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'{{refimprove|date=June 2009}} {{Marxism}} '''''{{lang|de|Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Ökonomie}}''''' ({{IPA-de|das kapiˈtaːl}}) ('''''Capital''''', in the English translation) is an extensive [[treatise]] on [[political economy]] written in [[German language|German]] by [[Karl Marx]] and edited in part by [[Friedrich Engels]]. The book is a critical analysis of [[capitalism]]. Its first volume was published in 1867. == Themes == According to Marx, the central driving force of capitalism is in the exploitation and alienation of [[labour (economics)|labour]]. The ultimate source of capitalist profits and surplus is the unpaid labor of wage laborers. [[Employer]]s can appropriate the new output value because of their ownership of the productive capital assets—protected by the state. By producing output as capital for the employers, the workers constantly reproduce the condition of capitalism by their labor. However, though Marx is very concerned with the social aspects of [[commerce]], his book is not an ethical treatise, but rather an attempt to explain the objective "laws of motion" of the capitalist system as a whole, its origins and future. He aims to reveal the causes and dynamics of the accumulation of capital, the growth of [[Wage labour|wage labor]], the transformation of the workplace, the concentration of capital, competition, the banking and credit system, the [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|tendency of the rate of profit to decline]], land-rents and many other things. [[Image:Kapital titel bd1.png|left|180px|thumb|Title page]] Marx viewed the commodity as the "cell-form" or building unit of capitalist society—it is an object useful to somebody else, but with a trading value for the owner. Because commercial transactions implied no particular morality beyond that required to settle transactions, the growth of markets caused the economic sphere and the moral-legal sphere to become separated in society: subjective [[moral value]] becomes separated from objective economic value. Political economy, which was originally thought of as a "moral science" concerned with the just [[distribution of wealth]], or as a "political arithmetick" for tax collection, gave way to the separate disciplines of [[Economics|economic science]], law and ethics. Marx believed the political economists could study the scientific laws of capitalism in an "objective" way, because the expansion of markets had in reality objectified most economic relations: the [[cash nexus]] stripped away all previous religious and political illusions (only to replace them, however, with another kind of illusion—[[commodity fetishism]]). Marx also says that he viewed "the economic formation of society as a process of natural history". The growth of commerce happened as a process which no individual could control or direct, creating an enormously complex web of social interconnections globally. Thus a "society" was formed "economically" before people actually began to consciously master the enormous productive capacity and interconnections they had created, in order to put it collectively to the best use. Marx’s analysis in ''Capital,'' then, focuses primarily on the structural ''contradictions'', rather than the class ''antagonisms'', that characterize capitalist society—the “contradictory movement [''gegensätzliche Bewegung''] [that] has its origin in the twofold character of labour,”<ref>Marx, Karl. ''Capital'': ''The process of capitalist production''. Tr. from the 3d German edition, 53.</ref> rather than in the struggle between labor and capital, ''i.e.'' between the owning and the [[working class]]es. These contradictions, moreover, operate (as Marx describes using a phrase borrowed from Hegel) “behind the backs” of both the capitalists and workers, that is, as a result of their activities, and yet irreducible to their conscious awareness either as individuals or as classes. As such, ''Capital'', does not propose a theory of [[revolution]] (led by the working class and its representatives) but rather a theory of crises as the condition for a potential revolution, or what Marx refers to in the [[Communist Manifesto]] as a potential “weapon,” “forged” by the owners of capital, “turned against the bourgeoisie itself” by the working class. Such crises, according to Marx, are rooted in the contradictory character of the commodity, the most fundamental social form of capitalist society. According to Marx, in [[capitalism]], improvements in technology and rising levels of productivity increase the amount of [[Wealth|material wealth]] (or [[use value]]s) in society while simultaneously diminishing the [[Value (economics)|economic value]] of this wealth, thereby lowering the rate of profit—a tendency that leads to the paradox, characteristic of crises in capitalism, of “poverty in the midst of plenty,” or more precisely, crises of overproduction in the midst of underconsumption. == Publication == Marx published [[Capital, Volume I|the first volume]] of ''Capital'' in 1867, but he died before he could finish the second and third ones, which he had already drafted; these were edited by his friend and collaborator [[Friedrich Engels]] and published in 1885 and 1894. As can be seen in the original title pages of the final two volumes, Engels listed Marx as the author. Curiously, the first foreign publication of ''Capital'' appeared in Russia in 1872. Despite Russian censorship laws that prohibited 'the harmful doctrines of [[socialism]] and communism', Marx's opus was considered by censors a 'strictly scientific work' and non-applicable to a country where 'capitalist exploitation' had never been experienced, with one censor going as far as saying 'that very few people in Russia will read it, and even fewer will understand it.'<ref name="A People's Tragedy 1996 pg.139">''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924''(London 1996) pg.139</ref> ''Capital'''s first print run sold out within the year, with Marx acknowledging that it was in Russia that the book "was read and valued more than anywhere".<ref name="A People's Tragedy 1996 pg.139" /> == Influences == Marx bases his work on that of the [[classical economics|classical economists]] like [[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[John Stuart Mill]] and even [[Benjamin Franklin]]. However, he reworks these authors' ideas, so his book is a synthesis that does not follow the lead of any one thinker. It also reflects the dialectical methodology applied by [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G.W.F. Hegel]] in his books ''The Science of Logic'' and ''The Phenomenology of Mind'', and the influence of French socialists such as [[Charles Fourier]], [[Comte de Saint-Simon]], and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]. Marx said himself that his aim was "to bring a science [i.e. political economy] by criticism to the point where it can be dialectically represented", and in this way to "reveal the law of motion of modern society". By showing how capitalist development was the precursor of a new, socialist [[mode of production]], he aimed to provide a scientific foundation for the modern [[labour movement]]. In preparation for his book, he studied the economic literature available in his time for a period of twelve years, mainly in the [[British Library]] in London. [[Aristotle]], and [[Greek philosophy]] in general, was another important (although often neglected) influence on Marx’s analysis of capitalism. Marx’s education at [[Bonn]] centered on Greek and Roman poets and philosophers. The dissertation he completed at the university was a comparison of the [[philosophy of nature]] in the works of [[Democritus]] and [[Epicurus]]. A number of scholars, moreover, have argued that the basic architecture of ''Capital'' – including the categories of use and [[exchange value]], as well as the “[[syllogisms]]” for simple commodity circulation and circulation of value as capital ([[C-M-C']] and [[M-C-M']]) – was derived from the [[Politics (Aristotle)]] and the [[Nicomachean Ethics]]. Moreover, Marx’s description of [[machinery]] under capitalist relations of production as “self-acting [[automata]]” is a direct reference to Aristotle’s speculations on inanimate instruments capable of following commands as the condition for the abolition of [[slavery]]. == Contemporary relevance == Notwithstanding the fact that Marx won the most influential author of the century the cynics at the Times can only 'explain' that its hard to read because it has equations - particularly ironic given the free market economics they promote which has lead to such a disaster is almost entirely mathematical: {{cquote2|This is a book that will be read long after Milton and Shakespeare have been forgotten - only not until then. It isn't exactly an easy read. Generally, for most people, books with equations are best avoided. The introduction is comprehensible to the layman and, in its last few pages, it ends on a high. In the middle, it gets a bit sticky. ''Das Kapital'' is a reminder of Philip Larkin's definition of the English novel: a beginning, a muddle and an end. |''[[The Times]]'' <ref name = "TimesOnline">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4981065.ece Karl Marx: did he get it all Right?] by Philip Collins, ''[[The Times]]'', October 21, 2008</ref>}} In 2008, in light of the global financial crisis, book sellers in [[Berlin]] reported that copies of the book were "flying off the shelves."<ref name = "TimesOnline" /> == Volume I == {{main|Capital, Volume I}} == Volume II == {{main|Capital, Volume II}} == Volume III == {{main|Capital, Volume III}} == "Volume IV" == A so-called Volume IV which Marx had intended to publish as a critical history of the theories of surplus-value proposed by the various political economists, and for which he left the draft manuscripts, was first published in part by [[Karl Kautsky]] and later in full as ''Theories of Surplus Value'' (3 parts) under the auspices of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in Moscow by [[Progress Publishers]], in London by Lawrence & Wishart and New York by International Publishers. == Translations == ''Capital'' has been translated into many languages. An English edition was translated by Samuel Moore and [[Edward Aveling]]; it was reissued in the 1970s by [[Progress Publishers]] of [[Moscow]]. More recent English translations by [[David McLellan (academic)|David McLellan]] and Ben Fowkes are also widely used. == See also == {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} * [[Accumulation by dispossession]] * [[Analytical Marxism]] * [[Étienne Balibar]] * [[Eduard Bernstein]] * [[G.A. Cohen]] * [[Capital (economics)]] * [[Capital accumulation]] * [[Capitalism]] * [[Commodity fetishism]] * [[Cost of capital]] * [[Crisis theory]] * [[Culture of capitalism]] * [[History of theory of capitalism]] * [[Immiseration thesis]] {{col-break}} * [[Krisis Groupe]] * [[Labor theory of value]] * [[Law of accumulation]] * [[Law of value]] * [[Marx's theory of alienation]] * [[Primitive accumulation of capital]] * [[Profit (economics)|Profit]] * [[Relations of production]] * [[Return on capital]] * [[Surplus labour]] * [[Surplus value]] * [[Valorisation]] * [[Value added]] {{col-break}} {{col-end}} == Online editions == *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm Capital, Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital] *[http://librivox.org/capital-volume-1-by-karl-marx/ ''Capital, Volume I''] in audio format, from [[LibriVox]]. *[http://books.google.com/books?id=afUtAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=capital+marx Capital, Volume I] 1906 edition, downloadable text and [[pdf]] from [[Google Books]] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/index.htm Capital, Volume II: The Process of Circulation of Capital] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm Capital, Volume III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ "Capital, Volume IV": Theories of Surplus Value] === Synopses === * [http://davidharvey.org/reading-capital/ Reading Marx's Capital] -- Series of video lectures by professor [[David Harvey]] *{{cite book |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Engels_Synopsis_of_Capital.pdf |title=Fredrick Engels' Synopsis of Capital |format=PDF |volume=I |pages=54 |year=1868 |publisher=Marxists }} (The first 4 parts (chapters) of the eventual 7 of Volume I) *{{cite book |url=http://www.workersliberty.org/system/files/fscache/FB/9B/FB9B4414 |title=Otto Ruhle's Abridgement of Karl Marx's Capital : A Critique of Political Economy |format=PDF |pages=48 |publisher=Workers' Liberty}} == Footnotes == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * [[Louis Althusser]] (1969) ''[http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm How to Read Marx's Capital]'' from ''[[Marxism Today]]'', October 1969, 302-305. Originally appeared (in French) in ''Humanité'' on April 21, 1969. * ''Capital: An Abridged Edition'', Karl Marx (Author), David McLellan (Editor), 2008, Oxford Paperbacks; Abridged edition, Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-199535-70-5 * '' Karl Marx's Das Kapital: A Modern-day Interpretation of a True Classic''. Steve Shipside, 2009, Infinite Ideas, Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-906821-04-3 *''Marx's Das Kapital--A Biography'', Francis Wheen, 2006, Atlantic Monthly Press,New York. ISBN-10: 0802143946; ISBN-13: 978-0802143945. == External links == {{commons|Das Kapital|Das Kapital}} {{Wikisource|Das Kapital}} *[http://www.econ.utah.edu/ehrbar/akmc.htm Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital]. Will help with understanding the early concepts. *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm Wage Labour and Capital]. An earlier document that deals with many of the ideas later expanded in Das Kapital. *[http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=11076 First in a series of accessible columns on Capital] by Joseph Choonara in [[Socialist Worker]] * [http://davidharvey.org Reading Marx’s Capital with David Harvey] A university open course, consisting of a close reading of the text of Marx's Capital Volume I in 13 video lectures. * [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1121/1227137525860.html Japan gives a comic twist to 'Das Kapital'] {{Marx/Engels}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapital, Das}} [[Category:1867 books]] [[Category:1885 books]] [[Category:1894 books]] [[Category:Books about capitalism]] [[Category:Economics books]] [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Political books]] [[Category:Communist books]] [[Category:Books by Karl Marx]] [[Category:Books in political philosophy]] [[ar:رأس المال (كتاب)]] [[ast:El capital]] [[bn:ডাস কাপিটাল]] [[zh-min-nan:Chu-pún-lūn]] [[ca:El capital]] [[cs:Kapitál (kniha)]] [[cy:Das Kapital]] [[da:Kapitalen]] [[de:Das Kapital]] [[es:El capital]] [[eo:La Kapitalo]] [[fa:سرمایه (کتاب)]] [[fr:Le Capital]] [[gl:Das Kapital]] [[ko:자본론]] [[hi:दास कैपिटल]] [[hsb:Das Kapital]] [[hr:Kapital (knjiga)]] [[id:Das Kapital]] [[it:Il Capitale]] [[ku:Kapîtal]] [[lt:Kapitalas (knyga)]] [[hu:A tőke]] [[ml:മൂലധനം (ഗ്രന്ഥം)]] [[arz:كتاب راس المال]] [[nl:Het Kapitaal]] [[ja:資本論]] [[no:Das Kapital]] [[nn:Das Kapital]] [[pl:Kapitał (Marks)]] [[pt:O Capital]] [[ro:Das Kapital]] [[ru:Капитал (Маркс)]] [[sq:Das Kapital]] [[sl:Kapital (knjiga)]] [[sh:Das Kapital]] [[fi:Pääoma (Marx)]] [[sv:Kapitalet]] [[ta:மூலதனம் (நூல்)]] [[th:ทุน (หนังสือ)]] [[tr:Das Kapital]] [[uk:Капітал (книга)]] [[vi:Tư bản (tác phẩm)]] [[zh:资本论]]'