Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Redirect|Galveston}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Galveston
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = "The Oleander City"<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Oleander in America...<!-- ellipsis in the original --> By Way of Galveston |work=International Oleander Society |access-date=October 9, 2009 |url=http://www.oleander.org/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401133650/http://www.oleander.org/history.html |archive-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref>
|motto = "It's Island Time"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elder |first1=Laura |title=Island rolls out new slogan |url=https://www.galvnews.com/blogs/laura_elders/island-rolls-out-new-slogan/article_9d6335c6-8dc3-11e2-b267-001a4bcf6878.html |website=The Daily News |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=Galveston County The Daily News}}</ref>
<!-- Images --------------->
|image_skyline = Galveston Collage.png
|imagesize = 275px
|image_caption = From upper left: Galveston downtown skyline, [[Bishop's Palace, Galveston|Bishop's Palace]], [[Ashbel Smith Building]], [[Moody Gardens|Moody Gardens Aquarium]], [[St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)|St. Mary Cathedral Basilica]] and [[Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier]]
|image_flag =
|image_seal = City of Galveston Texas Seal.gif
<!-- Maps ----------------->
|image_map = Galveston County Galveston.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston County]] in [[Texas]] on the northwestern coast of the [[Gulf of Mexico]]
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
<!-- Location ------------->
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Texas]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Texas|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston]] (erected 1838)
<!-- Government ----------->
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor of Galveston|Mayor]]
|leader_name = Craig Brown<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.galvestontx.gov/529/Mayor---Craig-Brown|title=Galveston Mayor - Craig Brown | Galveston, TX - Official Website|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124191125/https://galvestontx.gov/529/Mayor---Craig-Brown|url-status=live}}</ref>
|governing_body = [[City Council]]
|leader_title1 = [[City Manager]]
|leader_name1 = Brian Maxwell
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = 1839
|named_for = [[Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez|Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Count of Gálvez]] (1746–1786)
<!-- Area ----------------->
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2023">{{cite web|title=2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_48.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 24, 2024}}</ref>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 547.29
|area_land_km2 = 106.28
|area_water_km2 = 441.00
|area_total_sq_mi = 211.31
|area_land_sq_mi = 41.04
|area_water_sq_mi = 170.27
<!-- Population ----------->
|population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est = 53089
|pop_est_as_of = 2022
|pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2022"/>
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
|population_total = 53695
|population_density_km2 = 499.5
|population_density_sq_mi = 1294
|population_rank = US: 753rd<br>TX: [[List of municipalities in Texas|70th]]
|population_urban = 191863 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|200th]])
|population_density_urban_km2 = 679.7
|population_density_urban_sq_mi = 1760.5
|population_demonym = Galvestonian or Galvestinian
<!-- General information -->
|timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = –6
|timezone_DST = CDT
|utc_offset_DST = –5
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_m = 2
|elevation_ft = 7
|coordinates = {{coord|29|18|05|N|94|47|52|W|region:US-TX|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code = 77550, 77551, 77552, 77553, 77554, 77555
|area_code = [[Area code 409|409]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 48-28068
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1377745<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1377745}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|https://www.galvestontx.gov/|galvestontx.gov}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Galveston''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|l|v|ᵻ|s|t|ən}} {{respell|GAL|vis|tən}}) is a [[Gulf Coast of the United States|coastal]] [[resort town|resort city]] and [[port]] off the [[Southeast Texas]] coast on [[Galveston Island]] and [[Pelican Island (Texas)|Pelican Island]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Texas]]. The community of {{convert|211.31|sqmi}}, with a population of 53,695 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web|title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Galveston_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4828068 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=February 24, 2024}}</ref> is the [[county seat]] of surrounding [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston County]] and second-largest municipality in the county. It is also within the [[Greater Houston|Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land]] metropolitan area at its southern end on the northwestern coast of the [[Gulf of Mexico]].
Galveston, or Galvez's town, was named after 18th-century Spanish military and political leader [[Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez|Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Count of Gálvez]] (1746–1786), who was born in [[Macharaviaya]], [[Málaga]], in the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. Galveston's first [[Europe]]an settlements on the [[Galveston Island]] were built around 1816 by [[Kingdom of France|French]] pirate [[Louis-Michel Aury]] to help the fledgling [[First Mexican Empire|empire of Mexico]] fight for independence from [[Spain]], along with other colonies in the [[Western Hemisphere]] of the [[Americas]] in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] in the 1810s and 1820s. The [[Port of Galveston]] was established in 1825 by the [[Congress of Mexico]] following its independence from Spain. The city was the main port for the fledgling [[Texas Navy]] during the [[Texas Revolution]] of 1836, and later served temporarily as the new national capital of the [[Republic of Texas]]. In 1865, General [[Gordon Granger]] arrived at [[Ashton Villa]] and [[General Order No. 3|announced]] to some of the last enslaved [[African Americans]] that [[Emancipation Proclamation|slavery was no longer legal]]. This event is commemorated annually on June 19, the [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]] of [[Juneteenth]].
During the 19th century, Galveston became a major U.S. commercial center and one of the largest [[port]]s in the United States. It was, for a time, Texas' largest city, known as the "Queen City of the Gulf". It was devastated by the unexpected [[1900 Galveston hurricane|Galveston Hurricane of 1900]], whose effects included massive flooding and a storm surge which nearly wiped out the town. The natural disaster on the exposed [[barrier island]] is still ranked today as the deadliest in United States history, with an estimated death toll between 6,000 and 12,000 people. The city subsequently reemerged during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition era]] of 1919–1933 as a leading tourist hub and a [[Free State of Galveston|center of illegal gambling]], nicknamed the [[Free State of Galveston]] until this era ended in the 1950s with subsequent other economic and social development.
Much of Galveston's economy is centered in the [[tourism]], [[health care]], [[shipping]], and [[finance|financial]] industries. The {{convert|84|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] campus with an enrollment of more than 2,500 students is a major economic force of the city. Galveston is home to six [[historic districts]] containing one of the largest historically significant collections of 19th-century buildings in the U.S., with over 60 structures listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], maintained by the [[National Park Service]] in the [[United States Department of the Interior]].
==History==
{{Main|History of Galveston, Texas}}
===Exploration and 19th-century development===
[[File:Plan of the City of Galveston, Texas.jpg|thumb|Plan of the City of Galveston (c. 1845)]] [[File:Map of City of Galveston.jpg|thumb|Map of City of Galveston (c. 1904)]]
Indigenous inhabitants of Galveston Island called the island ''Auia''.<ref name=McComb1>{{cite book|last=McComb|first=David G.|title=Galveston: A History|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|chapter=The Edge of Time|year=1986|isbn=978-0292-720534}}</ref> Though there is no certainty regarding their route and their landings, [[Cabeza de Vaca]] and his crew were shipwrecked at a place he called "Isla de Malhado" in November 1528. This could have referred to Galveston Island or [[San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)|San Luis Island]].<ref name=chipman>{{Cite web|series=The Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |first=Donald E. |last=Chipman |title=Malhado Island |date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=January 17, 2020 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrm01}}</ref>
During his charting of the Gulf Coast in 1785, the Spanish explorer José de Evia labeled the water features surrounding the island "Bd. de Galvestown" and "Bahia de Galvestowm" [sic]. He was working under the orders of Bernardo de Gálvez. In his early chart, he calls the western end of the island "Isla de San Luis" and the eastern end "Pt. de Culebras". Evia did not label the island itself on his map of 1799. Just five years later [[Alexander von Humboldt]] borrowed the place names Isla de San Luis, Pte. De Culebras, and Bahia de Galveston. Stephen F. Austin followed his predecessors in the use of "San Luis Island", but introduced "Galveston" to refer to the little village at the east end of the island. Evidence of the name Galveston Island appears on the 1833 David H. Burr.<ref name=McComb1/>
The island first permanent European settlements were constructed around 1816 by the [[pirate]] [[Louis-Michel Aury]] to support Mexico's rebellion against Spain. In 1817, Aury returned from an unsuccessful raid against Spain to find Galveston occupied by the pirate [[Jean Lafitte]].<ref name="HTOAURY">{{Cite web|title=Aury, Louis Michel |series=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |first=Harris Gaylord |last=Warren |access-date=January 12, 2020 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709204001/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau04 |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lafitte organized Galveston into a pirate "kingdom" he called "Campeche", anointing himself the island's "head of government".<ref name="HTOLAFITTE">{{Cite web|title=Lafitte, Jean |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Harris Gaylord Warren |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119031432/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla12 |archive-date=November 19, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1821, when the [[United States Navy]] forced him and his raiders off the island.<ref name="HTOLAFITTE"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legend of Jean Lafitte |work=Kemah Historical Society |author=Jimmie Walker |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.kemahhistoricalsociety.net/legend1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417173744/http://www.kemahhistoricalsociety.net/legend1.html |archive-date=April 17, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1825 the [[Congress of Mexico]] established the [[Port of Galveston]] and in 1830 erected a [[customs house]].<ref name="WLDPORT">{{Cite web|title=Port of Galveston |work=World Port Source |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/USA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531161741/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/USA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php |archive-date=May 31, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Galveston served as the capital of the [[Republic of Texas]] when in 1836 the [[Acting president|interim]] president [[David G. Burnet]] relocated his government there.<ref name="WLDPORT"/> In 1836, the French-Canadian [[Michel Branamour Menard]] and several associates purchased {{convert|4,605|acre|km2}} of land for $50,000 to found the town that would become the modern city of Galveston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Menard, Michel Branamour |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fme09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709190311/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fme09 |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Galveston Collection |work=Texas Archival Resources Online, University of Houston |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uhsc/00029/hsc-00029.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501222651/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uhsc/00029/hsc-00029.html |archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref><ref name="ISSTORM">{{Cite web|title=History of Galveston |work=Isaac's Storm, Random House |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/features/isaacsstorm/greatstorm/historygalveston.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044257/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/isaacsstorm/greatstorm/historygalveston.html |archive-date=October 28, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> As Anglo-Americans migrated to the city, they brought along or purchased [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] [[African-Americans]], some of whom worked domestically or on the waterfront, including on riverboats.
In 1839, the City of Galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the Congress of the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref name="ISSTORM"/><ref name="HTOGAL">{{Cite web|title=Galveston Island |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109025620/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg02 |archive-date=November 9, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city was by then a burgeoning [[port of entry]] and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of [[German Americans#Texas|German immigrants to Texas]], including Jewish merchants.<ref>[http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/galveston.html "Galveston, Texas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028165340/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/galveston.html |date=October 28, 2011}}, ''Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities''</ref> Together with ethnic Mexican residents, these groups tended to oppose slavery, support the Union during the Civil War, and join the Republican Party after the war.
During this expansion, the city had many "firsts" in the state, with the founding of institutions and adoption of inventions: post office (1836), naval base (1836), Texas chapter of a [[Freemasons|Masonic]] order (1840); cotton compress (1842), Catholic [[parochial school]] (Ursuline Academy) (1847), insurance company (1854), and gas lights (1856).<ref name="ISSTORM"/><ref name="Barrington, Carol; Kearney, Sydney 2006 241">{{Cite book|title=Day Trips from Houston: Getaway Ideas for the Local Traveler |page=241 |author1=Barrington, Carol |author2=Kearney, Sydney |year=2006 |publisher=Globe Pequot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euz4fbCDlLYC |isbn=0-7627-3867-7}}</ref>
During the [[American Civil War]], [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] forces under [[Major General]] [[John B. Magruder]] attacked and expelled occupying [[Union Army|Union]] troops from the city in January 1863 in the [[Battle of Galveston]].<ref name="HTOGBAT">{{Cite web|title=Galveston, Battle of |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Alwyn Barr |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg01 |author-link=Alwyn Barr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164112/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg01 |archive-date=November 7, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> On June 19, 1865, two months after the [[Lee's surrender|end of the war]] and almost three years after the issuance of the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], General [[Gordon Granger]] of the Union Army informed the enslaved people of Texas that they were now free.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 13, 2021 |title=Juneteenth and General Order No. 3 |url=https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=Galveston Historical Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214151/https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3 |url-status=live}}</ref> This news was transmitted via [[General Order No. 3]], an event now commemorated on the [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]] of [[Juneteenth]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Featured Document Display: The Emancipation Proclamation and Juneteenth |url=https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=National Archives Museum |language=en |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214153/https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking end of slavery, a federal holiday |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery/story?id=78335485 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214152/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery/story?id=78335485 |url-status=live}}</ref>
After the Civil War, Galveston mandated street improvements and construction standards. The city required property owners facing commercial streets to construct and maintain sidewalks of wooden planks or bricks, or pay an assessment to the city for the construction of the same. During the same period, the city drew a boundary known as a "fire zone," within which new buildings could not be constructed of wood.<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 89.</ref>
In 1867 Galveston suffered a [[yellow fever]] epidemic; about 1800 people died in the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Southern Family in White & Black: The Cuneys of Texas |author=Hales, Douglas |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2003 |pages=18–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |isbn=1-58544-200-3 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052845/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These occurred in waterfront and river cities throughout the 19th century, as did [[cholera]] epidemics.
[[File:Beach hotel galveston.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beach Hotel (Galveston)|The Beach Hotel]] catered to vacationers until a fire in 1898.]]
The city's progress continued through the [[Reconstruction era]] with numerous "firsts": construction of the opera house (1870), and orphanage (1876), and installation of telephone lines (1878) and electric lights (1883).<ref name="ISSTORM"/><ref name="Barrington, Carol; Kearney, Sydney 2006 241"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=History: Galveston's Colorful Past |work=Galveston Chamber of Commerce |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=198 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608021021/http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=198 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Galveston |work=Wyndham Hotels |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/GLSHG/historyofgalveston/main.wnt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091700/http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/GLSHG/historyofgalveston/main.wnt |archive-date=April 28, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Having attracted [[freedmen]] from rural areas, in 1870 the city had a black population that totaled 3,000,<ref>Hales (2003), ''Southern Family in White and Black'', p. 15</ref> made up mostly of former slaves but also by persons who were [[free people of color|free men of color]] and educated before the war. Blacks comprised nearly 25% of the city's population of 13,818 that year.<ref>US 1870 Census</ref>
During the post–Civil War period, leaders such as George T. Ruby and [[Norris Wright Cuney]], who headed the [[Texas Republican Party]] and promoted [[civil rights]] for [[freedmen]], helped to dramatically improve educational and employment opportunities for blacks in Galveston and in Texas.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Merline Pitre |author=Pitre, Merline |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |title=Cuney, Norris Wright |work=Handbook of Texas |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221144035/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Black Unionism in the Industrial South |author=Obadele-Starks, Ernest |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2001 |pages=39–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BvbD7rusAAC |isbn=0-89096-912-4 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428070139/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BvbD7rusAAC |url-status=live}}</ref> Cuney established his own business of stevedores and a union of black dockworkers to break the white monopoly on dock jobs. Galveston was a cosmopolitan city and one of the more successful during Reconstruction; the [[Freedmen's Bureau]] was headquartered here. German families sheltered teachers from the North, and hundreds of freedmen were taught to read. Its business community promoted progress, and immigrants stayed after arriving at this port of entry.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Southern Family in White & Black: The Cuneys of Texas |author=Hales, Douglas |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2003 |pages=15–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |isbn=1-58544-200-3 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052845/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
By the end of the 19th century, the city of Galveston had a population of 37,000. Its position on the natural harbor of [[Galveston Bay]] along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas. It was one of the nation's largest cotton ports, in competition with [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston Wharves |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Edward Coyle Sealy |access-date=September 13, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/etg01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107163407/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/etg01 |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the 19th century, the port city of Galveston grew rapidly and the Strand was considered the region's primary business center. For a time, the Strand was known as the "Wall Street of the [[American South|South]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.durangotexas.com/eyesontexas/TexasRegions/GulfCoast/galveston.htm |title=Gulf Coast Region: Galveston Texas |publisher=Eyes On Texas |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926171938/http://www.durangotexas.com/eyesontexas/TexasRegions/GulfCoast/galveston.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the late 1890s, the government constructed [[Fort Crockett]] defenses and coastal artillery batteries in Galveston and along the Bolivar Roads. In February 1897, the {{USS|Texas|1892|6}} (nicknamed Old Hoodoo), the first commissioned [[battleship]] of the United States Navy, visited Galveston. During the festivities, the ship's officers were presented with a $5,000 silver service, adorned with various Texas motifs, as a gift from the state's citizens.
===Hurricane of 1900 and recovery===
{{Further|1900 Galveston hurricane|Open Era of Galveston}}
On September 8, 1900, the island was struck by a devastating [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]].<ref name="HTOSTORM">{{Cite web|title=Galveston Hurricane of 1900 |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=John Edward Weems |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ydg02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164334/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ydg02 |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900|event]] holds the record as the United States' deadliest [[natural disaster]].<ref name="HTOSTORM"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nation's deadliest natural disaster |work=Editor & Publisher |author=Joe Strupp |date=September 4, 2000 |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services-miscellaneous-business/4729386-1.html}}{{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The city was devastated, and an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people on the island were killed.<ref name="HTOSTORM"/> Following the storm, a {{convert|10|mi|adj=on}} long, {{convert|17|foot|m}} high [[Galveston Seawall|seawall]] was built to protect the city from floods and hurricane storm surges. A team of engineers including [[Henry Martyn Robert]] ([[Robert's Rules of Order]]) designed the plan to raise much of the existing city to a sufficient elevation behind a seawall so that confidence in the city could be maintained. [[File:Sunset Route, Sea Wall, Galveston, Texas.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset Route, Seawall, Galveston, Texas (postcard, c. 1907)]]
The city developed the city commission form of [[Municipal government|city government]], known as the "[[City commission government|Galveston Plan]]", to help expedite recovery.<ref name="texashandbook">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/moc01 |work=Handbook of Texas Online |title=Commission Form of City Government |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113011301/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/moc01 |archive-date=November 13, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Despite attempts to draw investment to the city after the hurricane, Galveston never returned to its levels of national importance or prosperity. Development was also hindered by the construction of the [[Houston Ship Channel]], which brought the [[Port of Houston]] into competition with the natural harbor of the [[Port of Galveston]] for sea traffic. Finally, the [[Galveston Seawall|Seawall]] itself created an insurmountable problem: passive erosion resulting in the gradual disappearance of the once-wide beach and the resort business with it. "Within twenty years, the city had lost one hundred yards of sand. People who once watched auto racing on a wide beach were left with a narrow strip of sand at low tide and a gloomy vista of waves on rocks when the tide was high."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/dean-tide.html |title=Against the Tide |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620021915/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/dean-tide.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
To further its recovery and rebuild its population, Galveston actively solicited [[Port of Galveston immigration|immigration]]. Through the efforts of [[Henry Cohen (rabbi)|Rabbi Henry Cohen]] and [[Congregation B'nai Israel (Galveston, Texas)|Congregation B'nai Israel]], Galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the [[Galveston Movement]] that, between 1907 and 1914, diverted roughly 10,000 [[Eastern Europe]]an [[Jewish]] immigrants from the usual destinations of the crowded cities of the [[Northeastern United States]].<ref name="tshaonline.org">{{Cite web|title=Galveston Movement |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/umg01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164324/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/umg01 |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally numerous other immigrant groups, including [[Greece|Greeks]], [[Italy|Italians]] and [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian Jews]], came to the city during this period.<ref name="Hardwick, p. 13">Hardwick (2002), p. 13</ref> This immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island, as well as many other areas of Texas and the western U.S. Unfortunately, just as the island was starting to recover from the devastation caused by the first flood, a second one struck in August, 1915, thanks to a major hurricane that originated in the central Atlantic, tore through the Caribbean, and then left a long trail of destruction across the Gulf of Mexico before it dissipated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly three weeks later. While the newly constructed seawall spared the island the worst, over 400 Galvestonians died, and damages totaled $30 billion USD, equivalent to $903 billion in 2023. Thus, in less than a single generation Galveston went from being Texas' most populous (and most important) city to being a tragic footnote to a century of frontier violence, urban lawlessness and civic greed, throughout the state. Apart from reducing Galveston to rubble, the one-two punch that nature dealt the island stiffened the spines of those who survived. As Gary Cartwright observes (see fn 40), residents prided themselves on having stayed behind, though it meant being marooned for decades. They became cynical, hard-boiled, and had no use for outsiders (including Texans, and those who fled to the comparative safety of East Texas) who either pitied or prayed for them. Indifference may have masked anxiety, but it enabled those who committed themselves to Galveston to endure their fate with a measure of dignity, even when they were forced to compromise with conventional morality in order to do so. Thus Galveston became a unique port of call, even as automobile travel became ubiquitous, and ended its isolation from the rest of the region. Galveston has a worldview all its own, as if the Zeitgeist had decided to linger awhile, so that past and present might become one, and the forgotten boom town that went bust, not once but twice, might yet be resurrected, lifting the burden of history while daring fate.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
Though the storms stalled economic development and the city of Houston developed as the region's principal metropolis, Galveston economic leaders recognized the need to diversify from the traditional port-related industries. In 1905 [[William Lewis Moody, Jr.]] and [[Isaac H. Kempner]], members of two of Galveston's leading families founded the [[American National Insurance Company]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Galveston: A History of the Island |author=Gary Cartwright |publisher=TCU Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFRu8kYThEcC&pg=PA196 |year=1998 |isbn=0-689-11991-7 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704190742/http://books.google.com/books?id=RFRu8kYThEcC&lpg=PA196 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, Moody established the City National Bank, which would become the [[Moody National Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Financials report, 2004–2005 |work=The Moody Foundation |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.moodyf.org/downloads/annual-financials-2004-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529203656/http://www.moodyf.org/downloads/annual-financials-2004-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 29, 2009}}</ref><ref name="anico.com">{{Cite web|title=American National Announces Fourth Quarter 2007 Results |work=American National Insurance Company |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/ANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001040955/http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/ANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf |archive-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>
During the 1920s and 1930s, the city re-emerged as a major tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Galveston Hotel – Hotel Galvez to Reopen October 15 |work=Bloomberg.com |access-date=September 26, 2009 |date=October 8, 2008 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=WYN%3AUS&sid=aH1GgvGGU1vs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025225909/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=WYN:US&sid=aH1GgvGGU1vs |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Preserve America Community: Galveston, Texas |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://www.preserveamerica.gov/PAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624151247/http://www.preserveamerica.gov/PAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html |archive-date=June 24, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the influence of [[Sam Maceo]] and [[Rosario Maceo]], the city exploited the [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] of liquor and gambling in clubs like the [[Balinese Room]], which offered entertainment to wealthy Houstonians and other out-of-towners. Combined with prostitution, which had existed in the city since the Civil War, Galveston became known as the "sin city" of the Gulf.<ref name="hotgalv">{{Cite web|title=Galveston, TX |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=David G. McComb |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdg01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302031036/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/hdg1.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Galvestonians accepted and supported the illegal activities, often referring to their island as the "[[Free State of Galveston]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Casino Gambling in the Cards for Galveston? |work=Houston Press |author=John Nova Lomax |date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-03-05/news/iis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513044236/http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-03-05/news/iis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston|archive-date=May 13, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=The Press: Gambling in Texas |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 12, 1952 |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817727,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222122644/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817727,00.html |archive-date=December 22, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The island had entered what would later become known as the "open era".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy Metropolis: An Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast |author1=Melosi, Martin V. |author2=Pratt, Joseph A. |year=2007 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107133637/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |url-status=live}}</ref>
The 1930s and 1940s brought much change to the Island City. During [[World War II]], the Galveston Municipal Airport, predecessor to [[Scholes International Airport]], was re-designated a U.S. [[United States Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] base and named "Galveston Army Air Field". In January 1943, Galveston Army Air Field was officially activated with the [[46th Test Wing|46th Bombardment Group]] serving an [[anti-submarine]] role in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1942, William Lewis Moody, Jr., along with his wife Libbie Shearn Rice Moody, established the [[Moody Foundation]], to benefit "present and future generations of Texans". The foundation, one of the largest in the United States, would play a prominent role in Galveston during later decades, helping to fund numerous civic and health-oriented programs.<ref name="Handbook of Texas, Moody Foundation">{{Cite web|title=Moody Foundation |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Robert E. Baker |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215050133/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===After World War II===
[[File:Texas - Galveston - NARA - 68149339 (page 1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Damage after [[Hurricane Carla]], 1961]]
The end of the war drastically reduced military investment in the island. Increasing enforcement of gambling laws and the growth of [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], as a competitive center of gambling and entertainment put pressure on the gaming industry on the island.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lone Star Lawmen |author=Utley Robert Marshall |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4hjclRksjQC |isbn=978-0-19-515444-3 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503161913/https://books.google.com/books?id=G4hjclRksjQC |url-status=live}}</ref> Finally in 1957, [[Texas Attorney General]] [[Will Wilson (Texas politician)|Will Wilson]] and the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]] began a massive campaign of raids that disrupted gambling and prostitution in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attorney General |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=James G. Dickson Jr. |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mba03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610181134/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mba03 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br />{{Cite web|title=The Daily News: Headlines |work=The Galveston County Daily News |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso?WCD=headlines.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208223943/http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso?WCD=headlines.html |archive-date=February 8, 2010}}<br />{{Cite book|title=The Texas Sheriff: Lord of the County Line |author=Sitton, Thad |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8061-3471-0 |page=146}}<br />{{Cite journal |author1=Communications, Emmis |title=Grande Dame of the Gulf |journal=Texas Monthly |date=December 1983 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LywEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527004843/https://books.google.com/books?id=LywEAAAAMBAJ |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> As these vice industries crashed, so did tourism, taking the rest of the Galveston economy with it.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy Metropolis: An Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast |author1=[[Martin V. Melosi|Melosi, Martin V.]] |author2=Pratt, Joseph A. |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2007 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm1j3XiZiWMC |isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8}}</ref> Neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward.<ref name="TM: Grande Dame, 216">{{Cite web|title=Grande Dame of the Gulf |work=Texas Monthly |author=Paul Burka |date=December 1, 1983 |access-date=September 27, 2009 |url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/1983-12-01/feature5-3.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051626/http://www.texasmonthly.com/1983-12-01/feature5-3.php |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Expensive Stilt Houses on Galveston's East Beach.jpg|210px|thumb|Expensive Stilt Houses on Galveston's East Beach]]
[[File:Galveston (Texas).jpg|thumb|right|Downtown Galveston as viewed from the air]]
[[File:Lets Play Chess Strand Galveston.jpg|thumb|Playing chess on the Strand]]
In 1947, buildings in the city were damaged when a ship carrying 2,200 tons of [[ammonium nitrate]] exploded at the nearby [[Port of Texas City]], in what became known as the [[Texas City disaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texascity-library.org/page/history.1947.explosion1 |title=The First Explosion – 1947 Texas City Disaster |website=www.texascity-library.org |access-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918165102/http://www.texascity-library.org/page/history.1947.explosion1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The island's economy began a long stagnation. Many businesses relocated off the island during this period, but health care, insurance, and financial industries continue to be strong contributors to the economy. By 1959, the city of Houston had long outpaced Galveston in population and economic growth. Beginning in 1957, the Galveston Historical Foundation began its efforts to preserve historic buildings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy metropolis: an environmental history of Houston and the Gulf Coast |author1=Melosi, Martin V. |author2=Pratt, Joseph A. |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2007 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107133637/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1966 book ''The Galveston That Was'' helped encourage the preservation movement. Restoration efforts financed by motivated investors, notably Houston businessman [[George P. Mitchell]], gradually developed the [[Strand Historic District]] and reinvented other areas. A new, family-oriented tourism emerged in the city over many years.
In September 1961, [[Hurricane Carla]] struck the city, generating an F4 tornado that killed eight and injured 200.
With the 1960s came the expansion of higher education in Galveston. Already home to the University of Texas Medical Branch, the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the Texas Maritime Academy, predecessor of [[Texas A&M University at Galveston]]; and by 1967, a [[community college]], [[Galveston College]], had been established.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Galveston College |work=Galveston College |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.gc.edu/gc/GC_History.asp?SnID=1413310913 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921222800/http://www.gc.edu/gc/GC_History.asp?SnID=1413310913 |archive-date=September 21, 2009}}<br>{{Cite web |title=Students brave the simulated seas |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Rhiannon Myers |date=November 14, 2007 |access-date=September 13, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=9751907adb742ca7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928061037/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=9751907adb742ca7 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref>
In the 2000s, property values rose after expensive projects were completed,<ref>Novak, Shonda [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121057/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/realestate/07/22coastal.html "Growth Wave Hits Galveston"]. ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. July 22, 2006.</ref> and demand for second homes by the wealthy increased. It has made it difficult for middle-class workers to find affordable housing on the island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Workers in Galveston increasingly can't afford to live there |work=Houston Chronicle |author=Harvey Rice |date=February 22, 2007 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4291019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224152735/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4291019 |archive-date=December 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Hurricane Ike]] made landfall on Galveston Island in the early morning of September 13, 2008, as a category-2 hurricane with winds of 110 miles per hour. Damage was extensive to buildings along the seawall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ike Insured Damage Estimates Range from $6B to $18B |work=Texas / South Central News, Insurance Journal |date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/09/15/93698.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316181528/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/09/15/93698.htm |archive-date=March 16, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
After the storm, the island was rebuilt with investments in tourism and shipping, and continued emphasis on higher education and health care, notably the addition of the [[Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier]] and the replacement of the [[Bascule bridge|bascule]]-type [[Drawbridge (American English)|drawbridge]] on the railroad causeway with a [[Vertical-lift bridge|vertical-lift]]-type drawbridge to allow heavier freight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/26/galveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik/ |title=Galveston Still Healing 5 Years After Hurricane Ike |work=The Texas Tribune |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926091222/http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/26/galveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik/ |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jervis |first=Rick |title=After rebuilding from Hurricane Ike, Galveston deals with oil spill |website=USA TODAY |date=March 25, 2014 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/25/galveston-oil-spill-ike/6884693/ |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914002356/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/25/galveston-oil-spill-ike/6884693/ |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{Further|Galveston Island |Galveston Bay}}
[[File:GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg|thumb|Galveston, from the [[International Space Station]] ]]
[[File:Salt Marsh Near Galveston.jpg|thumb|Salt marsh near Galveston]]
The city of Galveston is situated on Galveston Island, a [[barrier island]] off the [[Texas]] Gulf coast near the mainland coast. Made up of mostly sand-sized particles and smaller amounts of finer mud sediments and larger gravel-sized sediments, the island is unstable, affected by water and weather, and can shift its boundaries through erosion.
The city is about {{convert|45|mi}} southeast of downtown Houston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rock Sediment and Soil Facts, Galveston Island |work=Geologic Wonders of Texas, University of Texas |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_rock.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105343/http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_rock.html |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on the east and south, West Bay on the west, and [[Galveston Bay]] on the north. The island's main access point from the mainland is the [[Interstate 45|Interstate Highway 45]] causeway that crosses West Bay on the island's northeast side.
A deepwater channel connects Galveston's harbor with the Gulf and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|211.31|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|41.04|sqmi|sqkm|2}} are land and {{convert|170.27|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, or 80.31%, are water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2023"/> The island is {{convert|50|mi|km}} southeast of [[Houston]].<ref>Woodhams, Susie. [http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/articles/2011/06/05/after_ike_a_deluge_of_reinvention/ "After Ike, a deluge of reinvention"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710024301/http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/articles/2011/06/05/after_ike_a_deluge_of_reinvention/ |date=July 10, 2012}} ''[[Boston Globe]]''. June 5, 2011. Retrieved on June 6, 2011.</ref>
The western portion of Galveston is referred to as the "West End", roughly corresponding to the area west of the western end of the seawall. Communities in eastern Galveston (the area east of the western end of the seawall) include Havre Lafitte, Offats Bayou, Central City, Fort Crockett, Bayou Shore, Lasker Park, Carver Park, Kempner Park, Old City/Central Business District, San Jacinto, East End, and Lindale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map 1. Galveston's Neighborhoods |author=D. Freeman |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Community_Services/Report%20Card/Maps/sld001.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206095330/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/community_services/report%20card/Maps/sld001.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2009 many residents of the west end use [[golf carts]] as transportation to take them to and from residential houses, the Galveston Island Country Club, and stores. In 2009, Chief of Police Charles Wiley said he believed golf carts should be prohibited outside golf courses, and West End residents campaigned against any ban on their use.<ref>Jones, Leigh. [http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=231734ee39c715f6 "Council to consider golf cart committee"].{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Galveston County Daily News]]''. November 9, 2009. Retrieved on June 11, 2012.</ref>
In 2011 [[Rice University]] released a study, "Atlas of Sustainable Strategies for Galveston Island", which argued the West End of Galveston was quickly eroding and the city should reduce construction and/or population in that area. It recommended against any rebuilding of the West End in the event of damage from another hurricane.<ref>Rice, Harvey. [http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Galveston-Island-gets-tough-advice-from-Rice-study-2238312.php "Galveston Island gets tough advice from Rice study"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518221721/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Galveston-Island-gets-tough-advice-from-Rice-study-2238312.php |date=May 18, 2012}}, ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', October 26, 2011, Retrieved on October 24, 2012</ref>
{{wide image|Galveston East End Panoramic.jpg|1200px|The city of Galveston looking east toward the Gulf of Mexico. Downtown Galveston and the [[Strand Historic District]] are behind while East Beach and the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] Children's Hospital and [[Shriners Hospitals for Children|Shriners Children's Burns Hospital]] are to straight ahead.}}
===Historic districts===
[[File:Trube Castle.jpg|200px|thumb|Galveston has many restored Victorian homes.]]
Galveston is home to six historic districts with over 60 structures listed representing architectural significance in the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="NATLREG">{{Cite web|title=Texas (TX), Galveston County |work=National Register of Historical Places |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/districts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822023108/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/districts.html |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Silk Stocking National Historic District, between Broadway and [[Seawall Boulevard]] and bounded by Ave. K, 23rd St., Ave. P, and 26th St., contains a collection of historic homes constructed from the Civil War through World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silk Stocking National Historic District |access-date=April 15, 2009 |url=http://silkstockinggalveston.org/aboutsshd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230140541/http://silkstockinggalveston.org/aboutsshd.html |archive-date=December 30, 2010}}</ref> The [[East End Historic District (Galveston, Texas)|East End Historic District]] on both sides of Broadway and Market Streets, contains 463 buildings. Other historic districts include Cedar Lawn, Denver Court and [[Fort Travis]].<ref name="NATLREG"/>
The [[Strand National Historic Landmark District]] is a [[National Historic Landmark|National Historic Landmark District]] of mainly [[Victorian era]] buildings that have been adapted for use as restaurants, antique stores, historical exhibits, museums and art galleries. The area is a major [[tourist attraction]] for the island city. It is the center for two very popular seasonal [[festival]]s. It is widely considered the island's shopping and entertainment center. Today, "the Strand" is generally used to refer to the five-block business district between 20th and 25th streets in downtown Galveston, near the city's wharf.
===Oleander City===
[[File:Original Oleander Planting in Galveston.jpg|thumb|The first Oleander in Galveston, planted in 1841]]
Since the early 20th century, Galveston has been popularly known as the 'Oleander City'<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guidrynews.com/story.aspx?id=1000034503 |title=Oleanders...<!-- ellipsis in the original -->a must in Brenda's Garden! |publisher=guidrynews.com |date=May 1, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801182850/http://www.guidrynews.com/story.aspx?id=1000034503 |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> because of a long history of cultivating ''[[Nerium oleander]]'', a [[subtropical]] evergreen shrub which thrives on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wintertexansonline.com/galveston_s_oleander_festival.htm |title=Galveston's Oleander Festival |publisher=WinterTexans Online |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817082340/http://www.wintertexansonline.com/galveston_s_oleander_festival.htm |archive-date=August 17, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oleanders are a defining feature of the city; when flowering (between April and October) they add masses of color to local gardens, parks, and streets. Thousands were planted in the recovery following the Hurricane of 1900 and Galvestonians continue to treasure the plant for its low water needs, tolerance of heat, salt spray and sandy soils.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://oleander.org/oleander-history/ |title=Handbook on Oleanders |author=Richard & Mary Ellen Eggenberger |year=1996 |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072642/http://oleander.org/oleander-history/ |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This makes them especially resistant to the after-effects of hurricanes and tropical storms. Galveston is reputed to have the most diverse range of Oleander cultivars in the world, numbering over 100, with many varieties developed in the city and named after prominent Galvestonians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theislandermagazine.com/?p=2611 |title=International Oleander Society |author=Shannon Rowan |work=The Islander Magazine |access-date=July 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730094348/http://theislandermagazine.com/?p=2611 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005 the month of May was declared "Oleander Month" by the City of Galveston<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texashighways.com/the-magazine/item/1614-oleander-festival |title=Oleander Festival |work=Texas Highways |date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728090017/http://www.texashighways.com/the-magazine/item/1614-oleander-festival |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and there are also Oleander-themed tours of the city exploring the history of the plant on the island. Since 1967 the International Oleander Society has operated in Galveston, which promotes the cultivation of the plant, organizes an Oleander festival every spring and maintains a commemorative Oleander garden in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oleander.org/ |title=International Oleander Society |publisher=International Oleander Society |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705170538/http://oleander.org/ |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oleander-garden-park |title=Oleander Garden Park |publisher=Atlasobscura.com |access-date=July 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114454/http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oleander-garden-park |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Architecture===
[[File:GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galvez Hotel]]]]
[[File:Ashton Villa Galveston Texas.jpg|thumb|right|Ashton Villa]]
[[File:Open-Gates-The George Sealy Mansion.jpg|thumb|Open Gates mansion, built by George Sealy, 1891]]
Galveston contains a large and historically significant collection of 19th-century buildings in the United States. Galveston's architectural preservation and revitalization efforts over several decades have earned national recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=National Trust for Historic Preservation Announces 2009 List of America's 11 Most Dangered Historic Places |work=Reuters |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS75679+28-Apr-2009+PRN20090428 |date=April 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122104725/https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS75679%2B28-Apr-2009%2BPRN20090428 |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas (TX), Galveston County |work=National Register of Historical Places |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/tx/Galveston/state.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201163726/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/state.html |archive-date=December 1, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Located in the Strand District, the [[Grand 1894 Opera House]] is a restored historic [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] style Opera House that is currently operated as a not-for-profit [[performing arts]] theater.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston Grand 1894 Opera House |work=City of Houston eGovernment Center |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.houstontx.gov/events/grandoperahouse.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423012708/http://www.houstontx.gov/events/grandoperahouse.html |archive-date=April 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bishop's Palace, Galveston|Bishop's Palace]], also known as Gresham's Castle, is an ornate Victorian house located on Broadway and 14th Street in the East End Historic District of Galveston, Texas. The [[American Institute of Architects]] listed Bishop's Palace as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States, and the [[Library of Congress]] has classified it as one of the fourteen most representative Victorian structures in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bishop's Palace – South and West Texas |work=A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, US National Park Service |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx48.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906003639/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx48.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Galvez Hotel]] is a historic hotel that opened in 1911.<ref name="carmack">Carmack, Liz. [http://www.historictexashotels.com/ ''Historic Hotels of Texas''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310124150/http://historictexashotels.com/ |date=March 10, 2009}}, Texas A&M University Press: College Station, Texas, 2007. pp. 47–49.</ref> The building was named the Galvez, honoring [[Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez]], for whom the city was named. The hotel was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on April 4, 1979. The [[Michel B. Menard House]], built in 1838 and the oldest surviving structure in Galveston, is designed in the [[Greek revival]] style. In 1880, the house was bought by Edwin N. Ketchum who was police chief of the city during the 1900 Storm. The Ketchum family owned the home until the 1970s. [[Ashton Villa]], a red-brick [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] home, was constructed in 1859 by James Moreau Brown. One of the first brick structures in Texas, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a recorded Texas Historic Landmark. The structure is also the site of what was to become the holiday known as [[Juneteenth]], where on June 19, 1865, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] General Gordon Granger, standing on its balcony, read the contents of "General Order No. 3", thereby emancipating all slaves in the state of [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashton Villa – South and West Texas |work=A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, US National Park Service |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907003120/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/gga04 |work=Texas State Historical Society: Handbook of Texas |author=Judy D. Schiebel |title=ASHTON VILLA |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710014707/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/gga04 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NPS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm|title=Ashton Villa |work=National Park Service |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907003120/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
St. Joseph's Church was built by German immigrants in 1859–1860 and is the oldest wooden church building in Galveston and the oldest [[German Catholics|German Catholic]] Church in Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1859 St. Joseph's Church |work=Galveston Historical Foundation |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonhistory.com/1859_St_Josephs_Church1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070613/http://www.galvestonhistory.com/1859_St_Josephs_Church1.asp |archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> The church was dedicated in April 1860, to St. Joseph, the patron saint of laborers. The building is a wooden [[gothic revival]] structure, rectangular with a square bell tower with [[trefoil]] window. The U.S. Custom House began construction in 1860 and was completed in 1861. The [[Confederate Army]] occupied the building during the [[American Civil War]], In 1865, the Custom House was the site of the ceremony officially ending the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More About the 1861 Custom House |work=Galveston Historical Foundation |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonhistory.org/1861_US_Custom_House1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220011343/http://galvestonhistory.org/1861_US_Custom_House1.asp |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston During the Civil War |work=Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://nautarch.tamu.edu/projects/denbigh/galv01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912055914/http://nautarch.tamu.edu/projects/denbigh/galv01.htm |archive-date=September 12, 2009}}</ref>
Galveston's modern architecture include the [[American National Insurance Company]] Tower ([[One Moody Plaza]]), San Luis Resort South and North Towers, The Breakers Condominiums, The Galvestonian Resort and Condos, One Shearn Moody Plaza, US National Bank Building, the Rainforest Pyramid at Moody Gardens, [[John Sealy Hospital]] Towers at UTMB and Medical Arts Building (also known as Two Moody Plaza).
===Climate===
Galveston's climate is classified as [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (''Cfa'' in [[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Köppen climate classification system]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather Stats |work=Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=October 11, 2008 |url=http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230150744/http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |archive-date=December 30, 2008}}</ref> and is part of USDA Plant [[hardiness zone]] 10a.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring moisture from the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather Stats |work=Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=October 11, 2008 |url=http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230150744/http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |archive-date=December 30, 2008}}<br /> Melosi (2007), p. 13</ref> Summer temperatures regularly exceed {{convert|90|°F}} and the area's humidity drives the [[heat index]] even higher, while nighttime lows average around {{convert|80|°F}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared |publisher=The Weather Channel |title=Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573) |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019173244/http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared |archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html |title=National Climatic Data Center |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[United States Department of Commerce]] |date=June 23, 2004 |access-date=December 14, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210082240/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html |archive-date=December 10, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html |title=Average Relative Humidity |publisher=Department of Meteorology at the [[University of Utah]] |access-date=December 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209105754/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=December 9, 2006}}</ref> Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above {{convert|60|°F}} and lows near {{convert|50|°F}}. Snowfall is generally rare; however, {{convert|15.4|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} of snow fell in February 1895, making the 1894–95 winter the snowiest on record. Annual rainfall averages well over {{convert|40|in|mm}} a year with some areas typically receiving over {{convert|50|in|mm}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573 |title=Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573) |publisher=The Weather Channel web site |access-date=October 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206060719/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573 |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506 |title=Monthly Averages for Pasadena, TX (77573) |publisher=The Weather Channel web site |access-date=October 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172821/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506 |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Temperatures reaching {{convert|20|°F|0}} or {{convert|100|°F|0}} are quite rare, having last occurred on December 23, 1989, and [[Summer 2012 North American heat wave|June 25, 2012]], respectively.<ref name= "NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)"/> Record temperatures range from {{convert|8|°F|0}} on [[Great Blizzard of 1899#Arctic cold|February 12, 1899]], up to {{convert|104|°F|0}} on September 5, 2000; the record cold maximum is {{convert|25|°F|0}} on February 7, 1895, and again on the date of the all-time low, while, conversely, the record warm minimum is {{convert|87|°F|0}} set on August 31{{spaced ndash}}September 3, 2020.<ref name= "NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)"/> On average, the warmest night is at {{convert|84|F|C}}, seldom straying far from averages.<ref name= "NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)"/>
[[Hurricane]]s are an ever-present threat during the summer and fall season, which puts Galveston in Coastal Windstorm Area. [[Galveston Island]] and the [[Bolivar Peninsula]] are generally at the greatest risk among the communities near the Galveston Bay. However, though the island and peninsula provide some shielding, the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Berger, Eric |url=http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html |title=Would a category 3 hurricane surge flood your home? |work=Houston Chronicle |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120033052/http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html |archive-date=January 20, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26676728 |title=Wide Ike and shallow coast mean strong surge |publisher=NBC News |date=September 12, 2008 |access-date=October 15, 2009 |quote=Houston is buffered by Galveston Island—which sits in the way of the surge—and the bay system |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715020425/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26676728/ |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Spinner, Kate |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge |access-date=October 15, 2009 |title=Hurricane forecasters zero in on threat of surge |work=Sarasota Herald Tribune |date=May 31, 2009 |quote=Just north of Galveston Island, the Bolivar Peninsula shields Galveston Bay much like Lido Key and Longboat Key shield Sarasota Bay. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103443/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Talks of building a coastal storm barrier with a mix of federal and state funding to protect Galveston and Houston have been ongoing for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irvine |first=Bethany |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Texas may get a coastal storm barrier, but will it be too late? |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/01/21/texas-coastal-spine-storm-surge-houston-galveston/ |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Galveston, Texas ([[Scholes International Airport at Galveston|Scholes Int'l]]), 1991−2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said thread from 1991 to 2020, i.e. the COOP station from January 1981 to December 1996, and Scholes Int'l from January 1997 to December 2010.}} extremes 1871−present{{efn|Official records for Galveston were kept at an unknown location from April 1871 to August 1946, at the COOP station from September 1946 to December 1996, and at Scholes Int'l since January 1997. The temperature record dates back to June 1874. Therefore, precipitation day normals are not currently available at Scholes Int'l. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ ThreadEx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519074347/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ |date=May 19, 2006 }}.}}
|collapsed = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 81
|Feb record high F = 83
|Mar record high F = 89
|Apr record high F = 95
|May record high F = 94
|Jun record high F = 100
|Jul record high F = 101
|Aug record high F = 100
|Sep record high F = 104
|Oct record high F = 94
|Nov record high F = 85
|Dec record high F = 82
|Jan avg record high F = 74.1
|Feb avg record high F = 75.8
|Mar avg record high F = 79.2
|Apr avg record high F = 83.9
|May avg record high F = 88.2
|Jun avg record high F = 92.5
|Jul avg record high F = 93.5
|Aug avg record high F = 95.6
|Sep avg record high F = 93.6
|Oct avg record high F = 88.1
|Nov avg record high F = 81.4
|Dec avg record high F = 76.5
|year avg record high F = 96.4
|Jan high F = 63.2
|Feb high F = 66.4
|Mar high F = 72.0
|Apr high F = 78.0
|May high F = 84.0
|Jun high F = 89.5
|Jul high F = 91.3
|Aug high F = 92.0
|Sep high F = 88.7
|Oct high F = 82.1
|Nov high F = 72.4
|Dec high F = 65.5
|year high F =
|Jan mean F = 56.0
|Feb mean F = 59.3
|Mar mean F = 65.2
|Apr mean F = 71.5
|May mean F = 78.2
|Jun mean F = 82.8
|Jul mean F = 85.5
|Aug mean F = 85.9
|Sep mean F = 82.4
|Oct mean F = 75.3
|Nov mean F = 65.5
|Dec mean F = 58.5
|year mean F =
|Jan low F = 48.9
|Feb low F = 52.3
|Mar low F = 58.4
|Apr low F = 65.0
|May low F = 72.4
|Jun low F = 78.1
|Jul low F = 79.7
|Aug low F = 79.8
|Sep low F = 76.1
|Oct low F = 68.6
|Nov low F = 58.7
|Dec low F = 51.6
|year low F =
|Jan avg record low F = 34.5
|Feb avg record low F = 39.0
|Mar avg record low F = 43.6
|Apr avg record low F = 51.6
|May avg record low F = 62.5
|Jun avg record low F = 71.1
|Jul avg record low F = 74.1
|Aug avg record low F = 74.1
|Sep avg record low F = 67.1
|Oct avg record low F = 53.7
|Nov avg record low F = 42.3
|Dec avg record low F = 37.1
|year avg record low F = 32.3
|Jan record low F = 11
|Feb record low F = 8
|Mar record low F = 26
|Apr record low F = 38
|May record low F = 50
|Jun record low F = 57
|Jul record low F = 66
|Aug record low F = 67
|Sep record low F = 52
|Oct record low F = 39
|Nov record low F = 26
|Dec record low F = 14
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 4.30
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.14
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.02
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.06
|May precipitation inch = 3.04
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.23
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.41
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.71
|Sep precipitation inch = 6.65
|Oct precipitation inch = 5.15
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.28
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.23
|year precipitation inch =
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 9.4
|Feb precipitation days = 7.7
|Mar precipitation days = 7.1
|Apr precipitation days = 5.8
|May precipitation days = 5.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 8.7
|Aug precipitation days = 8.3
|Sep precipitation days = 9.6
|Oct precipitation days = 7.4
|Nov precipitation days = 7.7
|Dec precipitation days = 9.7
|Jan snow inch = 0.0
|Feb snow inch = 0.0
|Mar snow inch = 0.0
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 0.1
|year snow inch =
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 0.0
|Feb snow days = 0.0
|Mar snow days = 0.0
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.1
|Jan sun = 145.0
|Feb sun = 163.4
|Mar sun = 209.0
|Apr sun = 225.5
|May sun = 265.7
|Jun sun = 298.5
|Jul sun = 309.0
|Aug sun = 280.4
|Sep sun = 237.9
|Oct sun = 237.2
|Nov sun = 176.9
|Dec sun = 150.5
|year sun=2699.0
|Jan percentsun = 44
|Feb percentsun = 52
|Mar percentsun = 56
|Apr percentsun = 58
|May percentsun = 63
|Jun percentsun = 71
|Jul percentsun = 72
|Aug percentsun = 69
|Sep percentsun = 64
|Oct percentsun = 67
|Nov percentsun = 55
|Dec percentsun = 47
|year percentsun= 61
|source 1 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<ref name="NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)">{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517041549/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NOAAsun>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72242.TXT |title=WMO Climate Normals for Galveston, TX 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00012923&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Galveston Scholes FLD, TX |access-date=February 7, 2023}}</ref>
}}
Notes: {{notelist}}
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 4177
|1860= 7307
|1870= 13818
|1880= 22248
|1890= 29084
|1900= 37789
|1910= 36981
|1920= 44255
|1930= 52938
|1940= 60862
|1950= 66568
|1960= 67175
|1970= 61809
|1980= 61902
|1990= 59070
|2000= 57247
|2010= 47743
|2020= 53695
|estyear=2022
|estimate=53089
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=February 24, 2024|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 24, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br>2020 Census<ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
}}
===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Galveston city, Texas – Racial and Ethnic Composition'''<br> (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Galveston city, Texas|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4828068&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2020<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Galveston city, Texas|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4828068&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2010
!% 2020
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|21,500
|25,386
|45.03%
|47.28%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|8,895
|8,785
|18.63%
|16.36%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|205
|187
|0.43%
|0.35%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|1,479
|1,669
|3.10%
|3.11%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|23
|39
|0.05%
|0.07%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|44
|199
|0.09%
|0.37%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race/Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|672
|1,651
|1.41%
|3.07%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|14,925
|15,779
|31.26%
|29.39%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''47,743'''
|'''53,695'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 53,695 people, 23,375 households, and 12,505 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Galveston%20city,%20Texas%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> There were 34,259 housing units.
===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 47,743 people, 19,943 households, and 10,779 families residing in the city. {{As of|2016|alt=As of the 2016 [[U.S. Census]] estimate}}d, the city had a total population of 50,550. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1,159|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people |people}}. There were 32,368 dwelling units at an average density of {{convert|786|/mi2|/km2}}. The racial makeup of the city was 62.5% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 19.2% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.9% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], <0.1% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 11.0% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.3% from two or more races. 31.3% of the population were [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race. There were 19,943 households, out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the city, the population was 23.4% under the age of 13, 11.3% from 13 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 88, and 13.7% who were 89 years of age or older in 2010. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 13 and over, there were 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,895, and the median income for a family was $35,049. Males had a median income of $30,150 versus $26,030 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,275. About 17.8% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 32.1% of those under age 13 and 14.2% of those age 89 or over.
==Economy==
===Port of Galveston===
The [[Port of Galveston]], also called Galveston Wharves, began as a trading post in 1825.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of The Port of Galveston, Texas |work=The Post of Galveston |access-date=September 27, 2009 |url=http://www.portofgalveston.com/about/history.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021084016/http://www.portofgalveston.com/about/history.shtml <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=October 21, 2009}}</ref> Today, the port has grown to {{convert|850|acre|km2|1}} of port facilities. The port is located on the Gulf [[Intracoastal Waterway]], on the north side of Galveston Island, with some facilities on [[Pelican Island (Texas)|Pelican Island]]. The port has facilities to handle all types of cargo including [[containerization|containers]], dry and liquid bulk, [[Break bulk cargo|breakbulk]], [[Roll-on/roll-off]], refrigerated cargo and project cargoes.
The port also serves as a passenger cruise ship terminal for cruise ships operating in the Caribbean. The terminal was [[home port]] to two [[Carnival Cruise Lines]] vessels, the ''[[Carnival Conquest]]'' and the ''[[Carnival Ecstasy]]''. In November 2011 the company made Galveston [[home port]] to its 3,960-passenger mega-ships ''[[Carnival Magic]]'' and ''[[Carnival Triumph]]'' as well. In 2015, ''[[Carnival Freedom]]'' relocated to Galveston, sailing seven-day cruises. Carnival replaced ''Carnival Magic'' and ''Carnival Triumph'' in the first half of 2016 with ''[[Carnival Breeze]]'' and ''[[Carnival Liberty]]'', respectively, but replaced ''Liberty'' with ''[[Carnival Valor]]'' later in the year due to mechanical issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/cruiselog/2015/02/16/carnival-cruise-texas-breeze/23488831/ |title=Carnival's newest ship to be based in Texas |work=USA TODAY |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201215814/https://www.usatoday.com/story/cruiselog/2015/02/16/carnival-cruise-texas-breeze/23488831/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/florida-cruise-guide/os-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html |title=Carnival Magic coming to Port Canaveral sooner than expected |last=Tribou |first=Richard |work=OrlandoSentinel.com |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031937/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/florida-cruise-guide/os-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html |title=Carnival to shorten Liberty cruises, replace ship with Valor |last=Elder |first=Laura |work=The Daily News |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043110/http://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Carnival Breeze'' and ''Carnival Freedom'' sail seven-day Caribbean cruises, and ''Carnival Valor'' sails four- and five-day Caribbean cruises from Galveston. Carnival planned on replacing ''Breeze'' with ''[[Carnival Vista]]'' in 2018, and ''Valor'' with ''[[Carnival Dream]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelagentcentral.com/cruises/carnival-vista-heads-to-galveston-carnival-breeze-to-port-canaveral |title=Carnival Vista Heads to Galveston, Carnival Breeze to Port Canaveral {{!}} Travel Agent Central |website=www.travelagentcentral.com |language=en |access-date=November 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034544/https://www.travelagentcentral.com/cruises/carnival-vista-heads-to-galveston-carnival-breeze-to-port-canaveral |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/business/index.ssf/2017/11/carnival_new_orleans_all_year.html |title=Carnival bringing new cruise ships to New Orleans in 2019 |work=NOLA.com |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119055834/http://www.nola.com/business/index.ssf/2017/11/carnival_new_orleans_all_year.html |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Galveston is the home port to [[Royal Caribbean International]]'s, [[MS Liberty of the Seas|MS ''Liberty of the Seas'']], which is the largest cruise ship ever based here and one of the largest ships in the world. In September 2012 [[Disney Cruise Line]]'s ''[[Disney Magic]]'' also became based in Galveston, offering four-, six-, seven-, and eight-day cruises to the Caribbean and the Bahamas.
===Finance===
[[File:American National Insurance Company Building -- Galveston.jpg|200px|thumb|upright|[[One Moody Plaza]], the location of the [[American National Insurance Company]]]]
[[American National Insurance Company]], one of the largest life insurance companies in the United States, is based in Galveston. The company and its subsidiaries operate in all 50 U.S. states, the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[American Samoa]]. Through its subsidiary, American National de México, Compañía de Seguros de Vida, it provides products and services in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=American National Insurance Company |work=Hoover's |author=Nell Newton |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.hoovers.com/global/cobrands/nasdaq/factsheet.xhtml?ID=12603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814210527/http://www.hoovers.com/global/cobrands/nasdaq/factsheet.xhtml?ID=12603 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/2008AnnualReport.pdf "2008 Annual Report"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806120355/http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/2008AnnualReport.pdf |date=August 6, 2010}} ''[[American National Insurance Company]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> [[Moody National Bank]], with headquarters in downtown Galveston, is one of the largest privately owned Texas-based banks. Its trust department, established in 1927, administers over 12 billion dollars in assets, one of the largest in the state.<ref>[http://www.moodybank.com/About_MNB/about_mnb.aspx "About Moody National Bank"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140254/http://www.moodybank.com/About_MNB/about_mnb.aspx |date=April 20, 2009}} ''[[Moody National Bank]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> In addition, the regional headquarters of Iowa-based United Fire & Casualty Company are located in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After year in Webster, United Fire returns to isle |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Laura Elder |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b29af327396b0e96 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224040935/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b29af327396b0e96 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
===Tourism===
[[File:Pleasure Pier entrance in Galveston, Texas.jpg|left|thumb|Pleasure Pier entrance in Galveston]]
[[File:MoodyGardens.jpg|thumb|The Rainforest Pyramid at [[Moody Gardens]]]]
In the late 1800s Galveston was known as the "Playground of the South"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meetingsfocus.com/Magazines/ArticleDetails/tabid/136/RegionID/247/ArticleID/17847/Default.aspx|title=A Gulf Coast gem is becoming a 'Playground of the South' all|publisher=Meetings Focus |access-date=September 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926154240/http://www.meetingsfocus.com/Magazines/ArticleDetails/tabid/136/RegionID/247/ArticleID/17847/Default.aspx|archive-date=September 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourtexas.com/content.cfm?id=36 |title=Galveston Island – Tour Texas |work=tourtexas.com |access-date=September 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093840/http://www.tourtexas.com/content.cfm?id=36 |archive-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Today, it still retains a shared claim to the title among major cities along the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast states]]. Galveston is a popular tourist destination which in 2007 brought $808 million to the local economy and attracted 5.4 million visitors. The city features an array of lodging options, including hotels such as the historic [[Hotel Galvez]] and Tremont House, vintage bed and breakfast inns, and beachfront condominiums.
The city's tourist attractions include the [[Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier]], Galveston [[Schlitterbahn]] waterpark, [[Moody Gardens]] botanical park, the [[Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum]], the [[Lone Star Flight Museum]], [[Galveston Railroad Museum]], a downtown neighborhood of historic buildings known as [[Strand National Historic Landmark District|The Strand]], many historical museums and mansions, and miles of beach front from the East End's Porretto Beach, Stewart Beach to the West End pocket parks. Previously Galveston had a {{convert|40|acre|ha|adj=on}} aquarium theme park called [[Sea-Arama Marineworld]], which opened in 1965, closed in January 1990, and was demolished in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hlavaty, Craig |url=https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/galveston/article/Sea-Arama-in-Galveston-was-an-island-attraction-13063170.php |title=Sea-Arama in Galveston was an island attraction for decades |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710215722/https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/galveston/article/Sea-Arama-in-Galveston-was-an-island-attraction-13063170.php |archive-date=July 10, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Strand plays host to a yearly [[Mardi Gras]] festival, Galveston Island Jazz & Blues Festival and a Victorian-themed [[Christmas]] festival called [[Dickens on the Strand]] (honoring the works of novelist [[Charles Dickens]], especially ''A Christmas Carol'') in early December. Galveston is home to several historic ships: the tall ship [[Elissa (ship)|''Elissa'']] (the official Tall Ship of Texas) at the Texas Seaport Museum and [[USS Cavalla (SS-244)|USS ''Cavalla'']] and {{USS|Stewart|DE-238|6}}, both berthed at [[Seawolf Park]] on nearby Pelican Island. Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic City, New Opportunities |publisher=Galveston Chamber of Commerce |access-date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070717/http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=204 |archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref>
The Galveston Summer Musicals was a professional summer stock theater company performing at Galveston's Moody Gardens. Prior to 2004, they performed at the Mary Moody Northen Amphitheater in West Galveston Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonpress.com/location/galveston-summer-months-9438612 |title=Galveston Summer Months |access-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713011254/https://www.houstonpress.com/location/galveston-summer-months-9438612 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Arts and culture==
===Galveston Arts Center===
Incorporated in 1986, Galveston Arts Center (GAC) is a non-profit, non-collecting arts organization. The center exhibits contemporary art, often by Texas-based artists, and offers educational and outreach programs. Notably, GAC organizes and produces Galveston ArtWalk. Museum entry is free to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestonartscenter.org |title=Galveston Art Center |work=galvestonartscenter.org |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926061639/http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/ |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Galveston Arts Center is located in the historic 1878 First National Bank Building on the Strand. This Italianate-style 1900 Storm survivor was extensively damaged during Hurricane Ike in 2008, forcing the center to temporarily relocate to a nearby facility on Market Street. After a lengthy fundraising campaign,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glasstire.com/2015/05/16/galveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building/ |title=Galveston Arts Center receives $1M to finish restoration of historic Strand building |date=May 17, 2015 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213112229/https://glasstire.com/2015/05/16/galveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the total restoration of the original building was completed and Galveston Arts Center returned to the Strand in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/content/tax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center |title=Tax Credit Program Highlight: Galveston Arts Center | THC.Texas.gov - Texas Historical Commission |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306021622/http://www.thc.texas.gov/content/tax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Galveston ArtWalk===
ArtWalk takes place approximately every six weeks on Saturday evenings throughout the year. ArtWalk is organized by Galveston Arts Center, which releases an ArtWalk brochure featuring a map of participating venues as well as descriptions of shows and exhibits. Venues include GAC, Galveston Artist Residency and artist's studios and galleries. Additionally, art is shown in "other walls"—for example MOD Coffeehouse or Mosquito Cafe—or outdoors at Art Market on Market Street. Musicians perform outdoors and at venues such as the Proletariat Gallery & Public House or [[Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe]]. While most ArtWalk events are concentrated downtown, there are a number or participants elsewhere on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/artwalk.php |title=Galveston Art Center |work=galvestonartscenter.org |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926120239/http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/artwalk.php |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Music and performing arts===
====Galveston Symphony Orchestra====
Galveston is home to the Galveston Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble of amateur and professional musicians formed in 1979 under the direction of Richard W. Pickar, Musical Director-Conductor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Galveston Symphony Orchestra |work=The Galveston Symphony Orchestra |access-date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonsymphony.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706012351/http://www.galvestonsymphony.org/ |archive-date=July 6, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
====Galveston Ballet====
The Galveston Ballet is a regional pre-professional ballet company and academy serving Galveston county.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston Ballet Home |access-date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://raymondguy.com/gb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425151635/http://raymondguy.com/gb/ |archive-date=April 25, 2009}}</ref> The company presents one full-length classical ballet in the spring of each year and one mixed repertory program in the fall, both presented at the Grand 1894 Opera House.
===Artist Residency and artist housing===
====Galveston Artist Residency====
Galveston Artist Residency (GAR) grants studio space, living space and a stipend to three visual artists each year. Resident artists work in a variety of mediums and exhibit their work in the GAR Gallery and Courtyards. Located in renovated industrial structures on the west side of downtown, GAR also hosts performances and other public events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://galvestonartistresidency.org/about# |title=Galveston Artist Residency |work=galvestonartistresidency.org |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917165552/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/about |archive-date=September 17, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
====The National Hotel Artist Lofts====
The National Hotel Artist Lofts (NHAL) is an [[Artspace Projects]] developed property featuring twenty-seven live/work units designated as affordable housing for artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artspace.org/our-places/national-hotel-artist-lofts |title=National Hotel Artist Lofts |work=Artspace |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104737/http://www.artspace.org/our-places/national-hotel-artist-lofts |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The project brought new life to the historic E.S. Levy Building, which was left abandoned for twenty years. Originally built as the Tremont Opera House in 1870, the structure was extensively renovated to serve various functions, from offices and stores to the National Hotel. The building also housed the U.S. National Weather Bureau's Galveston office under Isaac Cline during the 1900 Storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mgaia.com/images/Artspace/ |title=E.S. Levy Home pg |work=mgaia.com |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712074022/http://mgaia.com/images/Artspace/ |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Under Property Manager/Creative Director Becky Major, the unused retail space in the front of the building found a new purpose as a DIY art and music venue, despite its gutted and undeveloped state. In May 2015, the newly renovated space reopened as the Proletariat Gallery & Public House. This bar and gallery provides a common area for NHAL and neighborhood residents and a cultural hub for the broader community. Visual art, events and live music are regularly hosted in the space.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
====Sculpture====
[[File:Texas Heroes Monument.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Texas Heroes Monument. In the center of Broadway Blvd, at 25th street]]
Notable statues and sculptures in Galveston include:
* ''1900 Storm Memorial'', by David W. Moore
* ''Birth'', by Arthur Williams
* ''Dignified Resignation'' by [[Louis Amateis]] at the Galveston County Courthouse. With his back turned to the US flag while carrying a [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate flag]], it is the only memorial in Texas to feature a Confederate sailor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morris Little |first=Carol |title=A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgEAMI9BjkYC&pg=PP1 |pages=229 |isbn=9780292760363 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144703/https://books.google.com/books?id=NgEAMI9BjkYC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Dolphins'' by David W. Moore
* ''High Tide'', by [[Charles Parks (sculptor)|Charles Parks]]
* ''Jack Johnson'', by Adrienne Isom
* [[Pink Dolphin Monument]], by Joe Joe Orangias
* [[Texas Heroes Monument]], by [[Louis Amateis]]
* ''Hope'', by Doug McLean
==Government==
[[File:GalvestonCityHall.JPG|thumb|right|Galveston City Hall]]
===City government===
[[File:Galveston Courthouse.jpg|200px|thumb|Galveston Courthouse]]
After the hurricane of 1900, the city originated the city commission form of [[Municipal government|city government]] (which became known as the "[[City commission government|Galveston Plan]]"). The city has since adopted the [[Council-Manager government|council-manager]] form of government. Galveston's city council serves as the city's legislative branch, while the city manager works as the chief executive officer, and the municipal court system serves as the city's judicial branch.
The city council and mayor promote ordinances to establish municipal policies. The Galveston City Council consists of six elected positions, each derived from a specified [[electoral district]]. Each city council member is elected to a two-year term, while the mayor is elected to a two-year term. The city council appoints the city manager, the city secretary, the city auditor, the city attorney, and the municipal judge. The city's Tax Collector is determined by the city council and is outsourced to Galveston County. The city manager hires employees, promotes development, presents and administers the budget, and implements city council policies. Craig Brown is the incumbent [[mayor of Galveston]].
===County, state, and federal government===
[[File:Galveston County Justice Center.jpg|thumb|Galveston County Justice Center|alt=|left]]
[[File:Galveston US Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse.jpg|thumb|US Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse]]
Galveston is the [[county seat|seat]] and second-largest city (after [[League City, Texas|League City]]) of [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston County]] in population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics, Galveston County |work=Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.bayareahouston.com/Home/DataCenter/CountyStats1/GalvestonCounty/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617070859/http://www.bayareahouston.com/Home/DataCenter/CountyStats1/GalvestonCounty/ |archive-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref> The Galveston County Justice Center, which houses all the county's judicial functions as well as jail, is located on 59th street. The Galveston County Administrative Courthouse, the seat of civil and administrative functions, is located near the city's downtown.<ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/court_house_info.htm "Galveston County Justice Center"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925223222/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/court_house_info.htm |date=September 25, 2008}} ''[[Galveston County, Texas]]''. Accessed November 7, 2008.</ref> Galveston is within the County Precinct 1; {{as of|lc=y|2008}} Patrick Doyle serves as the Commissioner of Precinct 1.<ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Commissioners/Precinct_1.htm "Precinct 1"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108101451/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Commissioners/Precinct_1.htm |date=January 8, 2013}} ''[[Galveston County, Texas]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>
The Galveston County Sheriff's Office operates its law enforcement headquarters and jail from the Justice Center.<ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Sheriff/sheriff.htm "Welcome to the Galveston County Sheriff's Office Home Page"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026091802/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/sheriff/sheriff.htm |date=October 26, 2008}} ''Galveston County Sheriff's Office''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Sheriff/corrections.htm "Galveston County Sheriff's Office Corrections Bureau - Jail Division"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101000440/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/sheriff/corrections.htm |date=November 1, 2008 }} ''Galveston County Sheriff's Office''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> The Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services operates the Galveston Community Center.<ref>[http://www.galvestonparks-seniors.org/locations/ls_overview.asp "Facilities Overview"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831193515/http://www.galvestonparks-seniors.org/locations/ls_overview.asp |date=August 31, 2005}} ''Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> Galveston is located in District 23 of the [[Texas House of Representatives]]. {{As of|2021}}, [[Mayes Middleton]] represents the district.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030709191238/http://www.house.state.tx.us/members/pdf/districts/23.pdf "District 23"]. ''Texas House of Representatives''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> Most of Galveston is within [[Texas Senate, District 17|District 17]] of the [[Texas Senate]]; {{as of|lc=y|2008}} [[Joan Huffman]] represents the district.<ref>[http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist17_Map.pdf "Senate District 17"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219040031/http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist17_Map.pdf |date=December 19, 2008}} Map. ''[[Senate of Texas]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> A portion of Galveston is within [[Texas Senate, District 11|District 11]] of the [[Texas Senate]]; {{as of|lc=y|2021}} [[Larry Taylor (politician)|Larry Taylor]] represents the district.<ref>[http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist11_Map.pdf "Senate District 11"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218205131/http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist11_Map.pdf |date=December 18, 2014}} Map. ''[[Senate of Texas]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> Galveston is in [[Texas's 14th congressional district]] and is represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Randy Weber]] {{as of|lc=y|2012}}.
==Education==
{{Main|Education in Galveston, Texas}}
===Colleges and universities===
Established in 1891 with one building and fewer than 50 students, today the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] (UTMB) campus has grown to more than 70 buildings and an enrollment of more than 2,500 students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston: Stops for No Storm |work=Inside Healthcare |author=Meghan Flynn |date=August 1, 2009 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://www.inside-healthcare.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2321&Itemid=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040029/http://www.inside-healthcare.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2321&Itemid=31 |archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref> The {{convert|84|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus includes schools of [[medical school|medicine]], [[nursing]], allied health professions, and a [[graduate school]] of biomedical sciences, as well as three institutes for advanced studies & medical humanities, a major medical library, seven hospitals, a network of clinics that provide a full range of primary and specialized medical care, and numerous research facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defining the Future of Health Care |work=UTMB Office of Public Affairs |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://www.utmb.edu/info.broadcast/PDFS/DefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218204449/http://www.utmb.edu/info.broadcast/PDFS/DefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref>
Galveston is home to two post-secondary institutions offering traditional degrees in higher education. [[Galveston College]], a junior college that opened in 1967, and [[Texas A&M University at Galveston]], an ocean-oriented branch campus of [[Texas A&M University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas A&M University, Galveston |work=Best Colleges |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/galveston-tx/texas-a&m-galveston-10298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827204334/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/galveston-tx/texas-a%26m-galveston-10298 |archive-date=August 27, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Primary and secondary schools===
The city of Galveston is served by [[Galveston Independent School District]], which includes six elementary schools, two [[Central Middle School (Galveston, Texas)|middle schools]] and one high school, [[Ball High School]]. There is also one [[magnet school|magnet middle school]], Austin Middle School, serving grades 5 through 8.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GISD hopes magnet school attracts students |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Rhiannon Meyers |date=February 6, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=2001761dda6797b5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224040947/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=2001761dda6797b5 |archive-date=February 24, 2012}}</ref> Galveston has several state-funded [[Charter School|charter schools]] not affiliated with local school districts, including kindergarten through 8th grade Ambassadors Preparatory Academy and pre-kindergarten through 8th Grade Odyssey Academy.<ref name="PRVSCHOOLS">{{Cite web|title=Galveston, Texas Private Schools |work=galveston.com |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.galveston.com/privateschools/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127162105/http://www.galveston.com/privateschools/ |archive-date=November 27, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition [[KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program]] opened KIPP Coastal Village in Galveston under the auspices of GISD.<ref>Radcliffe, Jennifer. [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6350817.html "New KIPP campuses have younger focus"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403015510/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6350817.html |date=April 3, 2009}} ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. March 30, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>
Several private schools exist in Galveston. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]] operates two Roman Catholic private schools, including Holy Family Catholic School (K through 8th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicweb.com/bulletins/1966/Feb-14-2010.pdf|title=Holy Family Parish Bulletin 02-14-2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and [[O'Connell College Preparatory School]] (9-12).<ref name="PRVSCHOOLS"/> Other private schools include Satori Elementary School, Trinity Episcopal School, Seaside Christian Academy, and Heritage Christian Academy.<ref name="PRVSCHOOLS"/>
<gallery>
File:Galveston College Regent Hall.jpg|[[Galveston College]]
File:Lovenberg Admin Building GISD.jpg|Galveston Independent School District Administration Building
File:BHSGalvEntrance.jpg|[[Ball High School]]
File:Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg|Central Middle School, formerly [[Central High School (Galveston, Texas)|Central High School]]
</gallery>
==Media==
[[File:The Daily News building in Galveston Texas.jpg|thumb|right|The headquarters of ''[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]]'']]
The ''[[Galveston County Daily News|Daily News]]'' (previously ''The Galveston County Daily News'') founded in 1842, is the city's primary newspaper and the oldest continuously printed newspaper in Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso |title=The Galveston County Daily News |publisher=Galvestondailynews.com |access-date=October 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008041359/http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso |archive-date=October 8, 2008}}</ref> It currently serves as the [[newspaper of record]] for the city and the ''Texas City Post'' serves as the newspaper of record for the county. Radio station [[KGBC]], on air from 1947 to 2010, has previously served as a local media outlet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Island radio station making a comeback |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Leigh Jones |date=March 10, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=f78adc7f6fda4a10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209022106/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=f78adc7f6fda4a10 |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref> Television station [[KHOU-TV|KHOU]] signed on the air as KGUL-TV on March 23, 1953. Originally licensed in Galveston, KGUL was the second television station to launch in the Houston area after [[KPRC-TV]].<ref name="KHOU">{{Cite web| title = KHOU History | work = KHOU.com | access-date = October 4, 2009
| url = http://www.khou.com/about/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611150228/http://www.khou.com/about/ |archive-date = June 11, 2008}}</ref> One of the original investors in the station was actor [[James Stewart]], along with a small group of other Galveston investors.<ref name="KHOU" /> In June 1959, KGUL changed its [[call sign]] to KHOU and moved their main office to Houston. The local [[hip hop]] name for Galveston is "G-town".<ref>Lomax, John Nova. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-11-17/music/on-da-lingo-part-ii/ "On Da Lingo, Part II"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809033129/http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-11-17/music/on-da-lingo-part-ii/ |date=August 9, 2011}} ''[[Houston Press]]''. Thursday November 17, 2005. Retrieved on October 26, 2011.</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Healthcare===
Galveston is the home of several of the largest [[teaching hospitals]] in the state, located on the campus of the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] at Galveston. Prior to [[Hurricane Ike]], the University employed more than 12,000 people. Its significant growth in the 1970s and 1980s was attributable to a uniquely qualified management and medical faculty including: Mr. John Thompson; Dr. William James McGanity, Dr. William Levin, Dr. David Daeschner and many more.
Ike severely damaged the 550-bed [[John Sealy Hospital]] causing the [[University of Texas System]] [[Board of Regents]] to cut nearly one-third of the hospital staff. Since the storm, the regents have committed to spending $713 million to restore the campus, construct new medical towers, and return John Sealy Hospital to its 550-bed pre-storm capacity.<ref name="UTMB coming back stronger than ever">{{Cite web|title=UTMB coming back stronger from Ike |work=Houston Chronicle |author=Harvey Rice |date=September 16, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/news/specials/hurricane/6622630.html |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221248/https://www.chron.com/news/hurricanes/article/UTMB-coming-back-stronger-from-Ike-1590540.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2011, the UT Board of Regents approved the construction of a new 13 story hospital that will be located next to John Sealy Hospital. Construction will begin in the fall of 2011, with the demolition of the old Jennie Sealy and Shriners hospitals, and continue until completion in 2016. The facility will have 250 room, 20 operating suites and 54 intensive care beds. When the new hospital is complete, along with the renovations at John Sealy, both complexes will have around 600 beds.<ref name="UTMB gets OK to build new island hospital">{{Cite web|title=UTMB gets OK to build new island hospital |work=The Daily News |author=John DeLapp |date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=September 18, 2011 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story/253098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829163529/http://galvestondailynews.com/story/253098 |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The university reopened their [[Level I Trauma Center]] on August 1, 2009, which had been closed for eleven months after the hurricane and, {{as of|lc=y|2009|09}}, had reopened 370 hospital beds.<ref name="UTMB coming back stronger than ever"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=UTMB emergency room reopens after Ike |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Scott Gonzales |date=August 2, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=d093128587d3bc01 |access-date=September 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084231/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=d093128587d3bc01 |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The city is also home to a 30-bed [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] [[burn]]s hospital for children, the [[Shriners Hospitals for Children|Shriners Burns Hospital at Galveston]].<ref name="galvestondailynews.com">{{Cite web|title=Shriners vote to keep isle burns hospital open |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Laura Elder |date=July 7, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=140378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231601/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=140378 |archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> The Galveston hospital is one of only four in the chain of 22 [[non-profit]] [[Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine|Shriners]] hospitals, that provides acute burns care.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shriners will keep hospitals open Galveston facility to reopen in a few weeks |work=Houston Chronicle |author=Elizabeth Allen |date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4764200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224152757/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4764200 |archive-date=December 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the Galveston Hospital was damaged by Hurricane Ike, the Shriners national convention held in July 2009 voted to repair and reopen the hospital.<ref name="galvestondailynews.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals Listed by Specialty
|work=Shriners Hospitals for Children |access-date=October 5, 2009 |url=http://www.shrinershq.org/Hospitals_by_Specialty.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826013034/http://www.shrinershq.org/Hospitals_by_Specialty.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref>
===Fire department===
The Galveston Fire Department provides [[fire protection]] services through six fire stations and 17 pieces of [[Fire apparatus|apparatus]].<ref>[http://www.cityofgalveston.org/public_safety/firedept.cfm "Fire Department"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705011543/http://www.cityofgalveston.org/public_safety/firedept.cfm |date=July 5, 2006}} ''City of Galveston''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> The [https://web.archive.org/web/20130204034639/http://www.galvestonpolice.net/official/ Galveston Police Department] has provided the city's [[police|police protection]] for more than 165 years. Over 170 authorized officers serve in three divisions.
===Library===
[[File:Rosenberg Library2008.jpg|thumb|right|The Rosenberg Library]]
The city is served by the [[Rosenberg Library]], successor to the Galveston Mercantile Library, which was founded in 1871. It is the oldest public library in the State of Texas.<ref name=rosenberg>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lcr02 |work=Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association |title=Rosenber Library |access-date=May 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710013205/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lcr02 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosenberg-library.org/ |title=Rosenberg Library |publisher=Rosenberg-library.org |access-date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031140828/http://www.rosenberg-library.org/ |archive-date=October 31, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The library also serves as headquarters of the [[Galveston County Library System]], and its librarian also functions as the Galveston County Librarian.<ref>[http://www.rosenberg-library.org/about/library.htm "About the Rosenberg Library"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606051100/http://www.rosenberg-library.org/about/library.htm |date=June 6, 2011}} ''[[Rosenberg Library]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>
===Courts===
The Galveston Division of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas]], the first federal court in Texas, is based in Galveston and has jurisdiction over the counties of Galveston, [[Brazoria County|Brazoria]], [[Chambers County, Texas|Chambers]] and [[Matagorda County|Matagorda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southern District of Texas, Galveston Division |work=United States District and Bankruptcy Courts |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/addresses/gal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520190448/http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/addresses/gal.pdf |archive-date=May 20, 2009}}</ref> It is housed in the United States Post Office, Customs House and Court House federal building in downtown Galveston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southern District of Texas, History of the District |work=United States District and Bankruptcy Courts |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/research/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917092419/http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/research/history.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates several post offices in Galveston, including the Galveston Main Post Office and the Bob Lyons Post Office Station.<ref>[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33611?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston "Post Office Location - Bob Lyons"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321153808/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33611?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston |date=March 21, 2009}} ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120716014002/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/35818?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston "Post Office Location - Galveston"]. ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> In addition the post office has a contract postal unit at the Medical Branch Unit on the campus of the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] and the West Galveston [[United States Postal Service#Types of postal facilities|Contract Postal Unit]], located on the west end of Galveston Island in the beachside community of [[Jamaica Beach, Texas|Jamaica Beach]].
===Transportation===
[[File:Scholes Field Terminal, Galveston.jpg|thumb|[[Scholes International Airport at Galveston]]]]
[[File:Galveston, Texas. . . Prepared by Order of Maj. Gen. N. P. Banks. Maj. D. C. Houston, Chief Engineers... Authorities... - NARA - 305663.tif|thumb|Civil War-era map depicting the early Galveston grid]]
====Sea====
Galveston is home to several historic ships: the tall ship ''Elissa'' (the official Tall Ship of Texas) at the Texas Seaport Museum and USS ''Cavalla'' and USS ''Stewart'', both berthed at Seawolf Park on nearby Pelican Island. Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States.
====Air====
[[Scholes International Airport at Galveston]] {{airport codes|GLS|KGLS}} is a two-runway airport in Galveston; the airport is primarily used for general aviation, offshore energy transportation, and some limited military operations. The nearest commercial airline service for the city is operated out of Houston through [[William P. Hobby Airport]] and [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]]. The [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] has two heliports, one for Ewing Hall and one for its emergency room.
====Railroad====
The [[Galveston Railroad|Galveston Railway]], originally established and named in 1854 as the Galveston Wharf and Cotton Press Company, is a [[Class III railroad|Class III]] terminal switching railroad that primarily serves the transportation of cargo to and from the Port of Galveston. The railway operates {{convert|32|mi|km}} of yard track at Galveston, over a {{convert|50|acre|m2|adj=on}} facility. The Galveston Railroad today owned Rail Link Inc. interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad Company and BNSF Railway Company on Galveston Island. The two class one Railroads reach Galveston by way of a new vertical lift railroad causeway bridge that crosses Galveston Bay next to the Interstate-45 bridge.
The city last had direct intercity [[passenger train]] service in 1967 with the [[Santa Fe Railroad]]'s ''[[Texas Chief]]'' from [[Chicago]].<ref>Sanders, Craig (2006). ''Amtrak in the Heartland''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34705-3}}, p. 107.</ref> Galveston is served by [[Amtrak Thruway#West|Amtrak Thruway]] service at Galveston Amtrak bus stop, with service to Houston for [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Sunset Limited]]'', continuing further north to [[Longview, Texas|Longview]] for Amtrak's ''[[Texas Eagle]]''.<ref>Amtrak site, Galveston Thruway stop https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020042538/https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls |date=October 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>Rome2Rio, Galveston thruway bus https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012072629/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston |date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>
====Roads====
John D. Groesbeck surveyed and mapped the town in 1837 and 1838 on behalf of the Galveston City Company. A new Galveston resident most recently from New York City, he laid out the streets based on a gridiron, and named the east–west avenues according to letters of the alphabet, with Avenue A running along the back bay on the north side of the island. He assigned numbers to names of north–south streets, with First Street on the far eastern side of the grid, and the numbered street names increased as they progressed westward. The names of some of the avenues changed over the years. Most notably, Avenue B became known as The Strand, and Avenue J became known as Broadway, a major thoroughfare which runs from the Interstate-45 viaduct to Seawall Boulevard.<ref name=mccomb>{{cite book|title=Galveston: A History |author=David G. McComb |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |page=43 |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-292-72053-4}}</ref>
[[Interstate 45]] has a southern terminus in Galveston and serves as a main artery to Galveston from mainland Galveston County and [[Houston]]. [[U.S. Route 75 in Texas|US Route 75]] used to reach Galveston before it was [[decommissioned highway|decommissioned]] in 1987 from Dallas. [[Farm to Market Road 3005]] (locally called [[Seawall Boulevard]]) connects Galveston to [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria County]] via the [[San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)|San Luis Pass-Vacek Toll Bridge]]. [[Texas State Highway 87|State Highway 87]], known locally as Broadway Street, connects the island to the [[Bolivar Peninsula]] via the Bolivar Ferry. A project to construct the [[Bolivar Bridge|proposed Bolivar Bridge]] to link Galveston to Bolivar Peninsula was cancelled in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestondailynews.com/news/article_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html |title=Bolivar bridge goes nowhere |publisher=The Daily News Galveston County |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2013 |author=Collette, Mark |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221249/https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{jct|state=TX|I|45}}
* {{jct|state=TX|TX|87}}
* {{jct|state=TX|TX|168}}
* {{jct|state=TX|TX|275}}
* {{jct|state=TX|SS|342}}
* {{jct|state=TX|FM|3005}}
===Transit===
[[Island Transit (Texas)|Island Transit]], which operates the [[Galveston Island Trolley]] manages the city's public transportation services. Intercity bus service to Galveston was previously operated by [[Kerrville Bus]] Company; following the company's acquisition by Coach USA, service was operated by [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
===Sports===
Galveston was home to [[minor league baseball]] from 1888–1955. The [[Galveston White Caps]] (1950–1955), [[Galveston Buccaneers]] (1931–1937)
[[Galveston Sand Crabs]] (1889–1890, 1892, 1897–1899, 1907–1911, 1922–1924) [[Galveston Pirates (baseball)|Galveston Pirates]] (1912–1917, 1919–1921) and [[Galveston Giants]] (1888) all called Galveston home. Galveston was a member of the [[Big State League]] (1954–1955), [[Florida Complex League#Gulf Coast League|Gulf Coast League]] (1950–1953) and [[Texas League]] (1888–1890, 1892, 1897–1899, 1907–1917, 1919–1924, 1931–1937). The teams played at Moody Stadium/White Cap Stadium (1931–1937, 1950–1955), [[Gulfview Park]] (1921–1924)/Pirate Field (1915–1920) and Beach Park (1888–1915).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-gc11674/y-1955 |title=1955 Galveston White Caps Roster on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135035/https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-gc11674/y-1955 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/sports/places/m-4194989 |title=Galveston, Texas sports teams on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135025/https://www.statscrew.com/sports/places/m-4194989 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-957 |title=White Cap Stadium in Galveston, TX history and teams on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135027/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-957 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-954 |title=Beach Park in Galveston, TX history and teams on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135026/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-954 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/t-gc11672 |title=Galveston Sand Crabs Statistics and Roster on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135025/https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/t-gc11672 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Notable people==
Galveston has been home to many important figures in Texas and U.S. history. During the island's earliest history it became the domain of [[Jean Lafitte]], the famed [[pirate]] and American hero of the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="HTOLAFITTE" /> [[Richard Bache Jr. (Texas politician)|Richard Bache, Jr.]] who settled in Galveston in 1842 and represented it in the Senate of the Second Texas Legislature in 1847 and assisted in drawing up the Constitution of 1845 was another.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lura N. Rouse |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fba02 |title=BACHE, RICHARD |work=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Tshaonline.org |access-date=August 13, 2010}}</ref> He was also the grandson of [[Benjamin Franklin]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] of America and [[Deborah Read]]. In 1886, the [[African-American]] Galveston civil rights leader [[Norris Wright Cuney]] rose to become the head of the [[Texas Republican Party]] and one of the most important [[American South|Southern]] black leaders of the century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuney, Norris Wright |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Merline Pitre |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221144035/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
British playwright and actor [[Charles Francis Coghlan]] died at Galveston in 1899 while touring with his theatre company<ref>Charles Coghlan is Dead - New York Times 28 November 1899; pg. 7;</ref> and was initially entombed there until his body was washed out to sea in the 1900 hurricane.<ref>Charles Coghian's Body Missing. - New York Times - September 25, 1900; pg. 2;</ref> Portrait and landscape artist [[Verner Moore White]] moved from Galveston the day before the 1900 hurricane. While he survived, his studio and much of his portfolio were destroyed.<ref>Baker, James Graham; Southwestern Historical Quarterly Vol CXIII; April 2010</ref> Another survivor of the hurricane was the [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] director [[King Vidor]], who made his directing debut in 1913 with the film ''[[Hurricane in Galveston]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vidor, King Wallis |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvi15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101222326/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvi15 |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], nicknamed the "Galveston Giant", became the first black world heavyweight boxing champion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johnson, Jack |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjo14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101161913/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjo14 |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
During the first half of the 20th century, [[William Lewis Moody Jr.|William L. Moody Jr.]] established a business empire, which includes [[American National Insurance Company]], a major national insurer, and founded the [[Moody Foundation]], one of the largest charitable organizations in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moody Foundation |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Robert E. Baker |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215050133/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sam Maceo]], a nationally known [[organized crime]] boss, with the help of his family, was largely responsible for making Galveston a major U.S. tourist destination from the 1920s to the 1940s.<ref name="hotgalv" /> Grammy-award-winning singer-songwriter [[Barry White]] was born on the island and later moved to Los Angeles.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/barry-white-36718.html "Obituary: Barry White", ''The Independent'', October 31, 2013]. Retrieved July 26, 2021</ref>
[[George P. Mitchell]], pioneer of [[hydraulic fracturing]] technology and developer of [[The Woodlands, Texas]], was born and raised in Galveston.<ref>{{cite news|title=George Mitchell still pushes energy conservation: Oilman has worked for conservation since the Arab embargo more than 30 years ago |last=Hays |first=Kristen |date=August 2, 2008 |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/5920511.html |publisher=[[Hearst Newspapers]] |access-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref>
[[Anita Martini]], pioneering female sports journalist who was the first woman allowed in a major league locker room for a post-game press conference, was born in Galveston.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bailey |first1=Mike |title=On top of her game |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/17199665 |work=[[The Galveston Daily News]] |date=January 28, 1990 |page=1-C}}</ref> Surfer [[Dorian "Doc" Paskowitz]] was born in Galveston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/209116/doc-paskowitz-jewish-surfer-dude-for-ages-dies-at/ |title=Doc Paskowitz, Jewish Surfer Dude for Ages, Dies at 93 |date=November 12, 2014 |work=The Jewish Daily Forward}}</ref>
Professional baseball pitcher [[Sig Jakucki]] made Galveston his home after joining the [[Galveston Buccaneers]] in 1934. He is best remembered for defeating the [[New York Yankees]] in the final game of the 1944 MLB season, giving the [[St. Louis Browns]] their only pennant.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wolf |first=Gregory H. |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sig-jakucki/ |title=Sig Jakucki |work=SABR |access-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001203808/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sig-jakucki/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Terran Petteway]], a basketball player in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]], was born in Galveston.
More recently [[Tilman J. Fertitta]], part of the Maceo bloodline, established the Landry's Restaurants corporation, which owns numerous restaurants and entertainment venues in Texas and Nevada.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tilman J. Fertitta |work=Forbes |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/tilman-j-fertitta/48514 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925163501/http://people.forbes.com/profile/tilman-j-fertitta/48514 | archive-date=September 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
[[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] was the senior [[United States Senate|senator]] from Texas and the first female Texas senator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hutchison, Kathyrn Ann Bailey (Kay) – Biographical Information |work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h001016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007114454/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H001016 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Gilbert Pena]], former Republican member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]] from [[Pasadena, Texas|Pasadena]], was born in Galveston in 1949 and lived there in early childhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.takeback144.com/meet-gilbert/ |title=Meet Gilbert Pena |publisher=Take Back House District 144 |access-date=December 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220090656/http://www.takeback144.com/meet-gilbert/ |archive-date=December 20, 2014 }}</ref>
[[Jonathan Pollard]], who spied for [[Israel]] and was convicted in the US and sentenced to life in jail, was born in Galveston.<ref name="Trahair2004">{{cite book|author=R. C. S. Trahair |title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&pg=PA267 |access-date=April 10, 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31955-6 |pages=267–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103193033/http://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&pg=PA267 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film and television actor [[Lee Patterson]], a native of [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], lived in Galveston and died there in 2007.<ref>''[[Soap Opera Digest]]'', Vol. 32, No. 44, 30 October 2007, page 17.</ref>
Other notable people include [[Brandon Backe]], a former [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher for the [[Tampa Bay Rays|Tampa Bay Devil Rays]] and [[Houston Astros]] who played in the [[2005 World Series]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/backebr01.shtml |title=Brandon Backe stats |work=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |accessdate=January 3, 2022}}</ref> [[Matt Carpenter (baseball)|Matt Carpenter]] of the [[St. Louis Cardinals]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=572761#gameType='R'§ionType=career&statType=1&season=2013&level='ALL' |title=''MLB Player Stats'' (Matt Carpenter) |access-date=August 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412164744/http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=572761#gameType='R'§ionType=career&statType=1&season=2013&level='ALL' |archive-date=April 12, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mike Evans (wide receiver)|Mike Evans]], wide receiver for the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams |first=Brandon C. |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Ball's Mike Evans drafted by Tampa Bay |url=http://www.galvnews.com/sports/free/article_fb939234-d715-11e3-9745-0017a43b2370.html |access-date=April 12, 2018 |website=The Daily News |language=en}}</ref> 1998 [[Heisman Trophy]] runner-up and pro quarterback [[Michael Bishop (gridiron football)|Michael Bishop]], Pittsburgh Steelers great [[Casey Hampton]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casey Hampton Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HampCa00.htm |access-date=December 29, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> comedian [[Bill Engvall]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |title=Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2017 |publisher=Record Research, Inc. |year=2017 |page=120 |isbn=978-0-89820-229-8}}</ref> actresses [[Valerie Perrine]]{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and [[Katherine Helmond]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/84405%7C0/Katherine-Helmond/biography.html |title=Katherine Helmond Biography |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref> painter [[Ethel Fisher]],<ref>[[Harry Schneiderman|Schneiderman, Harry]] and Itzhak J. Carmin (eds). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zXNqAAAAMAAJ ''Who's Who in World Jewry, Volume 2''], New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1965, p. 524–5.</ref> [[Tina Knowles]] fashion designer and creator of [[House of Deréon]], mother of [[Beyoncé]] and [[Solange Knowles]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/beyonce-its-family-affair?fullpage=1 |title=It's a Family Affair |work=Texas Monthly |first=Michael |last=Hall |date=April 2004 |issn=0148-7736 |access-date=September 7, 2014 |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325120146/http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/its-a-family-affair/ |url-status=live |quote=She was born Celestine Beyoncé in Galveston in 1954.}}</ref> and Grammy award-winning R&B and Jazz legend [[Esther Phillips]], was born in Galveston in 1935.<ref>Freeland, David (2001). ''Ladies of Soul''. University Press of Mississippi. p. xxiii. {{ISBN|1-57806-331-0}}.</ref>
==Galveston in media and literature==
* "[[Galveston (song)|Galveston]]" is the name of a popular song written by [[Jimmy Webb]] and sung by [[Glen Campbell]].
* ''[[4 for Texas]]'' (1963), a motion picture set in Galveston.
* [[Sheldon Cooper]], one of the main characters from the [[CBS]] [[sitcom]] ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' and spinoff ''[[Young Sheldon]]'', was born in Galveston.<ref name="tbbt-s02e09">{{cite episode|title=The White Asparagus Triangulation|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 2#ep26|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=November 24, 2008|season=2|number=9|minutes=04:15}}</ref>
* The [[Walter M. Miller Jr.]] novella ''[[Dark Benediction]]'' (1951) takes place partly in Galveston during the outbreak of a mysterious plague.
* [[Donald Barthelme]]'s 1974 [[short story]] "I bought a little city" is about an unnamed man who invests his fortune in buying Galveston, only to sell it thereafter.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/11/11/1974_11_11_042_TNY_CARDS_000308287] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091857/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/11/11/1974_11_11_042_TNY_CARDS_000308287|date=November 5, 2013}} Barthelme's original story.</ref>
* Galveston is the primary setting and filming location for the 1989 film, [[Night Game (film)]]
* Galveston is the setting of [[Sean Stewart]]'s 2000 fantasy novel ''Galveston'', in which a Flood of Magic takes over the island city, resulting in strange and carnivalesque adventures. It tied in 2001 with ''[[Declare]]'', by [[Tim Powers]], for the [[World Fantasy Award for Best Novel]]. It also won the 2001 [[Sunburst Award]] and was a preliminary nominee for the [[Nebula Award for Best Novel]].
* ''The Drowning House'', a novel by Elizabeth Black (2013), is an exploration of the island of Galveston, Texas, and the intertwined histories of two families who reside there.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/The-Drowning-House-A-Novel/dp/0385535864/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221303/https://www.amazon.com/The-Drowning-House-A-Novel/dp/0385535864/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t|date=November 5, 2021}} Publisher</ref>
* ''Galveston'' (2010) is the first novel by [[Nic Pizzolatto]], the creator of the [[HBO]] series ''[[True Detective]]''.
* ''[[The Jinx (miniseries)|The Jinx]]'' (2015), an [[HBO]] miniseries, features Galveston as the location of one of [[Robert Durst]]'s murders which took place in 2001.
* In the 2016 survival, horror film, [[The Shallows (film)|The Shallows]], directed by [[Jaume Collet-Serra]] and starring [[Blake Lively]], Galveston was set as the main character's hometown and is shown at the film's conclusion.
* [[Magnolia Network]]'s programming includes ''Restoring Galveston'' (formerly known as ''Big Texas Fix'') which shows local Galveston homes being restored and remodeled.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/life/article/DIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php |title=DIY's breakout hit 'Restoring Galveston' is back for season 2 with new name and more homes to update |newspaper=Chron |date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901162136/https://www.chron.com/life/article/DIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php |url-status=live |last1=Ramirez |first1=Sonia }}</ref>
==Sister cities==
Galveston's [[Sister city|sister cities]] are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities|publisher=City of Galveston|access-date=October 27, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051335/https://galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Macharaviaya]], Spain
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]], Japan
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Stavanger]], Norway
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], Mexico
==See also==
{{Portal|Texas}}
* [[Galveston Movement]]
* [[History of the Jews in Galveston, Texas]]
* [[Juneteenth]]
* ''[[Isaac's Storm]]''
* [[USS Galveston|USS ''Galveston'']], 2 ships
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{notelist}}
==References==
* [[Erik Larson (author)|Larson, Erik]]. ''[[Isaac's Storm]]'', New York: Vintage Books, 2000.
* {{Cite book|title=[[Mythic Galveston: reinventing America's third coast]] |last=Hardwick |first=Susan Wiley |year=2002 |publisher=[[JHU Press]] |page=https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard/page/13 13] |isbn=0-8018-6887-4}} 7799766866800-08 - [https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard read online], registration required
* {{cite book|first=Willard B. |last=Robinson |place=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |title=Gone from Texas: Our Lost Architectural Heritage |isbn=0-89096-106-9 |year=1981}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|q=no|s=Special:Search/Galveston|b=no|voy=Galveston|commons=Category:Galveston, Texas}}
* [https://www.galvestontx.gov/ City of Galveston – Official Website]
* [https://www.visitgalveston.com/ Galveston Island Convention and Visitors Bureau] (commercial)
* [https://galvestonchamber.com/ Galveston Chamber of Commerce]
{{Clear}}
{{Galveston, Texas}}
{{Galveston County, Texas}}
{{Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA}}
{{Republic of Texas}}
{{Texas}}
{{Texas county seats}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Pirates}}
[[Category:Galveston, Texas| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Cities in Galveston County, Texas]]
[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:County seats in Texas]]
[[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|Texas]]
[[Category:Galveston Bay Area]]
[[Category:Greater Houston]]
[[Category:Pirate dens and locations]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Texas]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Texas]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1830s]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Texas]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{nice
==History==
{{Main|History of Galveston, Texas}}
===Exploration and 19th-century development===
[[File:Plan of the City of Galveston, Texas.jpg|thumb|Plan of the City of Galveston (c. 1845)]] [[File:Map of City of Galveston.jpg|thumb|Map of City of Galveston (c. 1904)]]
Indigenous inhabitants of Galveston Island called the island ''Auia''.<ref name=McComb1>{{cite book|last=McComb|first=David G.|title=Galveston: A History|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|chapter=The Edge of Time|year=1986|isbn=978-0292-720534}}</ref> Though there is no certainty regarding their route and their landings, [[Cabeza de Vaca]] and his crew were shipwrecked at a place he called "Isla de Malhado" in November 1528. This could have referred to Galveston Island or [[San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)|San Luis Island]].<ref name=chipman>{{Cite web|series=The Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |first=Donald E. |last=Chipman |title=Malhado Island |date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=January 17, 2020 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrm01}}</ref>
During his charting of the Gulf Coast in 1785, the Spanish explorer José de Evia labeled the water features surrounding the island "Bd. de Galvestown" and "Bahia de Galvestowm" [sic]. He was working under the orders of Bernardo de Gálvez. In his early chart, he calls the western end of the island "Isla de San Luis" and the eastern end "Pt. de Culebras". Evia did not label the island itself on his map of 1799. Just five years later [[Alexander von Humboldt]] borrowed the place names Isla de San Luis, Pte. De Culebras, and Bahia de Galveston. Stephen F. Austin followed his predecessors in the use of "San Luis Island", but introduced "Galveston" to refer to the little village at the east end of the island. Evidence of the name Galveston Island appears on the 1833 David H. Burr.<ref name=McComb1/>
The island first permanent European settlements were constructed around 1816 by the [[pirate]] [[Louis-Michel Aury]] to support Mexico's rebellion against Spain. In 1817, Aury returned from an unsuccessful raid against Spain to find Galveston occupied by the pirate [[Jean Lafitte]].<ref name="HTOAURY">{{Cite web|title=Aury, Louis Michel |series=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |first=Harris Gaylord |last=Warren |access-date=January 12, 2020 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709204001/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau04 |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lafitte organized Galveston into a pirate "kingdom" he called "Campeche", anointing himself the island's "head of government".<ref name="HTOLAFITTE">{{Cite web|title=Lafitte, Jean |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Harris Gaylord Warren |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119031432/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla12 |archive-date=November 19, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1821, when the [[United States Navy]] forced him and his raiders off the island.<ref name="HTOLAFITTE"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legend of Jean Lafitte |work=Kemah Historical Society |author=Jimmie Walker |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.kemahhistoricalsociety.net/legend1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417173744/http://www.kemahhistoricalsociety.net/legend1.html |archive-date=April 17, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1825 the [[Congress of Mexico]] established the [[Port of Galveston]] and in 1830 erected a [[customs house]].<ref name="WLDPORT">{{Cite web|title=Port of Galveston |work=World Port Source |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/USA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531161741/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/USA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php |archive-date=May 31, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Galveston served as the capital of the [[Republic of Texas]] when in 1836 the [[Acting president|interim]] president [[David G. Burnet]] relocated his government there.<ref name="WLDPORT"/> In 1836, the French-Canadian [[Michel Branamour Menard]] and several associates purchased {{convert|4,605|acre|km2}} of land for $50,000 to found the town that would become the modern city of Galveston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Menard, Michel Branamour |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fme09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709190311/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fme09 |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Galveston Collection |work=Texas Archival Resources Online, University of Houston |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uhsc/00029/hsc-00029.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501222651/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uhsc/00029/hsc-00029.html |archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref><ref name="ISSTORM">{{Cite web|title=History of Galveston |work=Isaac's Storm, Random House |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/features/isaacsstorm/greatstorm/historygalveston.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044257/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/isaacsstorm/greatstorm/historygalveston.html |archive-date=October 28, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> As Anglo-Americans migrated to the city, they brought along or purchased [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] [[African-Americans]], some of whom worked domestically or on the waterfront, including on riverboats.
In 1839, the City of Galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the Congress of the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref name="ISSTORM"/><ref name="HTOGAL">{{Cite web|title=Galveston Island |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109025620/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg02 |archive-date=November 9, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city was by then a burgeoning [[port of entry]] and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of [[German Americans#Texas|German immigrants to Texas]], including Jewish merchants.<ref>[http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/galveston.html "Galveston, Texas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028165340/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/galveston.html |date=October 28, 2011}}, ''Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities''</ref> Together with ethnic Mexican residents, these groups tended to oppose slavery, support the Union during the Civil War, and join the Republican Party after the war.
During this expansion, the city had many "firsts" in the state, with the founding of institutions and adoption of inventions: post office (1836), naval base (1836), Texas chapter of a [[Freemasons|Masonic]] order (1840); cotton compress (1842), Catholic [[parochial school]] (Ursuline Academy) (1847), insurance company (1854), and gas lights (1856).<ref name="ISSTORM"/><ref name="Barrington, Carol; Kearney, Sydney 2006 241">{{Cite book|title=Day Trips from Houston: Getaway Ideas for the Local Traveler |page=241 |author1=Barrington, Carol |author2=Kearney, Sydney |year=2006 |publisher=Globe Pequot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euz4fbCDlLYC |isbn=0-7627-3867-7}}</ref>
During the [[American Civil War]], [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] forces under [[Major General]] [[John B. Magruder]] attacked and expelled occupying [[Union Army|Union]] troops from the city in January 1863 in the [[Battle of Galveston]].<ref name="HTOGBAT">{{Cite web|title=Galveston, Battle of |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Alwyn Barr |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg01 |author-link=Alwyn Barr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164112/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg01 |archive-date=November 7, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> On June 19, 1865, two months after the [[Lee's surrender|end of the war]] and almost three years after the issuance of the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], General [[Gordon Granger]] of the Union Army informed the enslaved people of Texas that they were now free.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 13, 2021 |title=Juneteenth and General Order No. 3 |url=https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=Galveston Historical Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214151/https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3 |url-status=live}}</ref> This news was transmitted via [[General Order No. 3]], an event now commemorated on the [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]] of [[Juneteenth]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Featured Document Display: The Emancipation Proclamation and Juneteenth |url=https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=National Archives Museum |language=en |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214153/https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking end of slavery, a federal holiday |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery/story?id=78335485 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214152/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery/story?id=78335485 |url-status=live}}</ref>
After the Civil War, Galveston mandated street improvements and construction standards. The city required property owners facing commercial streets to construct and maintain sidewalks of wooden planks or bricks, or pay an assessment to the city for the construction of the same. During the same period, the city drew a boundary known as a "fire zone," within which new buildings could not be constructed of wood.<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 89.</ref>
In 1867 Galveston suffered a [[yellow fever]] epidemic; about 1800 people died in the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Southern Family in White & Black: The Cuneys of Texas |author=Hales, Douglas |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2003 |pages=18–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |isbn=1-58544-200-3 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052845/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These occurred in waterfront and river cities throughout the 19th century, as did [[cholera]] epidemics.
[[File:Beach hotel galveston.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beach Hotel (Galveston)|The Beach Hotel]] catered to vacationers until a fire in 1898.]]
The city's progress continued through the [[Reconstruction era]] with numerous "firsts": construction of the opera house (1870), and orphanage (1876), and installation of telephone lines (1878) and electric lights (1883).<ref name="ISSTORM"/><ref name="Barrington, Carol; Kearney, Sydney 2006 241"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=History: Galveston's Colorful Past |work=Galveston Chamber of Commerce |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=198 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608021021/http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=198 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Galveston |work=Wyndham Hotels |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/GLSHG/historyofgalveston/main.wnt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091700/http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/GLSHG/historyofgalveston/main.wnt |archive-date=April 28, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Having attracted [[freedmen]] from rural areas, in 1870 the city had a black population that totaled 3,000,<ref>Hales (2003), ''Southern Family in White and Black'', p. 15</ref> made up mostly of former slaves but also by persons who were [[free people of color|free men of color]] and educated before the war. Blacks comprised nearly 25% of the city's population of 13,818 that year.<ref>US 1870 Census</ref>
During the post–Civil War period, leaders such as George T. Ruby and [[Norris Wright Cuney]], who headed the [[Texas Republican Party]] and promoted [[civil rights]] for [[freedmen]], helped to dramatically improve educational and employment opportunities for blacks in Galveston and in Texas.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Merline Pitre |author=Pitre, Merline |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |title=Cuney, Norris Wright |work=Handbook of Texas |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221144035/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Black Unionism in the Industrial South |author=Obadele-Starks, Ernest |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2001 |pages=39–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BvbD7rusAAC |isbn=0-89096-912-4 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428070139/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BvbD7rusAAC |url-status=live}}</ref> Cuney established his own business of stevedores and a union of black dockworkers to break the white monopoly on dock jobs. Galveston was a cosmopolitan city and one of the more successful during Reconstruction; the [[Freedmen's Bureau]] was headquartered here. German families sheltered teachers from the North, and hundreds of freedmen were taught to read. Its business community promoted progress, and immigrants stayed after arriving at this port of entry.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Southern Family in White & Black: The Cuneys of Texas |author=Hales, Douglas |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2003 |pages=15–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |isbn=1-58544-200-3 |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052845/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
By the end of the 19th century, the city of Galveston had a population of 37,000. Its position on the natural harbor of [[Galveston Bay]] along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas. It was one of the nation's largest cotton ports, in competition with [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston Wharves |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Edward Coyle Sealy |access-date=September 13, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/etg01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107163407/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/etg01 |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the 19th century, the port city of Galveston grew rapidly and the Strand was considered the region's primary business center. For a time, the Strand was known as the "Wall Street of the [[American South|South]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.durangotexas.com/eyesontexas/TexasRegions/GulfCoast/galveston.htm |title=Gulf Coast Region: Galveston Texas |publisher=Eyes On Texas |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926171938/http://www.durangotexas.com/eyesontexas/TexasRegions/GulfCoast/galveston.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the late 1890s, the government constructed [[Fort Crockett]] defenses and coastal artillery batteries in Galveston and along the Bolivar Roads. In February 1897, the {{USS|Texas|1892|6}} (nicknamed Old Hoodoo), the first commissioned [[battleship]] of the United States Navy, visited Galveston. During the festivities, the ship's officers were presented with a $5,000 silver service, adorned with various Texas motifs, as a gift from the state's citizens.
===Hurricane of 1900 and recovery===
{{Further|1900 Galveston hurricane|Open Era of Galveston}}
On September 8, 1900, the island was struck by a devastating [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]].<ref name="HTOSTORM">{{Cite web|title=Galveston Hurricane of 1900 |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=John Edward Weems |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ydg02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164334/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ydg02 |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900|event]] holds the record as the United States' deadliest [[natural disaster]].<ref name="HTOSTORM"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nation's deadliest natural disaster |work=Editor & Publisher |author=Joe Strupp |date=September 4, 2000 |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services-miscellaneous-business/4729386-1.html}}{{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The city was devastated, and an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people on the island were killed.<ref name="HTOSTORM"/> Following the storm, a {{convert|10|mi|adj=on}} long, {{convert|17|foot|m}} high [[Galveston Seawall|seawall]] was built to protect the city from floods and hurricane storm surges. A team of engineers including [[Henry Martyn Robert]] ([[Robert's Rules of Order]]) designed the plan to raise much of the existing city to a sufficient elevation behind a seawall so that confidence in the city could be maintained. [[File:Sunset Route, Sea Wall, Galveston, Texas.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset Route, Seawall, Galveston, Texas (postcard, c. 1907)]]
The city developed the city commission form of [[Municipal government|city government]], known as the "[[City commission government|Galveston Plan]]", to help expedite recovery.<ref name="texashandbook">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/moc01 |work=Handbook of Texas Online |title=Commission Form of City Government |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113011301/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/moc01 |archive-date=November 13, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Despite attempts to draw investment to the city after the hurricane, Galveston never returned to its levels of national importance or prosperity. Development was also hindered by the construction of the [[Houston Ship Channel]], which brought the [[Port of Houston]] into competition with the natural harbor of the [[Port of Galveston]] for sea traffic. Finally, the [[Galveston Seawall|Seawall]] itself created an insurmountable problem: passive erosion resulting in the gradual disappearance of the once-wide beach and the resort business with it. "Within twenty years, the city had lost one hundred yards of sand. People who once watched auto racing on a wide beach were left with a narrow strip of sand at low tide and a gloomy vista of waves on rocks when the tide was high."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/dean-tide.html |title=Against the Tide |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620021915/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/dean-tide.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
To further its recovery and rebuild its population, Galveston actively solicited [[Port of Galveston immigration|immigration]]. Through the efforts of [[Henry Cohen (rabbi)|Rabbi Henry Cohen]] and [[Congregation B'nai Israel (Galveston, Texas)|Congregation B'nai Israel]], Galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the [[Galveston Movement]] that, between 1907 and 1914, diverted roughly 10,000 [[Eastern Europe]]an [[Jewish]] immigrants from the usual destinations of the crowded cities of the [[Northeastern United States]].<ref name="tshaonline.org">{{Cite web|title=Galveston Movement |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/umg01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164324/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/umg01 |archive-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally numerous other immigrant groups, including [[Greece|Greeks]], [[Italy|Italians]] and [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian Jews]], came to the city during this period.<ref name="Hardwick, p. 13">Hardwick (2002), p. 13</ref> This immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island, as well as many other areas of Texas and the western U.S. Unfortunately, just as the island was starting to recover from the devastation caused by the first flood, a second one struck in August, 1915, thanks to a major hurricane that originated in the central Atlantic, tore through the Caribbean, and then left a long trail of destruction across the Gulf of Mexico before it dissipated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly three weeks later. While the newly constructed seawall spared the island the worst, over 400 Galvestonians died, and damages totaled $30 billion USD, equivalent to $903 billion in 2023. Thus, in less than a single generation Galveston went from being Texas' most populous (and most important) city to being a tragic footnote to a century of frontier violence, urban lawlessness and civic greed, throughout the state. Apart from reducing Galveston to rubble, the one-two punch that nature dealt the island stiffened the spines of those who survived. As Gary Cartwright observes (see fn 40), residents prided themselves on having stayed behind, though it meant being marooned for decades. They became cynical, hard-boiled, and had no use for outsiders (including Texans, and those who fled to the comparative safety of East Texas) who either pitied or prayed for them. Indifference may have masked anxiety, but it enabled those who committed themselves to Galveston to endure their fate with a measure of dignity, even when they were forced to compromise with conventional morality in order to do so. Thus Galveston became a unique port of call, even as automobile travel became ubiquitous, and ended its isolation from the rest of the region. Galveston has a worldview all its own, as if the Zeitgeist had decided to linger awhile, so that past and present might become one, and the forgotten boom town that went bust, not once but twice, might yet be resurrected, lifting the burden of history while daring fate.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
Though the storms stalled economic development and the city of Houston developed as the region's principal metropolis, Galveston economic leaders recognized the need to diversify from the traditional port-related industries. In 1905 [[William Lewis Moody, Jr.]] and [[Isaac H. Kempner]], members of two of Galveston's leading families founded the [[American National Insurance Company]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Galveston: A History of the Island |author=Gary Cartwright |publisher=TCU Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFRu8kYThEcC&pg=PA196 |year=1998 |isbn=0-689-11991-7 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704190742/http://books.google.com/books?id=RFRu8kYThEcC&lpg=PA196 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, Moody established the City National Bank, which would become the [[Moody National Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Financials report, 2004–2005 |work=The Moody Foundation |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.moodyf.org/downloads/annual-financials-2004-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529203656/http://www.moodyf.org/downloads/annual-financials-2004-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 29, 2009}}</ref><ref name="anico.com">{{Cite web|title=American National Announces Fourth Quarter 2007 Results |work=American National Insurance Company |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/ANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001040955/http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/ANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf |archive-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>
During the 1920s and 1930s, the city re-emerged as a major tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Galveston Hotel – Hotel Galvez to Reopen October 15 |work=Bloomberg.com |access-date=September 26, 2009 |date=October 8, 2008 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=WYN%3AUS&sid=aH1GgvGGU1vs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025225909/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=WYN:US&sid=aH1GgvGGU1vs |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Preserve America Community: Galveston, Texas |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://www.preserveamerica.gov/PAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624151247/http://www.preserveamerica.gov/PAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html |archive-date=June 24, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the influence of [[Sam Maceo]] and [[Rosario Maceo]], the city exploited the [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] of liquor and gambling in clubs like the [[Balinese Room]], which offered entertainment to wealthy Houstonians and other out-of-towners. Combined with prostitution, which had existed in the city since the Civil War, Galveston became known as the "sin city" of the Gulf.<ref name="hotgalv">{{Cite web|title=Galveston, TX |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=David G. McComb |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdg01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302031036/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/hdg1.html |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Galvestonians accepted and supported the illegal activities, often referring to their island as the "[[Free State of Galveston]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Casino Gambling in the Cards for Galveston? |work=Houston Press |author=John Nova Lomax |date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-03-05/news/iis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513044236/http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-03-05/news/iis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston|archive-date=May 13, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=The Press: Gambling in Texas |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 12, 1952 |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817727,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222122644/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817727,00.html |archive-date=December 22, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The island had entered what would later become known as the "open era".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy Metropolis: An Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast |author1=Melosi, Martin V. |author2=Pratt, Joseph A. |year=2007 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107133637/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |url-status=live}}</ref>
The 1930s and 1940s brought much change to the Island City. During [[World War II]], the Galveston Municipal Airport, predecessor to [[Scholes International Airport]], was re-designated a U.S. [[United States Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] base and named "Galveston Army Air Field". In January 1943, Galveston Army Air Field was officially activated with the [[46th Test Wing|46th Bombardment Group]] serving an [[anti-submarine]] role in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1942, William Lewis Moody, Jr., along with his wife Libbie Shearn Rice Moody, established the [[Moody Foundation]], to benefit "present and future generations of Texans". The foundation, one of the largest in the United States, would play a prominent role in Galveston during later decades, helping to fund numerous civic and health-oriented programs.<ref name="Handbook of Texas, Moody Foundation">{{Cite web|title=Moody Foundation |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Robert E. Baker |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215050133/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===After World War II===
[[File:Texas - Galveston - NARA - 68149339 (page 1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Damage after [[Hurricane Carla]], 1961]]
The end of the war drastically reduced military investment in the island. Increasing enforcement of gambling laws and the growth of [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], as a competitive center of gambling and entertainment put pressure on the gaming industry on the island.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lone Star Lawmen |author=Utley Robert Marshall |publisher=Oxford |year=2007 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4hjclRksjQC |isbn=978-0-19-515444-3 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503161913/https://books.google.com/books?id=G4hjclRksjQC |url-status=live}}</ref> Finally in 1957, [[Texas Attorney General]] [[Will Wilson (Texas politician)|Will Wilson]] and the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]] began a massive campaign of raids that disrupted gambling and prostitution in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attorney General |work=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=James G. Dickson Jr. |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mba03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610181134/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mba03 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br />{{Cite web|title=The Daily News: Headlines |work=The Galveston County Daily News |access-date=September 26, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso?WCD=headlines.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208223943/http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso?WCD=headlines.html |archive-date=February 8, 2010}}<br />{{Cite book|title=The Texas Sheriff: Lord of the County Line |author=Sitton, Thad |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8061-3471-0 |page=146}}<br />{{Cite journal |author1=Communications, Emmis |title=Grande Dame of the Gulf |journal=Texas Monthly |date=December 1983 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LywEAAAAMBAJ |access-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527004843/https://books.google.com/books?id=LywEAAAAMBAJ |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> As these vice industries crashed, so did tourism, taking the rest of the Galveston economy with it.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy Metropolis: An Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast |author1=[[Martin V. Melosi|Melosi, Martin V.]] |author2=Pratt, Joseph A. |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2007 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm1j3XiZiWMC |isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8}}</ref> Neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward.<ref name="TM: Grande Dame, 216">{{Cite web|title=Grande Dame of the Gulf |work=Texas Monthly |author=Paul Burka |date=December 1, 1983 |access-date=September 27, 2009 |url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/1983-12-01/feature5-3.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051626/http://www.texasmonthly.com/1983-12-01/feature5-3.php |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Expensive Stilt Houses on Galveston's East Beach.jpg|210px|thumb|Expensive Stilt Houses on Galveston's East Beach]]
[[File:Galveston (Texas).jpg|thumb|right|Downtown Galveston as viewed from the air]]
[[File:Lets Play Chess Strand Galveston.jpg|thumb|Playing chess on the Strand]]
In 1947, buildings in the city were damaged when a ship carrying 2,200 tons of [[ammonium nitrate]] exploded at the nearby [[Port of Texas City]], in what became known as the [[Texas City disaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texascity-library.org/page/history.1947.explosion1 |title=The First Explosion – 1947 Texas City Disaster |website=www.texascity-library.org |access-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918165102/http://www.texascity-library.org/page/history.1947.explosion1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The island's economy began a long stagnation. Many businesses relocated off the island during this period, but health care, insurance, and financial industries continue to be strong contributors to the economy. By 1959, the city of Houston had long outpaced Galveston in population and economic growth. Beginning in 1957, the Galveston Historical Foundation began its efforts to preserve historic buildings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Energy metropolis: an environmental history of Houston and the Gulf Coast |author1=Melosi, Martin V. |author2=Pratt, Joseph A. |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2007 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107133637/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1966 book ''The Galveston That Was'' helped encourage the preservation movement. Restoration efforts financed by motivated investors, notably Houston businessman [[George P. Mitchell]], gradually developed the [[Strand Historic District]] and reinvented other areas. A new, family-oriented tourism emerged in the city over many years.
In September 1961, [[Hurricane Carla]] struck the city, generating an F4 tornado that killed eight and injured 200.
With the 1960s came the expansion of higher education in Galveston. Already home to the University of Texas Medical Branch, the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the Texas Maritime Academy, predecessor of [[Texas A&M University at Galveston]]; and by 1967, a [[community college]], [[Galveston College]], had been established.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Galveston College |work=Galveston College |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.gc.edu/gc/GC_History.asp?SnID=1413310913 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921222800/http://www.gc.edu/gc/GC_History.asp?SnID=1413310913 |archive-date=September 21, 2009}}<br>{{Cite web |title=Students brave the simulated seas |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Rhiannon Myers |date=November 14, 2007 |access-date=September 13, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=9751907adb742ca7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928061037/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=9751907adb742ca7 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref>
In the 2000s, property values rose after expensive projects were completed,<ref>Novak, Shonda [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121057/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/realestate/07/22coastal.html "Growth Wave Hits Galveston"]. ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. July 22, 2006.</ref> and demand for second homes by the wealthy increased. It has made it difficult for middle-class workers to find affordable housing on the island.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Workers in Galveston increasingly can't afford to live there |work=Houston Chronicle |author=Harvey Rice |date=February 22, 2007 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4291019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224152735/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4291019 |archive-date=December 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Hurricane Ike]] made landfall on Galveston Island in the early morning of September 13, 2008, as a category-2 hurricane with winds of 110 miles per hour. Damage was extensive to buildings along the seawall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ike Insured Damage Estimates Range from $6B to $18B |work=Texas / South Central News, Insurance Journal |date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/09/15/93698.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316181528/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/09/15/93698.htm |archive-date=March 16, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
After the storm, the island was rebuilt with investments in tourism and shipping, and continued emphasis on higher education and health care, notably the addition of the [[Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier]] and the replacement of the [[Bascule bridge|bascule]]-type [[Drawbridge (American English)|drawbridge]] on the railroad causeway with a [[Vertical-lift bridge|vertical-lift]]-type drawbridge to allow heavier freight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/26/galveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik/ |title=Galveston Still Healing 5 Years After Hurricane Ike |work=The Texas Tribune |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926091222/http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/26/galveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik/ |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jervis |first=Rick |title=After rebuilding from Hurricane Ike, Galveston deals with oil spill |website=USA TODAY |date=March 25, 2014 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/25/galveston-oil-spill-ike/6884693/ |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914002356/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/25/galveston-oil-spill-ike/6884693/ |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{Further|Galveston Island |Galveston Bay}}
[[File:GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg|thumb|Galveston, from the [[International Space Station]] ]]
[[File:Salt Marsh Near Galveston.jpg|thumb|Salt marsh near Galveston]]
The city of Galveston is situated on Galveston Island, a [[barrier island]] off the [[Texas]] Gulf coast near the mainland coast. Made up of mostly sand-sized particles and smaller amounts of finer mud sediments and larger gravel-sized sediments, the island is unstable, affected by water and weather, and can shift its boundaries through erosion.
The city is about {{convert|45|mi}} southeast of downtown Houston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rock Sediment and Soil Facts, Galveston Island |work=Geologic Wonders of Texas, University of Texas |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_rock.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105343/http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_rock.html |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on the east and south, West Bay on the west, and [[Galveston Bay]] on the north. The island's main access point from the mainland is the [[Interstate 45|Interstate Highway 45]] causeway that crosses West Bay on the island's northeast side.
A deepwater channel connects Galveston's harbor with the Gulf and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|211.31|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|41.04|sqmi|sqkm|2}} are land and {{convert|170.27|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, or 80.31%, are water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2023"/> The island is {{convert|50|mi|km}} southeast of [[Houston]].<ref>Woodhams, Susie. [http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/articles/2011/06/05/after_ike_a_deluge_of_reinvention/ "After Ike, a deluge of reinvention"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710024301/http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/articles/2011/06/05/after_ike_a_deluge_of_reinvention/ |date=July 10, 2012}} ''[[Boston Globe]]''. June 5, 2011. Retrieved on June 6, 2011.</ref>
The western portion of Galveston is referred to as the "West End", roughly corresponding to the area west of the western end of the seawall. Communities in eastern Galveston (the area east of the western end of the seawall) include Havre Lafitte, Offats Bayou, Central City, Fort Crockett, Bayou Shore, Lasker Park, Carver Park, Kempner Park, Old City/Central Business District, San Jacinto, East End, and Lindale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map 1. Galveston's Neighborhoods |author=D. Freeman |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Community_Services/Report%20Card/Maps/sld001.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206095330/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/community_services/report%20card/Maps/sld001.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2009 many residents of the west end use [[golf carts]] as transportation to take them to and from residential houses, the Galveston Island Country Club, and stores. In 2009, Chief of Police Charles Wiley said he believed golf carts should be prohibited outside golf courses, and West End residents campaigned against any ban on their use.<ref>Jones, Leigh. [http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=231734ee39c715f6 "Council to consider golf cart committee"].{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Galveston County Daily News]]''. November 9, 2009. Retrieved on June 11, 2012.</ref>
In 2011 [[Rice University]] released a study, "Atlas of Sustainable Strategies for Galveston Island", which argued the West End of Galveston was quickly eroding and the city should reduce construction and/or population in that area. It recommended against any rebuilding of the West End in the event of damage from another hurricane.<ref>Rice, Harvey. [http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Galveston-Island-gets-tough-advice-from-Rice-study-2238312.php "Galveston Island gets tough advice from Rice study"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518221721/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Galveston-Island-gets-tough-advice-from-Rice-study-2238312.php |date=May 18, 2012}}, ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', October 26, 2011, Retrieved on October 24, 2012</ref>
{{wide image|Galveston East End Panoramic.jpg|1200px|The city of Galveston looking east toward the Gulf of Mexico. Downtown Galveston and the [[Strand Historic District]] are behind while East Beach and the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] Children's Hospital and [[Shriners Hospitals for Children|Shriners Children's Burns Hospital]] are to straight ahead.}}
===Historic districts===
[[File:Trube Castle.jpg|200px|thumb|Galveston has many restored Victorian homes.]]
Galveston is home to six historic districts with over 60 structures listed representing architectural significance in the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="NATLREG">{{Cite web|title=Texas (TX), Galveston County |work=National Register of Historical Places |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/districts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822023108/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/districts.html |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Silk Stocking National Historic District, between Broadway and [[Seawall Boulevard]] and bounded by Ave. K, 23rd St., Ave. P, and 26th St., contains a collection of historic homes constructed from the Civil War through World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silk Stocking National Historic District |access-date=April 15, 2009 |url=http://silkstockinggalveston.org/aboutsshd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230140541/http://silkstockinggalveston.org/aboutsshd.html |archive-date=December 30, 2010}}</ref> The [[East End Historic District (Galveston, Texas)|East End Historic District]] on both sides of Broadway and Market Streets, contains 463 buildings. Other historic districts include Cedar Lawn, Denver Court and [[Fort Travis]].<ref name="NATLREG"/>
The [[Strand National Historic Landmark District]] is a [[National Historic Landmark|National Historic Landmark District]] of mainly [[Victorian era]] buildings that have been adapted for use as restaurants, antique stores, historical exhibits, museums and art galleries. The area is a major [[tourist attraction]] for the island city. It is the center for two very popular seasonal [[festival]]s. It is widely considered the island's shopping and entertainment center. Today, "the Strand" is generally used to refer to the five-block business district between 20th and 25th streets in downtown Galveston, near the city's wharf.
===Oleander City===
[[File:Original Oleander Planting in Galveston.jpg|thumb|The first Oleander in Galveston, planted in 1841]]
Since the early 20th century, Galveston has been popularly known as the 'Oleander City'<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guidrynews.com/story.aspx?id=1000034503 |title=Oleanders...<!-- ellipsis in the original -->a must in Brenda's Garden! |publisher=guidrynews.com |date=May 1, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801182850/http://www.guidrynews.com/story.aspx?id=1000034503 |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> because of a long history of cultivating ''[[Nerium oleander]]'', a [[subtropical]] evergreen shrub which thrives on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wintertexansonline.com/galveston_s_oleander_festival.htm |title=Galveston's Oleander Festival |publisher=WinterTexans Online |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817082340/http://www.wintertexansonline.com/galveston_s_oleander_festival.htm |archive-date=August 17, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oleanders are a defining feature of the city; when flowering (between April and October) they add masses of color to local gardens, parks, and streets. Thousands were planted in the recovery following the Hurricane of 1900 and Galvestonians continue to treasure the plant for its low water needs, tolerance of heat, salt spray and sandy soils.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://oleander.org/oleander-history/ |title=Handbook on Oleanders |author=Richard & Mary Ellen Eggenberger |year=1996 |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072642/http://oleander.org/oleander-history/ |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This makes them especially resistant to the after-effects of hurricanes and tropical storms. Galveston is reputed to have the most diverse range of Oleander cultivars in the world, numbering over 100, with many varieties developed in the city and named after prominent Galvestonians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theislandermagazine.com/?p=2611 |title=International Oleander Society |author=Shannon Rowan |work=The Islander Magazine |access-date=July 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730094348/http://theislandermagazine.com/?p=2611 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005 the month of May was declared "Oleander Month" by the City of Galveston<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texashighways.com/the-magazine/item/1614-oleander-festival |title=Oleander Festival |work=Texas Highways |date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728090017/http://www.texashighways.com/the-magazine/item/1614-oleander-festival |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and there are also Oleander-themed tours of the city exploring the history of the plant on the island. Since 1967 the International Oleander Society has operated in Galveston, which promotes the cultivation of the plant, organizes an Oleander festival every spring and maintains a commemorative Oleander garden in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oleander.org/ |title=International Oleander Society |publisher=International Oleander Society |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705170538/http://oleander.org/ |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oleander-garden-park |title=Oleander Garden Park |publisher=Atlasobscura.com |access-date=July 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114454/http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oleander-garden-park |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Architecture===
[[File:GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galvez Hotel]]]]
[[File:Ashton Villa Galveston Texas.jpg|thumb|right|Ashton Villa]]
[[File:Open-Gates-The George Sealy Mansion.jpg|thumb|Open Gates mansion, built by George Sealy, 1891]]
Galveston contains a large and historically significant collection of 19th-century buildings in the United States. Galveston's architectural preservation and revitalization efforts over several decades have earned national recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=National Trust for Historic Preservation Announces 2009 List of America's 11 Most Dangered Historic Places |work=Reuters |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS75679+28-Apr-2009+PRN20090428 |date=April 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122104725/https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS75679%2B28-Apr-2009%2BPRN20090428 |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas (TX), Galveston County |work=National Register of Historical Places |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/tx/Galveston/state.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201163726/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/state.html |archive-date=December 1, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Located in the Strand District, the [[Grand 1894 Opera House]] is a restored historic [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] style Opera House that is currently operated as a not-for-profit [[performing arts]] theater.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston Grand 1894 Opera House |work=City of Houston eGovernment Center |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.houstontx.gov/events/grandoperahouse.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423012708/http://www.houstontx.gov/events/grandoperahouse.html |archive-date=April 23, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bishop's Palace, Galveston|Bishop's Palace]], also known as Gresham's Castle, is an ornate Victorian house located on Broadway and 14th Street in the East End Historic District of Galveston, Texas. The [[American Institute of Architects]] listed Bishop's Palace as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States, and the [[Library of Congress]] has classified it as one of the fourteen most representative Victorian structures in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bishop's Palace – South and West Texas |work=A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, US National Park Service |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx48.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906003639/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx48.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Galvez Hotel]] is a historic hotel that opened in 1911.<ref name="carmack">Carmack, Liz. [http://www.historictexashotels.com/ ''Historic Hotels of Texas''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310124150/http://historictexashotels.com/ |date=March 10, 2009}}, Texas A&M University Press: College Station, Texas, 2007. pp. 47–49.</ref> The building was named the Galvez, honoring [[Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez]], for whom the city was named. The hotel was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on April 4, 1979. The [[Michel B. Menard House]], built in 1838 and the oldest surviving structure in Galveston, is designed in the [[Greek revival]] style. In 1880, the house was bought by Edwin N. Ketchum who was police chief of the city during the 1900 Storm. The Ketchum family owned the home until the 1970s. [[Ashton Villa]], a red-brick [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] home, was constructed in 1859 by James Moreau Brown. One of the first brick structures in Texas, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a recorded Texas Historic Landmark. The structure is also the site of what was to become the holiday known as [[Juneteenth]], where on June 19, 1865, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] General Gordon Granger, standing on its balcony, read the contents of "General Order No. 3", thereby emancipating all slaves in the state of [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashton Villa – South and West Texas |work=A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, US National Park Service |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907003120/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/gga04 |work=Texas State Historical Society: Handbook of Texas |author=Judy D. Schiebel |title=ASHTON VILLA |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710014707/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/gga04 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NPS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm|title=Ashton Villa |work=National Park Service |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907003120/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
St. Joseph's Church was built by German immigrants in 1859–1860 and is the oldest wooden church building in Galveston and the oldest [[German Catholics|German Catholic]] Church in Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1859 St. Joseph's Church |work=Galveston Historical Foundation |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonhistory.com/1859_St_Josephs_Church1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070613/http://www.galvestonhistory.com/1859_St_Josephs_Church1.asp |archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> The church was dedicated in April 1860, to St. Joseph, the patron saint of laborers. The building is a wooden [[gothic revival]] structure, rectangular with a square bell tower with [[trefoil]] window. The U.S. Custom House began construction in 1860 and was completed in 1861. The [[Confederate Army]] occupied the building during the [[American Civil War]], In 1865, the Custom House was the site of the ceremony officially ending the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More About the 1861 Custom House |work=Galveston Historical Foundation |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonhistory.org/1861_US_Custom_House1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220011343/http://galvestonhistory.org/1861_US_Custom_House1.asp |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston During the Civil War |work=Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://nautarch.tamu.edu/projects/denbigh/galv01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912055914/http://nautarch.tamu.edu/projects/denbigh/galv01.htm |archive-date=September 12, 2009}}</ref>
Galveston's modern architecture include the [[American National Insurance Company]] Tower ([[One Moody Plaza]]), San Luis Resort South and North Towers, The Breakers Condominiums, The Galvestonian Resort and Condos, One Shearn Moody Plaza, US National Bank Building, the Rainforest Pyramid at Moody Gardens, [[John Sealy Hospital]] Towers at UTMB and Medical Arts Building (also known as Two Moody Plaza).
===Climate===
Galveston's climate is classified as [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (''Cfa'' in [[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Köppen climate classification system]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather Stats |work=Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=October 11, 2008 |url=http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230150744/http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |archive-date=December 30, 2008}}</ref> and is part of USDA Plant [[hardiness zone]] 10a.<ref>{{cite web|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring moisture from the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather Stats |work=Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=October 11, 2008 |url=http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230150744/http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather |archive-date=December 30, 2008}}<br /> Melosi (2007), p. 13</ref> Summer temperatures regularly exceed {{convert|90|°F}} and the area's humidity drives the [[heat index]] even higher, while nighttime lows average around {{convert|80|°F}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared |publisher=The Weather Channel |title=Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573) |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019173244/http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared |archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html |title=National Climatic Data Center |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[United States Department of Commerce]] |date=June 23, 2004 |access-date=December 14, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210082240/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html |archive-date=December 10, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html |title=Average Relative Humidity |publisher=Department of Meteorology at the [[University of Utah]] |access-date=December 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209105754/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=December 9, 2006}}</ref> Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above {{convert|60|°F}} and lows near {{convert|50|°F}}. Snowfall is generally rare; however, {{convert|15.4|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} of snow fell in February 1895, making the 1894–95 winter the snowiest on record. Annual rainfall averages well over {{convert|40|in|mm}} a year with some areas typically receiving over {{convert|50|in|mm}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573 |title=Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573) |publisher=The Weather Channel web site |access-date=October 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206060719/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573 |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506 |title=Monthly Averages for Pasadena, TX (77573) |publisher=The Weather Channel web site |access-date=October 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172821/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506 |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Temperatures reaching {{convert|20|°F|0}} or {{convert|100|°F|0}} are quite rare, having last occurred on December 23, 1989, and [[Summer 2012 North American heat wave|June 25, 2012]], respectively.<ref name= "NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)"/> Record temperatures range from {{convert|8|°F|0}} on [[Great Blizzard of 1899#Arctic cold|February 12, 1899]], up to {{convert|104|°F|0}} on September 5, 2000; the record cold maximum is {{convert|25|°F|0}} on February 7, 1895, and again on the date of the all-time low, while, conversely, the record warm minimum is {{convert|87|°F|0}} set on August 31{{spaced ndash}}September 3, 2020.<ref name= "NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)"/> On average, the warmest night is at {{convert|84|F|C}}, seldom straying far from averages.<ref name= "NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)"/>
[[Hurricane]]s are an ever-present threat during the summer and fall season, which puts Galveston in Coastal Windstorm Area. [[Galveston Island]] and the [[Bolivar Peninsula]] are generally at the greatest risk among the communities near the Galveston Bay. However, though the island and peninsula provide some shielding, the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Berger, Eric |url=http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html |title=Would a category 3 hurricane surge flood your home? |work=Houston Chronicle |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=October 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120033052/http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html |archive-date=January 20, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26676728 |title=Wide Ike and shallow coast mean strong surge |publisher=NBC News |date=September 12, 2008 |access-date=October 15, 2009 |quote=Houston is buffered by Galveston Island—which sits in the way of the surge—and the bay system |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715020425/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26676728/ |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Spinner, Kate |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge |access-date=October 15, 2009 |title=Hurricane forecasters zero in on threat of surge |work=Sarasota Herald Tribune |date=May 31, 2009 |quote=Just north of Galveston Island, the Bolivar Peninsula shields Galveston Bay much like Lido Key and Longboat Key shield Sarasota Bay. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103443/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Talks of building a coastal storm barrier with a mix of federal and state funding to protect Galveston and Houston have been ongoing for years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irvine |first=Bethany |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Texas may get a coastal storm barrier, but will it be too late? |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/01/21/texas-coastal-spine-storm-surge-houston-galveston/ |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Galveston, Texas ([[Scholes International Airport at Galveston|Scholes Int'l]]), 1991−2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said thread from 1991 to 2020, i.e. the COOP station from January 1981 to December 1996, and Scholes Int'l from January 1997 to December 2010.}} extremes 1871−present{{efn|Official records for Galveston were kept at an unknown location from April 1871 to August 1946, at the COOP station from September 1946 to December 1996, and at Scholes Int'l since January 1997. The temperature record dates back to June 1874. Therefore, precipitation day normals are not currently available at Scholes Int'l. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ ThreadEx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519074347/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ |date=May 19, 2006 }}.}}
|collapsed = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 81
|Feb record high F = 83
|Mar record high F = 89
|Apr record high F = 95
|May record high F = 94
|Jun record high F = 100
|Jul record high F = 101
|Aug record high F = 100
|Sep record high F = 104
|Oct record high F = 94
|Nov record high F = 85
|Dec record high F = 82
|Jan avg record high F = 74.1
|Feb avg record high F = 75.8
|Mar avg record high F = 79.2
|Apr avg record high F = 83.9
|May avg record high F = 88.2
|Jun avg record high F = 92.5
|Jul avg record high F = 93.5
|Aug avg record high F = 95.6
|Sep avg record high F = 93.6
|Oct avg record high F = 88.1
|Nov avg record high F = 81.4
|Dec avg record high F = 76.5
|year avg record high F = 96.4
|Jan high F = 63.2
|Feb high F = 66.4
|Mar high F = 72.0
|Apr high F = 78.0
|May high F = 84.0
|Jun high F = 89.5
|Jul high F = 91.3
|Aug high F = 92.0
|Sep high F = 88.7
|Oct high F = 82.1
|Nov high F = 72.4
|Dec high F = 65.5
|year high F =
|Jan mean F = 56.0
|Feb mean F = 59.3
|Mar mean F = 65.2
|Apr mean F = 71.5
|May mean F = 78.2
|Jun mean F = 82.8
|Jul mean F = 85.5
|Aug mean F = 85.9
|Sep mean F = 82.4
|Oct mean F = 75.3
|Nov mean F = 65.5
|Dec mean F = 58.5
|year mean F =
|Jan low F = 48.9
|Feb low F = 52.3
|Mar low F = 58.4
|Apr low F = 65.0
|May low F = 72.4
|Jun low F = 78.1
|Jul low F = 79.7
|Aug low F = 79.8
|Sep low F = 76.1
|Oct low F = 68.6
|Nov low F = 58.7
|Dec low F = 51.6
|year low F =
|Jan avg record low F = 34.5
|Feb avg record low F = 39.0
|Mar avg record low F = 43.6
|Apr avg record low F = 51.6
|May avg record low F = 62.5
|Jun avg record low F = 71.1
|Jul avg record low F = 74.1
|Aug avg record low F = 74.1
|Sep avg record low F = 67.1
|Oct avg record low F = 53.7
|Nov avg record low F = 42.3
|Dec avg record low F = 37.1
|year avg record low F = 32.3
|Jan record low F = 11
|Feb record low F = 8
|Mar record low F = 26
|Apr record low F = 38
|May record low F = 50
|Jun record low F = 57
|Jul record low F = 66
|Aug record low F = 67
|Sep record low F = 52
|Oct record low F = 39
|Nov record low F = 26
|Dec record low F = 14
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 4.30
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.14
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.02
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.06
|May precipitation inch = 3.04
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.23
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.41
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.71
|Sep precipitation inch = 6.65
|Oct precipitation inch = 5.15
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.28
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.23
|year precipitation inch =
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 9.4
|Feb precipitation days = 7.7
|Mar precipitation days = 7.1
|Apr precipitation days = 5.8
|May precipitation days = 5.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 8.7
|Aug precipitation days = 8.3
|Sep precipitation days = 9.6
|Oct precipitation days = 7.4
|Nov precipitation days = 7.7
|Dec precipitation days = 9.7
|Jan snow inch = 0.0
|Feb snow inch = 0.0
|Mar snow inch = 0.0
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 0.1
|year snow inch =
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 0.0
|Feb snow days = 0.0
|Mar snow days = 0.0
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.1
|Jan sun = 145.0
|Feb sun = 163.4
|Mar sun = 209.0
|Apr sun = 225.5
|May sun = 265.7
|Jun sun = 298.5
|Jul sun = 309.0
|Aug sun = 280.4
|Sep sun = 237.9
|Oct sun = 237.2
|Nov sun = 176.9
|Dec sun = 150.5
|year sun=2699.0
|Jan percentsun = 44
|Feb percentsun = 52
|Mar percentsun = 56
|Apr percentsun = 58
|May percentsun = 63
|Jun percentsun = 71
|Jul percentsun = 72
|Aug percentsun = 69
|Sep percentsun = 64
|Oct percentsun = 67
|Nov percentsun = 55
|Dec percentsun = 47
|year percentsun= 61
|source 1 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<ref name="NOWData NWS Houston-Galveston TX (HGX)">{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517041549/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NOAAsun>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72242.TXT |title=WMO Climate Normals for Galveston, TX 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00012923&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Galveston Scholes FLD, TX |access-date=February 7, 2023}}</ref>
}}
Notes: {{notelist}}
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 4177
|1860= 7307
|1870= 13818
|1880= 22248
|1890= 29084
|1900= 37789
|1910= 36981
|1920= 44255
|1930= 52938
|1940= 60862
|1950= 66568
|1960= 67175
|1970= 61809
|1980= 61902
|1990= 59070
|2000= 57247
|2010= 47743
|2020= 53695
|estyear=2022
|estimate=53089
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=February 24, 2024|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 24, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br>2020 Census<ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
}}
===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Galveston city, Texas – Racial and Ethnic Composition'''<br> (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Galveston city, Texas|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4828068&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2020<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Galveston city, Texas|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4828068&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2010
!% 2020
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|21,500
|25,386
|45.03%
|47.28%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|8,895
|8,785
|18.63%
|16.36%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|205
|187
|0.43%
|0.35%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|1,479
|1,669
|3.10%
|3.11%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|23
|39
|0.05%
|0.07%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|44
|199
|0.09%
|0.37%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race/Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|672
|1,651
|1.41%
|3.07%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|14,925
|15,779
|31.26%
|29.39%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''47,743'''
|'''53,695'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 53,695 people, 23,375 households, and 12,505 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Galveston%20city,%20Texas%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> There were 34,259 housing units.
===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 47,743 people, 19,943 households, and 10,779 families residing in the city. {{As of|2016|alt=As of the 2016 [[U.S. Census]] estimate}}d, the city had a total population of 50,550. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1,159|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people |people}}. There were 32,368 dwelling units at an average density of {{convert|786|/mi2|/km2}}. The racial makeup of the city was 62.5% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 19.2% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.9% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], <0.1% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 11.0% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.3% from two or more races. 31.3% of the population were [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race. There were 19,943 households, out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the city, the population was 23.4% under the age of 13, 11.3% from 13 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 88, and 13.7% who were 89 years of age or older in 2010. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 13 and over, there were 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,895, and the median income for a family was $35,049. Males had a median income of $30,150 versus $26,030 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,275. About 17.8% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 32.1% of those under age 13 and 14.2% of those age 89 or over.
==Economy==
===Port of Galveston===
The [[Port of Galveston]], also called Galveston Wharves, began as a trading post in 1825.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of The Port of Galveston, Texas |work=The Post of Galveston |access-date=September 27, 2009 |url=http://www.portofgalveston.com/about/history.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021084016/http://www.portofgalveston.com/about/history.shtml <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=October 21, 2009}}</ref> Today, the port has grown to {{convert|850|acre|km2|1}} of port facilities. The port is located on the Gulf [[Intracoastal Waterway]], on the north side of Galveston Island, with some facilities on [[Pelican Island (Texas)|Pelican Island]]. The port has facilities to handle all types of cargo including [[containerization|containers]], dry and liquid bulk, [[Break bulk cargo|breakbulk]], [[Roll-on/roll-off]], refrigerated cargo and project cargoes.
The port also serves as a passenger cruise ship terminal for cruise ships operating in the Caribbean. The terminal was [[home port]] to two [[Carnival Cruise Lines]] vessels, the ''[[Carnival Conquest]]'' and the ''[[Carnival Ecstasy]]''. In November 2011 the company made Galveston [[home port]] to its 3,960-passenger mega-ships ''[[Carnival Magic]]'' and ''[[Carnival Triumph]]'' as well. In 2015, ''[[Carnival Freedom]]'' relocated to Galveston, sailing seven-day cruises. Carnival replaced ''Carnival Magic'' and ''Carnival Triumph'' in the first half of 2016 with ''[[Carnival Breeze]]'' and ''[[Carnival Liberty]]'', respectively, but replaced ''Liberty'' with ''[[Carnival Valor]]'' later in the year due to mechanical issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/cruiselog/2015/02/16/carnival-cruise-texas-breeze/23488831/ |title=Carnival's newest ship to be based in Texas |work=USA TODAY |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201215814/https://www.usatoday.com/story/cruiselog/2015/02/16/carnival-cruise-texas-breeze/23488831/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/florida-cruise-guide/os-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html |title=Carnival Magic coming to Port Canaveral sooner than expected |last=Tribou |first=Richard |work=OrlandoSentinel.com |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031937/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/florida-cruise-guide/os-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html |title=Carnival to shorten Liberty cruises, replace ship with Valor |last=Elder |first=Laura |work=The Daily News |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043110/http://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Carnival Breeze'' and ''Carnival Freedom'' sail seven-day Caribbean cruises, and ''Carnival Valor'' sails four- and five-day Caribbean cruises from Galveston. Carnival planned on replacing ''Breeze'' with ''[[Carnival Vista]]'' in 2018, and ''Valor'' with ''[[Carnival Dream]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelagentcentral.com/cruises/carnival-vista-heads-to-galveston-carnival-breeze-to-port-canaveral |title=Carnival Vista Heads to Galveston, Carnival Breeze to Port Canaveral {{!}} Travel Agent Central |website=www.travelagentcentral.com |language=en |access-date=November 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034544/https://www.travelagentcentral.com/cruises/carnival-vista-heads-to-galveston-carnival-breeze-to-port-canaveral |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/business/index.ssf/2017/11/carnival_new_orleans_all_year.html |title=Carnival bringing new cruise ships to New Orleans in 2019 |work=NOLA.com |access-date=November 25, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119055834/http://www.nola.com/business/index.ssf/2017/11/carnival_new_orleans_all_year.html |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Galveston is the home port to [[Royal Caribbean International]]'s, [[MS Liberty of the Seas|MS ''Liberty of the Seas'']], which is the largest cruise ship ever based here and one of the largest ships in the world. In September 2012 [[Disney Cruise Line]]'s ''[[Disney Magic]]'' also became based in Galveston, offering four-, six-, seven-, and eight-day cruises to the Caribbean and the Bahamas.
===Finance===
[[File:American National Insurance Company Building -- Galveston.jpg|200px|thumb|upright|[[One Moody Plaza]], the location of the [[American National Insurance Company]]]]
[[American National Insurance Company]], one of the largest life insurance companies in the United States, is based in Galveston. The company and its subsidiaries operate in all 50 U.S. states, the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[American Samoa]]. Through its subsidiary, American National de México, Compañía de Seguros de Vida, it provides products and services in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=American National Insurance Company |work=Hoover's |author=Nell Newton |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.hoovers.com/global/cobrands/nasdaq/factsheet.xhtml?ID=12603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814210527/http://www.hoovers.com/global/cobrands/nasdaq/factsheet.xhtml?ID=12603 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/2008AnnualReport.pdf "2008 Annual Report"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806120355/http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/2008AnnualReport.pdf |date=August 6, 2010}} ''[[American National Insurance Company]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> [[Moody National Bank]], with headquarters in downtown Galveston, is one of the largest privately owned Texas-based banks. Its trust department, established in 1927, administers over 12 billion dollars in assets, one of the largest in the state.<ref>[http://www.moodybank.com/About_MNB/about_mnb.aspx "About Moody National Bank"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140254/http://www.moodybank.com/About_MNB/about_mnb.aspx |date=April 20, 2009}} ''[[Moody National Bank]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> In addition, the regional headquarters of Iowa-based United Fire & Casualty Company are located in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After year in Webster, United Fire returns to isle |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Laura Elder |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b29af327396b0e96 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224040935/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=b29af327396b0e96 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
===Tourism===
[[File:Pleasure Pier entrance in Galveston, Texas.jpg|left|thumb|Pleasure Pier entrance in Galveston]]
[[File:MoodyGardens.jpg|thumb|The Rainforest Pyramid at [[Moody Gardens]]]]
In the late 1800s Galveston was known as the "Playground of the South"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meetingsfocus.com/Magazines/ArticleDetails/tabid/136/RegionID/247/ArticleID/17847/Default.aspx|title=A Gulf Coast gem is becoming a 'Playground of the South' all|publisher=Meetings Focus |access-date=September 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926154240/http://www.meetingsfocus.com/Magazines/ArticleDetails/tabid/136/RegionID/247/ArticleID/17847/Default.aspx|archive-date=September 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourtexas.com/content.cfm?id=36 |title=Galveston Island – Tour Texas |work=tourtexas.com |access-date=September 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093840/http://www.tourtexas.com/content.cfm?id=36 |archive-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Today, it still retains a shared claim to the title among major cities along the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast states]]. Galveston is a popular tourist destination which in 2007 brought $808 million to the local economy and attracted 5.4 million visitors. The city features an array of lodging options, including hotels such as the historic [[Hotel Galvez]] and Tremont House, vintage bed and breakfast inns, and beachfront condominiums.
The city's tourist attractions include the [[Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier]], Galveston [[Schlitterbahn]] waterpark, [[Moody Gardens]] botanical park, the [[Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum]], the [[Lone Star Flight Museum]], [[Galveston Railroad Museum]], a downtown neighborhood of historic buildings known as [[Strand National Historic Landmark District|The Strand]], many historical museums and mansions, and miles of beach front from the East End's Porretto Beach, Stewart Beach to the West End pocket parks. Previously Galveston had a {{convert|40|acre|ha|adj=on}} aquarium theme park called [[Sea-Arama Marineworld]], which opened in 1965, closed in January 1990, and was demolished in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hlavaty, Craig |url=https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/galveston/article/Sea-Arama-in-Galveston-was-an-island-attraction-13063170.php |title=Sea-Arama in Galveston was an island attraction for decades |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710215722/https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/galveston/article/Sea-Arama-in-Galveston-was-an-island-attraction-13063170.php |archive-date=July 10, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Strand plays host to a yearly [[Mardi Gras]] festival, Galveston Island Jazz & Blues Festival and a Victorian-themed [[Christmas]] festival called [[Dickens on the Strand]] (honoring the works of novelist [[Charles Dickens]], especially ''A Christmas Carol'') in early December. Galveston is home to several historic ships: the tall ship [[Elissa (ship)|''Elissa'']] (the official Tall Ship of Texas) at the Texas Seaport Museum and [[USS Cavalla (SS-244)|USS ''Cavalla'']] and {{USS|Stewart|DE-238|6}}, both berthed at [[Seawolf Park]] on nearby Pelican Island. Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic City, New Opportunities |publisher=Galveston Chamber of Commerce |access-date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070717/http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=204 |archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref>
The Galveston Summer Musicals was a professional summer stock theater company performing at Galveston's Moody Gardens. Prior to 2004, they performed at the Mary Moody Northen Amphitheater in West Galveston Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonpress.com/location/galveston-summer-months-9438612 |title=Galveston Summer Months |access-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713011254/https://www.houstonpress.com/location/galveston-summer-months-9438612 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Arts and culture==
===Galveston Arts Center===
Incorporated in 1986, Galveston Arts Center (GAC) is a non-profit, non-collecting arts organization. The center exhibits contemporary art, often by Texas-based artists, and offers educational and outreach programs. Notably, GAC organizes and produces Galveston ArtWalk. Museum entry is free to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestonartscenter.org |title=Galveston Art Center |work=galvestonartscenter.org |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926061639/http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/ |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Galveston Arts Center is located in the historic 1878 First National Bank Building on the Strand. This Italianate-style 1900 Storm survivor was extensively damaged during Hurricane Ike in 2008, forcing the center to temporarily relocate to a nearby facility on Market Street. After a lengthy fundraising campaign,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glasstire.com/2015/05/16/galveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building/ |title=Galveston Arts Center receives $1M to finish restoration of historic Strand building |date=May 17, 2015 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213112229/https://glasstire.com/2015/05/16/galveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the total restoration of the original building was completed and Galveston Arts Center returned to the Strand in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/content/tax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center |title=Tax Credit Program Highlight: Galveston Arts Center | THC.Texas.gov - Texas Historical Commission |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306021622/http://www.thc.texas.gov/content/tax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Galveston ArtWalk===
ArtWalk takes place approximately every six weeks on Saturday evenings throughout the year. ArtWalk is organized by Galveston Arts Center, which releases an ArtWalk brochure featuring a map of participating venues as well as descriptions of shows and exhibits. Venues include GAC, Galveston Artist Residency and artist's studios and galleries. Additionally, art is shown in "other walls"—for example MOD Coffeehouse or Mosquito Cafe—or outdoors at Art Market on Market Street. Musicians perform outdoors and at venues such as the Proletariat Gallery & Public House or [[Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe]]. While most ArtWalk events are concentrated downtown, there are a number or participants elsewhere on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/artwalk.php |title=Galveston Art Center |work=galvestonartscenter.org |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926120239/http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/artwalk.php |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Music and performing arts===
====Galveston Symphony Orchestra====
Galveston is home to the Galveston Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble of amateur and professional musicians formed in 1979 under the direction of Richard W. Pickar, Musical Director-Conductor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Galveston Symphony Orchestra |work=The Galveston Symphony Orchestra |access-date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestonsymphony.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706012351/http://www.galvestonsymphony.org/ |archive-date=July 6, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
====Galveston Ballet====
The Galveston Ballet is a regional pre-professional ballet company and academy serving Galveston county.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galveston Ballet Home |access-date=April 13, 2009 |url=http://raymondguy.com/gb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425151635/http://raymondguy.com/gb/ |archive-date=April 25, 2009}}</ref> The company presents one full-length classical ballet in the spring of each year and one mixed repertory program in the fall, both presented at the Grand 1894 Opera House.
===Artist Residency and artist housing===
====Galveston Artist Residency====
Galveston Artist Residency (GAR) grants studio space, living space and a stipend to three visual artists each year. Resident artists work in a variety of mediums and exhibit their work in the GAR Gallery and Courtyards. Located in renovated industrial structures on the west side of downtown, GAR also hosts performances and other public events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://galvestonartistresidency.org/about# |title=Galveston Artist Residency |work=galvestonartistresidency.org |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917165552/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/about |archive-date=September 17, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
====The National Hotel Artist Lofts====
The National Hotel Artist Lofts (NHAL) is an [[Artspace Projects]] developed property featuring twenty-seven live/work units designated as affordable housing for artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artspace.org/our-places/national-hotel-artist-lofts |title=National Hotel Artist Lofts |work=Artspace |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104737/http://www.artspace.org/our-places/national-hotel-artist-lofts |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The project brought new life to the historic E.S. Levy Building, which was left abandoned for twenty years. Originally built as the Tremont Opera House in 1870, the structure was extensively renovated to serve various functions, from offices and stores to the National Hotel. The building also housed the U.S. National Weather Bureau's Galveston office under Isaac Cline during the 1900 Storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mgaia.com/images/Artspace/ |title=E.S. Levy Home pg |work=mgaia.com |access-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712074022/http://mgaia.com/images/Artspace/ |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Under Property Manager/Creative Director Becky Major, the unused retail space in the front of the building found a new purpose as a DIY art and music venue, despite its gutted and undeveloped state. In May 2015, the newly renovated space reopened as the Proletariat Gallery & Public House. This bar and gallery provides a common area for NHAL and neighborhood residents and a cultural hub for the broader community. Visual art, events and live music are regularly hosted in the space.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
====Sculpture====
[[File:Texas Heroes Monument.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Texas Heroes Monument. In the center of Broadway Blvd, at 25th street]]
Notable statues and sculptures in Galveston include:
* ''1900 Storm Memorial'', by David W. Moore
* ''Birth'', by Arthur Williams
* ''Dignified Resignation'' by [[Louis Amateis]] at the Galveston County Courthouse. With his back turned to the US flag while carrying a [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate flag]], it is the only memorial in Texas to feature a Confederate sailor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morris Little |first=Carol |title=A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgEAMI9BjkYC&pg=PP1 |pages=229 |isbn=9780292760363 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144703/https://books.google.com/books?id=NgEAMI9BjkYC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Dolphins'' by David W. Moore
* ''High Tide'', by [[Charles Parks (sculptor)|Charles Parks]]
* ''Jack Johnson'', by Adrienne Isom
* [[Pink Dolphin Monument]], by Joe Joe Orangias
* [[Texas Heroes Monument]], by [[Louis Amateis]]
* ''Hope'', by Doug McLean
==Government==
[[File:GalvestonCityHall.JPG|thumb|right|Galveston City Hall]]
===City government===
[[File:Galveston Courthouse.jpg|200px|thumb|Galveston Courthouse]]
After the hurricane of 1900, the city originated the city commission form of [[Municipal government|city government]] (which became known as the "[[City commission government|Galveston Plan]]"). The city has since adopted the [[Council-Manager government|council-manager]] form of government. Galveston's city council serves as the city's legislative branch, while the city manager works as the chief executive officer, and the municipal court system serves as the city's judicial branch.
The city council and mayor promote ordinances to establish municipal policies. The Galveston City Council consists of six elected positions, each derived from a specified [[electoral district]]. Each city council member is elected to a two-year term, while the mayor is elected to a two-year term. The city council appoints the city manager, the city secretary, the city auditor, the city attorney, and the municipal judge. The city's Tax Collector is determined by the city council and is outsourced to Galveston County. The city manager hires employees, promotes development, presents and administers the budget, and implements city council policies. Craig Brown is the incumbent [[mayor of Galveston]].
===County, state, and federal government===
[[File:Galveston County Justice Center.jpg|thumb|Galveston County Justice Center|alt=|left]]
[[File:Galveston US Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse.jpg|thumb|US Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse]]
Galveston is the [[county seat|seat]] and second-largest city (after [[League City, Texas|League City]]) of [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston County]] in population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics, Galveston County |work=Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=http://www.bayareahouston.com/Home/DataCenter/CountyStats1/GalvestonCounty/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617070859/http://www.bayareahouston.com/Home/DataCenter/CountyStats1/GalvestonCounty/ |archive-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref> The Galveston County Justice Center, which houses all the county's judicial functions as well as jail, is located on 59th street. The Galveston County Administrative Courthouse, the seat of civil and administrative functions, is located near the city's downtown.<ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/court_house_info.htm "Galveston County Justice Center"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925223222/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/court_house_info.htm |date=September 25, 2008}} ''[[Galveston County, Texas]]''. Accessed November 7, 2008.</ref> Galveston is within the County Precinct 1; {{as of|lc=y|2008}} Patrick Doyle serves as the Commissioner of Precinct 1.<ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Commissioners/Precinct_1.htm "Precinct 1"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108101451/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Commissioners/Precinct_1.htm |date=January 8, 2013}} ''[[Galveston County, Texas]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>
The Galveston County Sheriff's Office operates its law enforcement headquarters and jail from the Justice Center.<ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Sheriff/sheriff.htm "Welcome to the Galveston County Sheriff's Office Home Page"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026091802/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/sheriff/sheriff.htm |date=October 26, 2008}} ''Galveston County Sheriff's Office''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Sheriff/corrections.htm "Galveston County Sheriff's Office Corrections Bureau - Jail Division"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101000440/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/sheriff/corrections.htm |date=November 1, 2008 }} ''Galveston County Sheriff's Office''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> The Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services operates the Galveston Community Center.<ref>[http://www.galvestonparks-seniors.org/locations/ls_overview.asp "Facilities Overview"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831193515/http://www.galvestonparks-seniors.org/locations/ls_overview.asp |date=August 31, 2005}} ''Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> Galveston is located in District 23 of the [[Texas House of Representatives]]. {{As of|2021}}, [[Mayes Middleton]] represents the district.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030709191238/http://www.house.state.tx.us/members/pdf/districts/23.pdf "District 23"]. ''Texas House of Representatives''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> Most of Galveston is within [[Texas Senate, District 17|District 17]] of the [[Texas Senate]]; {{as of|lc=y|2008}} [[Joan Huffman]] represents the district.<ref>[http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist17_Map.pdf "Senate District 17"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219040031/http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist17_Map.pdf |date=December 19, 2008}} Map. ''[[Senate of Texas]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> A portion of Galveston is within [[Texas Senate, District 11|District 11]] of the [[Texas Senate]]; {{as of|lc=y|2021}} [[Larry Taylor (politician)|Larry Taylor]] represents the district.<ref>[http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist11_Map.pdf "Senate District 11"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218205131/http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist11_Map.pdf |date=December 18, 2014}} Map. ''[[Senate of Texas]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> Galveston is in [[Texas's 14th congressional district]] and is represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Randy Weber]] {{as of|lc=y|2012}}.
==Education==
{{Main|Education in Galveston, Texas}}
===Colleges and universities===
Established in 1891 with one building and fewer than 50 students, today the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] (UTMB) campus has grown to more than 70 buildings and an enrollment of more than 2,500 students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston: Stops for No Storm |work=Inside Healthcare |author=Meghan Flynn |date=August 1, 2009 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://www.inside-healthcare.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2321&Itemid=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040029/http://www.inside-healthcare.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2321&Itemid=31 |archive-date=July 13, 2011}}</ref> The {{convert|84|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus includes schools of [[medical school|medicine]], [[nursing]], allied health professions, and a [[graduate school]] of biomedical sciences, as well as three institutes for advanced studies & medical humanities, a major medical library, seven hospitals, a network of clinics that provide a full range of primary and specialized medical care, and numerous research facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defining the Future of Health Care |work=UTMB Office of Public Affairs |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://www.utmb.edu/info.broadcast/PDFS/DefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218204449/http://www.utmb.edu/info.broadcast/PDFS/DefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref>
Galveston is home to two post-secondary institutions offering traditional degrees in higher education. [[Galveston College]], a junior college that opened in 1967, and [[Texas A&M University at Galveston]], an ocean-oriented branch campus of [[Texas A&M University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas A&M University, Galveston |work=Best Colleges |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/galveston-tx/texas-a&m-galveston-10298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827204334/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/galveston-tx/texas-a%26m-galveston-10298 |archive-date=August 27, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Primary and secondary schools===
The city of Galveston is served by [[Galveston Independent School District]], which includes six elementary schools, two [[Central Middle School (Galveston, Texas)|middle schools]] and one high school, [[Ball High School]]. There is also one [[magnet school|magnet middle school]], Austin Middle School, serving grades 5 through 8.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GISD hopes magnet school attracts students |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Rhiannon Meyers |date=February 6, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=2001761dda6797b5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224040947/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=2001761dda6797b5 |archive-date=February 24, 2012}}</ref> Galveston has several state-funded [[Charter School|charter schools]] not affiliated with local school districts, including kindergarten through 8th grade Ambassadors Preparatory Academy and pre-kindergarten through 8th Grade Odyssey Academy.<ref name="PRVSCHOOLS">{{Cite web|title=Galveston, Texas Private Schools |work=galveston.com |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.galveston.com/privateschools/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127162105/http://www.galveston.com/privateschools/ |archive-date=November 27, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition [[KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program]] opened KIPP Coastal Village in Galveston under the auspices of GISD.<ref>Radcliffe, Jennifer. [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6350817.html "New KIPP campuses have younger focus"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403015510/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6350817.html |date=April 3, 2009}} ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. March 30, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>
Several private schools exist in Galveston. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston]] operates two Roman Catholic private schools, including Holy Family Catholic School (K through 8th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicweb.com/bulletins/1966/Feb-14-2010.pdf|title=Holy Family Parish Bulletin 02-14-2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and [[O'Connell College Preparatory School]] (9-12).<ref name="PRVSCHOOLS"/> Other private schools include Satori Elementary School, Trinity Episcopal School, Seaside Christian Academy, and Heritage Christian Academy.<ref name="PRVSCHOOLS"/>
<gallery>
File:Galveston College Regent Hall.jpg|[[Galveston College]]
File:Lovenberg Admin Building GISD.jpg|Galveston Independent School District Administration Building
File:BHSGalvEntrance.jpg|[[Ball High School]]
File:Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg|Central Middle School, formerly [[Central High School (Galveston, Texas)|Central High School]]
</gallery>
==Media==
[[File:The Daily News building in Galveston Texas.jpg|thumb|right|The headquarters of ''[[The Daily News (Texas)|The Daily News]]'']]
The ''[[Galveston County Daily News|Daily News]]'' (previously ''The Galveston County Daily News'') founded in 1842, is the city's primary newspaper and the oldest continuously printed newspaper in Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso |title=The Galveston County Daily News |publisher=Galvestondailynews.com |access-date=October 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008041359/http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso |archive-date=October 8, 2008}}</ref> It currently serves as the [[newspaper of record]] for the city and the ''Texas City Post'' serves as the newspaper of record for the county. Radio station [[KGBC]], on air from 1947 to 2010, has previously served as a local media outlet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Island radio station making a comeback |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Leigh Jones |date=March 10, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=f78adc7f6fda4a10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209022106/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=f78adc7f6fda4a10 |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref> Television station [[KHOU-TV|KHOU]] signed on the air as KGUL-TV on March 23, 1953. Originally licensed in Galveston, KGUL was the second television station to launch in the Houston area after [[KPRC-TV]].<ref name="KHOU">{{Cite web| title = KHOU History | work = KHOU.com | access-date = October 4, 2009
| url = http://www.khou.com/about/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611150228/http://www.khou.com/about/ |archive-date = June 11, 2008}}</ref> One of the original investors in the station was actor [[James Stewart]], along with a small group of other Galveston investors.<ref name="KHOU" /> In June 1959, KGUL changed its [[call sign]] to KHOU and moved their main office to Houston. The local [[hip hop]] name for Galveston is "G-town".<ref>Lomax, John Nova. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-11-17/music/on-da-lingo-part-ii/ "On Da Lingo, Part II"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809033129/http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-11-17/music/on-da-lingo-part-ii/ |date=August 9, 2011}} ''[[Houston Press]]''. Thursday November 17, 2005. Retrieved on October 26, 2011.</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Healthcare===
Galveston is the home of several of the largest [[teaching hospitals]] in the state, located on the campus of the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] at Galveston. Prior to [[Hurricane Ike]], the University employed more than 12,000 people. Its significant growth in the 1970s and 1980s was attributable to a uniquely qualified management and medical faculty including: Mr. John Thompson; Dr. William James McGanity, Dr. William Levin, Dr. David Daeschner and many more.
Ike severely damaged the 550-bed [[John Sealy Hospital]] causing the [[University of Texas System]] [[Board of Regents]] to cut nearly one-third of the hospital staff. Since the storm, the regents have committed to spending $713 million to restore the campus, construct new medical towers, and return John Sealy Hospital to its 550-bed pre-storm capacity.<ref name="UTMB coming back stronger than ever">{{Cite web|title=UTMB coming back stronger from Ike |work=Houston Chronicle |author=Harvey Rice |date=September 16, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/news/specials/hurricane/6622630.html |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221248/https://www.chron.com/news/hurricanes/article/UTMB-coming-back-stronger-from-Ike-1590540.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2011, the UT Board of Regents approved the construction of a new 13 story hospital that will be located next to John Sealy Hospital. Construction will begin in the fall of 2011, with the demolition of the old Jennie Sealy and Shriners hospitals, and continue until completion in 2016. The facility will have 250 room, 20 operating suites and 54 intensive care beds. When the new hospital is complete, along with the renovations at John Sealy, both complexes will have around 600 beds.<ref name="UTMB gets OK to build new island hospital">{{Cite web|title=UTMB gets OK to build new island hospital |work=The Daily News |author=John DeLapp |date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=September 18, 2011 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story/253098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829163529/http://galvestondailynews.com/story/253098 |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The university reopened their [[Level I Trauma Center]] on August 1, 2009, which had been closed for eleven months after the hurricane and, {{as of|lc=y|2009|09}}, had reopened 370 hospital beds.<ref name="UTMB coming back stronger than ever"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=UTMB emergency room reopens after Ike |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Scott Gonzales |date=August 2, 2009 |url=http://www.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=d093128587d3bc01 |access-date=September 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084231/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=d093128587d3bc01 |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The city is also home to a 30-bed [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] [[burn]]s hospital for children, the [[Shriners Hospitals for Children|Shriners Burns Hospital at Galveston]].<ref name="galvestondailynews.com">{{Cite web|title=Shriners vote to keep isle burns hospital open |work=The Galveston County Daily News |author=Laura Elder |date=July 7, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=140378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231601/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=140378 |archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> The Galveston hospital is one of only four in the chain of 22 [[non-profit]] [[Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine|Shriners]] hospitals, that provides acute burns care.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shriners will keep hospitals open Galveston facility to reopen in a few weeks |work=Houston Chronicle |author=Elizabeth Allen |date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4764200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224152757/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4764200 |archive-date=December 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the Galveston Hospital was damaged by Hurricane Ike, the Shriners national convention held in July 2009 voted to repair and reopen the hospital.<ref name="galvestondailynews.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals Listed by Specialty
|work=Shriners Hospitals for Children |access-date=October 5, 2009 |url=http://www.shrinershq.org/Hospitals_by_Specialty.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826013034/http://www.shrinershq.org/Hospitals_by_Specialty.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref>
===Fire department===
The Galveston Fire Department provides [[fire protection]] services through six fire stations and 17 pieces of [[Fire apparatus|apparatus]].<ref>[http://www.cityofgalveston.org/public_safety/firedept.cfm "Fire Department"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705011543/http://www.cityofgalveston.org/public_safety/firedept.cfm |date=July 5, 2006}} ''City of Galveston''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> The [https://web.archive.org/web/20130204034639/http://www.galvestonpolice.net/official/ Galveston Police Department] has provided the city's [[police|police protection]] for more than 165 years. Over 170 authorized officers serve in three divisions.
===Library===
[[File:Rosenberg Library2008.jpg|thumb|right|The Rosenberg Library]]
The city is served by the [[Rosenberg Library]], successor to the Galveston Mercantile Library, which was founded in 1871. It is the oldest public library in the State of Texas.<ref name=rosenberg>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lcr02 |work=Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association |title=Rosenber Library |access-date=May 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710013205/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lcr02 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosenberg-library.org/ |title=Rosenberg Library |publisher=Rosenberg-library.org |access-date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031140828/http://www.rosenberg-library.org/ |archive-date=October 31, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The library also serves as headquarters of the [[Galveston County Library System]], and its librarian also functions as the Galveston County Librarian.<ref>[http://www.rosenberg-library.org/about/library.htm "About the Rosenberg Library"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606051100/http://www.rosenberg-library.org/about/library.htm |date=June 6, 2011}} ''[[Rosenberg Library]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref>
===Courts===
The Galveston Division of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas]], the first federal court in Texas, is based in Galveston and has jurisdiction over the counties of Galveston, [[Brazoria County|Brazoria]], [[Chambers County, Texas|Chambers]] and [[Matagorda County|Matagorda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southern District of Texas, Galveston Division |work=United States District and Bankruptcy Courts |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/addresses/gal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520190448/http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/addresses/gal.pdf |archive-date=May 20, 2009}}</ref> It is housed in the United States Post Office, Customs House and Court House federal building in downtown Galveston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southern District of Texas, History of the District |work=United States District and Bankruptcy Courts |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url=http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/research/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917092419/http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/research/history.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates several post offices in Galveston, including the Galveston Main Post Office and the Bob Lyons Post Office Station.<ref>[http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33611?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston "Post Office Location - Bob Lyons"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321153808/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33611?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston |date=March 21, 2009}} ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120716014002/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/35818?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston "Post Office Location - Galveston"]. ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</ref> In addition the post office has a contract postal unit at the Medical Branch Unit on the campus of the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] and the West Galveston [[United States Postal Service#Types of postal facilities|Contract Postal Unit]], located on the west end of Galveston Island in the beachside community of [[Jamaica Beach, Texas|Jamaica Beach]].
===Transportation===
[[File:Scholes Field Terminal, Galveston.jpg|thumb|[[Scholes International Airport at Galveston]]]]
[[File:Galveston, Texas. . . Prepared by Order of Maj. Gen. N. P. Banks. Maj. D. C. Houston, Chief Engineers... Authorities... - NARA - 305663.tif|thumb|Civil War-era map depicting the early Galveston grid]]
====Sea====
Galveston is home to several historic ships: the tall ship ''Elissa'' (the official Tall Ship of Texas) at the Texas Seaport Museum and USS ''Cavalla'' and USS ''Stewart'', both berthed at Seawolf Park on nearby Pelican Island. Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States.
====Air====
[[Scholes International Airport at Galveston]] {{airport codes|GLS|KGLS}} is a two-runway airport in Galveston; the airport is primarily used for general aviation, offshore energy transportation, and some limited military operations. The nearest commercial airline service for the city is operated out of Houston through [[William P. Hobby Airport]] and [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]]. The [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] has two heliports, one for Ewing Hall and one for its emergency room.
====Railroad====
The [[Galveston Railroad|Galveston Railway]], originally established and named in 1854 as the Galveston Wharf and Cotton Press Company, is a [[Class III railroad|Class III]] terminal switching railroad that primarily serves the transportation of cargo to and from the Port of Galveston. The railway operates {{convert|32|mi|km}} of yard track at Galveston, over a {{convert|50|acre|m2|adj=on}} facility. The Galveston Railroad today owned Rail Link Inc. interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad Company and BNSF Railway Company on Galveston Island. The two class one Railroads reach Galveston by way of a new vertical lift railroad causeway bridge that crosses Galveston Bay next to the Interstate-45 bridge.
The city last had direct intercity [[passenger train]] service in 1967 with the [[Santa Fe Railroad]]'s ''[[Texas Chief]]'' from [[Chicago]].<ref>Sanders, Craig (2006). ''Amtrak in the Heartland''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34705-3}}, p. 107.</ref> Galveston is served by [[Amtrak Thruway#West|Amtrak Thruway]] service at Galveston Amtrak bus stop, with service to Houston for [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Sunset Limited]]'', continuing further north to [[Longview, Texas|Longview]] for Amtrak's ''[[Texas Eagle]]''.<ref>Amtrak site, Galveston Thruway stop https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020042538/https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls |date=October 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>Rome2Rio, Galveston thruway bus https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012072629/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston |date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>
====Roads====
John D. Groesbeck surveyed and mapped the town in 1837 and 1838 on behalf of the Galveston City Company. A new Galveston resident most recently from New York City, he laid out the streets based on a gridiron, and named the east–west avenues according to letters of the alphabet, with Avenue A running along the back bay on the north side of the island. He assigned numbers to names of north–south streets, with First Street on the far eastern side of the grid, and the numbered street names increased as they progressed westward. The names of some of the avenues changed over the years. Most notably, Avenue B became known as The Strand, and Avenue J became known as Broadway, a major thoroughfare which runs from the Interstate-45 viaduct to Seawall Boulevard.<ref name=mccomb>{{cite book|title=Galveston: A History |author=David G. McComb |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |page=43 |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-292-72053-4}}</ref>
[[Interstate 45]] has a southern terminus in Galveston and serves as a main artery to Galveston from mainland Galveston County and [[Houston]]. [[U.S. Route 75 in Texas|US Route 75]] used to reach Galveston before it was [[decommissioned highway|decommissioned]] in 1987 from Dallas. [[Farm to Market Road 3005]] (locally called [[Seawall Boulevard]]) connects Galveston to [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria County]] via the [[San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)|San Luis Pass-Vacek Toll Bridge]]. [[Texas State Highway 87|State Highway 87]], known locally as Broadway Street, connects the island to the [[Bolivar Peninsula]] via the Bolivar Ferry. A project to construct the [[Bolivar Bridge|proposed Bolivar Bridge]] to link Galveston to Bolivar Peninsula was cancelled in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galvestondailynews.com/news/article_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html |title=Bolivar bridge goes nowhere |publisher=The Daily News Galveston County |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2013 |author=Collette, Mark |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221249/https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{jct|state=TX|I|45}}
* {{jct|state=TX|TX|87}}
* {{jct|state=TX|TX|168}}
* {{jct|state=TX|TX|275}}
* {{jct|state=TX|SS|342}}
* {{jct|state=TX|FM|3005}}
===Transit===
[[Island Transit (Texas)|Island Transit]], which operates the [[Galveston Island Trolley]] manages the city's public transportation services. Intercity bus service to Galveston was previously operated by [[Kerrville Bus]] Company; following the company's acquisition by Coach USA, service was operated by [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
===Sports===
Galveston was home to [[minor league baseball]] from 1888–1955. The [[Galveston White Caps]] (1950–1955), [[Galveston Buccaneers]] (1931–1937)
[[Galveston Sand Crabs]] (1889–1890, 1892, 1897–1899, 1907–1911, 1922–1924) [[Galveston Pirates (baseball)|Galveston Pirates]] (1912–1917, 1919–1921) and [[Galveston Giants]] (1888) all called Galveston home. Galveston was a member of the [[Big State League]] (1954–1955), [[Florida Complex League#Gulf Coast League|Gulf Coast League]] (1950–1953) and [[Texas League]] (1888–1890, 1892, 1897–1899, 1907–1917, 1919–1924, 1931–1937). The teams played at Moody Stadium/White Cap Stadium (1931–1937, 1950–1955), [[Gulfview Park]] (1921–1924)/Pirate Field (1915–1920) and Beach Park (1888–1915).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-gc11674/y-1955 |title=1955 Galveston White Caps Roster on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135035/https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-gc11674/y-1955 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/sports/places/m-4194989 |title=Galveston, Texas sports teams on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135025/https://www.statscrew.com/sports/places/m-4194989 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-957 |title=White Cap Stadium in Galveston, TX history and teams on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135027/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-957 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-954 |title=Beach Park in Galveston, TX history and teams on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135026/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-954 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/t-gc11672 |title=Galveston Sand Crabs Statistics and Roster on StatsCrew.com |website=www.statscrew.com |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135025/https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/t-gc11672 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Notable people==
Galveston has been home to many important figures in Texas and U.S. history. During the island's earliest history it became the domain of [[Jean Lafitte]], the famed [[pirate]] and American hero of the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="HTOLAFITTE" /> [[Richard Bache Jr. (Texas politician)|Richard Bache, Jr.]] who settled in Galveston in 1842 and represented it in the Senate of the Second Texas Legislature in 1847 and assisted in drawing up the Constitution of 1845 was another.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lura N. Rouse |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fba02 |title=BACHE, RICHARD |work=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Tshaonline.org |access-date=August 13, 2010}}</ref> He was also the grandson of [[Benjamin Franklin]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] of America and [[Deborah Read]]. In 1886, the [[African-American]] Galveston civil rights leader [[Norris Wright Cuney]] rose to become the head of the [[Texas Republican Party]] and one of the most important [[American South|Southern]] black leaders of the century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuney, Norris Wright |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Merline Pitre |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221144035/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20 |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
British playwright and actor [[Charles Francis Coghlan]] died at Galveston in 1899 while touring with his theatre company<ref>Charles Coghlan is Dead - New York Times 28 November 1899; pg. 7;</ref> and was initially entombed there until his body was washed out to sea in the 1900 hurricane.<ref>Charles Coghian's Body Missing. - New York Times - September 25, 1900; pg. 2;</ref> Portrait and landscape artist [[Verner Moore White]] moved from Galveston the day before the 1900 hurricane. While he survived, his studio and much of his portfolio were destroyed.<ref>Baker, James Graham; Southwestern Historical Quarterly Vol CXIII; April 2010</ref> Another survivor of the hurricane was the [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] director [[King Vidor]], who made his directing debut in 1913 with the film ''[[Hurricane in Galveston]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vidor, King Wallis |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvi15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101222326/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvi15 |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], nicknamed the "Galveston Giant", became the first black world heavyweight boxing champion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johnson, Jack |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjo14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101161913/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjo14 |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
During the first half of the 20th century, [[William Lewis Moody Jr.|William L. Moody Jr.]] established a business empire, which includes [[American National Insurance Company]], a major national insurer, and founded the [[Moody Foundation]], one of the largest charitable organizations in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moody Foundation |work=The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association |author=Robert E. Baker |access-date=October 3, 2009 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215050133/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sam Maceo]], a nationally known [[organized crime]] boss, with the help of his family, was largely responsible for making Galveston a major U.S. tourist destination from the 1920s to the 1940s.<ref name="hotgalv" /> Grammy-award-winning singer-songwriter [[Barry White]] was born on the island and later moved to Los Angeles.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/barry-white-36718.html "Obituary: Barry White", ''The Independent'', October 31, 2013]. Retrieved July 26, 2021</ref>
[[George P. Mitchell]], pioneer of [[hydraulic fracturing]] technology and developer of [[The Woodlands, Texas]], was born and raised in Galveston.<ref>{{cite news|title=George Mitchell still pushes energy conservation: Oilman has worked for conservation since the Arab embargo more than 30 years ago |last=Hays |first=Kristen |date=August 2, 2008 |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/5920511.html |publisher=[[Hearst Newspapers]] |access-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref>
[[Anita Martini]], pioneering female sports journalist who was the first woman allowed in a major league locker room for a post-game press conference, was born in Galveston.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bailey |first1=Mike |title=On top of her game |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/17199665 |work=[[The Galveston Daily News]] |date=January 28, 1990 |page=1-C}}</ref> Surfer [[Dorian "Doc" Paskowitz]] was born in Galveston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/209116/doc-paskowitz-jewish-surfer-dude-for-ages-dies-at/ |title=Doc Paskowitz, Jewish Surfer Dude for Ages, Dies at 93 |date=November 12, 2014 |work=The Jewish Daily Forward}}</ref>
Professional baseball pitcher [[Sig Jakucki]] made Galveston his home after joining the [[Galveston Buccaneers]] in 1934. He is best remembered for defeating the [[New York Yankees]] in the final game of the 1944 MLB season, giving the [[St. Louis Browns]] their only pennant.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wolf |first=Gregory H. |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sig-jakucki/ |title=Sig Jakucki |work=SABR |access-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001203808/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sig-jakucki/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Terran Petteway]], a basketball player in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]], was born in Galveston.
More recently [[Tilman J. Fertitta]], part of the Maceo bloodline, established the Landry's Restaurants corporation, which owns numerous restaurants and entertainment venues in Texas and Nevada.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tilman J. Fertitta |work=Forbes |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/tilman-j-fertitta/48514 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925163501/http://people.forbes.com/profile/tilman-j-fertitta/48514 | archive-date=September 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
[[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] was the senior [[United States Senate|senator]] from Texas and the first female Texas senator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hutchison, Kathyrn Ann Bailey (Kay) – Biographical Information |work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date=October 8, 2009 |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h001016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007114454/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H001016 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Gilbert Pena]], former Republican member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]] from [[Pasadena, Texas|Pasadena]], was born in Galveston in 1949 and lived there in early childhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.takeback144.com/meet-gilbert/ |title=Meet Gilbert Pena |publisher=Take Back House District 144 |access-date=December 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220090656/http://www.takeback144.com/meet-gilbert/ |archive-date=December 20, 2014 }}</ref>
[[Jonathan Pollard]], who spied for [[Israel]] and was convicted in the US and sentenced to life in jail, was born in Galveston.<ref name="Trahair2004">{{cite book|author=R. C. S. Trahair |title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&pg=PA267 |access-date=April 10, 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31955-6 |pages=267–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103193033/http://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&pg=PA267 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film and television actor [[Lee Patterson]], a native of [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], lived in Galveston and died there in 2007.<ref>''[[Soap Opera Digest]]'', Vol. 32, No. 44, 30 October 2007, page 17.</ref>
Other notable people include [[Brandon Backe]], a former [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher for the [[Tampa Bay Rays|Tampa Bay Devil Rays]] and [[Houston Astros]] who played in the [[2005 World Series]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/backebr01.shtml |title=Brandon Backe stats |work=[[Baseball-Reference.com]] |accessdate=January 3, 2022}}</ref> [[Matt Carpenter (baseball)|Matt Carpenter]] of the [[St. Louis Cardinals]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=572761#gameType='R'§ionType=career&statType=1&season=2013&level='ALL' |title=''MLB Player Stats'' (Matt Carpenter) |access-date=August 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412164744/http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=572761#gameType='R'§ionType=career&statType=1&season=2013&level='ALL' |archive-date=April 12, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mike Evans (wide receiver)|Mike Evans]], wide receiver for the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams |first=Brandon C. |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Ball's Mike Evans drafted by Tampa Bay |url=http://www.galvnews.com/sports/free/article_fb939234-d715-11e3-9745-0017a43b2370.html |access-date=April 12, 2018 |website=The Daily News |language=en}}</ref> 1998 [[Heisman Trophy]] runner-up and pro quarterback [[Michael Bishop (gridiron football)|Michael Bishop]], Pittsburgh Steelers great [[Casey Hampton]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casey Hampton Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HampCa00.htm |access-date=December 29, 2023 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> comedian [[Bill Engvall]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |title=Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2017 |publisher=Record Research, Inc. |year=2017 |page=120 |isbn=978-0-89820-229-8}}</ref> actresses [[Valerie Perrine]]{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and [[Katherine Helmond]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/84405%7C0/Katherine-Helmond/biography.html |title=Katherine Helmond Biography |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref> painter [[Ethel Fisher]],<ref>[[Harry Schneiderman|Schneiderman, Harry]] and Itzhak J. Carmin (eds). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zXNqAAAAMAAJ ''Who's Who in World Jewry, Volume 2''], New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1965, p. 524–5.</ref> [[Tina Knowles]] fashion designer and creator of [[House of Deréon]], mother of [[Beyoncé]] and [[Solange Knowles]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/beyonce-its-family-affair?fullpage=1 |title=It's a Family Affair |work=Texas Monthly |first=Michael |last=Hall |date=April 2004 |issn=0148-7736 |access-date=September 7, 2014 |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325120146/http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/its-a-family-affair/ |url-status=live |quote=She was born Celestine Beyoncé in Galveston in 1954.}}</ref> and Grammy award-winning R&B and Jazz legend [[Esther Phillips]], was born in Galveston in 1935.<ref>Freeland, David (2001). ''Ladies of Soul''. University Press of Mississippi. p. xxiii. {{ISBN|1-57806-331-0}}.</ref>
==Galveston in media and literature==
* "[[Galveston (song)|Galveston]]" is the name of a popular song written by [[Jimmy Webb]] and sung by [[Glen Campbell]].
* ''[[4 for Texas]]'' (1963), a motion picture set in Galveston.
* [[Sheldon Cooper]], one of the main characters from the [[CBS]] [[sitcom]] ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' and spinoff ''[[Young Sheldon]]'', was born in Galveston.<ref name="tbbt-s02e09">{{cite episode|title=The White Asparagus Triangulation|episode-link=The Big Bang Theory season 2#ep26|series=The Big Bang Theory|series-link=The Big Bang Theory|network=[[CBS]]|date=November 24, 2008|season=2|number=9|minutes=04:15}}</ref>
* The [[Walter M. Miller Jr.]] novella ''[[Dark Benediction]]'' (1951) takes place partly in Galveston during the outbreak of a mysterious plague.
* [[Donald Barthelme]]'s 1974 [[short story]] "I bought a little city" is about an unnamed man who invests his fortune in buying Galveston, only to sell it thereafter.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/11/11/1974_11_11_042_TNY_CARDS_000308287] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091857/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/11/11/1974_11_11_042_TNY_CARDS_000308287|date=November 5, 2013}} Barthelme's original story.</ref>
* Galveston is the primary setting and filming location for the 1989 film, [[Night Game (film)]]
* Galveston is the setting of [[Sean Stewart]]'s 2000 fantasy novel ''Galveston'', in which a Flood of Magic takes over the island city, resulting in strange and carnivalesque adventures. It tied in 2001 with ''[[Declare]]'', by [[Tim Powers]], for the [[World Fantasy Award for Best Novel]]. It also won the 2001 [[Sunburst Award]] and was a preliminary nominee for the [[Nebula Award for Best Novel]].
* ''The Drowning House'', a novel by Elizabeth Black (2013), is an exploration of the island of Galveston, Texas, and the intertwined histories of two families who reside there.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/The-Drowning-House-A-Novel/dp/0385535864/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221303/https://www.amazon.com/The-Drowning-House-A-Novel/dp/0385535864/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t|date=November 5, 2021}} Publisher</ref>
* ''Galveston'' (2010) is the first novel by [[Nic Pizzolatto]], the creator of the [[HBO]] series ''[[True Detective]]''.
* ''[[The Jinx (miniseries)|The Jinx]]'' (2015), an [[HBO]] miniseries, features Galveston as the location of one of [[Robert Durst]]'s murders which took place in 2001.
* In the 2016 survival, horror film, [[The Shallows (film)|The Shallows]], directed by [[Jaume Collet-Serra]] and starring [[Blake Lively]], Galveston was set as the main character's hometown and is shown at the film's conclusion.
* [[Magnolia Network]]'s programming includes ''Restoring Galveston'' (formerly known as ''Big Texas Fix'') which shows local Galveston homes being restored and remodeled.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/life/article/DIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php |title=DIY's breakout hit 'Restoring Galveston' is back for season 2 with new name and more homes to update |newspaper=Chron |date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901162136/https://www.chron.com/life/article/DIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php |url-status=live |last1=Ramirez |first1=Sonia }}</ref>
==Sister cities==
Galveston's [[Sister city|sister cities]] are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities|publisher=City of Galveston|access-date=October 27, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051335/https://galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Macharaviaya]], Spain
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]], Japan
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Stavanger]], Norway
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], Mexico
==See also==
{{Portal|Texas}}
* [[Galveston Movement]]
* [[History of the Jews in Galveston, Texas]]
* [[Juneteenth]]
* ''[[Isaac's Storm]]''
* [[USS Galveston|USS ''Galveston'']], 2 ships
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{notelist}}
==References==
* [[Erik Larson (author)|Larson, Erik]]. ''[[Isaac's Storm]]'', New York: Vintage Books, 2000.
* {{Cite book|title=[[Mythic Galveston: reinventing America's third coast]] |last=Hardwick |first=Susan Wiley |year=2002 |publisher=[[JHU Press]] |page=https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard/page/13 13] |isbn=0-8018-6887-4}} 7799766866800-08 - [https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard read online], registration required
* {{cite book|first=Willard B. |last=Robinson |place=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |title=Gone from Texas: Our Lost Architectural Heritage |isbn=0-89096-106-9 |year=1981}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|q=no|s=Special:Search/Galveston|b=no|voy=Galveston|commons=Category:Galveston, Texas}}
* [https://www.galvestontx.gov/ City of Galveston – Official Website]
* [https://www.visitgalveston.com/ Galveston Island Convention and Visitors Bureau] (commercial)
* [https://galvestonchamber.com/ Galveston Chamber of Commerce]
{{Clear}}
{{Galveston, Texas}}
{{Galveston County, Texas}}
{{Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA}}
{{Republic of Texas}}
{{Texas}}
{{Texas county seats}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Pirates}}
[[Category:Galveston, Texas| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Cities in Galveston County, Texas]]
[[Category:Cities in Texas]]
[[Category:County seats in Texas]]
[[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|Texas]]
[[Category:Galveston Bay Area]]
[[Category:Greater Houston]]
[[Category:Pirate dens and locations]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Texas]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Texas]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1830s]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Texas]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>{nice
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Exploration_and_19th-century_development"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Exploration and 19th-century development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hurricane_of_1900_and_recovery"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hurricane of 1900 and recovery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#After_World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">After World War II</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Historic_districts"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historic districts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Oleander_City"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Oleander City</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#2020_census"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">2020 census</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2010_census"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">2010 census</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Port_of_Galveston"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Port of Galveston</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Finance"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Finance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Arts_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Arts and culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Galveston_Arts_Center"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Galveston Arts Center</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Galveston_ArtWalk"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Galveston ArtWalk</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Music_and_performing_arts"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music and performing arts</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Galveston_Symphony_Orchestra"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Galveston Symphony Orchestra</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Galveston_Ballet"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Galveston Ballet</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Artist_Residency_and_artist_housing"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Artist Residency and artist housing</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Galveston_Artist_Residency"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Galveston Artist Residency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#The_National_Hotel_Artist_Lofts"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">The National Hotel Artist Lofts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sculpture"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sculpture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#City_government"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">City government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#County,_state,_and_federal_government"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">County, state, and federal government</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Colleges_and_universities"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Colleges and universities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Primary and secondary schools</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Healthcare"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Healthcare</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Fire_department"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fire department</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Library"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Library</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Courts"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Courts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sea"><span class="tocnumber">9.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sea</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Air"><span class="tocnumber">9.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Air</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Railroad"><span class="tocnumber">9.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Railroad</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Roads"><span class="tocnumber">9.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Roads</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Transit"><span class="tocnumber">9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Transit</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">9.7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Galveston_in_media_and_literature"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Galveston in media and literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sister cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_and_19th-century_development">Exploration and 19th-century development</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Plan_of_the_City_of_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the City of Galveston (c. 1845)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg/220px-Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg/330px-Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg/440px-Map_of_City_of_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Map of City of Galveston (c. 1904)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Indigenous inhabitants of Galveston Island called the island <i>Auia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McComb1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McComb1-1">[1]</a></sup> Though there is no certainty regarding their route and their landings, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> and his crew were shipwrecked at a place he called "Isla de Malhado" in November 1528. This could have referred to Galveston Island or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Luis_Pass_(Galveston_Island)" title="San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)">San Luis Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman-2">[2]</a></sup>
During his charting of the Gulf Coast in 1785, the Spanish explorer José de Evia labeled the water features surrounding the island "Bd. de Galvestown" and "Bahia de Galvestowm" [sic]. He was working under the orders of Bernardo de Gálvez. In his early chart, he calls the western end of the island "Isla de San Luis" and the eastern end "Pt. de Culebras". Evia did not label the island itself on his map of 1799. Just five years later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> borrowed the place names Isla de San Luis, Pte. De Culebras, and Bahia de Galveston. Stephen F. Austin followed his predecessors in the use of "San Luis Island", but introduced "Galveston" to refer to the little village at the east end of the island. Evidence of the name Galveston Island appears on the 1833 David H. Burr.<sup id="cite_ref-McComb1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McComb1-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The island first permanent European settlements were constructed around 1816 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a> to support Mexico's rebellion against Spain. In 1817, Aury returned from an unsuccessful raid against Spain to find Galveston occupied by the pirate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOAURY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOAURY-3">[3]</a></sup> Lafitte organized Galveston into a pirate "kingdom" he called "Campeche", anointing himself the island's "head of government".<sup id="cite_ref-HTOLAFITTE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOLAFITTE-4">[4]</a></sup> Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1821, when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> forced him and his raiders off the island.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOLAFITTE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOLAFITTE-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1825 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Mexico">Congress of Mexico</a> established the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Galveston" title="Port of Galveston">Port of Galveston</a> and in 1830 erected a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Customs_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs house">customs house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WLDPORT_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLDPORT-6">[6]</a></sup> Galveston served as the capital of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> when in 1836 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">interim</a> president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David G. Burnet</a> relocated his government there.<sup id="cite_ref-WLDPORT_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLDPORT-6">[6]</a></sup> In 1836, the French-Canadian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Branamour_Menard" title="Michel Branamour Menard">Michel Branamour Menard</a> and several associates purchased 4,605 acres (18.64 km<sup>2</sup>) of land for $50,000 to found the town that would become the modern city of Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSTORM-9">[9]</a></sup> As Anglo-Americans migrated to the city, they brought along or purchased <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>, some of whom worked domestically or on the waterfront, including on riverboats.
</p><p>In 1839, the City of Galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the Congress of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSTORM-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HTOGAL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOGAL-10">[10]</a></sup> The city was by then a burgeoning <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">port of entry</a> and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Americans#Texas" title="German Americans">German immigrants to Texas</a>, including Jewish merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Together with ethnic Mexican residents, these groups tended to oppose slavery, support the Union during the Civil War, and join the Republican Party after the war.
</p><p>During this expansion, the city had many "firsts" in the state, with the founding of institutions and adoption of inventions: post office (1836), naval base (1836), Texas chapter of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Masonic</a> order (1840); cotton compress (1842), Catholic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial school</a> (Ursuline Academy) (1847), insurance company (1854), and gas lights (1856).<sup id="cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSTORM-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> forces under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. Magruder</a> attacked and expelled occupying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Army" title="Union Army">Union</a> troops from the city in January 1863 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston" title="Battle of Galveston">Battle of Galveston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOGBAT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOGBAT-13">[13]</a></sup> On June 19, 1865, two months after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee%27s_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's surrender">end of the war</a> and almost three years after the issuance of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a> of the Union Army informed the enslaved people of Texas that they were now free.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> This news was transmitted via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Order_No._3" title="General Order No. 3">General Order No. 3</a>, an event now commemorated on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">federal holiday</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the Civil War, Galveston mandated street improvements and construction standards. The city required property owners facing commercial streets to construct and maintain sidewalks of wooden planks or bricks, or pay an assessment to the city for the construction of the same. During the same period, the city drew a boundary known as a "fire zone," within which new buildings could not be constructed of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1867 Galveston suffered a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemic; about 1800 people died in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> These occurred in waterfront and river cities throughout the 19th century, as did <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics.
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg/220px-Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg/330px-Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg/440px-Beach_hotel_galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_Hotel_(Galveston)" title="Beach Hotel (Galveston)">The Beach Hotel</a> catered to vacationers until a fire in 1898.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The city's progress continued through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> with numerous "firsts": construction of the opera house (1870), and orphanage (1876), and installation of telephone lines (1878) and electric lights (1883).<sup id="cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISSTORM-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Having attracted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> from rural areas, in 1870 the city had a black population that totaled 3,000,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> made up mostly of former slaves but also by persons who were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free men of color</a> and educated before the war. Blacks comprised nearly 25% of the city's population of 13,818 that year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the post–Civil War period, leaders such as George T. Ruby and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norris_Wright_Cuney" title="Norris Wright Cuney">Norris Wright Cuney</a>, who headed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Republican Party">Texas Republican Party</a> and promoted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>, helped to dramatically improve educational and employment opportunities for blacks in Galveston and in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Cuney established his own business of stevedores and a union of black dockworkers to break the white monopoly on dock jobs. Galveston was a cosmopolitan city and one of the more successful during Reconstruction; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> was headquartered here. German families sheltered teachers from the North, and hundreds of freedmen were taught to read. Its business community promoted progress, and immigrants stayed after arriving at this port of entry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the end of the 19th century, the city of Galveston had a population of 37,000. Its position on the natural harbor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a> along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas. It was one of the nation's largest cotton ports, in competition with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Throughout the 19th century, the port city of Galveston grew rapidly and the Strand was considered the region's primary business center. For a time, the Strand was known as the "Wall Street of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">South</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> In the late 1890s, the government constructed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Crockett" title="Fort Crockett">Fort Crockett</a> defenses and coastal artillery batteries in Galveston and along the Bolivar Roads. In February 1897, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Texas_(1892)" title="USS Texas (1892)">USS <i>Texas</i></a> (nicknamed Old Hoodoo), the first commissioned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> of the United States Navy, visited Galveston. During the festivities, the ship's officers were presented with a $5,000 silver service, adorned with various Texas motifs, as a gift from the state's citizens.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_of_1900_and_recovery">Hurricane of 1900 and recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">1900 Galveston hurricane</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_Era_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Era of Galveston">Open Era of Galveston</a></div><p>
On September 8, 1900, the island was struck by a devastating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOSTORM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOSTORM-28">[28]</a></sup> This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Hurricane_of_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston Hurricane of 1900">event</a> holds the record as the United States' deadliest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOSTORM_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOSTORM-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The city was devastated, and an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people on the island were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOSTORM_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOSTORM-28">[28]</a></sup> Following the storm, a 10-mile (16 km) long, 17 foot (5.2 m) high <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Seawall" title="Galveston Seawall">seawall</a> was built to protect the city from floods and hurricane storm surges. A team of engineers including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Robert" title="Henry Martyn Robert">Henry Martyn Robert</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order</a>) designed the plan to raise much of the existing city to a sufficient elevation behind a seawall so that confidence in the city could be maintained. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sunset_Route,_Sea_Wall,_Galveston,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sunset_Route%2C_Sea_Wall%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Sunset_Route%2C_Sea_Wall%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sunset_Route%2C_Sea_Wall%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Sunset_Route%2C_Sea_Wall%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sunset_Route%2C_Sea_Wall%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Sunset_Route%2C_Sea_Wall%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Sunset Route, Seawall, Galveston, Texas (postcard, c. 1907)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The city developed the city commission form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">city government</a>, known as the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">Galveston Plan</a>", to help expedite recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-texashandbook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texashandbook-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite attempts to draw investment to the city after the hurricane, Galveston never returned to its levels of national importance or prosperity. Development was also hindered by the construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a>, which brought the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a> into competition with the natural harbor of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Galveston" title="Port of Galveston">Port of Galveston</a> for sea traffic. Finally, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Seawall" title="Galveston Seawall">Seawall</a> itself created an insurmountable problem: passive erosion resulting in the gradual disappearance of the once-wide beach and the resort business with it. "Within twenty years, the city had lost one hundred yards of sand. People who once watched auto racing on a wide beach were left with a narrow strip of sand at low tide and a gloomy vista of waves on rocks when the tide was high."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>To further its recovery and rebuild its population, Galveston actively solicited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Galveston_immigration" title="Port of Galveston immigration">immigration</a>. Through the efforts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Cohen_(rabbi)" title="Henry Cohen (rabbi)">Rabbi Henry Cohen</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_B%27nai_Israel_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="Congregation B'nai Israel (Galveston, Texas)">Congregation B'nai Israel</a>, Galveston became the focus of an immigration plan called the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Movement" title="Galveston Movement">Galveston Movement</a> that, between 1907 and 1914, diverted roughly 10,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> immigrants from the usual destinations of the crowded cities of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tshaonline.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tshaonline.org-32">[32]</a></sup> Additionally numerous other immigrant groups, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jews</a>, came to the city during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardwick,_p._13_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardwick,_p._13-33">[33]</a></sup> This immigration trend substantially altered the ethnic makeup of the island, as well as many other areas of Texas and the western U.S. Unfortunately, just as the island was starting to recover from the devastation caused by the first flood, a second one struck in August, 1915, thanks to a major hurricane that originated in the central Atlantic, tore through the Caribbean, and then left a long trail of destruction across the Gulf of Mexico before it dissipated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly three weeks later. While the newly constructed seawall spared the island the worst, over 400 Galvestonians died, and damages totaled $30 billion USD, equivalent to $903 billion in 2023. Thus, in less than a single generation Galveston went from being Texas' most populous (and most important) city to being a tragic footnote to a century of frontier violence, urban lawlessness and civic greed, throughout the state. Apart from reducing Galveston to rubble, the one-two punch that nature dealt the island stiffened the spines of those who survived. As Gary Cartwright observes (see fn 40), residents prided themselves on having stayed behind, though it meant being marooned for decades. They became cynical, hard-boiled, and had no use for outsiders (including Texans, and those who fled to the comparative safety of East Texas) who either pitied or prayed for them. Indifference may have masked anxiety, but it enabled those who committed themselves to Galveston to endure their fate with a measure of dignity, even when they were forced to compromise with conventional morality in order to do so. Thus Galveston became a unique port of call, even as automobile travel became ubiquitous, and ended its isolation from the rest of the region. Galveston has a worldview all its own, as if the Zeitgeist had decided to linger awhile, so that past and present might become one, and the forgotten boom town that went bust, not once but twice, might yet be resurrected, lifting the burden of history while daring fate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Though the storms stalled economic development and the city of Houston developed as the region's principal metropolis, Galveston economic leaders recognized the need to diversify from the traditional port-related industries. In 1905 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Lewis_Moody,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Lewis Moody, Jr.">William Lewis Moody, Jr.</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_H._Kempner" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac H. Kempner">Isaac H. Kempner</a>, members of two of Galveston's leading families founded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_National_Insurance_Company" title="American National Insurance Company">American National Insurance Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Two years later, Moody established the City National Bank, which would become the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_National_Bank" title="Moody National Bank">Moody National Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anico.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anico.com-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the 1920s and 1930s, the city re-emerged as a major tourist destination.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Under the influence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Maceo" title="Sam Maceo">Sam Maceo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosario_Maceo" title="Rosario Maceo">Rosario Maceo</a>, the city exploited the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a> of liquor and gambling in clubs like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_Room" title="Balinese Room">Balinese Room</a>, which offered entertainment to wealthy Houstonians and other out-of-towners. Combined with prostitution, which had existed in the city since the Civil War, Galveston became known as the "sin city" of the Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-hotgalv_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hotgalv-39">[39]</a></sup> Galvestonians accepted and supported the illegal activities, often referring to their island as the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_State_of_Galveston" title="Free State of Galveston">Free State of Galveston</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The island had entered what would later become known as the "open era".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 1930s and 1940s brought much change to the Island City. During <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Galveston Municipal Airport, predecessor to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholes_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholes International Airport">Scholes International Airport</a>, was re-designated a U.S. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">Army Air Corps</a> base and named "Galveston Army Air Field". In January 1943, Galveston Army Air Field was officially activated with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/46th_Test_Wing" title="46th Test Wing">46th Bombardment Group</a> serving an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-submarine">anti-submarine</a> role in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1942, William Lewis Moody, Jr., along with his wife Libbie Shearn Rice Moody, established the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_Foundation" title="Moody Foundation">Moody Foundation</a>, to benefit "present and future generations of Texans". The foundation, one of the largest in the United States, would play a prominent role in Galveston during later decades, helping to fund numerous civic and health-oriented programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_of_Texas,_Moody_Foundation_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_Texas,_Moody_Foundation-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_(page_1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Texas_-_Galveston_-_NARA_-_68149339_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5569" data-file-height="4418" /></a><figcaption>Damage after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurricane_Carla" title="Hurricane Carla">Hurricane Carla</a>, 1961</figcaption></figure>
<p>The end of the war drastically reduced military investment in the island. Increasing enforcement of gambling laws and the growth of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>, as a competitive center of gambling and entertainment put pressure on the gaming industry on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Finally in 1957, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General" title="Texas Attorney General">Texas Attorney General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Will_Wilson_(Texas_politician)" title="Will Wilson (Texas politician)">Will Wilson</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a> began a massive campaign of raids that disrupted gambling and prostitution in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> As these vice industries crashed, so did tourism, taking the rest of the Galveston economy with it.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-TM:_Grande_Dame,_216_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM:_Grande_Dame,_216-47">[47]</a></sup>
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg/210px-Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg/315px-Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg/420px-Expensive_Stilt_Houses_on_Galveston%27s_East_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Expensive Stilt Houses on Galveston's East Beach</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_(Texas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Galveston_%28Texas%29.jpg/220px-Galveston_%28Texas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Galveston_%28Texas%29.jpg/330px-Galveston_%28Texas%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Galveston_%28Texas%29.jpg/440px-Galveston_%28Texas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Galveston as viewed from the air</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg/220px-Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg/330px-Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg/440px-Lets_Play_Chess_Strand_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>Playing chess on the Strand</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1947, buildings in the city were damaged when a ship carrying 2,200 tons of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> exploded at the nearby <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Texas_City" title="Port of Texas City">Port of Texas City</a>, in what became known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_City_disaster" title="Texas City disaster">Texas City disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The island's economy began a long stagnation. Many businesses relocated off the island during this period, but health care, insurance, and financial industries continue to be strong contributors to the economy. By 1959, the city of Houston had long outpaced Galveston in population and economic growth. Beginning in 1957, the Galveston Historical Foundation began its efforts to preserve historic buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> The 1966 book <i>The Galveston That Was</i> helped encourage the preservation movement. Restoration efforts financed by motivated investors, notably Houston businessman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_P._Mitchell" title="George P. Mitchell">George P. Mitchell</a>, gradually developed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_Historic_District" title="Strand Historic District">Strand Historic District</a> and reinvented other areas. A new, family-oriented tourism emerged in the city over many years.
</p><p>In September 1961, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurricane_Carla" title="Hurricane Carla">Hurricane Carla</a> struck the city, generating an F4 tornado that killed eight and injured 200.
</p><p>With the 1960s came the expansion of higher education in Galveston. Already home to the University of Texas Medical Branch, the city got a boost in 1962 with the creation of the Texas Maritime Academy, predecessor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_at_Galveston" title="Texas A&M University at Galveston">Texas A&M University at Galveston</a>; and by 1967, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community college</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_College" title="Galveston College">Galveston College</a>, had been established.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 2000s, property values rose after expensive projects were completed,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> and demand for second homes by the wealthy increased. It has made it difficult for middle-class workers to find affordable housing on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> made landfall on Galveston Island in the early morning of September 13, 2008, as a category-2 hurricane with winds of 110 miles per hour. Damage was extensive to buildings along the seawall.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the storm, the island was rebuilt with investments in tourism and shipping, and continued emphasis on higher education and health care, notably the addition of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island_Historic_Pleasure_Pier" title="Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier">Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier</a> and the replacement of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bascule_bridge" title="Bascule bridge">bascule</a>-type <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drawbridge_(American_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawbridge (American English)">drawbridge</a> on the railroad causeway with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vertical-lift_bridge" title="Vertical-lift bridge">vertical-lift</a>-type drawbridge to allow heavier freight.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg/220px-GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg/330px-GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg/440px-GalvestonTXFromTheISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Galveston, from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> </figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg/220px-Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg/330px-Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg/440px-Salt_Marsh_Near_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Salt marsh near Galveston</figcaption></figure>
<p>The city of Galveston is situated on Galveston Island, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a> off the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> Gulf coast near the mainland coast. Made up of mostly sand-sized particles and smaller amounts of finer mud sediments and larger gravel-sized sediments, the island is unstable, affected by water and weather, and can shift its boundaries through erosion.
</p><p>The city is about 45 miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> on the east and south, West Bay on the west, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a> on the north. The island's main access point from the mainland is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interstate_45" title="Interstate 45">Interstate Highway 45</a> causeway that crosses West Bay on the island's northeast side.
</p><p>A deepwater channel connects Galveston's harbor with the Gulf and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. According to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has an area of 211.31 square miles (547.29 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 41.04 square miles (106.29 km<sup>2</sup>) are land and 170.27 square miles (441.00 km<sup>2</sup>), or 80.31%, are water.<sup id="cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2023_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2023-57">[57]</a></sup> The island is 50 miles (80 km) southeast of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>The western portion of Galveston is referred to as the "West End", roughly corresponding to the area west of the western end of the seawall. Communities in eastern Galveston (the area east of the western end of the seawall) include Havre Lafitte, Offats Bayou, Central City, Fort Crockett, Bayou Shore, Lasker Park, Carver Park, Kempner Park, Old City/Central Business District, San Jacinto, East End, and Lindale.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> As of 2009 many residents of the west end use <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golf_carts" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf carts">golf carts</a> as transportation to take them to and from residential houses, the Galveston Island Country Club, and stores. In 2009, Chief of Police Charles Wiley said he believed golf carts should be prohibited outside golf courses, and West End residents campaigned against any ban on their use.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2011 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> released a study, "Atlas of Sustainable Strategies for Galveston Island", which argued the West End of Galveston was quickly eroding and the city should reduce construction and/or population in that area. It recommended against any rebuilding of the West End in the event of damage from another hurricane.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city of Galveston looking east toward the Gulf of Mexico. Downtown Galveston and the Strand Historic District are behind while East Beach and the University of Texas Medical Branch Children's Hospital and Shriners Children's Burns Hospital are to straight ahead."><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg/1200px-Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg/1800px-Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_East_End_Panoramic.jpg" title="File:Galveston East End Panoramic.jpg"> </a></div>The city of Galveston looking east toward the Gulf of Mexico. Downtown Galveston and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_Historic_District" title="Strand Historic District">Strand Historic District</a> are behind while East Beach and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a> Children's Hospital and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children" title="Shriners Hospitals for Children">Shriners Children's Burns Hospital</a> are to straight ahead.</div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_districts">Historic districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Trube_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trube_Castle.jpg/200px-Trube_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trube_Castle.jpg/300px-Trube_Castle.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trube_Castle.jpg/400px-Trube_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2897" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>Galveston has many restored Victorian homes.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Galveston is home to six historic districts with over 60 structures listed representing architectural significance in the National Register of Historic Places.<sup id="cite_ref-NATLREG_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATLREG-62">[62]</a></sup> The Silk Stocking National Historic District, between Broadway and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seawall_Boulevard" title="Seawall Boulevard">Seawall Boulevard</a> and bounded by Ave. K, 23rd St., Ave. P, and 26th St., contains a collection of historic homes constructed from the Civil War through World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_End_Historic_District_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="East End Historic District (Galveston, Texas)">East End Historic District</a> on both sides of Broadway and Market Streets, contains 463 buildings. Other historic districts include Cedar Lawn, Denver Court and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Travis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Travis">Fort Travis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NATLREG_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATLREG-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_National_Historic_Landmark_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Strand National Historic Landmark District">Strand National Historic Landmark District</a> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark District</a> of mainly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> buildings that have been adapted for use as restaurants, antique stores, historical exhibits, museums and art galleries. The area is a major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a> for the island city. It is the center for two very popular seasonal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>. It is widely considered the island's shopping and entertainment center. Today, "the Strand" is generally used to refer to the five-block business district between 20th and 25th streets in downtown Galveston, near the city's wharf.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oleander_City">Oleander City</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg/220px-Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg/330px-Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg/440px-Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption>The first Oleander in Galveston, planted in 1841</figcaption></figure>
<p>Since the early 20th century, Galveston has been popularly known as the 'Oleander City'<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> because of a long history of cultivating <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerium_oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerium oleander">Nerium oleander</a></i>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> evergreen shrub which thrives on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Oleanders are a defining feature of the city; when flowering (between April and October) they add masses of color to local gardens, parks, and streets. Thousands were planted in the recovery following the Hurricane of 1900 and Galvestonians continue to treasure the plant for its low water needs, tolerance of heat, salt spray and sandy soils.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> This makes them especially resistant to the after-effects of hurricanes and tropical storms. Galveston is reputed to have the most diverse range of Oleander cultivars in the world, numbering over 100, with many varieties developed in the city and named after prominent Galvestonians.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> In 2005 the month of May was declared "Oleander Month" by the City of Galveston<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> and there are also Oleander-themed tours of the city exploring the history of the plant on the island. Since 1967 the International Oleander Society has operated in Galveston, which promotes the cultivation of the plant, organizes an Oleander festival every spring and maintains a commemorative Oleander garden in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg/220px-GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg/330px-GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg/440px-GalvezHotelGalveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galvez_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvez Hotel">Galvez Hotel</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg/220px-Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg/330px-Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg/440px-Ashton_Villa_Galveston_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Ashton Villa</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg/220px-Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg/330px-Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg/440px-Open-Gates-The_George_Sealy_Mansion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Open Gates mansion, built by George Sealy, 1891</figcaption></figure>
<p>Galveston contains a large and historically significant collection of 19th-century buildings in the United States. Galveston's architectural preservation and revitalization efforts over several decades have earned national recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>Located in the Strand District, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_1894_Opera_House" title="Grand 1894 Opera House">Grand 1894 Opera House</a> is a restored historic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a> style Opera House that is currently operated as a not-for-profit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> theater.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop's Palace, Galveston">Bishop's Palace</a>, also known as Gresham's Castle, is an ornate Victorian house located on Broadway and 14th Street in the East End Historic District of Galveston, Texas. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> listed Bishop's Palace as one of the 100 most significant buildings in the United States, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has classified it as one of the fourteen most representative Victorian structures in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galvez_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvez Hotel">Galvez Hotel</a> is a historic hotel that opened in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-carmack_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmack-75">[75]</a></sup> The building was named the Galvez, honoring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez_y_Madrid,_Count_of_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez</a>, for whom the city was named. The hotel was added to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> on April 4, 1979. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_B._Menard_House" title="Michel B. Menard House">Michel B. Menard House</a>, built in 1838 and the oldest surviving structure in Galveston, is designed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek revival">Greek revival</a> style. In 1880, the house was bought by Edwin N. Ketchum who was police chief of the city during the 1900 Storm. The Ketchum family owned the home until the 1970s. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashton_Villa" title="Ashton Villa">Ashton Villa</a>, a red-brick <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> home, was constructed in 1859 by James Moreau Brown. One of the first brick structures in Texas, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a recorded Texas Historic Landmark. The structure is also the site of what was to become the holiday known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a>, where on June 19, 1865, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> General Gordon Granger, standing on its balcony, read the contents of "General Order No. 3", thereby emancipating all slaves in the state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-handbook_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>St. Joseph's Church was built by German immigrants in 1859–1860 and is the oldest wooden church building in Galveston and the oldest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="German Catholics">German Catholic</a> Church in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> The church was dedicated in April 1860, to St. Joseph, the patron saint of laborers. The building is a wooden <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">gothic revival</a> structure, rectangular with a square bell tower with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">trefoil</a> window. The U.S. Custom House began construction in 1860 and was completed in 1861. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> occupied the building during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, In 1865, the Custom House was the site of the ceremony officially ending the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>Galveston's modern architecture include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_National_Insurance_Company" title="American National Insurance Company">American National Insurance Company</a> Tower (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_Moody_Plaza" title="One Moody Plaza">One Moody Plaza</a>), San Luis Resort South and North Towers, The Breakers Condominiums, The Galvestonian Resort and Condos, One Shearn Moody Plaza, US National Bank Building, the Rainforest Pyramid at Moody Gardens, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Sealy_Hospital" title="John Sealy Hospital">John Sealy Hospital</a> Towers at UTMB and Medical Arts Building (also known as Two Moody Plaza).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston's climate is classified as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (<i>Cfa</i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification system</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> and is part of USDA Plant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zone</a> 10a.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring moisture from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C) and the area's humidity drives the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> even higher, while nighttime lows average around 80 °F (27 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows near 50 °F (10 °C). Snowfall is generally rare; however, 15.4 in (39.1 cm) of snow fell in February 1895, making the 1894–95 winter the snowiest on record. Annual rainfall averages well over 40 inches (1,000 mm) a year with some areas typically receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Temperatures reaching 20 °F (−7 °C) or 100 °F (38 °C) are quite rare, having last occurred on December 23, 1989, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Summer_2012_North_American_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer 2012 North American heat wave">June 25, 2012</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)-90">[90]</a></sup> Record temperatures range from 8 °F (−13 °C) on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1899#Arctic_cold" title="Great Blizzard of 1899">February 12, 1899</a>, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on September 5, 2000; the record cold maximum is 25 °F (−4 °C) on February 7, 1895, and again on the date of the all-time low, while, conversely, the record warm minimum is 87 °F (31 °C) set on August 31 – September 3, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)-90">[90]</a></sup> On average, the warmest night is at 84 °F (29 °C), seldom straying far from averages.<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">Hurricanes</a> are an ever-present threat during the summer and fall season, which puts Galveston in Coastal Windstorm Area. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivar Peninsula">Bolivar Peninsula</a> are generally at the greatest risk among the communities near the Galveston Bay. However, though the island and peninsula provide some shielding, the bay shoreline still faces significant danger from storm surge.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> Talks of building a coastal storm barrier with a mix of federal and state funding to protect Galveston and Houston have been ongoing for years.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup>
</p>
<div>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Galveston, Texas (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholes_International_Airport_at_Galveston" title="Scholes International Airport at Galveston">Scholes Int'l</a>), 1991−2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[a]</a></sup> extremes 1871−present<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[b]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(27)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89<br />(32)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(35)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101<br />(38)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(34)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(29)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104<br />(40)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1<br />(23.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.8<br />(24.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.2<br />(26.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.9<br />(28.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.2<br />(31.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5<br />(33.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.5<br />(34.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.6<br />(35.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.6<br />(34.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1<br />(31.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4<br />(27.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5<br />(24.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.4<br />(35.8)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2<br />(17.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4<br />(19.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(22.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0<br />(25.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.0<br />(28.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.5<br />(31.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3<br />(32.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.0<br />(33.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.7<br />(31.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1<br />(27.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4<br />(22.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.5<br />(18.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.8<br />(26.0)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(13.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3<br />(15.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2<br />(18.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(21.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.2<br />(25.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8<br />(28.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5<br />(29.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(29.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4<br />(28.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br />(24.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.5<br />(18.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.5<br />(14.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.2<br />(22.3)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.9<br />(9.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(11.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.4<br />(14.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0<br />(18.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4<br />(22.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1<br />(25.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.7<br />(26.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.8<br />(26.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.1<br />(24.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.6<br />(20.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(14.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(10.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65.8<br />(18.8)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(1.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(3.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(6.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br />(10.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.5<br />(16.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1<br />(21.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1<br />(23.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1<br />(23.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1<br />(19.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.7<br />(12.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(5.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(2.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.3<br />(0.2)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C)
</th>
<td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(−12)
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13)
</td>
<td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(−3)
</td>
<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(10)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(14)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(19)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67<br />(19)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br />(11)
</td>
<td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(4)
</td>
<td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(−3)
</td>
<td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(−10)
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8<br />(−13)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm)
</th>
<td style="background: #5CFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.30<br />(109)
</td>
<td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.14<br />(54)
</td>
<td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.02<br />(77)
</td>
<td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.06<br />(52)
</td>
<td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.04<br />(77)
</td>
<td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.23<br />(107)
</td>
<td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.41<br />(87)
</td>
<td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.71<br />(120)
</td>
<td style="background: #00F900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.65<br />(169)
</td>
<td style="background: #3BFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.15<br />(131)
</td>
<td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.28<br />(109)
</td>
<td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.23<br />(107)
</td>
<td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.22<br />(1,199)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm)
</th>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.25)
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.25)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4
</td>
<td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7
</td>
<td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1
</td>
<td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8
</td>
<td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2
</td>
<td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5
</td>
<td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7
</td>
<td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3
</td>
<td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6
</td>
<td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4
</td>
<td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7
</td>
<td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7
</td>
<td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">95.1
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span>
</th>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0
</td>
<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1
</td>
<td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.1
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #C1C11B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.0
</td>
<td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.4
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.0
</td>
<td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.5
</td>
<td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">265.7
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">298.5
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309.0
</td>
<td style="background: #EAEA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">280.4
</td>
<td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.9
</td>
<td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.2
</td>
<td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.9
</td>
<td style="background: #C4C40C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.5
</td>
<td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,699
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55
</td>
<td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAAsun_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAsun-97">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div><p>
Notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said thread from 1991 to 2020, i.e. the COOP station from January 1981 to December 1996, and Scholes Int'l from January 1997 to December 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official records for Galveston were kept at an unknown location from April 1871 to August 1946, at the COOP station from September 1946 to December 1996, and at Scholes Int'l since January 1997. The temperature record dates back to June 1874. Therefore, precipitation day normals are not currently available at Scholes Int'l. For more information, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/">ThreadEx</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519074347/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/">Archived</a> May 19, 2006, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit&section=10"title="Edit section: Demographics"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style>
<table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right">
<caption>Historical population</caption>
<tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>4,177</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>7,307</td><td></td><td>74.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>13,818</td><td></td><td>89.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>22,248</td><td></td><td>61.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>29,084</td><td></td><td>30.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>37,789</td><td></td><td>29.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>36,981</td><td></td><td>−2.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>44,255</td><td></td><td>19.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>52,938</td><td></td><td>19.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>60,862</td><td></td><td>15.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>66,568</td><td></td><td>9.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>67,175</td><td></td><td>0.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>61,809</td><td></td><td>−8.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>61,902</td><td></td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>59,070</td><td></td><td>−4.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>57,247</td><td></td><td>−3.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>47,743</td><td></td><td>−16.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>53,695</td><td></td><td>12.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2022 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">53,089</td><td><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2022-99">[97]</a></sup></td><td>−1.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup><br />2020 Census<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-101">[99]</a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<table class="wikitable">
<caption><b>Galveston city, Texas – Racial and Ethnic Composition</b><br /> (<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)<br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small>
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<tbody><tr>
<th>Race / Ethnicity
</th>
<th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-102">[100]</a></sup>
</th>
<th>Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-103">[101]</a></sup>
</th>
<th>% 2010
</th>
<th>% 2020
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH)
</td>
<td>21,500
</td>
<td>25,386
</td>
<td>45.03%
</td>
<td>47.28%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH)
</td>
<td>8,895
</td>
<td>8,785
</td>
<td>18.63%
</td>
<td>16.36%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH)
</td>
<td>205
</td>
<td>187
</td>
<td>0.43%
</td>
<td>0.35%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH)
</td>
<td>1,479
</td>
<td>1,669
</td>
<td>3.10%
</td>
<td>3.11%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH)
</td>
<td>23
</td>
<td>39
</td>
<td>0.05%
</td>
<td>0.07%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some Other Race</a> alone (NH)
</td>
<td>44
</td>
<td>199
</td>
<td>0.09%
</td>
<td>0.37%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race/Multi-Racial</a> (NH)
</td>
<td>672
</td>
<td>1,651
</td>
<td>1.41%
</td>
<td>3.07%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race)
</td>
<td>14,925
</td>
<td>15,779
</td>
<td>31.26%
</td>
<td>29.39%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Total</b>
</td>
<td><b>47,743</b>
</td>
<td><b>53,695</b>
</td>
<td><b>100.00%</b>
</td>
<td><b>100.00%</b>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>As of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, there were 53,695 people, 23,375 households, and 12,505 families residing in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup> There were 34,259 housing units.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>As of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>, there were 47,743 people, 19,943 households, and 10,779 families residing in the city. As of the 2016 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census">U.S. Census</a> estimate<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>d, the city had a total population of 50,550. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 1,159 people per square mile (447 people/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 32,368 dwelling units at an average density of 786 per square mile (303/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 62.5% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 19.2% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">Black</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">African American</a>, 0.9% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 3.2% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, <0.1% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 11.0% from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 3.3% from two or more races. 31.3% of the population were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics in the United States">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race. There were 19,943 households, out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 3.02.
</p><p>In the city, the population was 23.4% under the age of 13, 11.3% from 13 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 88, and 13.7% who were 89 years of age or older in 2010. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 13 and over, there were 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,895, and the median income for a family was $35,049. Males had a median income of $30,150 versus $26,030 for females. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $18,275. About 17.8% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 32.1% of those under age 13 and 14.2% of those age 89 or over.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_of_Galveston">Port of Galveston</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Galveston" title="Port of Galveston">Port of Galveston</a>, also called Galveston Wharves, began as a trading post in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup> Today, the port has grown to 850 acres (3.4 km<sup>2</sup>) of port facilities. The port is located on the Gulf <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a>, on the north side of Galveston Island, with some facilities on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelican_Island_(Texas)" title="Pelican Island (Texas)">Pelican Island</a>. The port has facilities to handle all types of cargo including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containers</a>, dry and liquid bulk, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Break bulk cargo">breakbulk</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off</a>, refrigerated cargo and project cargoes.
</p><p>The port also serves as a passenger cruise ship terminal for cruise ships operating in the Caribbean. The terminal was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Home_port" title="Home port">home port</a> to two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Cruise_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival Cruise Lines">Carnival Cruise Lines</a> vessels, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Conquest" title="Carnival Conquest">Carnival Conquest</a></i> and the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Ecstasy" title="Carnival Ecstasy">Carnival Ecstasy</a></i>. In November 2011 the company made Galveston <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Home_port" title="Home port">home port</a> to its 3,960-passenger mega-ships <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Magic" title="Carnival Magic">Carnival Magic</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Triumph" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival Triumph">Carnival Triumph</a></i> as well. In 2015, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Freedom" title="Carnival Freedom">Carnival Freedom</a></i> relocated to Galveston, sailing seven-day cruises. Carnival replaced <i>Carnival Magic</i> and <i>Carnival Triumph</i> in the first half of 2016 with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Breeze" title="Carnival Breeze">Carnival Breeze</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Liberty" title="Carnival Liberty">Carnival Liberty</a></i>, respectively, but replaced <i>Liberty</i> with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Valor" title="Carnival Valor">Carnival Valor</a></i> later in the year due to mechanical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup> <i>Carnival Breeze</i> and <i>Carnival Freedom</i> sail seven-day Caribbean cruises, and <i>Carnival Valor</i> sails four- and five-day Caribbean cruises from Galveston. Carnival planned on replacing <i>Breeze</i> with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Vista" title="Carnival Vista">Carnival Vista</a></i> in 2018, and <i>Valor</i> with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnival_Dream" title="Carnival Dream">Carnival Dream</a></i> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></sup> Galveston is the home port to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International" title="Royal Caribbean International">Royal Caribbean International</a>'s, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MS_Liberty_of_the_Seas" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Liberty of the Seas">MS <i>Liberty of the Seas</i></a>, which is the largest cruise ship ever based here and one of the largest ships in the world. In September 2012 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disney_Cruise_Line" title="Disney Cruise Line">Disney Cruise Line</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disney_Magic" title="Disney Magic">Disney Magic</a></i> also became based in Galveston, offering four-, six-, seven-, and eight-day cruises to the Caribbean and the Bahamas.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg/200px-American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg/300px-American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg/400px-American_National_Insurance_Company_Building_--_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="4513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_Moody_Plaza" title="One Moody Plaza">One Moody Plaza</a>, the location of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_National_Insurance_Company" title="American National Insurance Company">American National Insurance Company</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_National_Insurance_Company" title="American National Insurance Company">American National Insurance Company</a>, one of the largest life insurance companies in the United States, is based in Galveston. The company and its subsidiaries operate in all 50 U.S. states, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. Through its subsidiary, American National de México, Compañía de Seguros de Vida, it provides products and services in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_National_Bank" title="Moody National Bank">Moody National Bank</a>, with headquarters in downtown Galveston, is one of the largest privately owned Texas-based banks. Its trust department, established in 1927, administers over 12 billion dollars in assets, one of the largest in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></sup> In addition, the regional headquarters of Iowa-based United Fire & Casualty Company are located in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Pleasure_Pier_entrance_in_Galveston%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3973" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>Pleasure Pier entrance in Galveston</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MoodyGardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MoodyGardens.jpg/220px-MoodyGardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MoodyGardens.jpg/330px-MoodyGardens.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/MoodyGardens.jpg/440px-MoodyGardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The Rainforest Pyramid at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_Gardens" title="Moody Gardens">Moody Gardens</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In the late 1800s Galveston was known as the "Playground of the South"<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></sup> Today, it still retains a shared claim to the title among major cities along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast states</a>. Galveston is a popular tourist destination which in 2007 brought $808 million to the local economy and attracted 5.4 million visitors. The city features an array of lodging options, including hotels such as the historic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hotel_Galvez" title="Hotel Galvez">Hotel Galvez</a> and Tremont House, vintage bed and breakfast inns, and beachfront condominiums.
</p><p>The city's tourist attractions include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island_Historic_Pleasure_Pier" title="Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier">Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier</a>, Galveston <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schlitterbahn" title="Schlitterbahn">Schlitterbahn</a> waterpark, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_Gardens" title="Moody Gardens">Moody Gardens</a> botanical park, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_Star_Offshore_Drilling_Rig_%26_Museum" title="Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum">Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lone_Star_Flight_Museum" title="Lone Star Flight Museum">Lone Star Flight Museum</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Railroad_Museum" title="Galveston Railroad Museum">Galveston Railroad Museum</a>, a downtown neighborhood of historic buildings known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_National_Historic_Landmark_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Strand National Historic Landmark District">The Strand</a>, many historical museums and mansions, and miles of beach front from the East End's Porretto Beach, Stewart Beach to the West End pocket parks. Previously Galveston had a 40-acre (16 ha) aquarium theme park called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea-Arama_Marineworld" title="Sea-Arama Marineworld">Sea-Arama Marineworld</a>, which opened in 1965, closed in January 1990, and was demolished in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Strand plays host to a yearly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> festival, Galveston Island Jazz & Blues Festival and a Victorian-themed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> festival called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickens_on_the_Strand" title="Dickens on the Strand">Dickens on the Strand</a> (honoring the works of novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, especially <i>A Christmas Carol</i>) in early December. Galveston is home to several historic ships: the tall ship <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elissa_(ship)" title="Elissa (ship)"><i>Elissa</i></a> (the official Tall Ship of Texas) at the Texas Seaport Museum and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Cavalla_(SS-244)" title="USS Cavalla (SS-244)">USS <i>Cavalla</i></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DE-238)" title="USS Stewart (DE-238)">USS <i>Stewart</i></a>, both berthed at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seawolf_Park" title="Seawolf Park">Seawolf Park</a> on nearby Pelican Island. Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Galveston Summer Musicals was a professional summer stock theater company performing at Galveston's Moody Gardens. Prior to 2004, they performed at the Mary Moody Northen Amphitheater in West Galveston Island.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galveston_Arts_Center">Galveston Arts Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Incorporated in 1986, Galveston Arts Center (GAC) is a non-profit, non-collecting arts organization. The center exhibits contemporary art, often by Texas-based artists, and offers educational and outreach programs. Notably, GAC organizes and produces Galveston ArtWalk. Museum entry is free to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>Galveston Arts Center is located in the historic 1878 First National Bank Building on the Strand. This Italianate-style 1900 Storm survivor was extensively damaged during Hurricane Ike in 2008, forcing the center to temporarily relocate to a nearby facility on Market Street. After a lengthy fundraising campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></sup> the total restoration of the original building was completed and Galveston Arts Center returned to the Strand in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galveston_ArtWalk">Galveston ArtWalk</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>ArtWalk takes place approximately every six weeks on Saturday evenings throughout the year. ArtWalk is organized by Galveston Arts Center, which releases an ArtWalk brochure featuring a map of participating venues as well as descriptions of shows and exhibits. Venues include GAC, Galveston Artist Residency and artist's studios and galleries. Additionally, art is shown in "other walls"—for example MOD Coffeehouse or Mosquito Cafe—or outdoors at Art Market on Market Street. Musicians perform outdoors and at venues such as the Proletariat Gallery & Public House or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Quarter_Acoustic_Cafe" title="Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe">Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe</a>. While most ArtWalk events are concentrated downtown, there are a number or participants elsewhere on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_performing_arts">Music and performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galveston_Symphony_Orchestra">Galveston Symphony Orchestra</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston is home to the Galveston Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble of amateur and professional musicians formed in 1979 under the direction of Richard W. Pickar, Musical Director-Conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galveston_Ballet">Galveston Ballet</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Galveston Ballet is a regional pre-professional ballet company and academy serving Galveston county.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></sup> The company presents one full-length classical ballet in the spring of each year and one mixed repertory program in the fall, both presented at the Grand 1894 Opera House.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist_Residency_and_artist_housing">Artist Residency and artist housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galveston_Artist_Residency">Galveston Artist Residency</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston Artist Residency (GAR) grants studio space, living space and a stipend to three visual artists each year. Resident artists work in a variety of mediums and exhibit their work in the GAR Gallery and Courtyards. Located in renovated industrial structures on the west side of downtown, GAR also hosts performances and other public events.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_National_Hotel_Artist_Lofts">The National Hotel Artist Lofts</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The National Hotel Artist Lofts (NHAL) is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artspace_Projects" title="Artspace Projects">Artspace Projects</a> developed property featuring twenty-seven live/work units designated as affordable housing for artists.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></sup> The project brought new life to the historic E.S. Levy Building, which was left abandoned for twenty years. Originally built as the Tremont Opera House in 1870, the structure was extensively renovated to serve various functions, from offices and stores to the National Hotel. The building also housed the U.S. National Weather Bureau's Galveston office under Isaac Cline during the 1900 Storm.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>Under Property Manager/Creative Director Becky Major, the unused retail space in the front of the building found a new purpose as a DIY art and music venue, despite its gutted and undeveloped state. In May 2015, the newly renovated space reopened as the Proletariat Gallery & Public House. This bar and gallery provides a common area for NHAL and neighborhood residents and a cultural hub for the broader community. Visual art, events and live music are regularly hosted in the space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg/185px-Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg/278px-Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg/370px-Texas_Heroes_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="3540" /></a><figcaption>Texas Heroes Monument. In the center of Broadway Blvd, at 25th street</figcaption></figure>
<p>Notable statues and sculptures in Galveston include:
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<ul><li><i>1900 Storm Memorial</i>, by David W. Moore</li>
<li><i>Birth</i>, by Arthur Williams</li>
<li><i>Dignified Resignation</i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Amateis" title="Louis Amateis">Louis Amateis</a> at the Galveston County Courthouse. With his back turned to the US flag while carrying a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate flag</a>, it is the only memorial in Texas to feature a Confederate sailor.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Dolphins</i> by David W. Moore</li>
<li><i>High Tide</i>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Parks_(sculptor)" title="Charles Parks (sculptor)">Charles Parks</a></li>
<li><i>Jack Johnson</i>, by Adrienne Isom</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pink_Dolphin_Monument" title="Pink Dolphin Monument">Pink Dolphin Monument</a>, by Joe Joe Orangias</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Heroes_Monument" title="Texas Heroes Monument">Texas Heroes Monument</a>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Amateis" title="Louis Amateis">Louis Amateis</a></li>
<li><i>Hope</i>, by Doug McLean</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GalvestonCityHall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/GalvestonCityHall.JPG/220px-GalvestonCityHall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/GalvestonCityHall.JPG/330px-GalvestonCityHall.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/GalvestonCityHall.JPG/440px-GalvestonCityHall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Galveston City Hall</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_government">City government</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Galveston_Courthouse.jpg/200px-Galveston_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Galveston_Courthouse.jpg/300px-Galveston_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Galveston_Courthouse.jpg/400px-Galveston_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Galveston Courthouse</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the hurricane of 1900, the city originated the city commission form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">city government</a> (which became known as the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">Galveston Plan</a>"). The city has since adopted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council-Manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-Manager government">council-manager</a> form of government. Galveston's city council serves as the city's legislative branch, while the city manager works as the chief executive officer, and the municipal court system serves as the city's judicial branch.
</p><p>The city council and mayor promote ordinances to establish municipal policies. The Galveston City Council consists of six elected positions, each derived from a specified <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral district</a>. Each city council member is elected to a two-year term, while the mayor is elected to a two-year term. The city council appoints the city manager, the city secretary, the city auditor, the city attorney, and the municipal judge. The city's Tax Collector is determined by the city council and is outsourced to Galveston County. The city manager hires employees, promotes development, presents and administers the budget, and implements city council policies. Craig Brown is the incumbent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayor_of_Galveston" title="Mayor of Galveston">mayor of Galveston</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County,_state,_and_federal_government"><span id="County.2C_state.2C_and_federal_government"></span>County, state, and federal government</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg/220px-Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg/330px-Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg/440px-Galveston_County_Justice_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Galveston County Justice Center</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_US_Post_Office,_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galveston_US_Post_Office%2C_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Galveston_US_Post_Office%2C_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galveston_US_Post_Office%2C_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg/330px-Galveston_US_Post_Office%2C_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Galveston_US_Post_Office%2C_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg/440px-Galveston_US_Post_Office%2C_Custom_House_and_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2057" /></a><figcaption>US Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse</figcaption></figure>
<p>Galveston is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">seat</a> and second-largest city (after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a>) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston County</a> in population.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></sup> The Galveston County Justice Center, which houses all the county's judicial functions as well as jail, is located on 59th street. The Galveston County Administrative Courthouse, the seat of civil and administrative functions, is located near the city's downtown.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></sup> Galveston is within the County Precinct 1; as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Patrick Doyle serves as the Commissioner of Precinct 1.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Galveston County Sheriff's Office operates its law enforcement headquarters and jail from the Justice Center.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></sup> The Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services operates the Galveston Community Center.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></sup> Galveston is located in District 23 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a>. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayes_Middleton" title="Mayes Middleton">Mayes Middleton</a> represents the district.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></sup> Most of Galveston is within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Senate,_District_17" title="Texas Senate, District 17">District 17</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Texas Senate</a>; as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joan_Huffman" title="Joan Huffman">Joan Huffman</a> represents the district.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a></sup> A portion of Galveston is within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Senate,_District_11" title="Texas Senate, District 11">District 11</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Texas Senate</a>; as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry_Taylor_(politician)" title="Larry Taylor (politician)">Larry Taylor</a> represents the district.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a></sup> Galveston is in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 14th congressional district">Texas's 14th congressional district</a> and is represented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randy_Weber" title="Randy Weber">Randy Weber</a> as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Galveston,_Texas" title="Education in Galveston, Texas">Education in Galveston, Texas</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Established in 1891 with one building and fewer than 50 students, today the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a> (UTMB) campus has grown to more than 70 buildings and an enrollment of more than 2,500 students.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a></sup> The 84-acre (340,000 m<sup>2</sup>) campus includes schools of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medicine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, allied health professions, and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a> of biomedical sciences, as well as three institutes for advanced studies & medical humanities, a major medical library, seven hospitals, a network of clinics that provide a full range of primary and specialized medical care, and numerous research facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Galveston is home to two post-secondary institutions offering traditional degrees in higher education. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_College" title="Galveston College">Galveston College</a>, a junior college that opened in 1967, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_at_Galveston" title="Texas A&M University at Galveston">Texas A&M University at Galveston</a>, an ocean-oriented branch campus of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The city of Galveston is served by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Independent_School_District" title="Galveston Independent School District">Galveston Independent School District</a>, which includes six elementary schools, two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Middle_School_(Galveston,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Middle School (Galveston, Texas)">middle schools</a> and one high school, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ball_High_School" title="Ball High School">Ball High School</a>. There is also one <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">magnet middle school</a>, Austin Middle School, serving grades 5 through 8.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a></sup> Galveston has several state-funded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter School">charter schools</a> not affiliated with local school districts, including kindergarten through 8th grade Ambassadors Preparatory Academy and pre-kindergarten through 8th Grade Odyssey Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-PRVSCHOOLS_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRVSCHOOLS-143">[141]</a></sup> In addition <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KIPP:_the_Knowledge_Is_Power_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program">KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program</a> opened KIPP Coastal Village in Galveston under the auspices of GISD.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several private schools exist in Galveston. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Galveston-Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston</a> operates two Roman Catholic private schools, including Holy Family Catholic School (K through 8th)<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/O%27Connell_College_Preparatory_School" title="O'Connell College Preparatory School">O'Connell College Preparatory School</a> (9-12).<sup id="cite_ref-PRVSCHOOLS_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRVSCHOOLS-143">[141]</a></sup> Other private schools include Satori Elementary School, Trinity Episcopal School, Seaside Christian Academy, and Heritage Christian Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-PRVSCHOOLS_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRVSCHOOLS-143">[141]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galveston College"><img alt="Galveston College" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg/120px-Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg/180px-Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg/240px-Galveston_College_Regent_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_College" title="Galveston College">Galveston College</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg,_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galveston Independent School District Administration Building"><img alt="Galveston Independent School District Administration Building" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg%2C_Galveston.jpg/120px-GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg%2C_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg%2C_Galveston.jpg/180px-GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg%2C_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg%2C_Galveston.jpg/240px-GISD_Lovenberg_Admin_Bldg%2C_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Galveston Independent School District Administration Building</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:BHSGalvEntrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball High School"><img alt="Ball High School" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/BHSGalvEntrance.jpg/120px-BHSGalvEntrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/BHSGalvEntrance.jpg/180px-BHSGalvEntrance.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/BHSGalvEntrance.jpg/240px-BHSGalvEntrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1727" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ball_High_School" title="Ball High School">Ball High School</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Middle School, formerly Central High School"><img alt="Central Middle School, formerly Central High School" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg/120px-Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg/180px-Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg/240px-Central_Middle_School_Galveston_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4087" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Central Middle School, formerly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_High_School_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="Central High School (Galveston, Texas)">Central High School</a></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg/220px-The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg/330px-The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg/440px-The_Daily_News_building_in_Galveston_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Texas)" title="The Daily News (Texas)">The Daily News</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County_Daily_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston County Daily News">Daily News</a></i> (previously <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>) founded in 1842, is the city's primary newspaper and the oldest continuously printed newspaper in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></sup> It currently serves as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a> for the city and the <i>Texas City Post</i> serves as the newspaper of record for the county. Radio station <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KGBC" title="KGBC">KGBC</a>, on air from 1947 to 2010, has previously served as a local media outlet.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a></sup> Television station <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KHOU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KHOU-TV">KHOU</a> signed on the air as KGUL-TV on March 23, 1953. Originally licensed in Galveston, KGUL was the second television station to launch in the Houston area after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KPRC-TV" title="KPRC-TV">KPRC-TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KHOU_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHOU-148">[146]</a></sup> One of the original investors in the station was actor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a>, along with a small group of other Galveston investors.<sup id="cite_ref-KHOU_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KHOU-148">[146]</a></sup> In June 1959, KGUL changed its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> to KHOU and moved their main office to Houston. The local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> name for Galveston is "G-town".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston is the home of several of the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teaching_hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching hospitals">teaching hospitals</a> in the state, located on the campus of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a> at Galveston. Prior to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a>, the University employed more than 12,000 people. Its significant growth in the 1970s and 1980s was attributable to a uniquely qualified management and medical faculty including: Mr. John Thompson; Dr. William James McGanity, Dr. William Levin, Dr. David Daeschner and many more.
</p><p>Ike severely damaged the 550-bed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Sealy_Hospital" title="John Sealy Hospital">John Sealy Hospital</a> causing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents">Board of Regents</a> to cut nearly one-third of the hospital staff. Since the storm, the regents have committed to spending $713 million to restore the campus, construct new medical towers, and return John Sealy Hospital to its 550-bed pre-storm capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever-150">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2011, the UT Board of Regents approved the construction of a new 13 story hospital that will be located next to John Sealy Hospital. Construction will begin in the fall of 2011, with the demolition of the old Jennie Sealy and Shriners hospitals, and continue until completion in 2016. The facility will have 250 room, 20 operating suites and 54 intensive care beds. When the new hospital is complete, along with the renovations at John Sealy, both complexes will have around 600 beds.<sup id="cite_ref-UTMB_gets_OK_to_build_new_island_hospital_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTMB_gets_OK_to_build_new_island_hospital-151">[149]</a></sup>
</p><p>The university reopened their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Level_I_Trauma_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Level I Trauma Center">Level I Trauma Center</a> on August 1, 2009, which had been closed for eleven months after the hurricane and, as of September 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Galveston,_Texas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, had reopened 370 hospital beds.<sup id="cite_ref-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever-150">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>The city is also home to a 30-bed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a> hospital for children, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children" title="Shriners Hospitals for Children">Shriners Burns Hospital at Galveston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-galvestondailynews.com_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvestondailynews.com-153">[151]</a></sup> The Galveston hospital is one of only four in the chain of 22 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_Order_of_the_Nobles_of_the_Mystic_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine">Shriners</a> hospitals, that provides acute burns care.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></sup> Although the Galveston Hospital was damaged by Hurricane Ike, the Shriners national convention held in July 2009 voted to repair and reopen the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-galvestondailynews.com_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galvestondailynews.com-153">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_department">Fire department</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Galveston Fire Department provides <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">fire protection</a> services through six fire stations and 17 pieces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">apparatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204034639/http://www.galvestonpolice.net/official/">Galveston Police Department</a> has provided the city's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police" title="Police">police protection</a> for more than 165 years. Over 170 authorized officers serve in three divisions.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library">Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg/220px-Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg/330px-Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg/440px-Rosenberg_Library2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>The Rosenberg Library</figcaption></figure>
<p>The city is served by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosenberg_Library" title="Rosenberg Library">Rosenberg Library</a>, successor to the Galveston Mercantile Library, which was founded in 1871. It is the oldest public library in the State of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-157">[155]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup> The library also serves as headquarters of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County_Library_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston County Library System">Galveston County Library System</a>, and its librarian also functions as the Galveston County Librarian.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Galveston Division of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas">United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas</a>, the first federal court in Texas, is based in Galveston and has jurisdiction over the counties of Galveston, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazoria_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazoria County">Brazoria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas" title="Chambers County, Texas">Chambers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matagorda_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagorda County">Matagorda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></sup> It is housed in the United States Post Office, Customs House and Court House federal building in downtown Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> operates several post offices in Galveston, including the Galveston Main Post Office and the Bob Lyons Post Office Station.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></sup> In addition the post office has a contract postal unit at the Medical Branch Unit on the campus of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a> and the West Galveston <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service#Types_of_postal_facilities" title="United States Postal Service">Contract Postal Unit</a>, located on the west end of Galveston Island in the beachside community of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaica_Beach,_Texas" title="Jamaica Beach, Texas">Jamaica Beach</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scholes_Field_Terminal,_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scholes_Field_Terminal%2C_Galveston.jpg/220px-Scholes_Field_Terminal%2C_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scholes_Field_Terminal%2C_Galveston.jpg/330px-Scholes_Field_Terminal%2C_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scholes_Field_Terminal%2C_Galveston.jpg/440px-Scholes_Field_Terminal%2C_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholes_International_Airport_at_Galveston" title="Scholes International Airport at Galveston">Scholes International Airport at Galveston</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Galveston,_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston,_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Galveston%2C_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston%2C_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Galveston%2C_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston%2C_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Galveston%2C_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston%2C_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Galveston%2C_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston%2C_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Galveston%2C_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston%2C_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Galveston%2C_Texas._._._Prepared_by_Order_of_Maj._Gen._N._P._Banks._Maj._D._C._Houston%2C_Chief_Engineers..._Authorities..._-_NARA_-_305663.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="5005" /></a><figcaption>Civil War-era map depicting the early Galveston grid</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea">Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston is home to several historic ships: the tall ship <i>Elissa</i> (the official Tall Ship of Texas) at the Texas Seaport Museum and USS <i>Cavalla</i> and USS <i>Stewart</i>, both berthed at Seawolf Park on nearby Pelican Island. Galveston is ranked the number one cruise port on the Gulf Coast and fourth in the United States.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholes_International_Airport_at_Galveston" title="Scholes International Airport at Galveston">Scholes International Airport at Galveston</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: <b>GLS</b>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: <b>KGLS</b>) is a two-runway airport in Galveston; the airport is primarily used for general aviation, offshore energy transportation, and some limited military operations. The nearest commercial airline service for the city is operated out of Houston through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a> has two heliports, one for Ewing Hall and one for its emergency room.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroad">Railroad</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Railroad" title="Galveston Railroad">Galveston Railway</a>, originally established and named in 1854 as the Galveston Wharf and Cotton Press Company, is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_III_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class III railroad">Class III</a> terminal switching railroad that primarily serves the transportation of cargo to and from the Port of Galveston. The railway operates 32 miles (51 km) of yard track at Galveston, over a 50-acre (200,000 m<sup>2</sup>) facility. The Galveston Railroad today owned Rail Link Inc. interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad Company and BNSF Railway Company on Galveston Island. The two class one Railroads reach Galveston by way of a new vertical lift railroad causeway bridge that crosses Galveston Bay next to the Interstate-45 bridge.
</p><p>The city last had direct intercity <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">passenger train</a> service in 1967 with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe Railroad</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Chief" title="Texas Chief">Texas Chief</a></i> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup> Galveston is served by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway#West" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a> service at Galveston Amtrak bus stop, with service to Houston for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></i>, continuing further north to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a> for Amtrak's <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>John D. Groesbeck surveyed and mapped the town in 1837 and 1838 on behalf of the Galveston City Company. A new Galveston resident most recently from New York City, he laid out the streets based on a gridiron, and named the east–west avenues according to letters of the alphabet, with Avenue A running along the back bay on the north side of the island. He assigned numbers to names of north–south streets, with First Street on the far eastern side of the grid, and the numbered street names increased as they progressed westward. The names of some of the avenues changed over the years. Most notably, Avenue B became known as The Strand, and Avenue J became known as Broadway, a major thoroughfare which runs from the Interstate-45 viaduct to Seawall Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-mccomb_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccomb-167">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interstate_45" title="Interstate 45">Interstate 45</a> has a southern terminus in Galveston and serves as a main artery to Galveston from mainland Galveston County and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Texas" title="U.S. Route 75 in Texas">US Route 75</a> used to reach Galveston before it was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decommissioned_highway" title="Decommissioned highway">decommissioned</a> in 1987 from Dallas. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3005" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm to Market Road 3005">Farm to Market Road 3005</a> (locally called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seawall_Boulevard" title="Seawall Boulevard">Seawall Boulevard</a>) connects Galveston to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County</a> via the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Luis_Pass_(Galveston_Island)" title="San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)">San Luis Pass-Vacek Toll Bridge</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87" title="Texas State Highway 87">State Highway 87</a>, known locally as Broadway Street, connects the island to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivar Peninsula">Bolivar Peninsula</a> via the Bolivar Ferry. A project to construct the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivar_Bridge" title="Bolivar Bridge">proposed Bolivar Bridge</a> to link Galveston to Bolivar Peninsula was cancelled in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/I-45.svg/24px-I-45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/I-45.svg/36px-I-45.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/I-45.svg/48px-I-45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interstate_45" title="Interstate 45">I-45</a></li>
<li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Texas_87.svg/24px-Texas_87.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Texas_87.svg/36px-Texas_87.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Texas_87.svg/48px-Texas_87.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87" title="Texas State Highway 87">SH 87</a></li>
<li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Texas_168.svg/24px-Texas_168.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Texas_168.svg/36px-Texas_168.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Texas_168.svg/48px-Texas_168.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_168" title="Texas State Highway 168">SH 168</a></li>
<li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Texas_275.svg/24px-Texas_275.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Texas_275.svg/36px-Texas_275.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Texas_275.svg/48px-Texas_275.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_275" title="Texas State Highway 275">SH 275</a></li>
<li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Texas_Spur_342.svg/24px-Texas_Spur_342.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Texas_Spur_342.svg/36px-Texas_Spur_342.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Texas_Spur_342.svg/48px-Texas_Spur_342.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_342" title="Texas State Highway Spur 342">Spur 342</a></li>
<li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Texas_FM_3005.svg/24px-Texas_FM_3005.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Texas_FM_3005.svg/36px-Texas_FM_3005.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Texas_FM_3005.svg/48px-Texas_FM_3005.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3005" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm to Market Road 3005">FM 3005</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Island_Transit_(Texas)" title="Island Transit (Texas)">Island Transit</a>, which operates the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island_Trolley" title="Galveston Island Trolley">Galveston Island Trolley</a> manages the city's public transportation services. Intercity bus service to Galveston was previously operated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerrville_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerrville Bus">Kerrville Bus</a> Company; following the company's acquisition by Coach USA, service was operated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<p>Galveston was home to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league baseball</a> from 1888–1955. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_White_Caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston White Caps">Galveston White Caps</a> (1950–1955), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Buccaneers" title="Galveston Buccaneers">Galveston Buccaneers</a> (1931–1937)
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Sand_Crabs" title="Galveston Sand Crabs">Galveston Sand Crabs</a> (1889–1890, 1892, 1897–1899, 1907–1911, 1922–1924) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Pirates_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston Pirates (baseball)">Galveston Pirates</a> (1912–1917, 1919–1921) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston Giants">Galveston Giants</a> (1888) all called Galveston home. Galveston was a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_State_League" title="Big State League">Big State League</a> (1954–1955), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Complex_League#Gulf_Coast_League" title="Florida Complex League">Gulf Coast League</a> (1950–1953) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_League" title="Texas League">Texas League</a> (1888–1890, 1892, 1897–1899, 1907–1917, 1919–1924, 1931–1937). The teams played at Moody Stadium/White Cap Stadium (1931–1937, 1950–1955), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulfview_Park" title="Gulfview Park">Gulfview Park</a> (1921–1924)/Pirate Field (1915–1920) and Beach Park (1888–1915).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston has been home to many important figures in Texas and U.S. history. During the island's earliest history it became the domain of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>, the famed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> and American hero of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HTOLAFITTE_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTOLAFITTE-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr._(Texas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bache Jr. (Texas politician)">Richard Bache, Jr.</a> who settled in Galveston in 1842 and represented it in the Senate of the Second Texas Legislature in 1847 and assisted in drawing up the Constitution of 1845 was another.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a></sup> He was also the grandson of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> of America and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read</a>. In 1886, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> Galveston civil rights leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norris_Wright_Cuney" title="Norris Wright Cuney">Norris Wright Cuney</a> rose to become the head of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Republican Party">Texas Republican Party</a> and one of the most important <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">Southern</a> black leaders of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>British playwright and actor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Francis_Coghlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Coghlan">Charles Francis Coghlan</a> died at Galveston in 1899 while touring with his theatre company<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup> and was initially entombed there until his body was washed out to sea in the 1900 hurricane.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></sup> Portrait and landscape artist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verner_Moore_White" title="Verner Moore White">Verner Moore White</a> moved from Galveston the day before the 1900 hurricane. While he survived, his studio and much of his portfolio were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></sup> Another survivor of the hurricane was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a>, who made his directing debut in 1913 with the film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurricane_in_Galveston" title="Hurricane in Galveston">Hurricane in Galveston</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></sup> Later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a>, nicknamed the "Galveston Giant", became the first black world heavyweight boxing champion.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the first half of the 20th century, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Lewis_Moody_Jr." title="William Lewis Moody Jr.">William L. Moody Jr.</a> established a business empire, which includes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_National_Insurance_Company" title="American National Insurance Company">American National Insurance Company</a>, a major national insurer, and founded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_Foundation" title="Moody Foundation">Moody Foundation</a>, one of the largest charitable organizations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Maceo" title="Sam Maceo">Sam Maceo</a>, a nationally known <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> boss, with the help of his family, was largely responsible for making Galveston a major U.S. tourist destination from the 1920s to the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-hotgalv_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hotgalv-39">[39]</a></sup> Grammy-award-winning singer-songwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a> was born on the island and later moved to Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_P._Mitchell" title="George P. Mitchell">George P. Mitchell</a>, pioneer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> technology and developer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands, Texas</a>, was born and raised in Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anita_Martini" title="Anita Martini">Anita Martini</a>, pioneering female sports journalist who was the first woman allowed in a major league locker room for a post-game press conference, was born in Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></sup> Surfer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorian_%22Doc%22_Paskowitz" title="Dorian "Doc" Paskowitz">Dorian "Doc" Paskowitz</a> was born in Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p>Professional baseball pitcher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sig_Jakucki" title="Sig Jakucki">Sig Jakucki</a> made Galveston his home after joining the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Buccaneers" title="Galveston Buccaneers">Galveston Buccaneers</a> in 1934. He is best remembered for defeating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> in the final game of the 1944 MLB season, giving the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Louis_Browns" title="St. Louis Browns">St. Louis Browns</a> their only pennant.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></sup>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terran_Petteway" title="Terran Petteway">Terran Petteway</a>, a basketball player in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League" title="Israeli Basketball Premier League">Israeli Basketball Premier League</a>, was born in Galveston.
</p><p>More recently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilman_J._Fertitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilman J. Fertitta">Tilman J. Fertitta</a>, part of the Maceo bloodline, established the Landry's Restaurants corporation, which owns numerous restaurants and entertainment venues in Texas and Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison" title="Kay Bailey Hutchison">Kay Bailey Hutchison</a> was the senior <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senator</a> from Texas and the first female Texas senator.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilbert_Pena" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Pena">Gilbert Pena</a>, former Republican member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a>, was born in Galveston in 1949 and lived there in early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Pollard" title="Jonathan Pollard">Jonathan Pollard</a>, who spied for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and was convicted in the US and sentenced to life in jail, was born in Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-Trahair2004_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trahair2004-190">[188]</a></sup> The film and television actor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Patterson" title="Lee Patterson">Lee Patterson</a>, a native of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, lived in Galveston and died there in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other notable people include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandon_Backe" title="Brandon Backe">Brandon Backe</a>, a former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> pitcher for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Devil Rays</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a> who played in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2005_World_Series" title="2005 World Series">2005 World Series</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Carpenter_(baseball)" title="Matt Carpenter (baseball)">Matt Carpenter</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Evans_(wide_receiver)" title="Mike Evans (wide receiver)">Mike Evans</a>, wide receiver for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></sup> 1998 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> runner-up and pro quarterback <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Bishop_(gridiron_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bishop (gridiron football)">Michael Bishop</a>, Pittsburgh Steelers great <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casey_Hampton" title="Casey Hampton">Casey Hampton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></sup> comedian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Engvall" title="Bill Engvall">Bill Engvall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></sup> actresses <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_Perrine" title="Valerie Perrine">Valerie Perrine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katherine_Helmond" title="Katherine Helmond">Katherine Helmond</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></sup> painter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethel_Fisher" title="Ethel Fisher">Ethel Fisher</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tina_Knowles" title="Tina Knowles">Tina Knowles</a> fashion designer and creator of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Der%C3%A9on" title="House of Deréon">House of Deréon</a>, mother of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solange_Knowles" title="Solange Knowles">Solange Knowles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></sup> and Grammy award-winning R&B and Jazz legend <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esther_Phillips" title="Esther Phillips">Esther Phillips</a>, was born in Galveston in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galveston_in_media_and_literature">Galveston in media and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_(song)" title="Galveston (song)">Galveston</a>" is the name of a popular song written by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jimmy_Webb" title="Jimmy Webb">Jimmy Webb</a> and sung by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a>.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/4_for_Texas" title="4 for Texas">4 for Texas</a></i> (1963), a motion picture set in Galveston.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheldon_Cooper" title="Sheldon Cooper">Sheldon Cooper</a>, one of the main characters from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i> and spinoff <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Sheldon" title="Young Sheldon">Young Sheldon</a></i>, was born in Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-tbbt-s02e09_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbbt-s02e09-201">[199]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_M._Miller_Jr." title="Walter M. Miller Jr.">Walter M. Miller Jr.</a> novella <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dark_Benediction" title="Dark Benediction">Dark Benediction</a></i> (1951) takes place partly in Galveston during the outbreak of a mysterious plague.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Barthelme" title="Donald Barthelme">Donald Barthelme</a>'s 1974 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> "I bought a little city" is about an unnamed man who invests his fortune in buying Galveston, only to sell it thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></sup></li>
<li>Galveston is the primary setting and filming location for the 1989 film, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_Game_(film)" title="Night Game (film)">Night Game (film)</a></li>
<li>Galveston is the setting of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sean_Stewart" title="Sean Stewart">Sean Stewart</a>'s 2000 fantasy novel <i>Galveston</i>, in which a Flood of Magic takes over the island city, resulting in strange and carnivalesque adventures. It tied in 2001 with <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declare" title="Declare">Declare</a></i>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Powers" title="Tim Powers">Tim Powers</a>, for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award_for_Best_Novel" class="mw-redirect" title="World Fantasy Award for Best Novel">World Fantasy Award for Best Novel</a>. It also won the 2001 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst Award</a> and was a preliminary nominee for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Nebula Award for Best Novel">Nebula Award for Best Novel</a>.</li>
<li><i>The Drowning House</i>, a novel by Elizabeth Black (2013), is an exploration of the island of Galveston, Texas, and the intertwined histories of two families who reside there.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Galveston</i> (2010) is the first novel by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nic_Pizzolatto" title="Nic Pizzolatto">Nic Pizzolatto</a>, the creator of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/True_Detective" title="True Detective">True Detective</a></i>.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Jinx_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jinx (miniseries)">The Jinx</a></i> (2015), an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> miniseries, features Galveston as the location of one of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Durst" title="Robert Durst">Robert Durst</a>'s murders which took place in 2001.</li>
<li>In the 2016 survival, horror film, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Shallows_(film)" title="The Shallows (film)">The Shallows</a>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaume_Collet-Serra" title="Jaume Collet-Serra">Jaume Collet-Serra</a> and starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blake_Lively" title="Blake Lively">Blake Lively</a>, Galveston was set as the main character's hometown and is shown at the film's conclusion.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnolia_Network" title="Magnolia Network">Magnolia Network</a>'s programming includes <i>Restoring Galveston</i> (formerly known as <i>Big Texas Fix</i>) which shows local Galveston homes being restored and remodeled.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Galveston's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macharaviaya" title="Macharaviaya">Macharaviaya</a>, Spain</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a>, Japan</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, Norway</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, Mexico</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Movement" title="Galveston Movement">Galveston Movement</a></li>
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<li id="cite_note-McComb1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McComb1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McComb1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcComb1986" class="citation book cs1">McComb, David G. (1986). "The Edge of Time". <i>Galveston: A History</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292-720534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292-720534"><bdi>978-0292-720534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Edge+of+Time&rft.btitle=Galveston%3A+A+History&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0292-720534&rft.aulast=McComb&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-chipman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChipman2010" class="citation web cs1">Chipman, Donald E. (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrm01">"Malhado Island"</a>. The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malhado+Island&rft.series=The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Frrm01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HTOAURY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTOAURY_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarren" class="citation web cs1">Warren, Harris Gaylord. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709204001/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau04">"Aury, Louis Michel"</a>. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau04">the original</a> on July 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aury%2C+Louis+Michel&rft.series=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Harris+Gaylord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffau04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HTOLAFITTE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTOLAFITTE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTOLAFITTE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTOLAFITTE_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarris_Gaylord_Warren" class="citation web cs1">Harris Gaylord Warren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119031432/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla12">"Lafitte, Jean"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla12">the original</a> on November 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Lafitte%2C+Jean&rft.au=Harris+Gaylord+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffla12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJimmie_Walker" class="citation web cs1">Jimmie Walker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417173744/http://www.kemahhistoricalsociety.net/legend1.html">"The Legend of Jean Lafitte"</a>. <i>Kemah Historical Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kemahhistoricalsociety.net/legend1.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kemah+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Jean+Lafitte&rft.au=Jimmie+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kemahhistoricalsociety.net%2Flegend1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WLDPORT-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WLDPORT_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WLDPORT_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531161741/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/USA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php">"Port of Galveston"</a>. <i>World Port Source</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/USA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php">the original</a> on May 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Port+Source&rft.atitle=Port+of+Galveston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldportsource.com%2Fports%2FUSA_TX_Port_of_Galveston_34.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fme09">"Menard, Michel Branamour"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709190311/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fme09">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Menard%2C+Michel+Branamour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffme09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501222651/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uhsc/00029/hsc-00029.html">"The Galveston Collection"</a>. <i>Texas Archival Resources Online, University of Houston</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/uhsc/00029/hsc-00029.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Archival+Resources+Online%2C+University+of+Houston&rft.atitle=The+Galveston+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Ftaro%2Fuhsc%2F00029%2Fhsc-00029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ISSTORM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISSTORM_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/features/isaacsstorm/greatstorm/historygalveston.html">"History of Galveston"</a>. <i>Isaac's Storm, Random House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044257/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/isaacsstorm/greatstorm/historygalveston.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Isaac%27s+Storm%2C+Random+House&rft.atitle=History+of+Galveston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Ffeatures%2Fisaacsstorm%2Fgreatstorm%2Fhistorygalveston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HTOGAL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTOGAL_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109025620/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg02">"Galveston Island"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg02">the original</a> on November 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Galveston+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Frrg02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/galveston.html">"Galveston, Texas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028165340/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/tx/galveston.html">Archived</a> October 28, 2011, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrington,_Carol;_Kearney,_Sydney_2006_241_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarrington,_CarolKearney,_Sydney2006" class="citation book cs1">Barrington, Carol; Kearney, Sydney (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euz4fbCDlLYC"><i>Day Trips from Houston: Getaway Ideas for the Local Traveler</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 241. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7627-3867-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7627-3867-7"><bdi>0-7627-3867-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+Trips+from+Houston%3A+Getaway+Ideas+for+the+Local+Traveler&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7627-3867-7&rft.au=Barrington%2C+Carol&rft.au=Kearney%2C+Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deuz4fbCDlLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HTOGBAT-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTOGBAT_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlwyn_Barr" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Alwyn_Barr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwyn Barr (page does not exist)">Alwyn Barr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164112/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg01">"Galveston, Battle of"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg01">the original</a> on November 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Galveston%2C+Battle+of&rft.au=Alwyn+Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fqeg01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3">"Juneteenth and General Order No. 3"</a>. <i>Galveston Historical Foundation</i>. June 13, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214151/https://www.galvestonhistory.org/news/juneteenth-and-general-order-no-3">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galveston+Historical+Foundation&rft.atitle=Juneteenth+and+General+Order+No.+3&rft.date=2021-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonhistory.org%2Fnews%2Fjuneteenth-and-general-order-no-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth">"Featured Document Display: The Emancipation Proclamation and Juneteenth"</a>. <i>National Archives Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214153/https://museum.archives.gov/featured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+Museum&rft.atitle=Featured+Document+Display%3A+The+Emancipation+Proclamation+and+Juneteenth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.archives.gov%2Ffeatured-document-display-emancipation-proclamation-and-juneteenth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery/story?id=78335485">"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking end of slavery, a federal holiday"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917214152/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery/story?id=78335485">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Biden+signs+bill+making+Juneteenth%2C+marking+end+of+slavery%2C+a+federal+holiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fbiden-signs-bill-making-juneteenth-marking-end-slavery%2Fstory%3Fid%3D78335485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson (1981), p. 89.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHales,_Douglas2003" class="citation book cs1">Hales, Douglas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC"><i>A Southern Family in White & Black: The Cuneys of Texas</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-200-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-200-3"><bdi>1-58544-200-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052845/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Southern+Family+in+White+%26+Black%3A+The+Cuneys+of+Texas&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58544-200-3&rft.au=Hales%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtaZVBagK7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608021021/http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=198">"History: Galveston's Colorful Past"</a>. <i>Galveston Chamber of Commerce</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=198">the original</a> on June 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galveston+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=History%3A+Galveston%27s+Colorful+Past&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonchamber.com%2Fcustom2.asp%3Fpageid%3D198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091700/http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/GLSHG/historyofgalveston/main.wnt">"The History of Galveston"</a>. <i>Wyndham Hotels</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/GLSHG/historyofgalveston/main.wnt">the original</a> on April 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wyndham+Hotels&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Galveston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyndham.com%2Fhotels%2FGLSHG%2Fhistoryofgalveston%2Fmain.wnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hales (2003), <i>Southern Family in White and Black</i>, p. 15</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US 1870 Census</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPitre,_Merline" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merline_Pitre" title="Merline Pitre">Pitre, Merline</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221144035/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20"><i>Cuney, Norris Wright</i></a>. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20">the original</a> on December 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuney%2C+Norris+Wright&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.au=Pitre%2C+Merline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffcu20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFObadele-Starks,_Ernest2001" class="citation book cs1">Obadele-Starks, Ernest (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4BvbD7rusAAC"><i>Black Unionism in the Industrial South</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 39–44. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-912-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-912-4"><bdi>0-89096-912-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428070139/https://books.google.com/books?id=4BvbD7rusAAC">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Unionism+in+the+Industrial+South&rft.pages=39-44&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89096-912-4&rft.au=Obadele-Starks%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4BvbD7rusAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHales,_Douglas2003" class="citation book cs1">Hales, Douglas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC"><i>A Southern Family in White & Black: The Cuneys of Texas</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 15–16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-200-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-200-3"><bdi>1-58544-200-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052845/https://books.google.com/books?id=VtaZVBagK7sC">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Southern+Family+in+White+%26+Black%3A+The+Cuneys+of+Texas&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58544-200-3&rft.au=Hales%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtaZVBagK7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Coyle_Sealy" class="citation web cs1">Edward Coyle Sealy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107163407/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/etg01">"Galveston Wharves"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/etg01">the original</a> on November 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Galveston+Wharves&rft.au=Edward+Coyle+Sealy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fetg01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926171938/http://www.durangotexas.com/eyesontexas/TexasRegions/GulfCoast/galveston.htm">"Gulf Coast Region: Galveston Texas"</a>. Eyes On Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durangotexas.com/eyesontexas/TexasRegions/GulfCoast/galveston.htm">the original</a> on September 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulf+Coast+Region%3A+Galveston+Texas&rft.pub=Eyes+On+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durangotexas.com%2Feyesontexas%2FTexasRegions%2FGulfCoast%2Fgalveston.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HTOSTORM-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HTOSTORM_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTOSTORM_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HTOSTORM_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Edward_Weems" class="citation web cs1">John Edward Weems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164334/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ydg02">"Galveston Hurricane of 1900"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ydg02">the original</a> on November 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Galveston+Hurricane+of+1900&rft.au=John+Edward+Weems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fydg02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Strupp2000" class="citation web cs1">Joe Strupp (September 4, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services-miscellaneous-business/4729386-1.html">"Nation's deadliest natural disaster"</a>. <i>Editor & Publisher</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Editor+%26+Publisher&rft.atitle=Nation%27s+deadliest+natural+disaster&rft.date=2000-09-04&rft.au=Joe+Strupp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbusiness.com%2Fservices%2Fbusiness-services-miscellaneous-business%2F4729386-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-texashandbook-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texashandbook_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113011301/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/moc01">"Commission Form of City Government"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/moc01">the original</a> on November 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Commission+Form+of+City+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fmoc01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/dean-tide.html">"Against the Tide"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620021915/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/d/dean-tide.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Against+the+Tide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fd%2Fdean-tide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tshaonline.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tshaonline.org_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107164324/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/umg01">"Galveston Movement"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/umg01">the original</a> on November 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Galveston+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fumg01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hardwick,_p._13-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardwick,_p._13_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardwick (2002), p. 13</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Cartwright1998" class="citation book cs1">Gary Cartwright (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFRu8kYThEcC&pg=PA196"><i>Galveston: A History of the Island</i></a>. TCU Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-11991-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-11991-7"><bdi>0-689-11991-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704190742/http://books.google.com/books?id=RFRu8kYThEcC&lpg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galveston%3A+A+History+of+the+Island&rft.pub=TCU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-689-11991-7&rft.au=Gary+Cartwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFRu8kYThEcC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529203656/http://www.moodyf.org/downloads/annual-financials-2004-5.pdf">"Annual Financials report, 2004–2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Moody Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moodyf.org/downloads/annual-financials-2004-5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moody+Foundation&rft.atitle=Annual+Financials+report%2C+2004%E2%80%932005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moodyf.org%2Fdownloads%2Fannual-financials-2004-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-anico.com-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anico.com_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001040955/http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/ANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf">"American National Announces Fourth Quarter 2007 Results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American National Insurance Company</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anico.com/Investor%20Relations/pdfs/ANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Insurance+Company&rft.atitle=American+National+Announces+Fourth+Quarter+2007+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anico.com%2FInvestor%2520Relations%2Fpdfs%2FANICO4Q2007Earnings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025225909/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=WYN:US&sid=aH1GgvGGU1vs">"Galveston Hotel – Hotel Galvez to Reopen October 15"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. October 8, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=WYN%3AUS&sid=aH1GgvGGU1vs">the original</a> on October 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Galveston+Hotel+%E2%80%93+Hotel+Galvez+to+Reopen+October+15&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dconewsstory%26refer%3Dconews%26tkr%3DWYN%253AUS%26sid%3DaH1GgvGGU1vs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preserveamerica.gov/PAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html">"Preserve America Community: Galveston, Texas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624151247/http://www.preserveamerica.gov/PAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preserve+America+Community%3A+Galveston%2C+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preserveamerica.gov%2FPAcommunity-GalvestonTX.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hotgalv-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hotgalv_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hotgalv_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_G._McComb" class="citation web cs1">David G. McComb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302031036/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/hdg1.html">"Galveston, TX"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdg01">the original</a> on March 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Galveston%2C+TX&rft.au=David+G.+McComb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fhdg01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Nova_Lomax2009" class="citation web cs1">John Nova Lomax (March 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513044236/http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-03-05/news/iis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston">"Is Casino Gambling in the Cards for Galveston?"</a>. <i>Houston Press</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-03-05/news/iis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston/">the original</a> on May 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Press&rft.atitle=Is+Casino+Gambling+in+the+Cards+for+Galveston%3F&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft.au=John+Nova+Lomax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonpress.com%2F2009-03-05%2Fnews%2Fiis-casino-gambling-in-the-cards-for-galveston%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222122644/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817727,00.html">"The Press: Gambling in Texas"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. January 12, 1952. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817727,00.html">the original</a> on December 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Press%3A+Gambling+in+Texas&rft.date=1952-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C817727%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMelosi,_Martin_V.Pratt,_Joseph_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Melosi, Martin V.; Pratt, Joseph A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C"><i>Energy Metropolis: An Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-4335-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107133637/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Metropolis%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+Houston+and+the+Gulf+Coast&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8&rft.au=Melosi%2C+Martin+V.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtpwM38sPj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Handbook_of_Texas,_Moody_Foundation-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_Texas,_Moody_Foundation_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Baker" class="citation web cs1">Robert E. Baker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215050133/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06">"Moody Foundation"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vrm06">the original</a> on February 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Moody+Foundation&rft.au=Robert+E.+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fvrm06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUtley_Robert_Marshall2007" class="citation book cs1">Utley Robert Marshall (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4hjclRksjQC"><i>Lone Star Lawmen</i></a>. Oxford. p. 218. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515444-3"><bdi>978-0-19-515444-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503161913/https://books.google.com/books?id=G4hjclRksjQC">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lone+Star+Lawmen&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515444-3&rft.au=Utley+Robert+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4hjclRksjQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Dickson_Jr." class="citation web cs1">James G. Dickson Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610181134/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mba03">"Attorney General"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mba03">the original</a> on June 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Attorney+General&rft.au=James+G.+Dickson+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fmba03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100208223943/http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso?WCD=headlines.html">"The Daily News: Headlines"</a>. <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso?WCD=headlines.html">the original</a> on February 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+Daily+News%3A+Headlines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fhistory.lasso%3FWCD%3Dheadlines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSitton,_Thad2006" class="citation book cs1">Sitton, Thad (2006). <i>The Texas Sheriff: Lord of the County Line</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 146. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3471-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-3471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Texas+Sheriff%3A+Lord+of+the+County+Line&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3471-0&rft.au=Sitton%2C+Thad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications,_Emmis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Communications, Emmis (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LywEAAAAMBAJ">"Grande Dame of the Gulf"</a>. <i>Texas Monthly</i>: 169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527004843/https://books.google.com/books?id=LywEAAAAMBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=Grande+Dame+of+the+Gulf&rft.pages=169&rft.date=1983-12&rft.au=Communications%2C+Emmis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLywEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMelosi,_Martin_V.Pratt,_Joseph_A.2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Martin_V._Melosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin V. Melosi (page does not exist)">Melosi, Martin V.</a>; Pratt, Joseph A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vm1j3XiZiWMC"><i>Energy Metropolis: An Environmental History of Houston and the Gulf Coast</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 202. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-4335-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Metropolis%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+Houston+and+the+Gulf+Coast&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8&rft.au=Melosi%2C+Martin+V.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvm1j3XiZiWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TM:_Grande_Dame,_216-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM:_Grande_Dame,_216_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Burka1983" class="citation web cs1">Paul Burka (December 1, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/1983-12-01/feature5-3.php">"Grande Dame of the Gulf"</a>. <i>Texas Monthly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051626/http://www.texasmonthly.com/1983-12-01/feature5-3.php">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=Grande+Dame+of+the+Gulf&rft.date=1983-12-01&rft.au=Paul+Burka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2F1983-12-01%2Ffeature5-3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918165102/http://www.texascity-library.org/page/history.1947.explosion1">"The First Explosion – 1947 Texas City Disaster"</a>. <i>www.texascity-library.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texascity-library.org/page/history.1947.explosion1">the original</a> on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.texascity-library.org&rft.atitle=The+First+Explosion+%E2%80%93+1947+Texas+City+Disaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texascity-library.org%2Fpage%2Fhistory.1947.explosion1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMelosi,_Martin_V.Pratt,_Joseph_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Melosi, Martin V.; Pratt, Joseph A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C"><i>Energy metropolis: an environmental history of Houston and the Gulf Coast</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 202. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4335-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-4335-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107133637/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtpwM38sPj0C">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+metropolis%3A+an+environmental+history+of+Houston+and+the+Gulf+Coast&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4335-8&rft.au=Melosi%2C+Martin+V.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtpwM38sPj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090921222800/http://www.gc.edu/gc/GC_History.asp?SnID=1413310913">"The History of Galveston College"</a>. <i>Galveston College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gc.edu/gc/GC_History.asp?SnID=1413310913">the original</a> on September 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galveston+College&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Galveston+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.edu%2Fgc%2FGC_History.asp%3FSnID%3D1413310913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRhiannon_Myers2007" class="citation web cs1">Rhiannon Myers (November 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928061037/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=9751907adb742ca7">"Students brave the simulated seas"</a>. <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=9751907adb742ca7">the original</a> on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Students+brave+the+simulated+seas&rft.date=2007-11-14&rft.au=Rhiannon+Myers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fstory.lasso%3Fewcd%3D9751907adb742ca7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novak, Shonda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813121057/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/realestate/07/22coastal.html">"Growth Wave Hits Galveston"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman" title="Austin American-Statesman">Austin American-Statesman</a></i>. July 22, 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_Rice2007" class="citation web cs1">Harvey Rice (February 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4291019">"Workers in Galveston increasingly can't afford to live there"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224152735/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4291019">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Workers+in+Galveston+increasingly+can%27t+afford+to+live+there&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft.au=Harvey+Rice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D2007_4291019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/09/15/93698.htm">"Ike Insured Damage Estimates Range from $6B to $18B"</a>. <i>Texas / South Central News, Insurance Journal</i>. September 15, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316181528/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/09/15/93698.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+%2F+South+Central+News%2C+Insurance+Journal&rft.atitle=Ike+Insured+Damage+Estimates+Range+from+%246B+to+%2418B&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insurancejournal.com%2Fnews%2Fsouthcentral%2F2008%2F09%2F15%2F93698.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926091222/http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/26/galveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik/">"Galveston Still Healing 5 Years After Hurricane Ike"</a>. <i>The Texas Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texastribune.org/2013/04/26/galveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik/">the original</a> on September 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Galveston+Still+Healing+5+Years+After+Hurricane+Ike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2013%2F04%2F26%2Fgalveston-still-healing-5-years-after-hurricane-ik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJervis2014" class="citation web cs1">Jervis, Rick (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/25/galveston-oil-spill-ike/6884693/">"After rebuilding from Hurricane Ike, Galveston deals with oil spill"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914002356/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/25/galveston-oil-spill-ike/6884693/">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=After+rebuilding+from+Hurricane+Ike%2C+Galveston+deals+with+oil+spill&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Jervis&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2014%2F03%2F25%2Fgalveston-oil-spill-ike%2F6884693%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626105343/http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_rock.html">"Rock Sediment and Soil Facts, Galveston Island"</a>. <i>Geologic Wonders of Texas, University of Texas</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_rock.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geologic+Wonders+of+Texas%2C+University+of+Texas&rft.atitle=Rock+Sediment+and+Soil+Facts%2C+Galveston+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beg.utexas.edu%2FUTopia%2Fcoastal%2Fcoastal_rock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2023-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2023_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>CenPopGazetteer2023</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodhams, Susie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/articles/2011/06/05/after_ike_a_deluge_of_reinvention/">"After Ike, a deluge of reinvention"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710024301/http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/articles/2011/06/05/after_ike_a_deluge_of_reinvention/">Archived</a> July 10, 2012, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. June 5, 2011. Retrieved on June 6, 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFD._Freeman" class="citation web cs1">D. Freeman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Community_Services/Report%20Card/Maps/sld001.htm">"Map 1. Galveston's Neighborhoods"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206095330/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/community_services/report%20card/Maps/sld001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+1.+Galveston%27s+Neighborhoods&rft.au=D.+Freeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.galveston.tx.us%2FCommunity_Services%2FReport%2520Card%2FMaps%2Fsld001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Leigh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=231734ee39c715f6">"Council to consider golf cart committee"</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County_Daily_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston County Daily News">Galveston County Daily News</a></i>. November 9, 2009. Retrieved on June 11, 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rice, Harvey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Galveston-Island-gets-tough-advice-from-Rice-study-2238312.php">"Galveston Island gets tough advice from Rice study"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518221721/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Galveston-Island-gets-tough-advice-from-Rice-study-2238312.php">Archived</a> May 18, 2012, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>, October 26, 2011, Retrieved on October 24, 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NATLREG-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NATLREG_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NATLREG_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822023108/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/districts.html">"Texas (TX), Galveston County"</a>. <i>National Register of Historical Places</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/TX/Galveston/districts.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historical+Places&rft.atitle=Texas+%28TX%29%2C+Galveston+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com%2FTX%2FGalveston%2Fdistricts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230140541/http://silkstockinggalveston.org/aboutsshd.html">"Silk Stocking National Historic District"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silkstockinggalveston.org/aboutsshd.html">the original</a> on December 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Stocking+National+Historic+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilkstockinggalveston.org%2Faboutsshd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817082340/http://www.wintertexansonline.com/galveston_s_oleander_festival.htm">"Galveston's Oleander Festival"</a>. WinterTexans Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wintertexansonline.com/galveston_s_oleander_festival.htm">the original</a> on August 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galveston%27s+Oleander+Festival&rft.pub=WinterTexans+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wintertexansonline.com%2Fgalveston_s_oleander_festival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728090017/http://www.texashighways.com/the-magazine/item/1614-oleander-festival">"Oleander Festival"</a>. <i>Texas Highways</i>. July 13, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texashighways.com/the-magazine/item/1614-oleander-festival">the original</a> on July 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Highways&rft.atitle=Oleander+Festival&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texashighways.com%2Fthe-magazine%2Fitem%2F1614-oleander-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705170538/http://oleander.org/">"International Oleander Society"</a>. International Oleander Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oleander.org/">the original</a> on July 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Oleander+Society&rft.pub=International+Oleander+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foleander.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oleander-garden-park">"Oleander Garden Park"</a>. Atlasobscura.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114454/http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oleander-garden-park">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander+Garden+Park&rft.pub=Atlasobscura.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Foleander-garden-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstontx.gov/events/grandoperahouse.html">"Galveston Grand 1894 Opera House"</a>. <i>City of Houston eGovernment Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423012708/http://www.houstontx.gov/events/grandoperahouse.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Houston+eGovernment+Center&rft.atitle=Galveston+Grand+1894+Opera+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstontx.gov%2Fevents%2Fgrandoperahouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx48.htm">"Bishop's Palace – South and West Texas"</a>. <i>A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary, US National Park Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906003639/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx48.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Travel+Itinerary%2C+US+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Bishop%27s+Palace+%E2%80%93+South+and+West+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Ftx%2Ftx48.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-carmack-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carmack_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmack, Liz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historictexashotels.com/"><i>Historic Hotels of Texas</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310124150/http://historictexashotels.com/">Archived</a> March 10, 2009, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Texas A&M University Press: College Station, Texas, 2007. pp. 47–49.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NPS-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm">"Ashton Villa"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907003120/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/tx/tx49.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Ashton+Villa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Ftx%2Ftx49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230150744/http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather">"Weather Stats"</a>. <i>Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather">the original</a> on December 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+Houston+Convention+and+Visitors+Bureau&rft.atitle=Weather+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visithoustontexas.com%2Fmedia%2Fstatistics%2FHouston_Stats_Weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/">"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/">the original</a> on February 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Plant+Hardiness+Zone+Map&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanthardiness.ars.usda.gov%2FPHZMWeb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230150744/http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather">"Weather Stats"</a>. <i>Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visithoustontexas.com/media/statistics/Houston_Stats_Weather">the original</a> on December 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+Houston+Convention+and+Visitors+Bureau&rft.atitle=Weather+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visithoustontexas.com%2Fmedia%2Fstatistics%2FHouston_Stats_Weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><br /> Melosi (2007), p. 13</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019173244/http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared">"Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)"</a>. The Weather Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/golf/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573?from=tenDay_bottomnav_undeclared">the original</a> on October 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Averages+for+League+City%2C+TX+%2877573%29&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Foutlook%2Frecreation%2Fgolf%2Fwxclimatology%2Fmonthly%2Fgraph%2F77573%3Ffrom%3DtenDay_bottomnav_undeclared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210082240/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html">"National Climatic Data Center"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. June 23, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/max90temp.html">the original</a> on December 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Climatic+Data+Center&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+United+States+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flwf.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Foa%2Fclimate%2Fonline%2Fccd%2Fmax90temp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209105754/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html">"Average Relative Humidity"</a>. Department of Meteorology at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/rh.html">the original</a> on December 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Relative+Humidity&rft.pub=Department+of+Meteorology+at+the+University+of+Utah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.utah.edu%2Fjhorel%2Fhtml%2Fwx%2Fclimate%2Frh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573">"Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)"</a>. The Weather Channel web site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206060719/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77573">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Averages+for+League+City%2C+TX+%2877573%29&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Fweather%2Fwxclimatology%2Fmonthly%2Fgraph%2F77573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506">"Monthly Averages for Pasadena, TX (77573)"</a>. The Weather Channel web site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172821/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/77506">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Averages+for+Pasadena%2C+TX+%2877573%29&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Fweather%2Fwxclimatology%2Fmonthly%2Fgraph%2F77506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOWData_NWS_Houston-Galveston_TX_(HGX)_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx">"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517041549/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Dhgx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBerger,_Eric2008" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Eric (September 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html">"Would a category 3 hurricane surge flood your home?"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120033052/http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/09/post_39.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Would+a+category+3+hurricane+surge+flood+your+home%3F&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft.au=Berger%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chron.com%2Fsciguy%2Farchives%2F2008%2F09%2Fpost_39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26676728">"Wide Ike and shallow coast mean strong surge"</a>. NBC News. September 12, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715020425/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26676728/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Houston is buffered by Galveston Island—which sits in the way of the surge—and the bay system</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wide+Ike+and+shallow+coast+mean+strong+surge&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F26676728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSpinner,_Kate2009" class="citation news cs1">Spinner, Kate (May 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103443/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge">"Hurricane forecasters zero in on threat of surge"</a>. <i>Sarasota Herald Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20090531/article/905311057?Title=Hurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge">the original</a> on June 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Just north of Galveston Island, the Bolivar Peninsula shields Galveston Bay much like Lido Key and Longboat Key shield Sarasota Bay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Hurricane+forecasters+zero+in+on+threat+of+surge&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.au=Spinner%2C+Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldtribune.com%2Farticle%2F20090531%2Farticle%2F905311057%3FTitle%3DHurricane-forecasters-zero-in-on-threat-of-surge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2022" class="citation web cs1">Irvine, Bethany (January 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2022/01/21/texas-coastal-spine-storm-surge-houston-galveston/">"Texas may get a coastal storm barrier, but will it be too late?"</a>. <i>The Texas Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Texas+may+get+a+coastal+storm+barrier%2C+but+will+it+be+too+late%3F&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2022%2F01%2F21%2Ftexas-coastal-spine-storm-surge-houston-galveston%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NOAAsun-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAAsun_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72242.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for Galveston, TX 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+Galveston%2C+TX+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FUS%2FGROUP3%2F72242.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00012923&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL">"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Galveston Scholes FLD, TX"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Climate+Normals+Quick+Access+%E2%80%93+Station%3A+Galveston+Scholes+FLD%2C+TX&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26stations%3DUSW00012923%26format%3Dpdf%26dataTypes%3DMLY-TMAX-NORMAL%2CMLY-TMIN-NORMAL%2CMLY-TAVG-NORMAL%2CMLY-PRCP-NORMAL%2CMLY-SNOW-NORMAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2022-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2022_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">"City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022"</a>. United States Census Bureau. February 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_(City)_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>2020 Census (City)</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2010CensusP2-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010CensusP2_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4828068&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Galveston city, Texas"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2010%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Galveston+city%2C+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US4828068%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2010.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2020CensusP2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US4828068&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Galveston city, Texas"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+-+2020%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+-+Galveston+city%2C+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US4828068%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2020.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTribou" class="citation news cs1">Tribou, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/florida-cruise-guide/os-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html">"Carnival Magic coming to Port Canaveral sooner than expected"</a>. <i>OrlandoSentinel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031937/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/florida-cruise-guide/os-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OrlandoSentinel.com&rft.atitle=Carnival+Magic+coming+to+Port+Canaveral+sooner+than+expected&rft.aulast=Tribou&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Ftravel%2Fflorida-cruise-guide%2Fos-carnival-magic-port-canaveral-april-2016-20150616-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFElder" class="citation news cs1">Elder, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html">"Carnival to shorten Liberty cruises, replace ship with Valor"</a>. <i>The Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043110/http://www.galvnews.com/news/free/article_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Carnival+to+shorten+Liberty+cruises%2C+replace+ship+with+Valor&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvnews.com%2Fnews%2Ffree%2Farticle_bcb61fba-8168-5044-9330-44e0a4a6099c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711070717/http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=204">"Historic City, New Opportunities"</a>. Galveston Chamber of Commerce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonchamber.com/custom2.asp?pageid=204">the original</a> on July 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+City%2C+New+Opportunities&rft.pub=Galveston+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonchamber.com%2Fcustom2.asp%3Fpageid%3D204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonpress.com/location/galveston-summer-months-9438612">"Galveston Summer Months"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713011254/https://www.houstonpress.com/location/galveston-summer-months-9438612">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galveston+Summer+Months&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonpress.com%2Flocation%2Fgalveston-summer-months-9438612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926061639/http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/">"Galveston Art Center"</a>. <i>galvestonartscenter.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonartscenter.org">the original</a> on September 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galvestonartscenter.org&rft.atitle=Galveston+Art+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonartscenter.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glasstire.com/2015/05/16/galveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building/">"Galveston Arts Center receives $1M to finish restoration of historic Strand building"</a>. May 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213112229/https://glasstire.com/2015/05/16/galveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galveston+Arts+Center+receives+%241M+to+finish+restoration+of+historic+Strand+building&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglasstire.com%2F2015%2F05%2F16%2Fgalveston-arts-center-receives-1m-to-finish-restoration-of-historic-strand-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thc.texas.gov/content/tax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center">"Tax Credit Program Highlight: Galveston Arts Center | THC.Texas.gov - Texas Historical Commission"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306021622/http://www.thc.texas.gov/content/tax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Credit+Program+Highlight%3A+Galveston+Arts+Center+%26%23124%3B+THC.Texas.gov+-+Texas+Historical+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thc.texas.gov%2Fcontent%2Ftax-credit-program-highlight-galveston-arts-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926120239/http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/artwalk.php">"Galveston Art Center"</a>. <i>galvestonartscenter.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/artwalk.php">the original</a> on September 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galvestonartscenter.org&rft.atitle=Galveston+Art+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonartscenter.org%2Fartwalk.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706012351/http://www.galvestonsymphony.org/">"About The Galveston Symphony Orchestra"</a>. <i>The Galveston Symphony Orchestra</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonsymphony.org/">the original</a> on July 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+Symphony+Orchestra&rft.atitle=About+The+Galveston+Symphony+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestonsymphony.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425151635/http://raymondguy.com/gb/">"Galveston Ballet Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raymondguy.com/gb/">the original</a> on April 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galveston+Ballet+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraymondguy.com%2Fgb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917165552/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/about">"Galveston Artist Residency"</a>. <i>galvestonartistresidency.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestonartistresidency.org/about#">the original</a> on September 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galvestonartistresidency.org&rft.atitle=Galveston+Artist+Residency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestonartistresidency.org%2Fabout%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104737/http://www.artspace.org/our-places/national-hotel-artist-lofts">"National Hotel Artist Lofts"</a>. <i>Artspace</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artspace.org/our-places/national-hotel-artist-lofts">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artspace&rft.atitle=National+Hotel+Artist+Lofts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artspace.org%2Four-places%2Fnational-hotel-artist-lofts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712074022/http://mgaia.com/images/Artspace/">"E.S. Levy Home pg"</a>. <i>mgaia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mgaia.com/images/Artspace/">the original</a> on July 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mgaia.com&rft.atitle=E.S.+Levy+Home+pg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmgaia.com%2Fimages%2FArtspace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorris_Little1996" class="citation book cs1">Morris Little, Carol (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgEAMI9BjkYC&pg=PP1"><i>A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 229. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292760363" title="Special:BookSources/9780292760363"><bdi>9780292760363</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144703/https://books.google.com/books?id=NgEAMI9BjkYC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Outdoor+Sculpture+in+Texas&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780292760363&rft.aulast=Morris+Little&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgEAMI9BjkYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617070859/http://www.bayareahouston.com/Home/DataCenter/CountyStats1/GalvestonCounty/">"Statistics, Galveston County"</a>. <i>Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayareahouston.com/Home/DataCenter/CountyStats1/GalvestonCounty/">the original</a> on June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bay+Area+Houston+Economic+Partnership&rft.atitle=Statistics%2C+Galveston+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayareahouston.com%2FHome%2FDataCenter%2FCountyStats1%2FGalvestonCounty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/court_house_info.htm">"Galveston County Justice Center"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925223222/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/court_house_info.htm">Archived</a> September 25, 2008, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston County, Texas</a></i>. Accessed November 7, 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Commissioners/Precinct_1.htm">"Precinct 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108101451/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Commissioners/Precinct_1.htm">Archived</a> January 8, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston County, Texas</a></i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Sheriff/sheriff.htm">"Welcome to the Galveston County Sheriff's Office Home Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026091802/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/sheriff/sheriff.htm">Archived</a> October 26, 2008, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Galveston County Sheriff's Office</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Sheriff/corrections.htm">"Galveston County Sheriff's Office Corrections Bureau - Jail Division"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101000440/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/sheriff/corrections.htm">Archived</a> November 1, 2008, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Galveston County Sheriff's Office</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestonparks-seniors.org/locations/ls_overview.asp">"Facilities Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831193515/http://www.galvestonparks-seniors.org/locations/ls_overview.asp">Archived</a> August 31, 2005, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Galveston County Department of Parks and Senior Services</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030709191238/http://www.house.state.tx.us/members/pdf/districts/23.pdf">"District 23"</a>. <i>Texas House of Representatives</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist17_Map.pdf">"Senate District 17"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219040031/http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist17_Map.pdf">Archived</a> December 19, 2008, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Map. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Texas">Senate of Texas</a></i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist11_Map.pdf">"Senate District 11"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218205131/http://www.senate.state.tx.us/Icons/Dist_Maps/Dist11_Map.pdf">Archived</a> December 18, 2014, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Map. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senate_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Texas">Senate of Texas</a></i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMeghan_Flynn2009" class="citation web cs1">Meghan Flynn (August 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040029/http://www.inside-healthcare.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2321&Itemid=31">"University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston: Stops for No Storm"</a>. <i>Inside Healthcare</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inside-healthcare.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2321&Itemid=31">the original</a> on July 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Healthcare&rft.atitle=University+of+Texas+Medical+Branch+at+Galveston%3A+Stops+for+No+Storm&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.au=Meghan+Flynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inside-healthcare.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D2321%26Itemid%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218204449/http://www.utmb.edu/info.broadcast/PDFS/DefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf">"Defining the Future of Health Care"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UTMB Office of Public Affairs</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utmb.edu/info.broadcast/PDFS/DefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UTMB+Office+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Future+of+Health+Care&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utmb.edu%2Finfo.broadcast%2FPDFS%2FDefiningtheFuture8-10-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827204334/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/galveston-tx/texas-a%26m-galveston-10298">"Texas A&M University, Galveston"</a>. <i>Best Colleges</i>. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/galveston-tx/texas-a&m-galveston-10298">the original</a> on August 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Colleges&rft.atitle=Texas+A%26M+University%2C+Galveston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Fgalveston-tx%2Ftexas-a%26m-galveston-10298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRhiannon_Meyers2008" class="citation web cs1">Rhiannon Meyers (February 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224040947/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=2001761dda6797b5">"GISD hopes magnet school attracts students"</a>. <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=2001761dda6797b5">the original</a> on February 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.atitle=GISD+hopes+magnet+school+attracts+students&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft.au=Rhiannon+Meyers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fstory.lasso%3Fewcd%3D2001761dda6797b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PRVSCHOOLS-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRVSCHOOLS_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRVSCHOOLS_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRVSCHOOLS_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127162105/http://www.galveston.com/privateschools/">"Galveston, Texas Private Schools"</a>. <i>galveston.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galveston.com/privateschools/">the original</a> on November 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galveston.com&rft.atitle=Galveston%2C+Texas+Private+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galveston.com%2Fprivateschools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radcliffe, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6350817.html">"New KIPP campuses have younger focus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403015510/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6350817.html">Archived</a> April 3, 2009, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. March 30, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicweb.com/bulletins/1966/Feb-14-2010.pdf">"Holy Family Parish Bulletin 02-14-2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Family+Parish+Bulletin+02-14-2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicweb.com%2Fbulletins%2F1966%2FFeb-14-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008041359/http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso">"The Galveston County Daily News"</a>. Galvestondailynews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/history.lasso">the original</a> on October 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.pub=Galvestondailynews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fhistory.lasso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh_Jones2009" class="citation web cs1">Leigh Jones (March 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209022106/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=f78adc7f6fda4a10">"Island radio station making a comeback"</a>. <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=f78adc7f6fda4a10">the original</a> on February 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Island+radio+station+making+a+comeback&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft.au=Leigh+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fstory.lasso%3Fewcd%3Df78adc7f6fda4a10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-KHOU-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KHOU_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KHOU_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611150228/http://www.khou.com/about/">"KHOU History"</a>. <i>KHOU.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khou.com/about/">the original</a> on June 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KHOU.com&rft.atitle=KHOU+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khou.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lomax, John Nova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-11-17/music/on-da-lingo-part-ii/">"On Da Lingo, Part II"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809033129/http://www.houstonpress.com/2005-11-17/music/on-da-lingo-part-ii/">Archived</a> August 9, 2011, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston_Press" title="Houston Press">Houston Press</a></i>. Thursday November 17, 2005. Retrieved on October 26, 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UTMB_coming_back_stronger_than_ever_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_Rice2009" class="citation web cs1">Harvey Rice (September 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/news/specials/hurricane/6622630.html">"UTMB coming back stronger from Ike"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221248/https://www.chron.com/news/hurricanes/article/UTMB-coming-back-stronger-from-Ike-1590540.php">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=UTMB+coming+back+stronger+from+Ike&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.au=Harvey+Rice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fdisp%2Fstory.mpl%2Fnews%2Fspecials%2Fhurricane%2F6622630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UTMB_gets_OK_to_build_new_island_hospital-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UTMB_gets_OK_to_build_new_island_hospital_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_DeLapp2011" class="citation web cs1">John DeLapp (August 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829163529/http://galvestondailynews.com/story/253098">"UTMB gets OK to build new island hospital"</a>. <i>The Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/story/253098">the original</a> on August 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=UTMB+gets+OK+to+build+new+island+hospital&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.au=John+DeLapp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fstory%2F253098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Gonzales2009" class="citation web cs1">Scott Gonzales (August 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=d093128587d3bc01">"UTMB emergency room reopens after Ike"</a>. <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084231/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?ewcd=d093128587d3bc01">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.atitle=UTMB+emergency+room+reopens+after+Ike&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft.au=Scott+Gonzales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestondailynews.com%2Fstory.lasso%3Fewcd%3Dd093128587d3bc01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-galvestondailynews.com-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galvestondailynews.com_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galvestondailynews.com_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Elder2009" class="citation web cs1">Laura Elder (July 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231601/http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=140378">"Shriners vote to keep isle burns hospital open"</a>. <i>The Galveston County Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galvestondailynews.com/story.lasso?wcd=140378">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+County+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Shriners+vote+to+keep+isle+burns+hospital+open&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft.au=Laura+Elder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalvestondailynews.com%2Fstory.lasso%3Fwcd%3D140378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Allen2009" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth Allen (July 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4764200">"Shriners will keep hospitals open Galveston facility to reopen in a few weeks"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224152757/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4764200">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Shriners+will+keep+hospitals+open+Galveston+facility+to+reopen+in+a+few+weeks&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.au=Elizabeth+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D2009_4764200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826013034/http://www.shrinershq.org/Hospitals_by_Specialty.aspx">"Hospitals Listed by Specialty"</a>. <i>Shriners Hospitals for Children</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrinershq.org/Hospitals_by_Specialty.aspx">the original</a> on August 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shriners+Hospitals+for+Children&rft.atitle=Hospitals+Listed+by+Specialty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrinershq.org%2FHospitals_by_Specialty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofgalveston.org/public_safety/firedept.cfm">"Fire Department"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705011543/http://www.cityofgalveston.org/public_safety/firedept.cfm">Archived</a> July 5, 2006, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>City of Galveston</i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rosenberg-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710013205/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lcr02">"Rosenber Library"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lcr02">the original</a> on July 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Rosenber+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Flcr02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031140828/http://www.rosenberg-library.org/">"Rosenberg Library"</a>. Rosenberg-library.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosenberg-library.org/">the original</a> on October 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosenberg+Library&rft.pub=Rosenberg-library.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosenberg-library.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosenberg-library.org/about/library.htm">"About the Rosenberg Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606051100/http://www.rosenberg-library.org/about/library.htm">Archived</a> June 6, 2011, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosenberg_Library" title="Rosenberg Library">Rosenberg Library</a></i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520190448/http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/addresses/gal.pdf">"Southern District of Texas, Galveston Division"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States District and Bankruptcy Courts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/addresses/gal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+District+and+Bankruptcy+Courts&rft.atitle=Southern+District+of+Texas%2C+Galveston+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txs.uscourts.gov%2Faddresses%2Fgal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917092419/http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/research/history.htm">"Southern District of Texas, History of the District"</a>. <i>United States District and Bankruptcy Courts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txs.uscourts.gov/research/history.htm">the original</a> on September 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+District+and+Bankruptcy+Courts&rft.atitle=Southern+District+of+Texas%2C+History+of+the+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txs.uscourts.gov%2Fresearch%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33611?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston">"Post Office Location - Bob Lyons"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321153808/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/33611?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston">Archived</a> March 21, 2009, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a></i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716014002/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/35818?p=1&s=tx&service_name=post_office&z=galveston">"Post Office Location - Galveston"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a></i>. Retrieved October 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, Craig (2006). <i>Amtrak in the Heartland</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34705-3">978-0-253-34705-3</a>, p. 107.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amtrak site, Galveston Thruway stop <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls">https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020042538/https://www.amtrak.com/stations/gls">Archived</a> October 20, 2020, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rome2Rio, Galveston thruway bus <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston">https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012072629/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Houston-Amtrak-Station/Galveston">Archived</a> October 12, 2020, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mccomb-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccomb_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_G._McComb1986" class="citation book cs1">David G. McComb (1986). <i>Galveston: A History</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 43. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72053-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72053-4"><bdi>978-0-292-72053-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galveston%3A+A+History&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72053-4&rft.au=David+G.+McComb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_Mark2007" class="citation web cs1">Collette, Mark (July 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galvestondailynews.com/news/article_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html">"Bolivar bridge goes nowhere"</a>. The Daily News Galveston County. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221249/https://www.galvnews.com/news/article_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolivar+bridge+goes+nowhere&rft.pub=The+Daily+News+Galveston+County&rft.date=2007-07-08&rft.au=Collette%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestondailynews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_bc0e9bdb-3496-5feb-98fe-0a0e438e604c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-gc11674/y-1955">"1955 Galveston White Caps Roster on StatsCrew.com"</a>. <i>www.statscrew.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135035/https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/roster/t-gc11674/y-1955">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statscrew.com&rft.atitle=1955+Galveston+White+Caps+Roster+on+StatsCrew.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statscrew.com%2Fminorbaseball%2Froster%2Ft-gc11674%2Fy-1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statscrew.com/sports/places/m-4194989">"Galveston, Texas sports teams on StatsCrew.com"</a>. <i>www.statscrew.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135025/https://www.statscrew.com/sports/places/m-4194989">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statscrew.com&rft.atitle=Galveston%2C+Texas+sports+teams+on+StatsCrew.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statscrew.com%2Fsports%2Fplaces%2Fm-4194989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-957">"White Cap Stadium in Galveston, TX history and teams on StatsCrew.com"</a>. <i>www.statscrew.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135027/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-957">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statscrew.com&rft.atitle=White+Cap+Stadium+in+Galveston%2C+TX+history+and+teams+on+StatsCrew.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statscrew.com%2Fvenues%2Fv-957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-954">"Beach Park in Galveston, TX history and teams on StatsCrew.com"</a>. <i>www.statscrew.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135026/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-954">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statscrew.com&rft.atitle=Beach+Park+in+Galveston%2C+TX+history+and+teams+on+StatsCrew.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statscrew.com%2Fvenues%2Fv-954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/t-gc11672">"Galveston Sand Crabs Statistics and Roster on StatsCrew.com"</a>. <i>www.statscrew.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221135025/https://www.statscrew.com/minorbaseball/t-gc11672">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statscrew.com&rft.atitle=Galveston+Sand+Crabs+Statistics+and+Roster+on+StatsCrew.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statscrew.com%2Fminorbaseball%2Ft-gc11672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLura_N._Rouse" class="citation web cs1">Lura N. Rouse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fba02">"BACHE, RICHARD"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Tshaonline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=BACHE%2C+RICHARD&rft.au=Lura+N.+Rouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffba02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMerline_Pitre" class="citation web cs1">Merline Pitre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221144035/http://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20">"Cuney, Norris Wright"</a>. <i>The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcu20">the original</a> on December 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Cuney%2C+Norris+Wright&rft.au=Merline+Pitre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffcu20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Coghlan is Dead - New York Times 28 November 1899; pg. 7;</span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Coghian's Body Missing. - New York Times - September 25, 1900; pg. 2;</span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, James Graham; Southwestern Historical Quarterly Vol CXIII; April 2010</span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101222326/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvi15">"Vidor, King Wallis"</a>. <i>The Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvi15">the original</a> on January 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Vidor%2C+King+Wallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffvi15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWolf" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Gregory H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sig-jakucki/">"Sig Jakucki"</a>. <i>SABR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001203808/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sig-jakucki/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SABR&rft.atitle=Sig+Jakucki&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabr.org%2Fbioproj%2Fperson%2Fsig-jakucki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h001016">"Hutchison, Kathyrn Ann Bailey (Kay) – Biographical Information"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007114454/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H001016">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Hutchison%2C+Kathyrn+Ann+Bailey+%28Kay%29+%E2%80%93+Biographical+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Dh001016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220090656/http://www.takeback144.com/meet-gilbert/">"Meet Gilbert Pena"</a>. Take Back House District 144. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takeback144.com/meet-gilbert/">the original</a> on December 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+Gilbert+Pena&rft.pub=Take+Back+House+District+144&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takeback144.com%2Fmeet-gilbert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Trahair2004-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trahair2004_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._S._Trahair2004" class="citation book cs1">R. C. S. Trahair (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&pg=PA267"><i>Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 267–268. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31955-6"><bdi>978-0-313-31955-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103193033/http://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&pg=PA267">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+Espionage%2C+Spies%2C+and+Secret+Operations&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31955-6&rft.au=R.+C.+S.+Trahair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFJLIIGVk10C%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest" title="Soap Opera Digest">Soap Opera Digest</a></i>, Vol. 32, No. 44, 30 October 2007, page 17.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/backebr01.shtml">"Brandon Backe stats"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com" title="Baseball-Reference.com">Baseball-Reference.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseball-Reference.com&rft.atitle=Brandon+Backe+stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-reference.com%2Fplayers%2Fb%2Fbackebr01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=572761#gameType='R'&sectionType=career&statType=1&season=2013&level='ALL'">"<i>MLB Player Stats</i> (Matt Carpenter)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412164744/http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=572761#gameType='R'&sectionType=career&statType=1&season=2013&level='ALL'">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLB+Player+Stats+%28Matt+Carpenter%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlb.mlb.com%2Fteam%2Fplayer.jsp%3Fplayer_id%3D572761%23gameType%3D%27R%27%26sectionType%3Dcareer%26statType%3D1%26season%3D2013%26level%3D%27ALL%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HampCa00.htm">"Casey Hampton Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College"</a>. <i>Pro-Football-Reference.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro-Football-Reference.com&rft.atitle=Casey+Hampton+Stats%2C+Height%2C+Weight%2C+Position%2C+Draft%2C+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pro-football-reference.com%2Fplayers%2FH%2FHampCa00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Schneiderman" title="Harry Schneiderman">Schneiderman, Harry</a> and Itzhak J. Carmin (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXNqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Who's Who in World Jewry, Volume 2</i></a>, New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1965, p. 524–5.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Michael (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/beyonce-its-family-affair?fullpage=1">"It's a Family Affair"</a>. <i>Texas Monthly</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-7736">0148-7736</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325120146/http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/its-a-family-affair/">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2014</span>. <q>She was born Celestine Beyoncé in Galveston in 1954.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+Family+Affair&rft.date=2004-04&rft.issn=0148-7736&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Fstory%2Fbeyonce-its-family-affair%3Ffullpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeland, David (2001). <i>Ladies of Soul</i>. University Press of Mississippi. p. xxiii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-331-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57806-331-0">1-57806-331-0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tbbt-s02e09-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tbbt-s02e09_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory_season_2#ep26" title="The Big Bang Theory season 2">The White Asparagus Triangulation</a>". <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory"><i>The Big Bang Theory</i></a>. Season 2. Episode 9. November 24, 2008. 04:15 minutes in. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Big+Bang+Theory&rft.series=Season+2.+Episode+9&rft.date=2008-11-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/11/11/1974_11_11_042_TNY_CARDS_000308287">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091857/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1974/11/11/1974_11_11_042_TNY_CARDS_000308287">Archived</a> November 5, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Barthelme's original story.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Drowning-House-A-Novel/dp/0385535864/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105221303/https://www.amazon.com/The-Drowning-House-A-Novel/dp/0385535864/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t">Archived</a> November 5, 2021, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Publisher</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2020" class="citation news cs1">Ramirez, Sonia (August 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/life/article/DIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php">"DIY's breakout hit 'Restoring Galveston' is back for season 2 with new name and more homes to update"</a>. <i>Chron</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901162136/https://www.chron.com/life/article/DIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chron&rft.atitle=DIY%27s+breakout+hit+%27Restoring+Galveston%27+is+back+for+season+2+with+new+name+and+more+homes+to+update&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Flife%2Farticle%2FDIY-s-breakout-hit-Restoring-Galveston-is-back-15510621.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities">"Sister Cities"</a>. City of Galveston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051335/https://galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Galveston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestontx.gov%2F292%2FSister-Cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erik_Larson_(author)" title="Erik Larson (author)">Larson, Erik</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac%27s_Storm" title="Isaac's Storm">Isaac's Storm</a></i>, New York: Vintage Books, 2000.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHardwick2002" class="citation book cs1">Hardwick, Susan Wiley (2002). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythic_Galveston:_reinventing_America%27s_third_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythic Galveston: reinventing America's third coast">Mythic Galveston: reinventing America's third coast</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JHU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="JHU Press">JHU Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard/page/13">https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard/page/13</a> 13]. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6887-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6887-4"><bdi>0-8018-6887-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythic+Galveston%3A+reinventing+America%27s+third+coast&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythicgalvestonr0000hard%2Fpage%2F13+13&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8018-6887-4&rft.aulast=Hardwick&rft.aufirst=Susan+Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> 7799766866800-08 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythicgalvestonr0000hard">read online</a>, registration required</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1981" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Willard B. (1981). <i>Gone from Texas: Our Lost Architectural Heritage</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-106-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-106-9"><bdi>0-89096-106-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gone+from+Texas%3A+Our+Lost+Architectural+Heritage&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-89096-106-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Willard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalveston%2C+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<b>Galveston, Texas</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galveston,_Texas" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Galveston, Texas">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Galveston" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Galveston">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Galveston" class="extiw" title="voy:Galveston">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galvestontx.gov/">City of Galveston – Official Website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitgalveston.com/">Galveston Island Convention and Visitors Bureau</a> (commercial)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galvestonchamber.com/">Galveston Chamber of Commerce</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Galveston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234101897">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Galveston,_Texas" title="Template:Galveston, Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Galveston,_Texas" title="Template talk:Galveston, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galveston,_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galveston, Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Galveston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galveston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashton_Villa" title="Ashton Villa">Ashton Villa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_Room" title="Balinese Room">Balinese Room</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop's Palace, Galveston">Bishop's Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_End_Historic_District_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="East End Historic District (Galveston, Texas)">East End Historic District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elissa_(ship)" title="Elissa (ship)"><i>Elissa</i> (ship)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Crockett" title="Fort Crockett">Fort Crockett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island_Historic_Pleasure_Pier" title="Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier">Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island_State_Park" title="Galveston Island State Park">Galveston Island State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Pirate_SC" title="Galveston Pirate SC">Galveston Pirate SC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Railroad_Museum" title="Galveston Railroad Museum">Galveston Railroad Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Seawall" title="Galveston Seawall">Galveston Seawall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island_Trolley" title="Galveston Island Trolley">Galveston Island Trolley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_1894_Opera_House" title="Grand 1894 Opera House">Grand 1894 Opera House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lone_Star_Flight_Museum" title="Lone Star Flight Museum">Lone Star Flight Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_Gardens" title="Moody Gardens">Moody Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_Moody_Plaza" title="One Moody Plaza">Moody Plaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_Star_Offshore_Drilling_Rig_%26_Museum" title="Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum">Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashbel_Smith_Building" title="Ashbel Smith Building">Old Red</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosenberg_Library" title="Rosenberg Library">Rosenberg Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sts._Constantine_and_Helen_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Sts. Constantine and Helen Serbian Orthodox Church">Sts. Constantine and Helen Serbian Orthodox Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Mary_Cathedral_Basilica_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)">St. Mary Cathedral Basilica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schlitterbahn" title="Schlitterbahn">Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seawolf_Park" title="Seawolf Park">Seawolf Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_Historic_District" title="Strand Historic District">Strand Historic District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Customs_House_and_Court_House_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="United States Customs House and Court House (Galveston, Texas)">1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Cavalla_(SS-244)" title="USS Cavalla (SS-244)">USS <i>Cavalla</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DE-238)" title="USS Stewart (DE-238)">USS <i>Stewart</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_National_Insurance_Company" title="American National Insurance Company">American National Insurance Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Railroad" title="Galveston Railroad">Galveston Railroad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Island_Transit_(Texas)" title="Island Transit (Texas)">Island Transit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_Foundation" title="Moody Foundation">Moody Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moody_National_Bank" title="Moody National Bank">Moody National Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Galveston" title="Port of Galveston">Port of Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_First_Bank" title="Texas First Bank">Texas First Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholes_International_Airport_at_Galveston" title="Scholes International Airport at Galveston">Scholes International Airport at Galveston</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Galveston,_Texas" title="History of Galveston, Texas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston_Harbor_(1837)" title="Battle of Galveston Harbor (1837)">Battle of Galveston Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Galveston">First Battle of Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Galveston">Second Battle of Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_Hotel_(Galveston)" title="Beach Hotel (Galveston)">The Beach Hotel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Point_Light_(Texas)" title="Fort Point Light (Texas)">Fort Point Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Railroad" title="Galveston Railroad">Galveston Railroad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">Galveston Hurricane of 1900</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1915_Galveston_hurricane" title="1915 Galveston hurricane">Galveston Hurricane of 1915</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Movement" title="Galveston Movement">Galveston Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Galveston,_Texas" title="History of the Jews in Galveston, Texas">Jewish history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa Indians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_State_of_Galveston" title="Free State of Galveston">Free State of Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_Historic_District" title="Strand Historic District">Strand Historic District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Customs_House_and_Court_House_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="United States Customs House and Court House (Galveston, Texas)">1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf,_Colorado_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway">Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Luis_Pass_(Galveston_Island)" title="San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)">San Luis Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bay_(Texas)" title="West Bay (Texas)">West Bay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Galveston,_Texas" title="Education in Galveston, Texas">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_College" title="Galveston College">Galveston College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Independent_School_District" title="Galveston Independent School District">Galveston ISD</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ball_High_School" title="Ball High School">Ball HS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_High_School_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="Central High School (Galveston, Texas)">Central HS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O%27Connell_College_Preparatory_School" title="O'Connell College Preparatory School">O'Connell College Preparatory School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_at_Galveston" title="Texas A&M University at Galveston">Texas A&M University at Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_High_School_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="Central High School (Galveston, Texas)">Central HS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_High_School_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="Dominican High School (Galveston, Texas)">Dominican HS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare<br />& research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_National_Laboratory" title="Galveston National Laboratory">Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Sealy_Hospital" title="John Sealy Hospital">John Sealy Hospital</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sealy_%26_Smith_Foundation" title="Sealy & Smith Foundation">Sealy & Smith Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shriners_Hospital_for_Children_(Galveston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shriners Hospital for Children (Galveston)">Shriners Hospital for Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transitional_Learning_Center" title="Transitional Learning Center">Transitional Learning Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Texas)" title="The Daily News (Texas)">The Daily News</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KLTJ-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KLTJ-TV">KLTJ (Daystar)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KTMD" title="KTMD">KTMD (Telemundo)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KGBC" title="KGBC">KGBC</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KOVE-FM" title="KOVE-FM">KOVE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KHB40" class="mw-redirect" title="KHB40">KHB40</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Causeway" title="Galveston Causeway">Galveston Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_Texas_Gulf_Coast" title="List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast">List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivar_Bridge" title="Bolivar Bridge">Bolivar Bridge</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Weekend_in_September" title="A Weekend in September">A Weekend in September</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_on_the_Bay" title="Battle on the Bay">Battle on the Bay</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythic_Galveston" title="Mythic Galveston">Mythic Galveston</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Galveston_County,_Texas,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Template:Galveston County, Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Template talk:Galveston County, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galveston County, Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Galveston_County,_Texas,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas"><span class="region">Galveston County, Texas</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span>Galveston</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Texas)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayou_Vista,_Texas" title="Bayou Vista, Texas">Bayou Vista</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clear_Lake_Shores,_Texas" title="Clear Lake Shores, Texas">Clear Lake Shores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickinson,_Texas" title="Dickinson, Texas">Dickinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas" title="Friendswood, Texas">Friendswood</a>‡</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hitchcock,_Texas" title="Hitchcock, Texas">Hitchcock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaica_Beach,_Texas" title="Jamaica Beach, Texas">Jamaica Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemah,_Texas" title="Kemah, Texas">Kemah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Marque,_Texas" title="La Marque, Texas">La Marque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a>‡</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Texas" title="Santa Fe, Texas">Santa Fe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seabrook,_Texas" title="Seabrook, Texas">Seabrook</a>‡</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Galveston County map"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Galveston_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1317" /></span><figcaption>Galveston County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Village_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Texas)">Village</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiki_Island,_Texas" title="Tiki Island, Texas">Tiki Island</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacliff,_Texas" title="Bacliff, Texas">Bacliff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivar_Peninsula,_Texas" title="Bolivar Peninsula, Texas">Bolivar Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Leon,_Texas" title="San Leon, Texas">San Leon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcadia,_Santa_Fe,_Texas" title="Arcadia, Santa Fe, Texas">Arcadia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algoa,_Texas" title="Algoa, Texas">Algoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayview,_Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Bayview, Galveston County, Texas">Bayview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caplen,_Texas" title="Caplen, Texas">Caplen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crystal_Beach,_Texas" title="Crystal Beach, Texas">Crystal Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilchrist,_Texas" title="Gilchrist, Texas">Gilchrist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Island,_Texas" title="High Island, Texas">High Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Bolivar,_Texas" title="Port Bolivar, Texas">Port Bolivar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Texas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Texas (state)"><span>Texas portal</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Texas_Houston–The_Woodlands–Sugar_Land" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Template:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Template talk:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Texas_Houston–The_Woodlands–Sugar_Land" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Texas"><img alt="Flag of Texas" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/20px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/30px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/40px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas" title="Chambers County, Texas">Chambers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas" title="Liberty County, Texas">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas" title="Waller County, Texas">Waller</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:HSB_MSA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area"><img alt="Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/100px-HSB_MSA.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/150px-HSB_MSA.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/200px-HSB_MSA.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Principal" cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alvin,_Texas" title="Alvin, Texas">Alvin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas" title="Bellaire, Texas">Bellaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clute,_Texas" title="Clute, Texas">Clute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deer_Park,_Texas" title="Deer Park, Texas">Deer Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickinson,_Texas" title="Dickinson, Texas">Dickinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freeport,_Texas" title="Freeport, Texas">Freeport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas" title="Friendswood, Texas">Friendswood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galena_Park,_Texas" title="Galena Park, Texas">Galena Park</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humble,_Texas" title="Humble, Texas">Humble</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacinto_City,_Texas" title="Jacinto City, Texas">Jacinto City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Jackson,_Texas" title="Lake Jackson, Texas">Lake Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Marque,_Texas" title="La Marque, Texas">La Marque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas" title="La Porte, Texas">La Porte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manvel,_Texas" title="Manvel, Texas">Manvel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosenberg,_Texas" title="Rosenberg, Texas">Rosenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas" title="South Houston, Texas">South Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stafford,_Texas" title="Stafford, Texas">Stafford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place</a></li></ul>
<p><i>For a complete listing, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Greater_Houston" title="List of cities and towns in Greater Houston">list of cities and towns in Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA</a></i>
</p>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unincorporated<br />areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atascocita,_Texas" title="Atascocita, Texas">Atascocita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channelview,_Texas" title="Channelview, Texas">Channelview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cloverleaf,_Texas" title="Cloverleaf, Texas">Cloverleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crosby,_Texas" title="Crosby, Texas">Crosby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypress,_Texas" title="Cypress, Texas">Cypress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fresno,_Texas" title="Fresno, Texas">Fresno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hockley,_Texas" title="Hockley, Texas">Hockley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klein,_Texas" title="Klein, Texas">Klein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Bolivar,_Texas" title="Port Bolivar, Texas">Port Bolivar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Houston" title="Lake Houston">Lake Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Conroe" title="Lake Conroe">Lake Conroe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republic_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Republic_of_Texas" title="Template:Republic of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Republic_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Republic of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republic_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republic of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republic_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrisburg,_Houston" title="Harrisburg, Houston">Harrisburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texas" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas">Washington-on-the-Brazos</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velasco,_Texas" title="Velasco, Texas">Velasco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Columbia,_Texas" title="West Columbia, Texas">Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_(1839).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Republic of Texas"><img alt="Seal of the Republic of Texas" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="President of the Republic of Texas">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David G. Burnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau Lamar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anson_Jones" title="Anson Jones">Anson Jones</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Lorenzo de Zavala</a></li>
<li>Mirabeau Lamar</li>
<li>David G. Burnet</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Burleson" title="Edward Burleson">Edward Burleson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_Lewis_Anderson" title="Kenneth Lewis Anderson">Kenneth Lewis Anderson</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Texas Declaration of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Constitution of the Republic of Texas">Constitution of the Republic of Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Archive_War" title="Texas Archive War">Texas Archive War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Castro" title="Henri Castro">Henri Castro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Miller_Land_Grant" title="Fisher–Miller Land Grant">Fisher–Miller Land Grant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1836_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1836 Republic of Texas presidential election">1836</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1838_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1838 Republic of Texas presidential election">1838</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1841_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1841 Republic of Texas presidential election">1841</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1844_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1844 Republic of Texas presidential election">1844</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Texas" title="Template:Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Texas" title="Template talk:Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Texas" title="Category:Mass media in Texas">Mass media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Texas" title="List of newspapers in Texas">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">TV</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Texas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas">National Historic Landmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">National Register of Historic Places Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks">Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">Texans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_in_Texas" title="Time in Texas">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Texas">Tourist attractions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion_in_Texas" title="Abortion in Texas">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambling_in_Texas" title="Gambling in Texas">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Texas" title="Gun laws in Texas">Gun laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Texas">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Blackland_Prairies" title="Texas Blackland Prairies">Blackland Prairies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concho_Valley" title="Concho Valley">Concho Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Texas)" title="Golden Triangle (Texas)">Golden Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Hill Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_Texas" title="Northeast Texas">Northeast Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_panhandle" title="Texas panhandle">Panhandle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texoma" title="Texoma">Texoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">Metropolitan<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">DFW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a>–<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denison,_Texas" title="Denison, Texas">Denison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Creek_(Texas)" title="Wagner Creek (Texas)">Wagner Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>See: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Texas_county_seats" title="Template:Texas county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_county_seats" title="Template talk:Texas county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Texas" title="Albany, Texas">Albany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice,_Texas" title="Alice, Texas">Alice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine,_Texas" title="Alpine, Texas">Alpine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anderson,_Texas" title="Anderson, Texas">Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrews,_Texas" title="Andrews, Texas">Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anson,_Texas" title="Anson, Texas">Anson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archer_City,_Texas" title="Archer City, Texas">Archer City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspermont,_Texas" title="Aspermont, Texas">Aspermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athens,_Texas" title="Athens, Texas">Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baird,_Texas" title="Baird, Texas">Baird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballinger,_Texas" title="Ballinger, Texas">Ballinger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandera,_Texas" title="Bandera, Texas">Bandera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bastrop,_Texas" title="Bastrop, Texas">Bastrop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_City,_Texas" title="Bay City, Texas">Bay City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beeville,_Texas" title="Beeville, Texas">Beeville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellville,_Texas" title="Bellville, Texas">Bellville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belton,_Texas" title="Belton, Texas">Belton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin,_Texas" title="Benjamin, Texas">Benjamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas" title="Big Lake, Texas">Big Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas" title="Big Spring, Texas">Big Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boerne,_Texas" title="Boerne, Texas">Boerne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonham,_Texas" title="Bonham, Texas">Bonham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston,_Texas" title="Boston, Texas">Boston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas" title="Brackettville, Texas">Brackettville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brady,_Texas" title="Brady, Texas">Brady</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breckenridge,_Texas" title="Breckenridge, Texas">Breckenridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brenham,_Texas" title="Brenham, Texas">Brenham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownfield,_Texas" title="Brownfield, Texas">Brownfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas" title="Brownwood, Texas">Brownwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burnet,_Texas" title="Burnet, Texas">Burnet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas" title="Caldwell, Texas">Caldwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron,_Texas" title="Cameron, Texas">Cameron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian,_Texas" title="Canadian, Texas">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canton,_Texas" title="Canton, Texas">Canton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canyon,_Texas" title="Canyon, Texas">Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carrizo_Springs,_Texas" title="Carrizo Springs, Texas">Carrizo Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carthage,_Texas" title="Carthage, Texas">Carthage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center,_Texas" title="Center, Texas">Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centerville,_Texas" title="Centerville, Texas">Centerville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channing,_Texas" title="Channing, Texas">Channing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Childress,_Texas" title="Childress, Texas">Childress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarendon,_Texas" title="Clarendon, Texas">Clarendon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarksville,_Texas" title="Clarksville, Texas">Clarksville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude,_Texas" title="Claude, Texas">Claude</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleburne,_Texas" title="Cleburne, Texas">Cleburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coldspring,_Texas" title="Coldspring, Texas">Coldspring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coleman,_Texas" title="Coleman, Texas">Coleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas" title="Colorado City, Texas">Colorado City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbus,_Texas" title="Columbus, Texas">Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comanche,_Texas" title="Comanche, Texas">Comanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper,_Texas" title="Cooper, Texas">Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas" title="Corsicana, Texas">Corsicana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotulla,_Texas" title="Cotulla, Texas">Cotulla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crane,_Texas" title="Crane, Texas">Crane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crockett,_Texas" title="Crockett, Texas">Crockett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crosbyton,_Texas" title="Crosbyton, Texas">Crosbyton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crowell,_Texas" title="Crowell, Texas">Crowell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crystal_City,_Texas" title="Crystal City, Texas">Crystal City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuero,_Texas" title="Cuero, Texas">Cuero</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daingerfield,_Texas" title="Daingerfield, Texas">Daingerfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalhart,_Texas" title="Dalhart, Texas">Dalhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decatur,_Texas" title="Decatur, Texas">Decatur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickens,_Texas" title="Dickens, Texas">Dickens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimmitt,_Texas" title="Dimmitt, Texas">Dimmitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumas,_Texas" title="Dumas, Texas">Dumas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastland,_Texas" title="Eastland, Texas">Eastland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edna,_Texas" title="Edna, Texas">Edna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eldorado,_Texas" title="Eldorado, Texas">Eldorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emory,_Texas" title="Emory, Texas">Emory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairfield,_Texas" title="Fairfield, Texas">Fairfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falfurrias,_Texas" title="Falfurrias, Texas">Falfurrias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farwell,_Texas" title="Farwell, Texas">Farwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floydada,_Texas" title="Floydada, Texas">Floydada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Davis,_Texas" title="Fort Davis, Texas">Fort Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Stockton,_Texas" title="Fort Stockton, Texas">Fort Stockton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin,_Texas" title="Franklin, Texas">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gail,_Texas" title="Gail, Texas">Gail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gainesville,_Texas" title="Gainesville, Texas">Gainesville</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galveston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_City,_Texas" title="Garden City, Texas">Garden City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gatesville,_Texas" title="Gatesville, Texas">Gatesville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_West,_Texas" title="George West, Texas">George West</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgetown,_Texas" title="Georgetown, Texas">Georgetown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giddings,_Texas" title="Giddings, Texas">Giddings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilmer,_Texas" title="Gilmer, Texas">Gilmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glen_Rose,_Texas" title="Glen Rose, Texas">Glen Rose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldthwaite,_Texas" title="Goldthwaite, Texas">Goldthwaite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">Goliad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graham,_Texas" title="Graham, Texas">Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granbury,_Texas" title="Granbury, Texas">Granbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenville,_Texas" title="Greenville, Texas">Greenville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groesbeck,_Texas" title="Groesbeck, Texas">Groesbeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groveton,_Texas" title="Groveton, Texas">Groveton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guthrie,_Texas" title="Guthrie, Texas">Guthrie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hallettsville,_Texas" title="Hallettsville, Texas">Hallettsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamilton,_Texas" title="Hamilton, Texas">Hamilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haskell,_Texas" title="Haskell, Texas">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebbronville,_Texas" title="Hebbronville, Texas">Hebbronville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hemphill,_Texas" title="Hemphill, Texas">Hemphill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hempstead,_Texas" title="Hempstead, Texas">Hempstead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henderson,_Texas" title="Henderson, Texas">Henderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas" title="Henrietta, Texas">Henrietta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hereford,_Texas" title="Hereford, Texas">Hereford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillsboro,_Texas" title="Hillsboro, Texas">Hillsboro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hondo,_Texas" title="Hondo, Texas">Hondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas" title="Huntsville, Texas">Huntsville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">J</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas" title="Jacksboro, Texas">Jacksboro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasper,_Texas" title="Jasper, Texas">Jasper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jayton,_Texas" title="Jayton, Texas">Jayton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas" title="Jefferson, Texas">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_City,_Texas" title="Johnson City, Texas">Johnson City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jourdanton,_Texas" title="Jourdanton, Texas">Jourdanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junction,_Texas" title="Junction, Texas">Junction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnes_City,_Texas" title="Karnes City, Texas">Karnes City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaufman,_Texas" title="Kaufman, Texas">Kaufman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kermit,_Texas" title="Kermit, Texas">Kermit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerrville,_Texas" title="Kerrville, Texas">Kerrville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas" title="Kingsville, Texas">Kingsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kountze,_Texas" title="Kountze, Texas">Kountze</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Grange,_Texas" title="La Grange, Texas">La Grange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas" title="Lamesa, Texas">Lamesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampasas,_Texas" title="Lampasas, Texas">Lampasas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leakey,_Texas" title="Leakey, Texas">Leakey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levelland,_Texas" title="Levelland, Texas">Levelland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty,_Texas" title="Liberty, Texas">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linden,_Texas" title="Linden, Texas">Linden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lipscomb,_Texas" title="Lipscomb, Texas">Lipscomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littlefield,_Texas" title="Littlefield, Texas">Littlefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livingston,_Texas" title="Livingston, Texas">Livingston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Llano,_Texas" title="Llano, Texas">Llano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas" title="Lockhart, Texas">Lockhart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas" title="Lufkin, Texas">Lufkin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madisonville,_Texas" title="Madisonville, Texas">Madisonville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marfa,_Texas" title="Marfa, Texas">Marfa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marlin,_Texas" title="Marlin, Texas">Marlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall,_Texas" title="Marshall, Texas">Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mason,_Texas" title="Mason, Texas">Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matador,_Texas" title="Matador, Texas">Matador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McKinney,_Texas" title="McKinney, Texas">McKinney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memphis,_Texas" title="Memphis, Texas">Memphis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menard,_Texas" title="Menard, Texas">Menard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentone,_Texas" title="Mentone, Texas">Mentone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meridian,_Texas" title="Meridian, Texas">Meridian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mertzon,_Texas" title="Mertzon, Texas">Mertzon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miami,_Texas" title="Miami, Texas">Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monahans,_Texas" title="Monahans, Texas">Monahans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montague,_Texas" title="Montague, Texas">Montague</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morton,_Texas" title="Morton, Texas">Morton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Texas" title="Mount Pleasant, Texas">Mount Pleasant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Texas" title="Mount Vernon, Texas">Mount Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muleshoe,_Texas" title="Muleshoe, Texas">Muleshoe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newton,_Texas" title="Newton, Texas">Newton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange,_Texas" title="Orange, Texas">Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ozona,_Texas" title="Ozona, Texas">Ozona</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paducah,_Texas" title="Paducah, Texas">Paducah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paint_Rock,_Texas" title="Paint Rock, Texas">Paint Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine,_Texas" title="Palestine, Texas">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palo_Pinto,_Texas" title="Palo Pinto, Texas">Palo Pinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pampa,_Texas" title="Pampa, Texas">Pampa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhandle,_Texas" title="Panhandle, Texas">Panhandle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris,_Texas" title="Paris, Texas">Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearsall,_Texas" title="Pearsall, Texas">Pearsall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pecos,_Texas" title="Pecos, Texas">Pecos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perryton,_Texas" title="Perryton, Texas">Perryton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pittsburg,_Texas" title="Pittsburg, Texas">Pittsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plains,_Texas" title="Plains, Texas">Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plainview,_Texas" title="Plainview, Texas">Plainview</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Lavaca,_Texas" title="Port Lavaca, Texas">Port Lavaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post,_Texas" title="Post, Texas">Post</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Q</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quanah,_Texas" title="Quanah, Texas">Quanah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quitman,_Texas" title="Quitman, Texas">Quitman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rankin,_Texas" title="Rankin, Texas">Rankin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymondville,_Texas" title="Raymondville, Texas">Raymondville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refugio,_Texas" title="Refugio, Texas">Refugio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rio_Grande_City,_Texas" title="Rio Grande City, Texas">Rio Grande City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Lee,_Texas" title="Robert Lee, Texas">Robert Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roby,_Texas" title="Roby, Texas">Roby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockport,_Texas" title="Rockport, Texas">Rockport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocksprings,_Texas" title="Rocksprings, Texas">Rocksprings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockwall,_Texas" title="Rockwall, Texas">Rockwall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rusk,_Texas" title="Rusk, Texas">Rusk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texas" title="San Augustine, Texas">San Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Diego,_Texas" title="San Diego, Texas">San Diego</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas" title="San Marcos, Texas">San Marcos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Saba,_Texas" title="San Saba, Texas">San Saba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanderson,_Texas" title="Sanderson, Texas">Sanderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarita,_Texas" title="Sarita, Texas">Sarita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seguin,_Texas" title="Seguin, Texas">Seguin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seminole,_Texas" title="Seminole, Texas">Seminole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seymour,_Texas" title="Seymour, Texas">Seymour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Blanca,_Texas" title="Sierra Blanca, Texas">Sierra Blanca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silverton,_Texas" title="Silverton, Texas">Silverton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinton,_Texas" title="Sinton, Texas">Sinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snyder,_Texas" title="Snyder, Texas">Snyder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonora,_Texas" title="Sonora, Texas">Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spearman,_Texas" title="Spearman, Texas">Spearman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanton,_Texas" title="Stanton, Texas">Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephenville,_Texas" title="Stephenville, Texas">Stephenville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sterling_City,_Texas" title="Sterling City, Texas">Sterling City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stinnett,_Texas" title="Stinnett, Texas">Stinnett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratford,_Texas" title="Stratford, Texas">Stratford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulphur_Springs,_Texas" title="Sulphur Springs, Texas">Sulphur Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas" title="Sweetwater, Texas">Sweetwater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahoka,_Texas" title="Tahoka, Texas">Tahoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Throckmorton,_Texas" title="Throckmorton, Texas">Throckmorton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilden,_Texas" title="Tilden, Texas">Tilden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulia,_Texas" title="Tulia, Texas">Tulia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas" title="Uvalde, Texas">Uvalde</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">V</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van_Horn,_Texas" title="Van Horn, Texas">Van Horn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vega,_Texas" title="Vega, Texas">Vega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernon,_Texas" title="Vernon, Texas">Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">W</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas" title="Waxahachie, Texas">Waxahachie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weatherford,_Texas" title="Weatherford, Texas">Weatherford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wellington,_Texas" title="Wellington, Texas">Wellington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wharton,_Texas" title="Wharton, Texas">Wharton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheeler,_Texas" title="Wheeler, Texas">Wheeler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodville,_Texas" title="Woodville, Texas">Woodville</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zapata,_Texas" title="Zapata, Texas">Zapata</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135744#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143073278">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8v4J8Fhw3D6ywcGTmBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12440558n">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12440558n">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4113662-7">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550546005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81019985">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galveston (Texas)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129180&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e0b89606-1999-4a43-b32a-17c2541194ff">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046127">NARA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Fillibusters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_character)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean character)">Davy Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davy_Jones_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones Locker">Davy Jones Locker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davy_Jones%27_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones' Locker">Davy Jones' Locker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
