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'{{redirect|TWA}} <!--{{Redirect|TWA|Time Weighted Average|Permissible exposure limit|the pygmy people|Twa}} {{For|the Jordanian cargo airline|Transworld Aviation}} {{For|the metalcore band|The Word Alive}}--> {{Refimprove|date=May 2009}} {{Infobox airline | airline = Trans World Airlines | image = Trans World Airlines Globe Map Logo 1.png | image_size = 300 | alt = | IATA = TW | ICAO = TWA | callsign = TWA | founded = 1925 (as Western Air Express) | commenced = | ceased = December 1, 2001 | aoc = | bases = | hubs = <div> * [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]]<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5553/is_199405/ai_n22296763 Atlanta hub closing article] retrieved 9-30-08</ref><ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04DA22E8C7CFF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Atlanta hub opening article] retrieved 9-30-08</ref> * [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]<br><small>([[New York City]])</small> * [[Lambert-St. Louis International Airport]] </div> | secondary_hubs = | focus_cities = <div> * [[Charles De Gaulle Airport]]<br><small>([[Paris]])</small> * [[Kansas City International Airport]] * [[Los Angeles International Airport]] * [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]]<br><small>([[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]])</small> </div> | frequent_flyer = [[Aviators]], [[AAdvantage]] | lounge = Ambassadors Club, [[Admirals Club]] | alliance = [[Oneworld]] (April–December 2001) | subsidiaries = | fleet_size = 190 | destinations = 132 | company_slogan = ''We want to be your airline'' | parent = Transworld Corporation | headquarters = [[New York City]], [[New York]]<br><small>(1930–1931)</small><br>[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]]<br><small>(1931–1964)</small><br>[[New York City]], [[New York]]<br><small>(1964–1987)</small><br>[[Mount Kisco, New York|Mount Kisco]], [[New York]]<br><small>(1987–1992)</small><br>[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]<br><small>(1992–2001)</small><br>[[Fort Worth]], [[Texas]]<br><small>(April–December 2001)</small> | key_people = <div> * Dick Robbins (1930–1934) * [[Jack Frye]] & [[Paul E. Richter|Paul Richter]] (1931–1947) * [[Howard Hughes]] (1939–1965) * Ralph Damon (1949–1956) * Carter Burgess (1956–1957) * [[Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy)|Charles Thomas]] (1958–1960) * [[Charles C. Tillinghast Jr.|Charles Tillinghast]] (1961–1976) * L.E. Smart (since 1976) * C.E. Meyer Jr. (1976–1985) * [[Carl Icahn]] (1985–1993) * [[William R. Howard]] (1993–1994) * Jeffrey H. Erickson (1994–1997) * Gerald L. Gitner (1997–1999) * William Compton (1999–2001) * [[Donald J. Carty]] (2001) </div> | website = [http://web.archive.org/*/http://www.twa.com/ twa.com] }} '''Trans World Airlines''' ('''TWA''') was a major [[United States]]-based airline with hubs in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[New York City]] (JFK) and [[Atlanta]], with focus cities in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]; [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]; and [[Los Angeles]]. The airline operated from 1930 until it was acquired by [[American Airlines]] in 2001. TWA, which operated flights to most major U.S. cities, was one of the largest domestic U.S. airlines. It also had a substantial feeder operation from smaller Midwest cities. Beyond the U.S., TWA had a highly developed [[Europe]]an and [[Middle East]]ern network, served mainly from its hub at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]. Along with [[Pan American World Airways]], it was considered to be a secondary unofficial [[flag carrier]] for the United States, especially after Pan Am's collapse in the 1990s.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VslyzYwG10EC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=TWA+flag+carrier+of+the+US&source=bl&ots=5CT7tWZn9F&sig=NzEq_Y4s6ekhpQUUBDDWiXHVX3Q&hl=en&ei=eMrzSfeeBJb4MYfWgMgP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7 The airline business By Rigas Doganis]</ref><ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7806124_ITM TWA's flight ends as it merges into American]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/25/nyregion/ailing-twa-still-a-symbol-and-so-perhaps-a-target-abroad.html Ailing T.W.A. Still a Symbol, and So Perhaps a Target, Abroad]</ref> ==History== ===1930s=== ====Founding—TWA==== [[File:DC-2 CN1368.jpg|left|thumb|Lindbergh Line DC-2]] TWA's corporate history dates from the July 16, 1930, forced merger of [[Transcontinental Air Transport]] (T-A-T) and [[Western Air Express]] to form Transcontinental & Western Air (T&WA). The companies merged at the urging of [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]] [[Walter Folger Brown]], who was looking for bigger airlines to give [[airmail]] contracts. Both airlines brought high-profile aviation pioneers who would give the airline the panache of being called "The Airline Run by Flyers". The airlines would become known for several years as being on the cutting edge of aviation. Transcontinental, the bigger of the two, had the marquee expertise of [[Charles Lindbergh]] and was already offering a 48-hour combination of plane and [[train]] trip across the United States. Western, which was slightly older having been founded in 1925, had the expertise of [[Jack Frye]]. On October 25, 1930, the airline offered one of the first all-plane scheduled service from coast to coast: the ''Lindbergh Route''. The route took 36 hours and initially called for overnights in Kansas City. In summer 1931, TWA moved its headquarters from New York to [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. ====DC-3==== In 1931, the airline nearly went out of business after [[TWA Flight 599]] crashed on March 31 near Bazaar, Kansas, killing all eight on board the plane, including [[University of Notre Dame]] coach [[Knute Rockne]]. The crash revealed problems with the airline's aging [[Fokker Trimotor]]s. [[File:TWA Experimental prop plane.jpg|thumb|left|Experimental TWA test aircraft]] The dominant manufacturer of the day was [[Bill Boeing]] but, because of a contract with [[United Air Lines]], he could not sell his planes to competing lines. Frye and other members of TWA approached several other manufacturers, including [[Donald Douglas]], with specifications for a sturdier, larger plane. On September 20, 1932, the contract was signed with Douglas and the [[DC-1]] was delivered to TWA in December 1933. The result was the one and only DC-1. The new aircraft was ultimately to evolve into the [[DC-3]]. Throughout 1934, Tomlinson and Richter tested the DC-1, and Tomlinson's extensive testing in 1934 and 1935 led to higher-altitude "over-weather flying" and [[cabin pressurization]]. On February 18, 1934, Captain [[Eddie Rickenbacker]], Frye, and a TWA team including "Tommy" Tomlinson, Larry Fritz, and [[Paul E. Richter]], Si Morehouse, Harlan Hull, John Collings, and Andy Andrews flew a prototype of the [[DC-1]] from [[Burbank, California]], to [[Newark, New Jersey]], in a record-breaking 13 hours and 4 minutes. ====Lehman Brothers/Hertz Ownership—T&WA, Inc.==== In 1934, following charges of favoritism in the contracts, the [[Air Mail scandal]] erupted, leading to the [[Air Mail Act of 1934]] which dissolved the forced Transcontinental and Western merger and ordered the [[United States Army Air Service]] to deliver the mail. The T&WA name, however, would stick with Transcontinental as TWA. With the company facing financial hardship, [[Lehman Brothers]] and [[John D. Hertz]] took over ownership of the company.<ref name="fundinguniverse.com">[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Trans-World-Airlines-Inc-Company-History.html International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 35. St. James Press, 2001 - via Fundinguniverse.com]</ref> The Army fliers experienced a series of crashes, and it was decided to privatize the delivery with the provision that no former companies could bid on the contracts. T&WA added the suffix "Inc." to its name, thus qualifying it as a different company and got 60 percent of its old contracts back starting again in May 1934.<ref name="fundinguniverse.com"/> [[File:TWA 1940.jpg|left|thumb|A TWA [[Douglas DC-3]] is prepared for takeoff from Columbus, Ohio, in 1940]] On May 18, 1934, the DC-2 production version of the DC-1 and forerunner of the DC-3 entered commercial service on TWA's Columbus–Pittsburgh–Newark route. On December 27, 1934, [[Jack Frye]] became President, [[Paul E. Richter]], Vice Pres., Walt Hamilton, V.P. Maintenance with managers Lawrence G. "Larry" Fritz, and Tommy Tomlinson, the leader in "High Altitude Research" for Over Weather Flying. The new owners installed directional "homing" radar and runway lights at its facilities. In 1935, Tomlinson and Northrop Gamma (turbo-supercharged) began High Altitude research, and the last of 14 TWA Northrop Alphas were phased out. On November 16, 1936, [[Paul E. Richter]] headed the airline's Boeing 307 talks. On January 29, 1937, TWA contracted with Boeing for five [[Boeing 307]] "Stratoliners", the first commercial plane with a pressurized cabin. The first TWA Stratoliner was delivered on May 6, 1940. In 1938, [[Paul E. Richter]] was elected Executive Vice President, Lawrence G. "Larry" Fritz became Vice Pres. of Operations, and Tomlinson Vice Pres. of Engineering. TWA subsequently received the San Francisco to Chicago route. ====Howard Hughes==== In 1938, Lehman and Hertz began selling their interest and [[General Motors]] began buying stock. Frye then approached another flying enthusiast, [[Howard Hughes]], to buy stock. According to John Keats's biography of Hughes, he grumbled, "$15 million! That's a small fortune!" before he agreed and initially bought 25 percent of the airline. On June 22, 1939, Hughes Tool Co. ordered 40 [[Lockheed Constellation]]s. On July 8, 1940, TWA inaugurated Boeing 307 Stratoliner service. ===1940s=== ====World War II==== Hughes gained a controlling interest in 1941 and eventually controlled 78 percent of TWA. The airline prospered during [[World War II]], racking up 40 million miles in flights for the Army, as well as supplying the North Atlantic route to [[Prestwick, Scotland]], and the South Atlantic route from [[Brazil]] to [[Liberia]] and points east. Hughes pushed for the construction of the Lockheed Constellation, which would become synonymous with the TWA style of elegance and cutting-edge technology. On April 17, 1944, Hughes and Frye flew the Constellation (C-69 USAAF #43-10310) from [[Burbank, California]], to [[Washington, D.C.]], in an unofficial record 6 hours 58 minutes. ====Post-War—The Trans World Airline==== [[File:L-749A Constellation N6022C TWA Heathrow 09.54.jpg|thumb|right|L-749 Constellation ''"Star of Virginia"'' at London Heathrow in 1954 with under-fuselage "Speedpack" freight container]] After breaking [[Pan American World Airways]]' legal designation as the United States' sole international carrier, TWA began trans-Atlantic service in 1946 using the new elegant Lockheed Constellation ("Connie") aircraft, and changing its name to ''The Trans World Airline''. The airline assisted in the setting-up of [[Saudi Arabian Airlines]], [[Ethiopian Airlines]], and the newly established German national airline [[Lufthansa]]. Airlines from around the world sent their pilots to TWA for training. ====Falling Out Between Hughes and Frye==== Frye and Hughes had a falling out in 1946. Hughes' financial advisor Noah Dietrich said that Frye was ruining the company with overexpansion. TWA's stock market price plunged from $53 a share to $10 as the airline suffered a pilot's strike and a temporary grounding of its Constellation fleet. Hughes dictated to management a 50% cut across the board as a solution to the financial problems. In December 1946, Hughes loaded the TWA Board of Directors with men from the Hughes Tool Co. Frye resigned in February 1947, followed three months later by Richter. Thus ended the era of "The Airline Run by Flyers". TWA had established routes from Europe to [[Asia]] during the late 1940s and 1950s, flying its aircraft as far east as [[Hong Kong]]. Throughout the next two decades, TWA suffered constant short-term and short-sighted management, with the exception of the able and highly regarded Ralph Damon.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} TWA survived partly due to the airline's legal maneuvering of the 1940s that eliminated a possible competitive threat from [[American Overseas Airlines]], affiliated with American Airlines, relegating them to non-scheduled charter service only and eventually forcing them out of all European–U.S. service by 1950. As a result, TWA and Pan Am were the only U.S. airlines that served Europe until the 1970s. ===1950s—Trans World Airlines=== [[File:Barkley.jpg|thumb|The [[TWA Corporate Headquarters' Building]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]]]] In 1950, the airline officially changed its name to ''Trans World Airlines''. Between 1954 and 1958 it moved its executive offices from its [[TWA Corporate Headquarters' Building|landmark downtown Kansas City building]] to New York City. However, the servicing of the fleet continued to be handled in [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. Initially, servicing was at a former [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber factory at [[Fairfax Airport]]. When the [[Great Flood of 1951]] destroyed the facility, the city of Kansas City, Missouri built TWA a {{convert|5000|acre|km2|sing=on}} airport on farmland {{convert|15|mi|km}} north of downtown at what became [[Kansas City International Airport]]. At its peak, the airline was one of Kansas City's biggest employers with more than 20,000 employees. In the 1950s the [[TWA Moonliner]] was the tallest structure at [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]] and depicted atomic-powered travel to come in 1986. [[File:362321pv.jpg|left|thumb|TWA's maintenance hangar at Philadelphia airport, built in 1956, from an undated photo from Historic American Engineering Record.]] TWA suffered from its late entry to the jet age and in 1956 Hughes placed an order for 63 [[Convair 880]]s at a cost of $400 million. The transaction ultimately resulted in Hughes losing control of the airline because outside creditors financing the deal did not want Hughes controlling both development and operation of aircraft. In 1958 TWA became the first major airline to hire an [[African American|African-American]] [[flight attendant]], hiring [[Dorothy Franklin]] of [[Astoria, Queens, New York]] after she filed a lawsuit alleging "that she had been discriminated against 'because of poor complexion ... unattractive teeth' and legs that were 'not shapely.'" New York governor [[W. Averell Harriman]] praised her hiring, saying the action "would raise American prestige abroad."<ref name="hostess">INS. "First negro hostess hired by TWA," ''The Bridgeport Post'', [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], February 10, 1958, page 26.</ref> ===1960s=== On July 19, 1961, TWA was the first airline to introduce regular in-flight movies aboard its aircraft when it offered the feature film ''[[By Love Possessed]]'', starring [[Lana Turner]] and [[Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.]] in the first-class section of a [[Boeing 707]] during a scheduled flight from New York City to Los Angeles. ====Charles C. Tillinghast Jr.==== Hughes formally relinquished power in 1961 in the battle over the purchase of the Convair 880 jetliners. In the deal, [[Charles C. Tillinghast Jr.]] became chairman and oversaw the airline until 1976. The battle over Hughes' control continued until a court order in 1966 forced Hughes to sell his stock at a profit of $546 million (which he used to purchase the regional carrier Air West and rename the airline [[Hughes Airwest]]). Under new corporate management, the [[Trans World Corporation]] (TWA's holding company) expanded to purchase the overseas operations of [[Hilton Hotels]]. ====Revolutionary airport design==== TWA was one of the first airlines in the world to embrace the [[spoke-hub distribution paradigm]] and also was one of the first airlines to use the [[Boeing 747]]. It planned to use the 747 along with the anticipated [[supersonic transport]] to whisk people between the West/Midwest (via Kansas City) and New York City (via [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]) to European and other world destinations. As part of this strategy, TWA's hub airports were to be designed so that gates would be close to the street. However, the TWA-style airport design proved impractical and costly when [[List of Cuba-US aircraft hijackings|Cuban hijackings]] in the late 1960s, followed by more sinister and deadly Mideast hijackings, required central security checkpoints. =====John F. Kennedy International Airport===== {{Main|TWA Flight Center}} [[File:Jfkairport.jpg|thumb|The Trans World Flight Center at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] in New York.]] In 1962, TWA opened [[TWA Flight Center|Trans World Flight Center]], now known as Terminal 5 (or simply T5), at New York City's JFK Airport and designed by [[Eero Saarinen]]. The terminal was expanded in 1969 to accommodate [[Boeing 747|Jumbo Jets]], went dormant in 2001, and underwent renovation and expansion beginning in 2005. A new terminal with a crescent-shaped entry hall and now serving [[JetBlue Airways]] opened in 2008—partially encircling the historic landmark designed by Saarinen. =====Kansas City International Airport===== Kansas City approved a $150 million bond issue for the TWA hub there. TWA vetoed plans for a [[Dulles International Airport]]-style hub-and-spoke gate structure. Following union strife, the airport ultimately cost $250 million when it opened in 1972, with [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]] [[Spiro Agnew]] officiating. TWA's gates, which were conceived of being within {{convert|100|ft|m}} of the street, were likewise to become obsolete because of security. When Kansas City refused to rebuild its terminals (even as [[Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport]] rebuilt its similarly designed terminals), TWA began looking elsewhere. Missouri politicians moved to keep it in the state. In 1982, TWA began a decade-long move to [[Lambert International Airport]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. ====All-jet fleet==== [[File:TWA.svg|thumb|right|220px|The recognizable TWA logotype]] On April 7, 1967, TWA became one of the USA's first all-jet airlines with the retirement of their last Lockheed L-749A Constellation and L-1649 Starliner cargo aircraft. That morning throughout the TWA system, aircraft ground service personnel placed a booklet on every passenger seat titled "Props Are For Boats". By 1969, TWA had eclipsed Pan American World Airways' one-time Atlantic dominance. And in the [[Transpacific Route Case]] of 1969, TWA was given authority to extend its route network across the [[Pacific Ocean]] to Hawaii, Japan, and Taiwan. [[File:TWA Boeing 727 at gate.jpg|thumb|left|TWA operated Boeing single-aisle jets in the 1960s.]] In 1969, TWA opened the [[Breech Academy]] on a {{convert|25|acre|m2|sing=on}} campus in the Kansas City suburb of [[Overland Park, Kansas]], to train its flight attendants, ticket agents, and travel agents, as well as to provide flight simulators for its pilots. It became the definitive airline facility, training other airlines staff as well as its own. The airline continued to aggressively expand European operations throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1987, TWA could boast of a trans-Atlantic system that stretched from [[Los Angeles]] to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], including virtually every major European population center, with gateways from the United States in 10 major cities. ===1970s=== In 1975, Trans World Airlines was headquartered in [[Turtle Bay, Manhattan|Turtle Bay]] area of [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]].<ref>''World Airline Directory''. Flight International. March 20, 1975. "[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200570.html 508].</ref><ref name="TBMap">"[http://www.turtlebay-nyc.org/map.html Map]." ''Turtle Bay Association''. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.</ref> It is the site of the [[United Nations Headquarters]] and the [[Chrysler Building]]. ===1980s=== Facing the pressures of deregulation, the airline began to consolidate its route system around a domestic hub in Saint Louis (aided by its purchase of [[Ozark Air Lines]] in 1986) and an international gateway in New York. It was able to remain profitable during this time because of its good pre-deregulation route positioning and the relatively low costs of adapting its operations. In 1985, [[Carl Icahn]] bought the airline operations from the [[Trans World Corporation]] and appointed himself as chairman of the newly independent airline. Also in 1985, TWA closed their hub at [[Pittsburgh International Airport]] after nearly 20 years of a hub status. TWA had pilot bases in many European cities such as [[Berlin]], [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]], [[Zurich]], [[Rome]], and [[Athens]]. These bases were used to provide crews for the [[Boeing 727]]s which TWA operated in its European route network. Its Boeing 727 aircraft served [[Cairo]], [[Athens]], [[Rome]], [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Geneva]], [[Berlin]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Hamburg]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Zurich]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Vienna]], and [[Istanbul]]. In 1989 TWA decided to replace its fleet of Boeing 727 Series 100 aircraft with the former Ozark [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9s]]. This decision was based on the economics of operating three-pilot airplanes (B-727s) with three engines, versus operating two-pilot airplanes (DC-9s) with two engines. Both airplanes had approximately the same passenger and cargo capacity, so it was decided to replace the Boeing fleet. In order to prepare for this transition, TWA positioned several million dollars worth of spare parts for the DC-9s in Germany. This was a requirement dictated by the German government. If TWA wanted to use DC-9s in the service of the German population, then TWA had to provide readily available spare parts for its fleet. The airline also sent its senior DC-9 pilots (known as Check Airmen) to Europe to observe the operations in preparation for the changeover of the crews that was to follow. Shortly before the DC-9 airplanes began arriving in Germany, however, the entire plan was canceled. It was canceled because the leasing contracts that Carl Icahn had created for the former Ozark DC-9s specifically forbid any operations outside of the continental limits of the United States. In 1987 Icahn moved the company's main offices from [[Manhattan]],<ref>"World Airline Directory". ''Flight International''. March 30, 1985. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200988.html 128]." Retrieved on June 17, 2009.</ref> New York City to office buildings he owned in [[Mount Kisco, New York|Mount Kisco]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times|date=1987-07-19|accessdate=2009-01-05|title=Mount Kisco Awaits Arrival of T.W.A.|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DF173AF93AA25754C0A961948260|first=Betsy|last=Brown}}</ref> [[File:TWA Lockheed L-1011 Tristar.jpg|thumb|right|TWA operated the L-1011 TriStar [[wide-body]] jetliner]] TWA's zenith occurred in the summer of 1988, when, for the only time, the airline would carry more than 50 percent of all the trans-Atlantic passengers. Every day, Boeing 747, [[Lockheed L-1011]], and [[Boeing 767]] aircraft would depart to more than 30 cities in Europe, fed by a small but effective domestic operation focused on moving U.S. passengers to New York or other gateway cities for [[Wide-body aircraft|widebody]] service across the Atlantic, while a similar inter-European operation would shuttle non-U.S. passengers to TWA's European gateways - [[London]], [[Paris]] (which was even considered a European hub by TWA) and [[Frankfurt]] - for travel to the United States. Icahn's pressing needs for additional wealth forced him to sell the airline's [[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]] operations to [[American Airlines]] at about the same time that [[Pan American World Airways]] sold its Heathrow operation to [[United Airlines]]. ===1990s=== ====1992 bankruptcy==== {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}} Tillinghast ignored the trans-Pacific market and the dedicated [[air cargo]] market. He was accused of saying, "There's no money in the Pacific and there's no money in cargo. We're gonna' shrink this airline 'til it's profitable." These two oversights are said to have been the undoing of TWA. [[Airline deregulation]] hit TWA hard in the 1980s. TWA had badly neglected domestic U.S. expansion at a time when the newly deregulated domestic market was growing at an exponential rate. TWA's holding company, [[Trans World Corporation]], spun off the airline, which then became starved for capital. The airline briefly considered selling itself to [[corporate raid]]er [[Frank Lorenzo]] in the 1980s, but ended up selling to corporate raider Carl Icahn in 1985. Under Icahn's direction, many of its most profitable assets were sold to competitors, much to the detriment of TWA. Icahn was eventually ousted in 1993, though not before the airline was forced to file for bankruptcy in 1992. Icahn emerged unscathed. TWA moved its headquarters from Mt. Kisco to the former headquarters building of [[McDonnell Douglas]] in St. Louis soon after Icahn left. ====1995 bankruptcy==== When Carl Icahn left in 1993, he arranged to have TWA give Karabu Corp., an entity he controlled, the rights to buy TWA tickets at 45 percent off published fares through September 2003. This was named "The Karabu Deal".<ref>[http://contracts.onecle.com/lowestfare/twa-ticket-1995-06-14.shtml]</ref> The ticket program agreement, which began on June 14, 1995, excluded tickets for travel which originated or terminated in St. Louis, Missouri. Tickets were subject to TWA's normal seat assignment and boarding pass rules and regulations, were non-assignable to any other carrier, and were non-endorsable. No commissions were paid to Karabu by TWA for tickets sold under the ticket program agreement. [[File:MyPhotoAirliners-13.jpg|thumb|left|At its heyday TWA operated a fleet of 747-100 aircraft]] By agreement dated August 14, 1995, Lowestfare.com LLC, a wholly owned operating subsidiary of Karabu, was joined as a party to the ticket program agreement. Pursuant to the ticket program agreement, Lowestfare.com could purchase an unlimited number of system tickets. System tickets are tickets for all applicable classes of service which were purchased by Karabu from TWA at a 45 percent discount from TWA's published fare. In addition to system tickets, Lowestfare.com could also purchase domestic consolidator tickets, which are tickets issued at bulk fare rates and were limited to specified origin/destination city markets and did not permit the holder to modify or refund a purchased ticket. Karabu's purchase of domestic consolidator tickets was subject to a cap of $70 million per year based on the full retail price of the tickets. Hence, on most TWA flights, Karabu could buy and then sell a sizable portion of the available seats, leaving TWA to pay for its operating cost with the revenue accrued through the sale of any remaining ticket sales. In other words, TWA was flying passengers who were not paying them, but someone else. This deal left the company powerless. If TWA wanted to increase revenue on busy routes by putting a large plane into service, Karabu could only claim more seats. It is estimated TWA was losing around $150 million a year in revenue with this deal. In trying to ameliorate the Karabu deal, TWA went in and out of bankruptcy in 1995. ====TWA Flight 800==== {{Main|TWA Flight 800}} On July 17, 1996, [[TWA Flight 800]] exploded over the Atlantic Ocean near [[Long Island]], killing all 230 people on board. The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] concluded that the most likely cause of the disaster was a center fuel tank explosion sparked by exposed wiring. In their subsequent coverage, the media focused heavily on the fact that TWA's airline fleet was among the oldest in service. The flight was under the command of Captain Steven Snyder, a veteran TWA pilot. ====Short turn-around==== [[File:OneCityCenterStLouisMO.jpg|thumb|One City Centre in [[Downtown St. Louis]], which at one time served as the headquarters of TWA]] {{Refimprove|section|date=May 2009}} By 1998, TWA had reorganized as a primarily domestic carrier, with routes centered on hubs at St. Louis and New York. Partly in response to TWA Flight 800 and the age of its fleet, TWA announced a major fleet renewal, ordering 125 new aircraft. TWA paid for naming rights for the new [[Trans World Dome]], home of the [[St. Louis Rams]], in its corporate hometown.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} In June 1994 its headquarters moved to One City Centre in [[Downtown St. Louis]].<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/19990501152845/www.twa.com/about_twa/at_ct_phone_dir.html Contact TWA]." ''Trans World Airlines''. May 1, 1999. Retrieved on May 18, 2009.</ref><ref>Brown, Lisa R. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2009/07/13/story4.html Lewis Rice eyes move to One City Centre]." ''[[St. Louis Business Journal]]''. Friday July 10, 2009. Retrieved on August 18, 2009.</ref> TWA's fleet renewal program included adding newer and smaller, more fuel-efficient longer-range aircraft such as the [[Boeing 757]] and 767 and short-range aircraft such as the [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]] and [[Boeing 717]]. Aircraft such as the Boeing 727 and 747, along with the [[Lockheed L-1011]] and older DC-9s, some from Ozark and the 1960s, were retired. TWA also became one of the early customers for the [[Airbus A320 family#A318|Airbus A318]] through [[International Lease Finance Corporation]] (ILFC). TWA, had it continued operating through 2003, would have been the first U.S. carrier to fly the type.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} A code-share agreement with [[America West Airlines]] was started, with long-term plans for a merger considered. However, the 1995 Karabu ticketing deal with Icahn proved to be an obstacle.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} The routes that TWA flew were also changed. Several international destinations were dropped or changed, and the focus of the airline became domestic and a small number of international routes through its St. Louis hub and smaller New York (JFK) and San Juan, Puerto Rico hubs. Domestically, the carrier improved services with redesigned aircraft and new services, including "Pay in Coach, Fly in First", where passengers could be upgraded to first class from coach when flying through St. Louis. Internationally, services were cut. European destinations eventually were limited to London, and Paris; and in the Middle East, to [[Cairo]], [[Riyadh]], and [[Tel Aviv]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} ===2000s=== TWA stated that it planned to make Los Angeles a focus city around October 2000, with a partnership with [[American Eagle Airlines]] as part of [[Trans World Connection]].<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20000815062612/www.twa.com/about_twa/at_lax.html LOS ANGELES IS TWA'S 2000 FOCUS CITY]." Trans World Airlines. August 15, 2000. Retrieved on July 25, 2009.</ref> ====Merger with American Airlines==== Financial problems began to resurface shortly afterward, and Trans World Airlines Inc. assets were acquired in April 2001 by [[AMR Corp]]., the [[parent company]] of American Airlines, who quickly formed a new company called '''TWA Airlines LLC.''' As part of the deal, TWA declared [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] (for the third time) the day after it agreed to the purchase. The terms of the deal included a $500 million payment. However, since American assumed TWA's liabilities, the deal was estimated to have cost American $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|title=American-TWA merger could hurt isles|date=2001-01-08|accessdate=2009-02-09|url=http://starbulletin.com/2001/01/08/business/story1.html}}</ref> American did not claim the naming rights for the Rams' home, which eventually became the ''[[Edward Jones Dome]]'', named after the financial services company with the same name. TWA booking ended on November 30, 2001.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20011124153827/www.twa.com/ Home Page]," ''Trans World Airlines''</ref> TWA Airlines LLC flew its last flight on December 1, 2001 with an MD-80 aircraft (N948TW). The ceremonial last flight was Flight 220 from Kansas City, Missouri, to St. Louis, with CEO Captain William Compton at the controls. The final flight before TWA ''officially'' became part of American Airlines was completed between St. Louis and [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], also on December 1, 2001. At 10:00 p.m. CST on that date, employees began removing all TWA signs and placards from airports around the country, replacing them with American Airlines signs. At midnight, all TWA flights officially became listed as American Airlines flights. Some aircraft carried hybrid American/TWA livery during the transition, with American's tricolor stripe on the fuselage and TWA titles on the tail and forward fuselage. Signage still bears the TWA logo in portions of Concourse D at Lambert St. Louis International Airport. On some MD-80 aircraft, the cabinets retain TWA logos. American Airlines acquired some Ambassadors Clubs, and other Ambassadors Clubs closed on December 2, 2001.<ref name="ClubClose">"[http://web.archive.org/web/20011214122313/http://www.twa.com/travel/ambassadors_club/index.html TWA Ambassadors Club]," ''Trans World Airlines''</ref> One lighted TWA sign still exists (as of 2009) on the east side of Saarinen's New York JFK terminal. According to [[David Barger]], CEO of [[JetBlue Airways]], JetBlue intends to retain the lit TWA sign on the Saarinen terminal after the renovation of Terminal 5. TWA's St. Louis hub decreased after the merger due to its proximity to American's larger hub at [[Chicago]]'s [[O'Hare International Airport]]. As a result, American initially replaced TWA's St. Louis mainline hub with [[regional jet]] service (going from over 800 operations a day to just over 200) and downsized TWA's maintenance base in Kansas City. In September 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to shut down the STL hub it inherited from TWA, and in October 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to close the Kansas City maintenance base by September, 2010. ==Destinations== See [[TWA destinations]] for mainline destinations. For commuter destinations, see [[Trans World Express]] and [[Trans World Connection]]. TWA had codeshare agreements with the following airlines *[[Air Malta]] *[[America West Airlines]] *[[American Airlines]] *[[Kuwait Airways]] *[[Royal Air Maroc]] *[[Royal Jordanian]] America Airlines stated promises in meetings at TWA World Headquarters in Kansas City, MO on the day of the announcement included 1) retaining all employees, 2) keeping the TWA overhaul center open and staffed at the current levels, 3) keeping the Kansas City World Headquarters on Ambassador Dr as staffed although there was to be some movement of employees between Kansas City and St. Louis. It wasn't long after that rumors regarding the agreement between the current COO of TWA and the current COO of AA began to surface. The rumors concluded the conference call of the announcement were not the terms of the agreement and were misleading. Ultimately these rumors proved true; TWA employees were misled.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} ==Terrorist target== {{See also|List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline}} From 1969 to 1986, five TWA airliners were [[terrorism|terrorist]] targets for [[Palestinian fedayeen|Palestinian guerrilla groups]], four of which were hijackings and two bombings, mainly because the airline had a strong European presence, was a flag carrier for the United States of America, and flew to [[Israel]]. * In 1969, [[TWA Flight 840 (1969)|TWA Flight 840]] from [[Rome]] to [[Athens]] was hijacked and forcibly diverted to [[Damascus]]. Nobody was injured, but the aircraft's nose was blown up (although replaced and the plane returned to service). * In 1970, [[Dawson's Field hijackings|TWA Flight 741]] was hijacked after taking off from [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], [[Germany]], to [[New York]]. It was taken to Dawson's Field in [[Jordan]] with two other hijacked aircraft. All three aircraft were empty of passengers and crew before being destroyed. A fourth aircraft that landed in [[Cairo, Egypt]], suffered a similar fate. * In 1974, [[TWA Flight 841 (1974)|TWA Flight 841]] from [[Tel Aviv]] to [[New York City]] crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Athens]] en route to [[Rome]] after a bomb believed to have been in the cargo hold exploded, killing all 88 on board. * In 1976, [[TWA Flight 355]] was hijacked by five [[Croatia]]n separatists as it flew from [[LaGuardia Airport|New York–LaGuardia]] to [[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago]]. They ordered the pilot to fly to [[Montreal]], where the plane was refueled, and then made additional refueling stops in [[Gander International Airport|Gander]] and [[Keflavik International Airport|Keflavik]]; at some of these stops, the hijackers unloaded propaganda pamphlets that they demanded to be dropped over [[Montreal]], [[Chicago]], [[New York]], [[London]], and [[Paris]]. At the plane's final stop at [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport|Paris-Charles de Gaulle]], the hijackers surrendered after direct talks with U.S. [[ambassador]] Kenneth Rush, and their explosives were revealed to be fakes.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946611-1,00.html Bombs for Croatia (Part I)]</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946611-2,00.html Bombs for Croatia (Part II)]</ref> * In 1985, [[TWA Flight 847]] from [[Athens]] to [[Rome]] was hijacked first to [[Beirut]], then to [[Algiers]], back to [[Beirut]], back to [[Algiers]], and finally back to [[Beirut]]—with some of its fuel being paid for by the [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] credit card of flight attendant [[Uli Derickson]]. * In 1986, [[TWA Flight 840 (1986)|TWA Flight 840]] was attacked with an on-board bomb causing four Americans (including a nine-month-old infant) to be ejected from the aircraft to their deaths. Five others on the aircraft were injured as the cabin experienced a rapid decompression. The remaining 110 passengers survived the incident as pilot Richard "Pete" Petersen made an emergency landing. ==Fleet== ===Fleet in 2000=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |+ TWA Trans World Airlines Fleet |- bgcolor=FFE4E1 !Type !Total !Routes !Notes About Fleet: |- Cansled once taken over by American Airlines |[[Airbus A318]] |50 on order |Domestic |Order cancelled by American Airlines |- |[[Boeing 757-200]] |align=center|27 |Long-haul domestic; international |17 Currently operated by Delta Air Lines. Others in service with Ethiopian Airlines, Blue Panorama Airlines and Uzbekistan Airways. |- |[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-200/-300]] |align=center|23 |Long-haul international routes | |- |[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-81]] |align=center|8 |Short- to Medium-haul domestic routes; Caribbean | |- |[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-82]] |align=center|33 |Short- to Medium-haul domestic routes; Caribbean | |- |[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-83]] |align=center|66 |Short- to Medium-haul domestic routes; Caribbean |Newest ones remain in service with American Airlines |- |[[Boeing 717]] |align=center|29<br>(50 Ordered) |Short- to Medium-haul domestic routes |Majority were later sold to [[AirTran Airways]] while others went to other carriers. |} ===Retired fleet=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |+ TWA Trans World Airlines retired Fleet |- bgcolor=FFE4E1 !Type !Years !Routes !Notes |- |[[Douglas DC-1]] |1933–1934 | | |- |[[Douglas DC-2]] |1934–1942 | | |- |[[Douglas DC-3]] |1937–1957 | | |- |[[Boeing 707]] |1960–1984 | | |- |[[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-100]] | | | |- |[[Boeing 727|Boeing 727-200]] |1968–2000 | | |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-100]] |1970–1998 | | |- |[[Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9-15]] |1967–1999 | | |- |[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-SP]] |1979–1986 | | |- |[[Convair 880]] |1960–1974 | | |- |[[Lockheed L-1011]] |1972–1997 | | |- |[[Lockheed Constellation]] |1945–1967 | |Received first 40 |} TWA at one time also held orders for the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde, Sud Aviation Caravelle, [[Boeing 2707]], and the Airbus A330 (which were taken by [[Cathay Pacific]]). The A330 order was eventually converted to A318 orders. ===1970=== {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse" |+ '''Trans World Airlines fleet in 1970''' <ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200557.html Flight International 26 March 1970]</ref> |- !Aircraft !Total !Orders !Notes |- |[[Concorde|BAC/Sud Concorde]] | | |Six on option |- |[[Boeing 2707|Boeing SST]] | | |12 on option |- |[[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-131]] |58 | | |- |[[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-331]] |53 | | |- |[[Boeing 727-100, QC, 200]] |67 | | |- |[[Boeing 747]] |3 |12 | |- |[[Convair CV-880]] |25 | | |- |[[Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9-15]] |19 | | |- |[[Lockheed L-1011|Lockheed Tristar]] | |22 | |- |Total |225 |34 | |} ==Crew bases== TWA had crew bases in Boston, New York, Washington DC, St Louis, Kansas City, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Frankfurt. Seasonal crew bases were located in Rome and at one time, Cairo. Starting in 1996, TWA had a "West Coast Regional Domicile", in which pilots and flight attendants covered originating flights out of major west coast U.S. airports from San Diego, CA north to San Francisco, CA.<ref>1996 Working Agreement between Trans World Airlines and (sic) Pilots Represented by the Air Line Pilot's Association in their service: Section 6, pages 16–18.</ref> ==Ambassadors Club== TWA operated Ambassadors Club locations in various airports. American Airlines acquired some clubs, and other clubs closed on December 2, 2001.<ref name="ClubClose"/> Before the closure of the clubs, TWA maintained clubs at the following airports: ===Clubs in North America open on December 1, 2001=== <ref name="ClubClose"/><ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20011125012841/www.twa.com/travel/ambassadors_club/dom_locations.html View Domestic Locations]," ''Trans World Airlines''</ref> * {{USA}} ** [[California]] *** [[Los Angeles]] ([[Los Angeles International Airport]]) (Converted into [[Alaska Airlines]] Board Room)<ref name="web.archive.org">http://web.archive.org/web/20011125012841/www.twa.com/travel/ambassadors_club/dom_locations.html</ref> *** [[San Francisco]] ([[San Francisco International Airport]]) (Converted into [[Alaska Airlines]] Board Room)<ref name="web.archive.org"/> ** [[Massachusetts]] *** [[Boston]] ([[Logan International Airport]]) ** [[Missouri]] *** [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] ([[Kansas City International Airport]]) (Converted into Admirals Club <ref name="ClubClose"/>) *** [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] ([[Lambert-St. Louis International Airport]]) (Converted into Admirals Club <ref name="ClubClose"/>) ** [[New York]] *** [[New York City]] ([[LaGuardia Airport]]) ** [[Virginia]] *** [[Washington, DC]] area ([[Washington Dulles International Airport]]) ===Clubs in North America closed prior to dissolution=== <ref name="NorthAmericaDest">"[http://web.archive.org/web/20011125013443/www.twa.com/travel/route_maps/north_america.pdf TWA North America Destinations]," ''Trans World Airlines''</ref> * {{USA}} ** [[Arizona]] *** [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] ([[Sky Harbor International Airport]]) ** [[California]] *** [[San Diego]] ([[San Diego International Airport]]) ** [[New Mexico]] *** [[Albuquerque]] ([[Albuquerque International Sunport]]) ** [[New Jersey]] *** [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] ([[Newark Liberty International Airport]]) ** [[New York]] *** [[New York City]] ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]) ** [[Ohio]] *** [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] ([[Port Columbus International Airport]]) ** [[Texas]] *** [[Dallas]]/[[Fort Worth]] ([[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]]) ** [[Virginia]] *** [[Washington, DC]] area ([[Washington Reagan National Airport]]) ** [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] *** [[Seattle]] ([[Seattle-Tacoma International Airport]]) * {{PUR}} ** [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] ([[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]]) ===Clubs in Europe closed prior to dissolution=== <ref name="TransAtl">"[http://web.archive.org/web/20011118150554/www.twa.com/travel/route_maps/europe_me.pdf TWA Transatlantic Destinations Europe and the Middle East]," ''Trans World Airlines''</ref> * {{GBR}} ** [[London]] ([[London Gatwick Airport]]) * {{FRA}} ** [[Paris]] ([[Charles de Gaulle International Airport]]) ==See also== {{Portal box|New York City|Missouri|New York|Companies|Aviation}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Trans World Airlines}} *{{wayback|http://www.twa.com|TWA official website}} *[http://www.nknet.com/twa/ TWAlive] *[http://contracts.onecle.com/lowestfare/twa-ticket-1995-06-14.shtml The karabu deal contract] *[http://www.airlinecolors.com/gateway/ws-twa.html Historical aircraft images, market survey, & overview] {{Airlines of the United States}} {{Legacy carrier}} [[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2001]] [[Category:Airlines established in 1930]] [[Category:American Airlines]] [[Category:Companies based in Kansas City, Missouri]] [[Category:Companies based in St. Louis, Missouri]] [[Category:Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] [[Category:Defunct airlines of the United States]] [[Category:Defunct companies based in Missouri]] [[Category:Former IATA members]] [[Category:Howard Hughes]] [[Category:Trans World Airlines]] [[Category:Defunct companies based in New York City]] [[de:Trans World Airlines]] [[es:Trans World Airlines]] [[eo:Trans World Airlines]] [[fr:Trans World Airlines]] [[ko:트랜스월드 항공]] [[id:Trans World Airlines]] [[it:Trans World Airlines]] [[he:טראנס וורלד איירליינס]] [[hu:Trans World Airlines]] [[mr:ट्रान्स वर्ल्ड एरलाईन्स]] [[ms:Trans World Airlines]] [[nl:Trans World Airlines]] [[ja:トランス・ワールド航空]] [[no:Trans World Airlines]] [[pl:Trans World Airlines]] [[pt:Trans World Airlines]] [[ru:Trans World Airlines]] [[fi:Trans World Airlines]] [[sv:Trans World Airlines]] [[tr:Trans World Airlines]] [[zh:環球航空]]'