as well as giving people at home pride in their language.<ref name=reich>{{cite web | last=Reich | first=Hannah | title=Baker Boy ends his tenure as Young Australian of the Year by taking Yolngu language and dance further into the mainstream| website=ABC News (ABC Arts; Stop Everything!)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=25 January 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-25/baker-boy-hip-hop-yolngu-young-australian-of-the-year/11899106 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kelly | first=Barb | title=Baker Boy is named 2019 Young Australian of the Year | website=ABC News | date=25 January 2019|format=video | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-25/2019-young-australian/10752208 | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Newstead | first=Al | title=Baker Boy brings Indigenous language to the Hottest 100 top end | website=triple j | date=28 January 2018 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/baker-boy-brings-indigenous-language-to-the-hottest-100-top-end/9367292 | access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>
==Dictionaries and resources==
Dictionaries have been produced by Beulah Lowe, [[David Zorc]] and Michael Christie. A free, web-based [http://yolngudictionary.cdu.edu.au/ searchable dictionary] created by John Greatorex was launched in February 2015 by [[Charles Darwin University]].
There are also several grammars of Yolŋu languages by Jeffrey Heath, Frances Morphy, Melanie Wilkinson and others.<ref>[http://www.ards.com.au/www.ards.com.au/langresources.htm ARDS Language Publications]</ref>
A graduate certificate in Yolŋu studies is offered at [[Charles Darwin University]], teaching Yolŋu kinship, law and the Gupapuyŋu language variety.
[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] [http://www.abc.net.au/news/indigenous/ Indigenous News Radio] broadcasts a news program in Yolngu Matha and also in [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] on weekdays. The [[Aboriginal Resource and Development Services]] (ARDS) broadcast live radio in northeast Arnhem Land, Darwin and Palmerston and provide recordings of past programs on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanning the gap |url=https://ards.com.au/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=ARDS Aboriginal Cultural and Creative Services Northern Territory |language=en}}</ref>
==Words and expressions==
{{further|Yolŋu}}
* {{Lang|mis|Gakal}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'skill, talent, ability'
* ''Bäru'' 'crocodile'
* {{Lang|mis|Gapumirr}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'with water' (bucket with water), 'watery'.<ref>Trudgen, Richard, 2000, 'Thirteen years of wanting to know', Why warriors lie down and die, Aboriginal Resource and Development Services, Inc. Darwin, pp. 97-112</ref>
* {{Lang|mis|Manymak}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'good, OK'
* {{Lang|mis|Yol}} or ''Yo''<!-- Yolŋu languages --> (pronounced 'yo') 'yes'
* ''Yo manymak'' when used together the expression can be synonymous with either of its two component words and also used as a friendly greeting, the 'o' in ''yo'' is usually held for longer when used as part of this expression.
* {{Lang|mis|Yaka}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'ghost'
* {{Lang|mis|Yothu}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'child'
* {{Lang|mis|Akka}}<!-- Yolnu languages --> ‘sister’
* {{Lang|mis|Yindi}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> 'big'
* {{Lang|mis|Yothu Yindi}}<!-- Yolŋu languages --> denotes the link between two different entities which is characterised as a mother-child relationship.<ref>{{cite book|title = Yolŋu language and culture: Study Notes|last = Christie|first = Michael J.|publisher = Yolŋu Studies, Charles Darwin University|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-921576-20-1|location = Darwin, Australia|pages = 40}}</ref>
===Austronesian loanwords===
Like other languages of the Top End, Yolŋu-Matha contains many loanwords from [[Austronesian languages]] due to abundant contact with seafaring peoples from the [[Indonesian archipelago]].<ref name=walker1>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Alan |last2=Zorc |first2=R. David |date=1 Jan 2011 |title=Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land|url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71311/pdf/article071.pdf |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.22459/AH.05.2011.07 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=evans1>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |date=1 August 1997 |title=Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspective |publisher=OUP Australia and New Zealand |pages=237–260 |isbn=0195506707}}</ref><ref name=clark1>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Paul |date=Jun 2013 |title=Macassan History and Heritage: Journeys, Encounters and Influences - Chapter 5 Interpreting the Macassans: Language exchange in historical encounters |publisher=ANU Press|url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p241301/pdf/ch05.pdf |isbn=9781922144966}}</ref><ref name=schapper1>{{cite journal |last1=Schapper |first1=Antoinette |date=19 Jan 2022 |title=Beyond 'Macassans': Speculations on layers of Austronesian contact in northern Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=434–452 |doi=10.1080/07268602.2021.2000365 |s2cid=246070761 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Walker and Zorc<ref name=walker1></ref> have identified 179 Yolŋu-Matha words that are clearly of Austronesian origin, and have identified a further 70 possible Austronesian loanwords requiring further study.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Examples of Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha<ref name=walker1></ref>
|-
! Yolngu word !! Austronesian source language !! Austronesian word !! Meaning in English
|-
| balaʔ || [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]] || bállaʔ || house
|-
| balala || Makassarese || balála || greedy
|-
| balaŋu || Makassarese || balaŋo || anchor
|-
| baluka || Makassarese || palúkka || thief
|-
| baːwʔ || Makassarese or Buginese || báuʔ || fragrance
|-
| gaːruŋ || [[Malay language|Malay]] || karoŋ || sack
|-
| barawu || Malay || perahu || boat
|}
==Vocabulary==
[[Arthur Capell|Capell]] (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items:<ref>Capell, Arthur. 1941–1942, 1942-1943. [https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/104191 Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia]. ''Oceania'' 12: 364–392, 13: 24-51.</ref>
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
! gloss !! Wan‘guri !! Warameri !! Galbu !! Riraidjango !! Yanango !! Golba !! Gobabwingo !! Djambarbwingo !! Dalwongo !! Ridarngo !! Gomaidj !! Manggalili !! Maṙaṙba !! Djinba !! Yandjinang
|-
! man
| {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|jay|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|mis|jọlŋọ}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|djr|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|dax|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|rit|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|gnn|jọlŋọ}} || {{lang|mis|jọlŋọ}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|jọlŋọ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|julŋi}} || {{lang|dji|djäriwidji}}
|-
! woman
| {{lang|dhg|baɖami}} || {{lang|dhg|baɖami}} || {{lang|dhg|miälg}} || {{lang|dhg|da‘iga}} || {{lang|jay|miälg}} || {{lang|mis|miälg}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|miälg}} || {{lang|djr|miälg}} || {{lang|dax|mareːbulu}} || {{lang|rit|diŋ‘}} || {{lang|gnn|daigaːwuru}} || {{lang|mis|daigaːwuru}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|miälg}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|miälg}} || {{lang|dji|miːlg}}
|-
! head
| {{lang|dhg|muɽguɽ}} || {{lang|dhg|muɽguɽu}} || {{lang|dhg|mulguɽ}} || {{lang|dhg|mulguɽ}} || {{lang|jay|daːmbu}} || {{lang|mis|daːmbu}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|lia}} || {{lang|djr|lia}} || {{lang|dax|mulguɽ}} || {{lang|rit|lia}} || {{lang|gnn|lia}} || {{lang|mis|lia}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|mulguɽ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|gungu}} || {{lang|dji|gɔɳgi}}
|-
! eye
| {{lang|dhg|maŋudji}} || {{lang|dhg|maŋudji}} || {{lang|dhg|miːl}}, {{lang|dhg|maŋudji}} || {{lang|dhg|miːl}} || {{lang|jay|maŋudji}} || {{lang|mis|miːl}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|miːl}} || {{lang|djr|miːl}} || {{lang|dax|maŋudji}} || {{lang|rit|miːl}} || {{lang|gnn|miːl}} || {{lang|mis|miːl}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|miːl}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|mili}} || {{lang|dji|mïːl}}
|-
! nose
| {{lang|dhg|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|dhg|gamuru}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|jay|gamuru}} || || {{lang|guf|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|djr|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|dax|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|rit|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋọrọ}} || {{lang|mis|ŋọrọ}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ŋọrọ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ŋɔrɛ}} || {{lang|dji|ŋɔrɛ}}
|-
! mouth
| {{lang|dhg|ḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|djurwara}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏa}} || {{lang|jay|durwara}} || || {{lang|guf|ḏa}} || {{lang|djr|ḏa}} || {{lang|dax|ḏa}} || {{lang|rit|ḏɛlŋ}} || {{lang|gnn|ḏa}} || {{lang|mis|ḏa}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ḏa}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ɽari}} || {{lang|dji|ɽari}}
|-
! tongue
| {{lang|dhg|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|dhg|maḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|maḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|jay|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|mis|mada}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|maḏa}} || {{lang|djr|maḏa}} || {{lang|dax|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|rit|maḏa}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋaːnar}} || {{lang|mis|ŋaːnar}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|maḏa}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|djäliŋan}} || {{lang|dji|djɛlaŋ}}
|-
! stomach
| {{lang|dhg|guru}} || {{lang|dhg|gulun}} || {{lang|dhg|gulun}} || {{lang|dhg|dulmọ}} || {{lang|jay|gulun}} || {{lang|mis|gulun}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|gulun}} || {{lang|djr|gulun}} || {{lang|dax|dulmọ}} || {{lang|rit|gulun}} || {{lang|gnn|gulun}} || {{lang|mis|gulun}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|gulun}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|gulun}} || {{lang|dji|budjiri}}
|-
! bone
| {{lang|dhg|maṙiṙin}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|jay|maṙiṙin}} || || {{lang|guf|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|djr|ŋaɽag}} || {{lang|dax|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|rit|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|mis|ŋaɽaga}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ŋaɽaga}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ŋaɽaga}} || {{lang|dji|ŋiɽigɛ}}
|-
! blood
| {{lang|dhg|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dhg|jilaŋ}} || {{lang|dhg|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dhg|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|jay|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|mis|gulaŋ}}<!--- Golba ---> || {{lang|guf|maŋgo}}, {{lang|guf|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|djr|maŋgo}}, {{lang|djr|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dax|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|rit|gula}} || {{lang|gnn|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|mis|wuɽuŋgul}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|gulaŋ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|gulaŋ}} || {{lang|dji|bɔṙɛ}}
|-
! kangaroo
| {{lang|dhg|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|dhg|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|dhg|mundbia}} || {{lang|dhg|mulbia}} || {{lang|jay|wiːɖi}} || || {{lang|guf|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|djr|wiːɖi}} || {{lang|dax|ganguɽul}} || {{lang|rit|ŋarggọ}} || {{lang|gnn|mulbia}} || {{lang|mis|mulbia}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|mulbia}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|ŋarggọ}} || {{lang|dji|ŋargọ}}
|-
! possum
| {{lang|dhg|ɽubu}} || {{lang|dhg|marŋo}} || {{lang|dhg|marŋo}} || {{lang|dhg|marŋo}} || {{lang|jay|marŋo}} || {{lang|mis|marŋo}}<!--- Golba ---> || {{lang|guf|marŋo}} || {{lang|djr|marŋo}} || {{lang|dax|ɽubu}} || {{lang|rit|marŋo}} || {{lang|gnn|marŋo}} || {{lang|mis|ɽubu}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|marŋo}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|märŋo}} || {{lang|dji|marŋo}}
|-
! emu
| {{lang|dhg|maluiːja}} || {{lang|dhg|wurban}} || {{lang|dhg|’maluja}} || {{lang|dhg|maluiːja}} || {{lang|jay|baɖaːwuma}} || || {{lang|guf|wurban}} || {{lang|djr|wurban}} || {{lang|dax|wurban}} || || {{Lang|gnn|wurban}}|| {{Lang|mis|wurban}}<!-- Manggalili -->|| {{Lang|mis|wurban}}<!-- Maṙaṙba -->|| || {{lang|dji|wurban}}
|-
! crow
| {{lang|dhg|galgmanda}} || {{lang|dhg|waːg}} || {{lang|dhg|gälgäriŋọ}} || {{lang|dhg|waːg}} || {{lang|jay|galgmanda}} || || {{lang|guf|waːg}} || {{lang|djr|waːg}} || {{lang|dax|waːg}} || {{lang|rit|waːgia}} || {{lang|gnn|waːg}} || {{lang|mis|waːg}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|waːg}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|waːgia}} || {{lang|dji|waːgire}}
|-
! fly
| {{lang|dhg|buad}} || {{lang|dhg|gädiŋälọ}} || {{lang|dhg|wurubul}} || {{lang|dhg|buad}} || {{lang|jay|buad}} || || {{lang|guf|wurulul}} || {{lang|djr|wurulul}} || {{lang|dax|gädiŋäli}} || {{lang|rit|buad}} || {{lang|gnn|gädiŋälọ}} || {{lang|mis|gädiŋäli}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|wurulul}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|bolgi}} || {{lang|dji|muruläl}}
|-
! sun
| {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|dhg|walọ}} || {{lang|jay|bïːn}} || {{lang|mis|walọ}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|walọ}} || {{lang|djr|walọ}} || {{lang|dax|larŋgai}} || {{lang|rit|walir}} || {{lang|gnn|walọ}} || {{lang|mis|walọ}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|walọ}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|djäɽbiɽ}} || {{lang|dji|walir}}
|-
! moon
| {{lang|dhg|wa̱lmura}} || {{lang|dhg|boːla}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|dhg|wa̱lmura}} || {{lang|jay|walmura}} || {{lang|mis|wa̱lmura}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|djr|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|dax|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|rit|ŋaɭindi}}, {{lang|rit|gulgia}} || {{lang|gnn|ŋaɭindi}} || {{lang|mis|wirmu}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|naɭindi}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|galgi}} || {{lang|dji|ɽangu}}
|-
! fire
| {{lang|dhg|ŋurdja}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋurdja}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏäŋuḏa}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏäŋuḏa}} || {{lang|jay|bwiːmar}} || {{lang|mis|guɽda̱}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|guɽḏa}} || {{lang|djr|guɽḏa}} || {{lang|dax|ḏäŋuḏa}} || {{lang|rit|guɽḏa}} || {{lang|gnn|goɽḏa}} || {{lang|mis|’bujuga}}<!-- Manggalili --> || {{lang|mis|ŋuɽa}}<!-- Maṙaṙba --> || {{lang|djb|djoŋgɛ}} || {{lang|dji|djoŋgɛ}}
|-
! smoke
| {{lang|dhg|ŋawurŋawur}} || {{lang|dhg|ḏiliwur}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋäräli}} || {{lang|dhg|ŋäräli}} || {{lang|jay|ḏiliwur}} || || {{lang|guf|ḏiliwur}} || {{lang|djr|ḏiliwur}} || {{lang|dax|ŋäräli}} || {{lang|gnn|baːn}} || {{lang|gnn|ḏiliwur}}|| diliwur<!-- Manggalili -->|| {{Lang|mis|ŋäräli}}<!-- Maṙaṙba -->|| {{lang|djb|mälggɛ}} || {{lang|dji|ŋaɽimbi}}
|-
! water
| {{lang|dhg|ŋargula}} || {{lang|dhg|gaɽmag}} || {{lang|dhg|magadi}} || {{lang|dhg|gabu}} || {{lang|jay|gabu}} || {{lang|mis|gabu}}<!-- Golba --> || {{lang|guf|gabu}} || {{lang|djr|gabu}} || {{lang|dax|gudjärg}} || {{lang|gnn|gabu}} || {{lang|gnn|gabu}}|| gudjäɽg<!-- Manggalili -->|| {{Lang|mis|gabu}}<!-- Maṙaṙba -->|| {{lang|djb|gabi}} || {{lang|dji|gabe}}
|}
</div>
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
* Yolngu.net: grammar, vocabulary, history [http://yolngu.net]
* Aboriginal Resource and Development Services (ARDS) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819044816/http://www.ards.com.au/default.html]
* [[Charles Darwin University]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Yolŋu Matha course [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119040425/http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/yolngustudies/index.htm]
* ARDS Rhombuy Dhäwu: Legal English-Yolngu Matha Online Dictionary [http://www.rombuy.com.au/]
* Trudgen, Richard, ''Why Warriors Lie Down & Die'' [http://www.ards.com.au/whywarriors.htm], ARDS, Darwin, 2000.
* Examples of Yolngu Matha being spoken [http://www.ards.com.au/audio_archive.htm]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s514879.htm Radio National story]
* Watson, Helen and David Wade Chambers (with the Yolngu community at Yirrkala). ''Singing the Land, Signing the Land''. [[Deakin University]].
* [http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/crimes_bail_sentencing/submissions/sub12att_b.pdf Madayin Law in Yolngu and English]
==Further reading==
*{{cite web| title=About Yolngu| website=Nhulunbuy Corporation | url=http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/ }}
*{{cite book| editor-last1=Hercus | editor-first1=Luise | editor-last2=Koch | editor-first2=Harold | title=Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-naming the Australian Landscape | publisher=ANU E Press | series=Aboriginal History Monographs | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-921666-09-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyHh-OrnRGoC|chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p17331/html/ch17.xhtml?referer=81&page=28|chapter=17. ‘This place already has a name’|first1=Melanie|last1= Wilkinson|first2= Raymatta|last2= Marika|first3= Nancy M. |last3=Williams |editor1-link=Luise Hercus}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Other}}
{{Australian Aboriginal languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yolnu languages}}
[[Category:Yolŋu languages| ]]
[[Category:Yolngu]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of Australian Aboriginal languages</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #eba9ee;">Yolŋu Matha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #eba9ee;">Yuulngu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">In northeastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a>, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elcho_Island" title="Elcho Island">Elcho Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crocodile_Islands" title="Crocodile Islands">Crocodile Islands</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wessel_Islands" title="Wessel Islands">Wessel Islands</a>, English Company’s Islands, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory, Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Yolŋu Matha</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">Signed form: <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yuul1239">yuul1239</a></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Yolngu_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Yolngu_languages.png/300px-Yolngu_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Yolngu_languages.png/450px-Yolngu_languages.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Yolngu_languages.png/600px-Yolngu_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Yolŋu languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Yolŋu Matha</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="aus-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">[ˈjuːŋuːl<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaːtaː]</a></span>), meaning the 'Yolŋu tongue', is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic family">linguistic family</a> that includes the languages of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> (also known as the Yolŋu and Yuulngu languages), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous</a> people of northeast <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> in northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The <i>ŋ</i> in Yolŋu is pronounced as the <i>ng</i> in <i>singing</i>. hi
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Varieties"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Varieties</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dictionaries_and_resources"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Dictionaries and resources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Words_and_expressions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Words and expressions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Austronesian_loanwords"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Austronesian loanwords</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Vocabulary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Varieties">Varieties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Yolŋu Matha consists of about six languages, some mutually intelligible, divided into about thirty clan varieties and perhaps twelve different <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, each with its own Yolŋu name. Put together, there are about 4600 speakers of Yolŋu Matha languages. Exogamy has often meant that mothers and fathers speak different languages, so that children traditionally grew up at least bilingual, and in many cases polylingual, meaning that communication was facilitated by mastery of multiple languages and dialects of Yolŋu Matha. The linguistic situation is very complicated, given that each of the 30 or so clans also has a named language variety. Dixon (2002) distinguishes the following:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crocodile Safety. Danger. Crocodiles have been sighted recently in this area. Bäru dhiyala wäŋaŋura nhäŋala. Keep away from the waters edge. Yaka galki gapuŋura dhärriya. Do not enter the water. Yaka ḻup'thurra gapulili. Do not feed crocodiles. Yaka wikaŋa wayin bäruwu." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg/350px-Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg/525px-Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg/700px-Bilingual_english_yol%C5%8Bu_crocodile_warning_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A bilingual sign in both English and Yolŋu Matha warning about crocodiles in Yirrkala, Northern Territory.</figcaption></figure>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhangu-Djangu language</a></th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhangu language</a></th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal language</a></th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ritharngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritharngu language">Ritharngu language</a></th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinang language</a></th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba language</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wan.gurri</td>
<td>Gamalaŋga</td>
<td>Gupapuyngu</td>
<td>Ritharngu</td>
<td>Yirritjing</td>
<td>Ganhalpuyngu (Ganalbiŋu)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Lamamirri</td>
<td>Gorryindi</td>
<td>Gumatj</td>
<td>Wagilak</td>
<td>Wurlaki</td>
<td>Manjdjalpuyngu (Mandjalpiŋu)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Rirratjingu</td>
<td>Mäḻarra</td>
<td>Djambarrpuyngu</td>
<td></td>
<td>Djardiwitjibi</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Gaalpu</td>
<td>Bindarra</td>
<td>Djapu</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mildjingi</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ngayimil</td>
<td>Ngurruwulu</td>
<td>Liyagalawumirr</td>
<td></td>
<td>Balmbi</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Warramiri</td>
<td>Walamangu</td>
<td>Guyamirlili</td>
<td></td>
<td>Djuwing</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mandatja</td>
<td></td>
<td>Dhalwangu</td>
<td></td>
<td>Marrangu</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Djarrwark</td>
<td></td>
<td>Murrungun</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Manyarring</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Bowern (2011) adds the varieties in parentheses as distinct languages.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The consonant inventory is basically the same across Yolŋu varieties, although some varieties show minor differences.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2" colspan="2">
</th>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peripheral_consonant" title="Peripheral consonant">Peripheral</a>
</th>
<th colspan="3"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lenis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis consonant">Lenis</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d̠⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dj⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">Fortis</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t̠⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tj⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ŋ⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nh⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n̠⟩</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotics</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Laterals</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l̠⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximants">Approximants</a>
</th>
<td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Yolŋu languages have a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis–lenis</a> contrast in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plosive_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonants">plosive consonants</a>. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent voicing, while fortis/long plosives have full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>A three-way vowel distinction is shared between Yolŋu varieties, though not all Yolŋu varieties have a contrast in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>. In the varieties that do have a length contrast, long vowels occur only in the initial syllable of words.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The films <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Canoes" title="Ten Canoes">Ten Canoes</a></i> (2006) and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlie%27s_Country" title="Charlie's Country">Charlie's Country</a></i> (2013), both directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer" title="Rolf de Heer">Rolf de Heer</a> and featuring actor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Gulpilil" title="David Gulpilil">David Gulpilil</a>, feature dialogue in Yolŋu Matha. <i>Ten Canoes</i> was the first feature film to be shot entirely in Australian indigenous languages, with the dialogue largely in the Ganalbiŋu variety of Yolŋu Matha.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geoffrey_Gurrumul_Yunupingu" title="Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu">Dr. G. Yunupingu</a> was a popular Australian singer who sang in the Gumatj dialect of Yolŋu Matha, as did the Aboriginal rock group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yothu_Yindi" title="Yothu Yindi">Yothu Yindi</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baker_Boy" title="Baker Boy">Baker Boy</a>, from the community of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milingimbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milingimbi">Milingimbi</a> in North Eastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> released the song "Cloud 9" in 2017, in which he raps in Yolŋu Matha.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> As <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Australian_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Australian of the Year">Young Australian of the Year</a> in 2019, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Year_of_Indigenous_Languages" title="International Year of Indigenous Languages">International Year of Indigenous Languages</a>, and with two of his songs in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100,_2019" title="Triple J Hottest 100, 2019">2019 Triple J Hottest 100</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> he raised the profile of Yolŋu Matha in mainstream media as well as giving people at home pride in their language.<sup id="cite_ref-reich_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reich-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dictionaries_and_resources">Dictionaries and resources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dictionaries and resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Dictionaries have been produced by Beulah Lowe, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Zorc" class="mw-redirect" title="David Zorc">David Zorc</a> and Michael Christie. A free, web-based <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yolngudictionary.cdu.edu.au/">searchable dictionary</a> created by John Greatorex was launched in February 2015 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University" title="Charles Darwin University">Charles Darwin University</a>.
</p><p>There are also several grammars of Yolŋu languages by Jeffrey Heath, Frances Morphy, Melanie Wilkinson and others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>A graduate certificate in Yolŋu studies is offered at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University" title="Charles Darwin University">Charles Darwin University</a>, teaching Yolŋu kinship, law and the Gupapuyŋu language variety.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/indigenous/">Indigenous News Radio</a> broadcasts a news program in Yolngu Matha and also in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a> on weekdays. The <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_Resource_and_Development_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriginal Resource and Development Services (page does not exist)">Aboriginal Resource and Development Services</a> (ARDS) broadcast live radio in northeast Arnhem Land, Darwin and Palmerston and provide recordings of past programs on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Words_and_expressions">Words and expressions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Words and expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolŋu">Yolŋu</a></div>
<ul><li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Gakal</i></span> 'skill, talent, ability'</li>
<li><i>Bäru</i> 'crocodile'</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Gapumirr</i></span> 'with water' (bucket with water), 'watery'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Manymak</i></span> 'good, OK'</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Yol</i></span> or <i>Yo</i> (pronounced 'yo') 'yes'</li>
<li><i>Yo manymak</i> when used together the expression can be synonymous with either of its two component words and also used as a friendly greeting, the 'o' in <i>yo</i> is usually held for longer when used as part of this expression.</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Yaka</i></span> 'ghost'</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Yothu</i></span> 'child'</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Akka</i></span> ‘sister’</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Yindi</i></span> 'big'</li>
<li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Yothu Yindi</i></span> denotes the link between two different entities which is characterised as a mother-child relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Austronesian_loanwords">Austronesian loanwords</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Austronesian loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Like other languages of the Top End, Yolŋu-Matha contains many loanwords from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> due to abundant contact with seafaring peoples from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-walker1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker1-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evans1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans1-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clark1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark1-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schapper1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schapper1-16">[16]</a></sup> Walker and Zorc<sup id="cite_ref-walker1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker1-13">[13]</a></sup> have identified 179 Yolŋu-Matha words that are clearly of Austronesian origin, and have identified a further 70 possible Austronesian loanwords requiring further study.
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<caption>Examples of Austronesian loanwords in Yolngu-Matha<sup id="cite_ref-walker1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker1-13">[13]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Yolngu word</th>
<th>Austronesian source language</th>
<th>Austronesian word</th>
<th>Meaning in English
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>balaʔ</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></td>
<td>bállaʔ</td>
<td>house
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>balala</td>
<td>Makassarese</td>
<td>balála</td>
<td>greedy
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>balaŋu</td>
<td>Makassarese</td>
<td>balaŋo</td>
<td>anchor
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>baluka</td>
<td>Makassarese</td>
<td>palúkka</td>
<td>thief
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>baːwʔ</td>
<td>Makassarese or Buginese</td>
<td>báuʔ</td>
<td>fragrance
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>gaːruŋ</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td>
<td>karoŋ</td>
<td>sack
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>barawu</td>
<td>Malay</td>
<td>perahu</td>
<td>boat
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Capell" title="Arthur Capell">Capell</a> (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="overflow:auto">
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%">
<tbody><tr>
<th>gloss</th>
<th>Wan‘guri</th>
<th>Warameri</th>
<th>Galbu</th>
<th>Riraidjango</th>
<th>Yanango</th>
<th>Golba</th>
<th>Gobabwingo</th>
<th>Djambarbwingo</th>
<th>Dalwongo</th>
<th>Ridarngo</th>
<th>Gomaidj</th>
<th>Manggalili</th>
<th>Maṙaṙba</th>
<th>Djinba</th>
<th>Yandjinang
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>man
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">jọlŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">julŋi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djäriwidji</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>woman
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">baɖami</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">baɖami</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">da‘iga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">mareːbulu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">diŋ‘</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">daigaːwuru</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">daigaːwuru</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">miälg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">miːlg</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>head
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">muɽguɽ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">muɽguɽu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">mulguɽ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">mulguɽ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">daːmbu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">daːmbu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">lia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">lia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">mulguɽ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">lia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">lia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">lia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">mulguɽ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">gungu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">gɔɳgi</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>eye
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maŋudji</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maŋudji</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">miːl</i></span>, <span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maŋudji</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">maŋudji</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">maŋudji</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">miːl</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">mili</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">mïːl</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>nose
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gamuru</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">gamuru</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋọrọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">ŋɔrɛ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ŋɔrɛ</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>mouth
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">djurwara</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">durwara</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">ḏɛlŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">ɽari</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ɽari</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>tongue
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋaːnar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋaːnar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">ŋaːnar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">mada</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">maḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">maḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ŋaːnar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">maḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">ŋaːnar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋaːnar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">maḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">djäliŋan</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djɛlaŋ</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>stomach
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">guru</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">dulmọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">dulmọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">gulun</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">budjiri</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>bone
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maṙiṙin</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">maṙiṙin</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">ŋaɽag</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">ŋaɽaga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ŋiɽigɛ</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>blood
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">jilaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">maŋgo</i></span>, <span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">maŋgo</i></span>, <span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">gula</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">wuɽuŋgul</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">gulaŋ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">bɔṙɛ</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>kangaroo
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">wiːɖi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">wiːɖi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">mundbia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">mulbia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">wiːɖi</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">wiːɖi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">wiːɖi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ganguɽul</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">ŋarggọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">mulbia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">mulbia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">mulbia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">ŋarggọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ŋargọ</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>possum
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ɽubu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ɽubu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ɽubu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">marŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">märŋo</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">marŋo</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>emu
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maluiːja</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">wurban</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">’maluja</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">maluiːja</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">baɖaːwuma</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">wurban</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">wurban</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">wurban</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">wurban</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">wurban</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">wurban</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">wurban</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>crow
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">galgmanda</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gälgäriŋọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">galgmanda</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">waːgia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">waːg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">waːgia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">waːgire</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>fly
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">buad</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gädiŋälọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">wurubul</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">buad</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">buad</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">wurulul</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">wurulul</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">gädiŋäli</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">buad</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">gädiŋälọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gädiŋäli</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">wurulul</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">bolgi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">muruläl</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>sun
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">bïːn</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">larŋgai</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">walir</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">walọ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">djäɽbiɽ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">walir</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>moon
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">wa̱lmura</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">boːla</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋaɭindi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">wa̱lmura</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">walmura</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">wa̱lmura</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">ŋaɭindi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">ŋaɭindi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ŋaɭindi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">ŋaɭindi</i></span>, <span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">gulgia</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">ŋaɭindi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">wirmu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">naɭindi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">galgi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ɽangu</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>fire
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋurdja</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋurdja</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ḏäŋuḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ḏäŋuḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">bwiːmar</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">guɽda̱</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">guɽḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">guɽḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ḏäŋuḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Ritharrngu-language text"><i lang="rit">guɽḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">goɽḏa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">’bujuga</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋuɽa</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">djoŋgɛ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djoŋgɛ</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>smoke
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋawurŋawur</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ḏiliwur</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋäräli</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋäräli</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">ḏiliwur</i></span></td>
<td></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">ḏiliwur</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">ḏiliwur</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">ŋäräli</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">baːn</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">ḏiliwur</i></span></td>
<td>diliwur</td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ŋäräli</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">mälggɛ</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ŋaɽimbi</i></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>water
</th>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">ŋargula</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gaɽmag</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">magadi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dhangu-Djangu-language text"><i lang="dhg">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Yan-nhangu-language text"><i lang="jay">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gupapuyngu-language text"><i lang="guf">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djambarrpuyngu-language text"><i lang="djr">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Dayi-language text"><i lang="dax">gudjärg</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Gumatj-language text"><i lang="gnn">gabu</i></span></td>
<td>gudjäɽg</td>
<td><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gabu</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinba-language text"><i lang="djb">gabi</i></span></td>
<td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">gabe</i></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Melanie (2012). <i>Djambarrpuyŋu: A Yolŋu Variety of Northern Australia</i>. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 44–45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86288-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86288-360-8"><bdi>978-3-86288-360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djambarrpuy%C5%8Bu%3A+A+Yol%C5%8Bu+Variety+of+Northern+Australia&rft.place=Muenchen&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-86288-360-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Melanie (2012). <i>Djambarrpuyŋuː A Yolŋu Variety of Northern Australia</i>. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp. 44–45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86288-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86288-360-8"><bdi>978-3-86288-360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djambarrpuy%C5%8Bu%CB%90+A+Yol%C5%8Bu+Variety+of+Northern+Australia&rft.place=Muenchen&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-86288-360-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc.net.au/news/2017-05-21/arnhem-land-musician-wants-to-be-first-to-rap-in-language/8543752">ABC News</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/17/countdown/1-100/">"1-100: Hottest 100 2017 - triple j"</a>. <i>ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)</i>. 11 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+%28Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.atitle=1-100%3A+Hottest+100+2017+-+triple+j&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftriplej%2Fhottest100%2F17%2Fcountdown%2F1-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-reich-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reich_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFReich2020" class="citation web cs1">Reich, Hannah (25 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-25/baker-boy-hip-hop-yolngu-young-australian-of-the-year/11899106">"Baker Boy ends his tenure as Young Australian of the Year by taking Yolngu language and dance further into the mainstream"</a>. <i>ABC News (ABC Arts; Stop Everything!)</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28ABC+Arts%3B+Stop+Everything%21%29&rft.atitle=Baker+Boy+ends+his+tenure+as+Young+Australian+of+the+Year+by+taking+Yolngu+language+and+dance+further+into+the+mainstream&rft.date=2020-01-25&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-01-25%2Fbaker-boy-hip-hop-yolngu-young-australian-of-the-year%2F11899106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2019" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Barb (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-25/2019-young-australian/10752208">"Baker Boy is named 2019 Young Australian of the Year"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Baker+Boy+is+named+2019+Young+Australian+of+the+Year&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Barb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-01-25%2F2019-young-australian%2F10752208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNewstead2018" class="citation web cs1">Newstead, Al (28 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/baker-boy-brings-indigenous-language-to-the-hottest-100-top-end/9367292">"Baker Boy brings Indigenous language to the Hottest 100 top end"</a>. <i>triple j</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=triple+j&rft.atitle=Baker+Boy+brings+Indigenous+language+to+the+Hottest+100+top+end&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft.aulast=Newstead&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftriplej%2Fnews%2Fmusicnews%2Fbaker-boy-brings-indigenous-language-to-the-hottest-100-top-end%2F9367292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ards.com.au/www.ards.com.au/langresources.htm">ARDS Language Publications</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ards.com.au/">"Spanning the gap"</a>. <i>ARDS Aboriginal Cultural and Creative Services Northern Territory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARDS+Aboriginal+Cultural+and+Creative+Services+Northern+Territory&rft.atitle=Spanning+the+gap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fards.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgen, Richard, 2000, 'Thirteen years of wanting to know', Why warriors lie down and die, Aboriginal Resource and Development Services, Inc. Darwin, pp. 97-112</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2013" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Michael J. (2013). <i>Yolŋu language and culture: Study Notes</i>. Darwin, Australia: Yolŋu Studies, Charles Darwin University. p. 40. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921576-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921576-20-1"><bdi>978-1-921576-20-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yol%C5%8Bu+language+and+culture%3A+Study+Notes&rft.place=Darwin%2C+Australia&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Yol%C5%8Bu+Studies%2C+Charles+Darwin+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-921576-20-1&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-walker1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walker1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerZorc2011" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Alan; Zorc, R. David (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71311/pdf/article071.pdf">"Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aboriginal History</i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FAH.05.2011.07">10.22459/AH.05.2011.07</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Loanwords+in+Yolngu-Matha+of+Northeast+Arnhem+Land&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FAH.05.2011.07&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Zorc%2C+R.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp71311%2Fpdf%2Farticle071.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-evans1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evans1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Nicholas (1 August 1997). <i>Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspective</i>. OUP Australia and New Zealand. pp. 237–260. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195506707" title="Special:BookSources/0195506707"><bdi>0195506707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Linguistics%3A+Aboriginal+Australia+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=237-260&rft.pub=OUP+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.isbn=0195506707&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-clark1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p241301/pdf/ch05.pdf"><i>Macassan History and Heritage: Journeys, Encounters and Influences - Chapter 5 Interpreting the Macassans: Language exchange in historical encounters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ANU Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922144966" title="Special:BookSources/9781922144966"><bdi>9781922144966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macassan+History+and+Heritage%3A+Journeys%2C+Encounters+and+Influences+-+Chapter+5+Interpreting+the+Macassans%3A+Language+exchange+in+historical+encounters&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2013-06&rft.isbn=9781922144966&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp241301%2Fpdf%2Fch05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-schapper1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schapper1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchapper2022" class="citation journal cs1">Schapper, Antoinette (19 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268602.2021.2000365">"Beyond 'Macassans': Speculations on layers of Austronesian contact in northern Australia"</a>. <i>Australian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 434–452. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268602.2021.2000365">10.1080/07268602.2021.2000365</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246070761">246070761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Beyond+%27Macassans%27%3A+Speculations+on+layers+of+Austronesian+contact+in+northern+Australia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=434-452&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268602.2021.2000365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246070761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schapper&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F07268602.2021.2000365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capell, Arthur. 1941–1942, 1942-1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/104191">Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia</a>. <i>Oceania</i> 12: 364–392, 13: 24-51.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Yolngu.net: grammar, vocabulary, history <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://yolngu.net">[1]</a></li>
<li>Aboriginal Resource and Development Services (ARDS) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819044816/http://www.ards.com.au/default.html">[2]</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University" title="Charles Darwin University">Charles Darwin University</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Yolŋu Matha course <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119040425/http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/yolngustudies/index.htm">[3]</a></li>
<li>ARDS Rhombuy Dhäwu: Legal English-Yolngu Matha Online Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rombuy.com.au/">[4]</a></li>
<li>Trudgen, Richard, <i>Why Warriors Lie Down & Die</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ards.com.au/whywarriors.htm">[5]</a>, ARDS, Darwin, 2000.</li>
<li>Examples of Yolngu Matha being spoken <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ards.com.au/audio_archive.htm">[6]</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s514879.htm">Radio National story</a></li>
<li>Watson, Helen and David Wade Chambers (with the Yolngu community at Yirrkala). <i>Singing the Land, Signing the Land</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/crimes_bail_sentencing/submissions/sub12att_b.pdf">Madayin Law in Yolngu and English</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yol%C5%8Bu_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/">"About Yolngu"</a>. <i>Nhulunbuy Corporation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nhulunbuy+Corporation&rft.atitle=About+Yolngu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncl.net.au%2Fplay%2Fabout-yolngu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonMarikaWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Melanie; Marika, Raymatta; Williams, Nancy M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p17331/html/ch17.xhtml?referer=81&page=28">"17. 'This place already has a name'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luise_Hercus" title="Luise Hercus">Hercus, Luise</a>; Koch, Harold (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyHh-OrnRGoC"><i>Aboriginal Placenames: Naming and Re-naming the Australian Landscape</i></a>. Aboriginal History Monographs. ANU E Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921666-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921666-09-4"><bdi>978-1-921666-09-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+%E2%80%98This+place+already+has+a+name%E2%80%99&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Placenames%3A+Naming+and+Re-naming+the+Australian+Landscape&rft.series=Aboriginal+History+Monographs&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-921666-09-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Marika%2C+Raymatta&rft.au=Williams%2C+Nancy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp17331%2Fhtml%2Fch17.xhtml%3Freferer%3D81%26page%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYol%C5%8Bu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Template talk:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pama–Nyungan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Paman_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adithinngithigh_language" title="Adithinngithigh language">Adithinngithigh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andjingith_language" title="Andjingith language">Andjingith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anguthimri_language" title="Anguthimri language">Anguthimri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arritinngithigh_language" title="Arritinngithigh language">Arritinngithigh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awngthim_language" title="Awngthim language">Awngthim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luthigh_language" title="Luthigh language">Luthigh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbiywom_language" title="Mbiywom language">Mbiywom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndrangith_language" title="Ndrangith language">Ndrangith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngkoth_language" title="Ngkoth language">Ngkoth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpila</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayabadhu_language" title="Ayabadhu language">Ayabadhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara_language" title="Kugu Nganhcara language">Kugu-Muminh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakanha_language" title="Pakanha language">Pakanha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wik-Me%27nh_language" title="Wik-Me'nh language">Wik-Me'nh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language" title="Wik Mungkan language">Wik-Mungkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wik-Ngathan_language" title="Wik-Ngathan language">Wik-Ngathan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wik_Ompom_language" title="Wik Ompom language">Wik-Ompom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Lamalamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Lamalama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morrobolam_language" title="Morrobolam language">Morrobolam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Yalanjic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrow_Point_language" title="Barrow Point language">Barrow Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guugu_Yalandji_language" title="Guugu Yalandji language">Gugu Yalandyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimidhirr</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koko-Bera_language" title="Koko-Bera language">Koko-Bera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gugu_Dhaw_language" title="Gugu Dhaw language">Kok Thawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunjen_language" title="Kunjen language">Kunjen</a>
<ul><li>Ogh-Undjan</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuuk_Thaayorre_language" title="Kuuk Thaayorre language">Kuuk Thaayorre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuuk_Yak_language" title="Kuuk Yak language">Kuuk Yak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yir-Yoront_language" title="Yir-Yoront language">Yir-Yoront</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Norman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurdjar_language" title="Gurdjar language">Kurtjar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gkuthaarn_language" title="Gkuthaarn language">Kuthant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Thaypan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alungul_language" title="Alungul language">Alungul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angkula_language" title="Angkula language">Angkula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aghu_Tharrnggala_language" title="Aghu Tharrnggala language">Aghu Tharrnggala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ikarranggal_language" title="Ikarranggal language">Ikarranggal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalaka_language" title="Tagalaka language">Takalak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gugu_Thaypan_language" title="Gugu Thaypan language">Thaypan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wamin_language" title="Wamin language">Agwamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbara-Yanga_language" title="Mbara-Yanga language">Mbara-Yanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walangama_language" title="Walangama language">Walangama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djabugay_language" title="Djabugay language">Djabugay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kukatj_language" title="Kukatj language">Gugadj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kok-Nar_language" title="Kok-Nar language">Kok Narr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbariman-Gudhinma_language" title="Mbariman-Gudhinma language">Mbariman-Gudhinma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Eastern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wulguru_language" title="Wulguru language">Wulguru</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bidjara_language" title="Bidjara language">Bidjara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barunggam_language" title="Barunggam language">Barunggam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulua_language" title="Tulua language">Dappil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_language" title="Gubbi Gubbi language">Gabi-Gabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taribelang_language" title="Taribelang language">Gureng Gureng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakka_Wakka_language" title="Wakka Wakka language">Wakawaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wulli_Wulli_language" title="Wulli Wulli language">Wuliwuli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guwar_language" title="Guwar language">Guwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janday_language" title="Janday language">Janday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunukul_language" title="Nunukul language">Nunukul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turrbal_language" title="Turrbal language">Turrbal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumbainggar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbainggar language">Kumbainggar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaygir_language" title="Yaygir language">Yaygir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngiyambaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngiyambaa language">Ngiyambaa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darkinjung_language" title="Darkinjung language">Darkinjung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharug_language" title="Dharug language">Dharug</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarigo_language" title="Ngarigo language">Ngarigo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngunnawal_language" title="Ngunnawal language">Ngunnawal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharawal_languages" title="Tharawal languages">Tharawal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worimi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worimi language">Wormi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunaikurnai_language" title="Gunaikurnai language">Gunaikurnai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_language" title="Pallanganmiddang language">Pallanganmiddang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Bandjalang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">Southern</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yabula-Yabula_language" title="Yabula-Yabula language">Yabula-Yabula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yotayota</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulinic_languages" title="Kulinic languages">Kulinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulidjan_language" title="Gulidjan language">Kolakngat</a>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boonwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boonwurrung language">Bunurong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djadjawurrung_language" title="Djadjawurrung language">Dja Dja Wurrung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latji-Latji_language" title="Latji-Latji language">Ledji-Ledji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhi_Madhi_language" title="Madhi Madhi language">Madhi-Madhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadi_Wadi_language" title="Wadi Wadi language">Wadi-Wadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadawurrung_language" title="Wadawurrung language">Wathaurong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wemba_Wemba_language" title="Wemba Wemba language">Wemba Wemba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woiwurrung%E2%80%93Taungurung_language" title="Woiwurrung–Taungurung language">Woiwurrung–Taungurung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drual_languages" title="Drual languages">Drual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhauwurd_Wurrung_language" title="Dhauwurd Wurrung language">Dhauwurd Wurrung</a>
<ul><li>Kuurn Kopan Noot</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kureinji_language" title="Kureinji language">Keramin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngayawung_language" title="Ngayawung language">Ngayawung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Yaralde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yitha_Yitha_language" title="Yitha Yitha language">Yitha-Yitha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Kuyani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauo_language" title="Nauo language">Nauo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nukunu_language" title="Nukunu language">Nukunu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirniny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirning_language" title="Mirning language">Mirning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngadjunmaya_language" title="Ngadjunmaya language">Ngadjunmaya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galaagu_language" title="Galaagu language">Galaagu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaamaya_language" title="Kalaamaya language">Kalaamaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natingero_language" title="Natingero language">Natingero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">Nyungar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Western_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kartu_languages" title="Kartu languages">Kartu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badimaya_language" title="Badimaya language">Badimaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malgana_language" title="Malgana language">Malgana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhanda_language" title="Nhanda language">Nhanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanyara_languages" title="Kanyara languages">Kanyara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantharta_language" title="Mantharta language">Mantharta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jurruru_language" title="Jurruru language">Jurruru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurrama_language" title="Kurrama language">Kurrama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarla_language" title="Ngarla language">Ngarla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarluma_language" title="Ngarluma language">Ngarluma-Kariyarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhuwala_language" title="Nhuwala language">Nhuwala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyamal_language" title="Nyamal language">Nyamal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyiyaparli_language" title="Nyiyaparli language">Nyiyaparli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panyjima_language" title="Panyjima language">Panyjima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinjibarndi_language" title="Yinjibarndi language">Yindjibarndi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinhawangka_language" title="Yinhawangka language">Yinhawangka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garadjari_language" title="Garadjari language">Karajarri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangarla_language" title="Mangarla language">Mangala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyangumarta_language" title="Nyangumarta language">Nyangumarta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Northern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngumbin_languages" title="Ngumbin languages">Ngumbin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Warluwaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagaya_language" title="Wagaya language">Wagaya</a>
<ul><li>Bularnu</li>
<li>Yindjilandji</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warluwarra_language" title="Warluwarra language">Warluwarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayi-Kulan_language" title="Mayi-Kulan language">Mayi-Kulan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna_language" title="Mayi-Kutuna language">Mayi-Kutuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngawun_language" title="Ngawun language">Ngawun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngardi_language" title="Ngardi language">Ngardi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warnman_language" title="Warnman language">Wanman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Arrernte_language" title="Lower Arrernte language">Lower Arrernte</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mithaka_language" title="Mithaka language">Mithaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini</a>
<ul><li>Yarluyandi</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngura_languages" title="Ngura languages">Ngura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pitta_Pitta_language" title="Pitta Pitta language">Pitta Pitta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanggamala_language" title="Wanggamala language">Wanggamala</a>
<ul><li>Wangka-Yutjurru</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River</a>
<ul><li>Bundhamara</li>
<li>new Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paakantyi_language" title="Paakantyi language">Baagandji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalali_language" title="Kalali language">Bulloo River</a>
<ul><li>old Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yardli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Other_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Djaŋu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinaŋ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ritharrngu_language" title="Ritharrngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";font-weight:normal;"><div id="Macro-Pama–Nyungan?" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macro-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages">Macro-Pama–Nyungan?</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan?</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurr-Goni_language" title="Gurr-Goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mangarrayi-Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warndarrang_language" title="Warndarrang language">Warndarrang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunwinjku_dialect" title="Kunwinjku dialect">Kunwinjku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunbarlang_language" title="Gunbarlang language">Kunbarlang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Minkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Gangalidda (Yukulta)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garrwa_language" title="Garrwa language">Garrwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australian_Aboriginal_and_Tasmanian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Template:Australian Aboriginal languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Template talk:Australian Aboriginal languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Aboriginal languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_Aboriginal_and_Tasmanian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> languages</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victorian P–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New South Wales P–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></i> ?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan (Nganyaywana)</a></i> ?</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_New_South_Wales_languages" title="Central New South Wales languages">Central New South Wales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Bandjalangic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait language">Western Torres Strait</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Cape_York_Paman_languages" title="North Cape York Paman languages">Northern Paman</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Middle Paman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpilaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamuic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalamic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamalamic languages">Lamalamic</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umbuygamu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbuygamu language">Umbuygamu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Mbarrumbathama</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest Paman</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuuk_Thayorre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuuk Thayorre language">Kuuk Thayorre</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Paman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paman languages">Southern Paman</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Northern
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li>Eastern
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li>Southern
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bidyara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidyara language">Bidyara–Gungabula</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Margany language">Margany–Gunya</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bindal_language" title="Bindal language">Bindal</a></i> ?</li>
<li>Guwa–Yanda ?
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guwa_language" title="Guwa language">Guwa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanda_language" title="Yanda language">Yanda</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a> ?
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharumbal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharumbal language">Dharumbal</a></i> ?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayali_language" title="Bayali language">Bayali</a></i> ?</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a> ?</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guugu_Yimidhirr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guugu Yimidhirr language">Guugu Yimidihirr</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuku_Yalanji_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuku Yalanji language">Kuku Yalanji</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arandic–Thura–Yura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thura%E2%80%93Yura_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Thura–Yura languages">Thura–Yura</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Northern (Palku)
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pitta-Pitta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitta-Pitta language">Pitta-Pitta</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li>Western
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana–Wangkangurru</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li>Central
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li>Eastern
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River (Wangkumara)</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulloo_River_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulloo River language">Bulloo River (Galali)</a></i> ?</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paakantyi_(Darling_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paakantyi (Darling language)">Paakantyi</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu–Djaŋu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ritharngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritharngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal–Dhuwala</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djambarrpuyngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djambarrpuyngu language">Djambarrpuyŋu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gupapuyngu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupapuyngu language">Gupapuyŋu</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinaŋ</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganalbingu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganalbingu language">Ganhalpuyŋu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Ngarna/Warluwarric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Southern</a>
<ul><li>Ngarru</li>
<li>Thawa</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desert Nyungic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngumpin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngumpin languages">Ngumpin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yapa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapa languages">Yapa</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></i> ?</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-West P–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pilbara
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kartu%E2%80%93Nhanda_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartu–Nhanda languages">Kartu–Nhanda</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></i> ?</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyunga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_language" title="Proto-Pama–Nyungan language">Proto-Pama–Nyungan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a> (register: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Yukulta</a> (Ganggalida, Nyangga)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Mingginda</a> (Minkin)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Garawa language">Garawa</a> (Garrwa, north)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a> (Wanji, south)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a> (Kurnindirri, southwest)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurr-goni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurr-goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warndarang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warndarang language">Warndarang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a> (Djauan)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bininj_Gun-Wok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bininj Gun-Wok language">Bininj Kunwok</a> (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunbarlang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunbarlang language">Kunbarlang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a> (Ngalkbun)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a> (Wubuy)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enindhilyagwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enindhilyagwa language">Anindilyakwa</a> (Enindhilyagwa)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (Warrkbi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwaidja_language" title="Iwaidja language">Iwaidja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilgar_language" title="Ilgar language">Garig–Ilgar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garig_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Garig dialect">Garig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilgar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilgar dialect">Ilgar</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (Goulburn Island)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maung_language" title="Maung language">Maung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manangkari_language" title="Manangkari language">Manangkari</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amurdag_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amurdag language">Amurdag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wurrugu_language" title="Wurrugu language">Wurrugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marrgu_language" title="Marrgu language">Marrgu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laragiya_language" title="Laragiya language">Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limilngan–Wulna?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limilngan_language" title="Limilngan language">Limilngan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wulna_language" title="Wulna language">Wulna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umbugarlic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umbugarla_language" title="Umbugarla language">Umbugarla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngurmbur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngurmbur language">Ngurmbur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bugurnidja_language" title="Bugurnidja language">Bugurnidja</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly River Sprachbund</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadjiginy_language" title="Wadjiginy language">Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandjerramalh_language" title="Kandjerramalh language">Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Northern Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Tyerraty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marringarr_language" title="Marringarr language">Marri Ngarr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marranj_language" title="Marranj language">Merranunggu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marrithiyel_language" title="Marrithiyel language">Marrithiyel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marrithiyel_language" title="Marrithiyel language">Marramaninjsji</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matngala_language" title="Matngala language">Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamu_language" title="Kamu language">Kamu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngan%27gityemerri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngan'gityemerri language">Ngan’gityemerri</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jingulu_language" title="Jingulu language">Jingulu</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yirram_languages" title="Yirram languages">Yirram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nungali_language" title="Nungali language">Nungali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaminjung_language" title="Jaminjung language">Jaminjung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngurlun_languages" title="Ngurlun languages">Ngurlun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarnka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngarnka language">Ngarnka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wambaya_language" title="Wambaya language">Wambaya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kija_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kija language">Kija</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miriwoong_language" title="Miriwoong language">Miriwoong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gajirrawoong_dialect" title="Gajirrawoong dialect">Gajirrawoong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunuba_language" title="Bunuba language">Bunuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gooniyandi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooniyandi language">Gooniyandi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wunambal_language" title="Wunambal language">Wunambal</a> (Northern)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarinyin_language" title="Ngarinyin language">Ngarinyin</a> (Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worrorra_language" title="Worrorra language">Worrorra</a> (Western)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western (Nyulnyulic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyulnyul_language" title="Nyulnyul language">Nyulnyul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardi_language" title="Bardi language">Bardi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_dialect" title="Jawi dialect">Jawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djabirr-Djabirr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djabirr-Djabirr language">Djabirr-Djabirr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimanburru_language" title="Nimanburru language">Nimanburru</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (Dyukun)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawuru_language" title="Yawuru language">Yawuru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyugun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyugun language">Dyugun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrwa_language" title="Warrwa language">Warrwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyigina_language" title="Nyigina language">Nyigina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngumbarl_language" title="Ngumbarl language">Ngumbarl</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> <br />family-level groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peerapper_language" title="Peerapper language">Northwestern Tasmanian</a> (Peerapper)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toogee_language" title="Toogee language">Southwestern Tasmanian</a> (Toogee) ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tommeginne_language" title="Tommeginne language">Northern Tasmanian</a> (Tommeginne)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Sorell_language" title="Port Sorell language">Port Sorell</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyemmairre_language" title="Pyemmairre language">Pyemmairre</a> (Northeastern)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyerrernotepanner_language" title="Tyerrernotepanner language">Tyerrernotepanner</a> (North Midland)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lhotsky/Blackhouse_Tasmanian_language" title="Lhotsky/Blackhouse Tasmanian language">Lhotsky/Blackhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Tasmanian_language" title="Norman Tasmanian language">Norman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paredarerme_language" title="Paredarerme language">Oyster Bay</a> (Paredarerme)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Swanport_language" title="Little Swanport language">Little Swanport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuenonne_language" title="Nuenonne language">Southeast Tasmanian</a> (Nuenonne)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruny_Island_Tasmanian_language" title="Bruny Island Tasmanian language">Bruny Island</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Indigenous <br />languages and <br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal Englishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Australian Kriol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Roper River Kriol (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngukurr" title="Ngukurr">Ngukurr</a>)</li>
<li>Bamyili Kriol (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barunga,_Northern_Territory" title="Barunga, Northern Territory">Barunga</a>)</li>
<li>Kimberley Kriol (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fitzroy_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzroy Crossing">Fitzroy Valley</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daly_River,_Northern_Territory" title="Daly River, Northern Territory">Daly River</a> Kriol</li>
<li>Westside Kriol (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_River,_Northern_Territory" title="Victoria River, Northern Territory">Victoria River</a>)</li>
<li>Barkly Kriol</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mornington_Island" title="Mornington Island">Mornington Island</a> Creole</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowanyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowanyama">Kowanyama</a> Creole</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern <br />creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a> (Yumplatok)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Peninsula_Area_Region#Language" title="Northern Peninsula Area Region">Cape York Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lockhart_River,_Queensland" title="Lockhart River, Queensland">Lockhart River</a> Creole</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Napranum">Napranum</a> Creole</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngarluma_language#dialects" title="Ngarluma language">Pidgin Ngarluma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed languages">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurindji Kriol">Gurindji Kriol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiwi_language#Modern_Tiwi" title="Tiwi language">Modern Tiwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warumungu" title="Warumungu">Wumpurrarni</a> English (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennant_Creek" title="Tennant Creek">Tennant Creek</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alyawarr" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyawarr">Alyawarr</a> English</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Nyungar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nyungar">Neo-Nyungar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunga_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunga English">Nunga English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yarrabah,_Queensland" title="Yarrabah, Queensland">Yarrie</a> Lingo</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_Island,_Queensland" title="Palm Island, Queensland">Palm</a> Talk</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woorabinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Woorabinda">Woorie</a> Talk</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cherbourg,_Queensland" title="Cherbourg, Queensland">Cherbourg</a> Talk</li>
<li>Murdi Language</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
