Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '2405:9800:BC30:4B84:B3DA:4195:4515:6C17' |
Type of the user account (user_type) | 'ip' |
Time email address was confirmed (user_emailconfirm) | null |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | true |
Global edit count of the user (global_user_editcount) | 0 |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 177165 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Malayan Emergency' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Malayan Emergency' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Cambial Yellowing',
1 => 'Maury Markowitz',
2 => '反共抗獨光復民國',
3 => 'Aravtheexplore',
4 => '2804:D41:C291:6200:70D1:9DA6:C66C:5F76',
5 => 'Lightiggy',
6 => 'Rifqy3212',
7 => 'Orbitalbuzzsaw',
8 => '2601:645:4200:2540:248D:11E2:6D7A:4ACD',
9 => 'Chipmunkdavis'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 678982056 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 203429 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1948–1960 conflict in British Malaya}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Malayan Emergency<br />{{lang|ms|Darurat Malaya}}<br />{{lang|zh-hant|馬來亞緊急狀態}}<br />{{lang|ta|மலாயா அவசரகாலம்}}
| partof = the [[decolonization of Asia]] and [[Cold War in Asia]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
|image1=RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg
|alt1=
|image2=Outdoor portrait of Lee Min, leader of the communist Kepayang Gang in the Ipoh district in 1951 (AWM 4281801).JPG
|alt2=
|image3=Briggs' Plan civilians - IWM GOV 3821.png
|alt3=
|image4=OPERATIONS OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE IN MALAYA MAY 1950 IWM GOV 2267A.png
|alt4=
|image5=King's African Rifles in Malaya - IWM K 14004.png
|alt5=}}
'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|
* Australian [[Avro Lincoln]] bomber dropping 500lb bombs
* Communist leader [[Lee Meng]] in 1952
* RAF staff loads bombs to be used against communist rebels
* [[King's African Rifles]] search abandoned hut
* Civilians forcibly evicted from their land by the British as part of the [[Briggs' Plan]]
}}
| image_upright = 1.35
| date = 16 June 1948 – 31 July 1960<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=16|year1=1948|month2=07|day2=31|year2=1960}})
| place = [[British Malaya]]
| territory =
| result = [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces victory
* Independence of the [[Federation of Malaya]] on [[Independence Day (Malaysia)|31 August 1957]]
* [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] retreats to the [[Malaysia-Thailand border|Malayan-Thai border]]
* [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|Insurgency continues (1968-1989)]]
* Conflict resolved through the [[Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)]]
| combatant1 = ''' [[British Empire]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces:'''<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagdeco|Malaya}} [[Federation of Malaya]]
* {{flagcountry|Colony of Singapore}}
* {{flagcountry|Crown Colony of Penang}}<br />(until 1957)
* {{flagcountry|Crown Colony of Malacca}}<br />(until 1957)
* {{flagdeco|Kenya|colonial}} [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]
* {{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}<br />(until 1953)
* {{flag|Rhodesia and Nyasaland}}<br />(from 1953)
* {{flagdeco|Fiji|colonial}} [[Colonial Fiji|Fiji]]
{{flag|Australia}}<br />{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />'''Supported by:'''<br />{{flag|Thailand}}<br />(Thai–Malaysian border)
| combatant2 = '''[[Communism|Communist]] forces:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Malaya.svg}} [[Malayan Communist Party]]<!-- Please do not add foreign supporters here without either, (1) citing a reliable source directly, or (2) checking that the addition is supported elsewhere in the article as per WP:INFOBOXCITE -->
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Malayan National Liberation Army]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|UK}} United Kingdom
* [[Clement Attlee]]<br />(until 1951)
* [[Winston Churchill]] (1951–1955)
* [[Anthony Eden]] (1955–1957)
* [[Harold Macmillan]] (1957–1960)
* [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]]
* [[Robert Elliot Urquhart|Roy Urquhart]]
* [[Edward Gent]]
* [[Henry Gurney]]{{KIA|Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney}}
* [[Gerald Templer]]
* [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]]
{{flagdeco|Malaya}} Malaya
* [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]]
* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
* [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Razak]]
* [[Ismail Abdul Rahman|Tun Ismail]]
{{flagdeco|Colony of Singapore}} Singapore
* [[David Saul Marshall|David Marshall]]
* [[Lim Yew Hock]]
* [[Yusof Ishak]]
* [[Lee Kuan Yew]]
{{flagdeco|Australia}} Australia
* [[Robert Menzies]]
* [[Henry Wells (general)|Henry Wells]]
{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} New Zealand
* [[Sidney Holland]]<br />(1951–1957)
* [[Walter Nash]]<br />(1957–1960)
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Malaya.svg}} Malayan Communist Party
* [[Chin Peng]]
* [[Yeung Kwo]]{{KIA}}
* [[Lee An Tong]]
* [[Chang Ling-Yun]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg}} Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA)
* [[Abdullah CD]]
* [[Rashid Maidin]]
* [[Shamsiah Fakeh]]
* [[S. A. Ganapathy]]{{Executed}}
* [[Lau Yew]]{{KIA|Death of Lau Yew}}
* [[Muhammad Indera|Mat Indera]]{{Executed}}
* [[Lee Meng]]
* [[Toh Kar Lim]]
* Liew Kon Kim
| strength1 = Over 451,000 troops
* 250,000 [[Royal Malay Regiment|Malayan Home Guard]] (Malayan Regiment) troops
* 40,000 regular [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] personnel
* [[King's African Rifles]]
* [[Gurkha|Gurkha regiments]]
* 37,000 [[Special Constable]]s
* 24,000 Federation Police
* Unknown number of [[Orang Asli]] allies.
* Over 1,000 [[Iban people|Iban]] (Dayak) headhunters
| strength2 = Over 7,000 troops
* + 7,000 [[Malayan National Liberation Army|MNLA]] full-time troops (1951)
* + Estimated 1,000,000 sympathisers
* + 200–400 [[Japanese holdout|former Japanese troops]]
* Unknown number of [[Orang Asli]] allies
* Unknown number of [[Min Yuen]] civilian supporters
| casualties1 = {{flagdeco|UK}} 1,443 killed<br />{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 1,346 killed<br />{{flagdeco|UK}}{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 2,406 wounded<br />{{flagdeco|Australia}} 39 killed<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} 15 killed<br>{{flagdeco|Southern Rhodesia}} 8 killed
| casualties2 = 6,710 killed<br />226 executed<br>1,289 wounded<br />1,287 captured<br />2,702 surrendered
| casualties3 = Civilians killed: 2,478<br />Civilians missing: 810<br />Civilian casualties: 5,000+<br />'''Total killed: 11,107'''
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Malayan Emergency}}
}}
{{History of Malaysia}}
{{History of Singapore}}
The '''Malayan Emergency''', also known as the '''Anti-British National Liberation War'''<ref>{{cite book|first=Mohamed |last= Amin |editor-first= Malcolm |editor-last=Caldwell |title=The Making of a Neo Colony|year=1977|publisher=Spokesman Books, UK|page=216}}</ref> {{nowrap|(1948–1960),}} was a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] fought in [[British Malaya]] between communist pro-independence fighters of the [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, [[British Empire]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a communist state, while the Malayan Federation and Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests.<ref>Deery, Phillip. "Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?" Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 29–54.</ref><ref name="Siver, Christi L 2009. p.36">Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009., p.36</ref>{{sfn|Newsinger|2013|p=217}} The term "Emergency" was used by the British to characterise the conflict in order to avoid referring to it as a war, because London-based insurers would not pay out in instances of civil wars.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965 |last=Burleigh |first=Michael |publisher=Viking – Penguin Group |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-670-02545-9 |location=New York|page=164}}</ref>
The war began on 17 June 1948, after Britain declared a [[state of emergency]] in Malaya following attacks on [[plantations]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Small Wars Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965|last=Burleigh|first=Michael|publisher=Viking – Penguin Group|year=2013|isbn=978-0-670-02545-9|location=New York|pages=163–164}}</ref> which had been revenge attacks for the killing of left-wing activists.{{sfn|Newsinger|2013|p=216–217}} Leader of the [[Malayan Communist Party]] (MCP) [[Chin Peng]] and his allies fled into the jungles and formed the MNLA to wage a war for [[national liberation]] against British colonial rule. Many MNLA fighters were veterans of the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]] (MPAJA), a communist guerrilla army previously trained, armed and funded by the British to fight against [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japan]] during [[World War II]].<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=Everyone Lived in Fear: Malaya and the British way of Counterinsurgency |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |journal=Small Wars and Insurgencies |volume=23 |issue=4–5 |page=672 |date=28 September 2012 |s2cid=143847349 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> The communists gained support from many civilians, mainly those from the Chinese community.<ref name="the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc">Datar, Rajan (host), with author Sim Chi Yin; academic Show Ying Xin (Malaysia Institute, [[Australian National University]]); and academic Rachel Leow ([[University of Cambridge]]): [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1rm2 "The Malayan Emergency: A long Cold War conflict seen through the eyes of the Chinese community in Malaya,"] 11 November 2021, ''[[The Forum (BBC World Service)]],'' (radio program) [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]], retrieved 11 November 2021</ref> The communists' belief in [[class consciousness]], and both ethnic and gender equality, inspired many women and indigenous people to join both the MNLA and its undercover supply network the [[Min Yuen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khoo |first=Agnes |title=Life as the River Flows: Women in the Malayan Anti-Colonial Struggle |publisher=Merlin Press |year=2007 |location=Monmouth, Wales |pages=12–13 |language=English}}</ref> Additionally, hundreds of former Japanese soldiers joined the MNLA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hara |first1=Fujio |title=Former Japanese Soldiers Who Joined Communist Guerrillas in Malaya |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2016 |volume=89 |issue=2 (311) |pages=67–99 |doi=10.1353/ras.2016.0025 |jstor=26527760 |s2cid=201734987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26527760 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> After establishing a series of jungle bases the MNLA began raiding British colonial police and military installations. Mines, plantations, and trains were attacked by the MNLA to gain independence for Malaya by bankrupting the British occupation.
The British attempted to starve the MNLA using [[scorched earth]] policies through food rationing, killing livestock, and aerial spraying of the herbicide [[Agent Orange]].{{refn|name=sche|<ref name=BFBS21/><ref name=Mann13/><ref name=Hay82/><ref name=JaWa21/>}} The British engaged in [[extrajudicial killings]] of unarmed villagers, in violation of the [[Geneva Conventions]].<ref name=Siv18>{{cite book |last1=Siver |first1=Christi |title=Military Interventions, War Crimes, and Protecting Civilians |date=2018 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] / [[Springer Nature]]|quote=British efforts to educate soldiers about the Geneva Conventions either did not ever reach units deployed in Malaya or left no impression on them...All of these regiments went through the introductory jungle warfare course and received the same instruction about 'snap shooting' and differentiating between targets. Differences in training do not seem to explain why some units killed civilians while others did not.|chapter=Enemies or Friendlies? British Military Behavior Toward Civilians During the Malayan Emergency |pages=2–8, 19–20, 57–90|location=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0 |isbn=978-3-319-77690-3 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0}}</ref> The most infamous example is the [[Batang Kali massacre]], which the press has referred to as "Britain's [[My Lai massacre|My Lai]]".{{efn|name=BrMyL|eg ''The Times'' 2012,<ref name=TimesML12>{{cite news |title=A mistake or murder in cold blood? Court to rule over 'Britain's My Lai' |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-mistake-or-murder-in-cold-blood-court-to-rule-over-britains-my-lai-jpjmxt8r37q |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=28 April 2012 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''The Independent'' 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connett |first1=David |title=Batang Kali killings: Britain in the dock over 1948 massacre in Malaysia |location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/batang-kali-killings-britain-in-the-dock-over-1948-massacre-in-malaysia-10187309.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=18 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' 2012<ref name=Bowc12>{{cite news |last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |title=Batang Kali relatives edge closer to the truth about 'Britain's My Lai massacre' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/25/malaysia-military |work=The Guardian|location=London|date=25 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref> While the phrase has often been used in the British press, the scholar Matthew Hughes has pointed out in the journal ''Small Wars & Insurgencies'' that in terms of the number killed the massacre at Batang Kali is not of a comparable magnitude to the one at Mỹ Lai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Matthew |title=Introduction: British ways of counter-insurgency |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=October 2012 |volume=23 |issue=4–5 |pages=580–590|doi-access=free|location=London|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709771}}</ref> }} The [[Briggs Plan]] forcibly relocated between 400,000 and 1,000,000 civilians into [[concentration camps]] called "[[New village]]s".<ref name=Keo19>{{cite journal |last1=Keo |first1=Bernard Z. |title=A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency |journal=[[History Compass]] |date=March 2019 |volume=17 |issue=3|location=Hoboken|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|pages=e12523 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12523|s2cid=150617654 |quote=Despite their innocuous nomenclature, New Villages were in fact, as Tan demonstrates, concentration camps designed less to keep the communists out but to place the rural Chinese population under strict government surveillance and control.}}</ref>{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=50|loc="Their homes and standing crops were fired, their agricultural implements were smashed and their livestock either killed or turned loose. Some were subsequently to receive compensation, but most never did. They were then transported by lorry to the site of their 'new village' which was often little more than a prison camp, surrounded by a barbed wire fence, illuminated by searchlights. The villages were heavily policed with the inhabitants effectively deprived of all civil rights."}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kernial Singh |title=The Saga of the "Squatter" in Malaya |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|Journal of Southeast Asian History]] |date=March 1964 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1017/s0217781100002258|quote=The outstanding development of the Emergency in Malaya was the implementation of the Briggs Plan, as a result of which about 1,000,000 rural people were corralled into more than 600 'new' settlements, principally New Villages.}}</ref> Many [[Orang Asli]] indigenous communities were also targeted for internment because the British believed that they were supporting the communists.<ref name=Jones68>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Alun |title=The Orang Asli: An Outline of Their Progress in Modern Malaya |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|Journal of Southeast Asian History]] |date=September 1968 |location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|quote=Thousands of Orang Asli were escorted out of the jungle by the police and the army, to find themselves being herded into hastily prepared camps surrounded by barbed wire to prevent their escape. The mental and physiological adaption called for was too much for many of the people of the hills and jungle and hundreds did not survive the experience.|volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=286–305 |doi=10.1017/s0217781100004713}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Idrus |first1=Rusalina |title=The Discourse of Protection and the Orang Asli in Malaysia |publisher=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]|location=Penang|journal=Kajian Malaysia |date=2011 |volume=29 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=53–74 |url=http://web.usm.my/km/vol29_supp1_2011.html}}</ref>
Although the emergency was declared over in 1960, communist leader [[Chin Peng]] renewed the insurgency against the Malaysian government in 1968. This [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|second phase of the insurgency]] lasted until 1989.
==Origins==
{{See also|Circumstances prior to the Malayan Emergency}}
===Socioeconomic issues (1941–1948)===
The economic disruption of WWII on [[British Malaya]] led to widespread unemployment, low wages, and high levels of food price inflation. The weak economy was a factor in the growth of trade union movements and caused a rise in communist party membership, with considerable labour unrest and a large number of strikes occurring between 1946 and 1948.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=41}} Malayan communists organised a successful 24-hour general strike on 29 January 1946,<ref name="Eric Stahl 2003">Eric Stahl, "Doomed from the Start: A New Perspective on the Malayan Insurgency" (master's thesis, 2003)</ref> before organising 300 strikes in 1947.<ref name="Eric Stahl 2003" />
To combat rising trade union activity the British used police and soldiers as strikebreakers, and employers enacted mass dismissals, forced evictions of striking workers from their homes, legal harassment, and began cutting the wages of their workers.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=41}} Colonial police responded to rising trade union activity through arrests, deportations, and beating striking workers to death.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}} Responding to the attacks against trade unions, communist militants began assassinating strikebreakers, and attacking anti-union estates.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}} These attacks were used by the colonial occupation as a pretext to conduct mass arrests of left-wing activists.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=41}} On 12 June the British colonial occupation banned Malaya's largest trade union the PMFTU.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}}
Malaya's rubber and tin resources were used by the British to pay war debts to the United States and to recover from the damage of the Second World War.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}} Malaysian rubber exports to the United States were of greater value than all domestic exports from Britain to America, causing Malaya to be viewed by the British as a vital asset.<ref name=De07>{{cite journal |last1=Deery |first1=Phillip |title=Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?|url=https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15471/1/15471.pdf|via=[[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]] Research Repository|journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|date=1 January 2007 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |doi=10.1162/jcws.2007.9.1.29}}</ref><ref name="Siver, Christi L 2009. p.36" /> Britain had prepared for Malaya to become an independent state, but only by handing power to a government which would be subservient to Britain and allow British businesses to keep control of Malaya's natural resources.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=43}}
===Sungai Siput incident (1948)===
The first shots of the Malayan Emergency were fired during the [[Sungai Siput incident]], which happened on June 17, 1948, in the office of the Elphil Estate near the town of [[Sungai Siput]]. Three European [[plantation]] managers were killed by three young Chinese men suspected to have been communists.
The deaths of these European plantation managers was used by the British colonial occupation to either arrest or kill many of Malaya's communist and trade union leaders. These mass arrests and killings saw many left-wing activists going into hiding and fleeing into the Malayan jungles.
=== Origin and formation of the MNLA (1949) ===
Although the Malayan communists had begun preparations for a guerrilla war against the British, the emergency measures and mass arrest of communists and left-wing activists in 1948 took them by surprise.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=44}} Led by [[Chin Peng]] the remaining Malayan communists retreated to rural areas and formed, on 1 February 1949, the [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] (MNLA).<ref name="Postgate69">{{cite book |last1=Postgate |first1=Malcolm |last2=Air Historical Branch |first2=Ministry of Defence |title=Operation Firedog : air support in the Malayan emergency, 1948-1960 |date=1992 |publisher=H.M.S.O |location=London |isbn=9780117727243 |pages=4–14}}</ref>
The MNLA was partly a re-formation of the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]] (MPAJA), the communist guerrilla force which had been the principal resistance in Malaya against the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]] during WWII. The British had secretly helped form the MPAJA in 1942 and trained them in the use of explosives, firearms and radios.<ref name="book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson">{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Robert|title=The Malayan Emergency|year=2008|publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation|location=London|page=10}}</ref> Chin Peng was a veteran anti-fascist and trade unionist who had played an integral role in the MPAJA's resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher |last2=Harper |first2=Tim |title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWURxfct6SgC&pg=PA1929 |date= 2005 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-192719-0 |pages=344–345, 347–348, 350–351}}
</ref> Disbanded in December 1945, the MPAJA officially turned in its weapons to the [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]], although many MPAJA soldiers secretly hid stockpiles of weapons in jungle hideouts. Members who agreed to disband were offered economic incentives. Around 4,000 members rejected these incentives and went underground.<ref name="book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson" />
The MNLA began their war for Malayan independence from the British Empire by targeting the colonial [[natural resource|resource]] extraction industries, namely the tin mines and rubber plantations which were the main sources of income for the British occupation of Malaya. The MNLA attacked these industries in the hopes of bankrupting the British and winning independence by making the colonial administration too expensive to maintain.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Malayan Emergency Bren Gun.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Commonwealth propaganda leaflet dropped across Malaya, urging people to come forward with a [[Bren light machine gun|Bren]] gun and receive a [[Malayan dollar|$]]1,000 reward]]
== Communist guerrilla strategies ==
The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) employed guerrilla tactics, attacking military and police outposts, sabotaging rubber plantations and tin mines, while also destroying transport and communication infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Rehman|year=1993|title=A Malaysian Journey|page=27|publisher=Rehman Rashid |isbn=983-99819-1-9}}</ref> Support for the MNLA mainly came from the 3.12 million [[Malaysian Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] then living in Malaya, many of whom were farmers living on the edges of the Malayan jungles and had been politically influenced by both the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] and the resistance against Japan during WWII. Their support allowed the MNLA to supply themselves with food, medicine, information, and provided a source of new recruits.<ref name="O. Tilman 1966 407–419">{{cite journal|last=Tilman|first=Robert O.|title=The non-lessons of the Malayan emergency|journal=Asian Survey|date=August 1966|volume=6|issue=8|pages=407–419|doi=10.2307/2642468 |jstor=2642468|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/6/8/407/24029/The-Non-Lessons-of-the-Malayan-Emergency?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[ethnic Malay]] population supported them in smaller numbers. The MNLA gained the support of the Chinese because the Chinese were denied the equal right to vote in elections, had no land rights to speak of, and were usually very poor.{{sfnp|Christopher|2013|p=53}} The MNLA's supply organisation was called the [[Min Yuen]] (People's Movement). It had a network of contacts within the general population. Besides supplying material, especially food, it was also important to the MNLA as a source of intelligence.{{sfnp|Christopher|2013|p=58}}
The MNLA's camps and hideouts were in the inaccessible tropical jungle and had limited infrastructure. Almost 90% of MNLA guerrillas were ethnic Chinese, though there were some Malays, Indonesians and Indians among its members.<ref name=":2" /> The MNLA was organised into regiments, although these had no fixed establishments and each included all communist forces operating in a particular region. The regiments had political sections, [[commissar]]s, instructors and secret service. In the camps, the soldiers attended lectures on [[Marxism–Leninism]], and produced political newsletters to be distributed to civilians.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=7}}
In the early stages of the conflict, the guerrillas envisaged establishing control in "liberated areas" from which the government forces had been driven, but did not succeed in this.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=9}}
== British and Commonwealth strategies ==
[[File:SC protection team.jpg|thumb|left|Workers on a rubber plantation in Malaya travel to work under the protection of [[Special Constable]]s, whose function was to guard them throughout the working day against attack by communist forces, 1950.]]
During the first two years of the Emergency, British forces conducted a 'counter-terror,' characterised by high levels of state coercion against civilian populations; including sweeps, cordons, large-scale deportation, and capital charges against suspected guerrillas.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |date=28 September 2012 |title=Everyone Lived in fear: Malaya and the British way of counter-insurgency |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |journal=Small Wars & Counterinsurgencies |volume=23 |issue=4–5 |pages=682–684 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |via=Taylor & Francis Online |s2cid=143847349}}</ref> Police corruption and the British military's widespread destruction of farmland and burning of homes belonging to villagers rumoured to be helping communists, led to a sharp increase in civilians joining the MNLA and communist movement. However, these tactics also prevented the communists from establishing liberated areas' (the MCPs first, and foremost objective), successfully broke up larger guerrilla formations, and shifted the MNLA from a plan of securing territory, to one of widespread sabotage.<ref name=":3" />
Commonwealth forces struggled to fight guerrillas who moved freely in the jungle and enjoyed support from the Chinese rural population. British planters and miners, who bore the brunt of the communist attacks, began to talk about government incompetence and being betrayed by Whitehall.<ref>Souchou Yao. 2016. The Malayan Emergency A Small Distant War. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph series, no. 133. p. 43.</ref>
The initial government strategy was primarily to guard important economic targets, such as mines and plantation estates. In April 1950, General Sir [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]], most famous for implementing the [[Briggs Plan]], was appointed to Malaya. The central tenet of the Briggs Plan was to segregate MNLA guerrillas from their supporters among the population. A major component of the Briggs Plan involved targeting the MNLA's food supplies, which were supplied from three main sources: food grown by the MNLA in the jungle, food supplied by the Orang Asli aboriginal people living in the deep jungle, and MNLA supporters within the 'squatter' communities on the jungle fringes.<ref name="O. Tilman 1966 407–419" />
[[File:Terrorist in Malaya.jpg|thumb|A wounded suspected MNLA supporter being held and questioned after his capture in 1952]]
The Briggs Plan also included the forced relocation of some 500,000 rural Malayans, including 400,000 Chinese civilians, into internment camps called "[[new village]]s". These internment camps were surrounded by barbed wire, police posts, and floodlit areas, all designed to stop the inmates from contacting and supplying MNLA guerrillas in the jungles, segregating the communists from their civilian supporters.<ref name=Mann13>{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |title=The Sources of Social Power. Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sources-of-social-power/CE8493644C4615FD156312944E725F02 |date=2013 |quote=A bloody ten-year civil war, the Malayan Emergency was finally won by British forces using scorched earth tactics, including the invention of forcible relocation of villages into areas controlled by British forces.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781107028678 |page=16}}</ref><ref name=BFBS21>{{cite web |title=The Malayan Emergency – Britain's Vietnam, Except Britain Won |url=https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won |website=Forces Network|date=4 October 2021|quote=One of these strategies was the 'Scorched Earth Policy' which saw the first use of Agent Orange – a herbicide designed to kill anything that it came in contact with.|location=Gerrards Cross|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005003131/https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won|archive-date=5 October 2021|url-status=live|publisher=[[British Forces Broadcasting Service]] |language=en}}</ref>
In 1948 the British had 13 infantry battalions in Malaya, including seven partly formed [[Gurkha]] battalions, three British battalions, two battalions of the [[Royal Malay Regiment]] and a British [[Royal Artillery]] Regiment being used as infantry.<ref name="Hack:113">Karl Hack, ''Defense & Decolonisation in South-East Asia'', p. 113.</ref>
The Permanent Secretary of Defence for [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], Sir [[Robert Grainger Ker Thompson]], had served in the [[Chindits]] in Burma during World War II. Thompson's in-depth experience of [[jungle warfare]] proved invaluable during this period as he was able to build effective civil-military relations and was one of the chief architects of the counter-insurgency plan in Malaya.<ref>Joel E. Hamby. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219203036/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_32/ai_105853016 "Civil-military operations: joint doctrine and the Malayan Emergency"], ''Joint Force Quarterly'', Autumn 2002, Paragraph 3,4</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Peoples |first=Curtis |url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm |title=The Use of the British Village Resettlement Model in Malaya and Vietnam, 4th Triennial Symposium (April 11–13, 2002), The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023950/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm |archive-date=26 December 2007}}</ref>
In 1951, the British High Commissioner in Malaya, Sir [[Henry Gurney]], was killed near [[Fraser's Hill]] during an MNLA ambush. General [[Gerald Templer]] was chosen to become the new High Commissioner in January 1952. During Templer's two-year command, "two-thirds of the guerrillas were wiped out and lost over half their strength, the incident rate fell from 500 to less than 100 per month and the civilian and security force casualties from 200 to less than 40."<ref>{{cite book | last=Clutterbuck | first=Richard | title=Conflict and violence in Singapore and Malaysia 1945–83 | year=1985 | publisher=Graham Brash | location=Singapore}}</ref> Orthodox historiography suggests that Templer changed the situation in the Emergency and his [[The Templer Plan|actions and policies]] were a major part of British success during his period in command. Revisionist historians have challenged this view and frequently support the ideas of [[Victor Purcell]], a Sinologist who as early as 1954 claimed that Templer merely continued policies begun by his predecessors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramakrishna |first=Kumar |date=February 2001 |title='Transmogrifying' Malaya: The Impact of Sir Gerald Templer (1952–54) |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000030 |jstor=20072300|s2cid=159660378 }}</ref>
===Control of anti-guerrilla operations===
[[File:Police in Malayan Emergency.jpg|thumb|Police officers question a civilian during the Malayan Emergency.]]
At all levels of the Malayan government (national, state, and district levels), the military and civil authority was assumed by a committee of military, police and civilian administration officials. This allowed intelligence from all sources to be rapidly evaluated and disseminated and also allowed all anti-guerrilla measures to be co-ordinated.<ref name="conduct_1958_chap_3">Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya, Director of Operations, Malaya, 1958, Chapter III: Own Forces</ref> {{Better source needed|reason=This appears to be a primary document written during the war. Need to find a secondary source for this in the near future|date=June 2023}}
Each of the Malay states had a State War Executive Committee which included the State Chief Minister as chairman, the Chief Police Officer, the senior military commander, state home guard officer, state financial officer, state information officer, executive secretary, and up to six selected community leaders. The Police, Military, and Home Guard representatives and the Secretary formed the operations sub-committee responsible for the day-to-day direction of emergency operations. The operations subcommittees as a whole made joint decisions.<ref name="conduct_1958_chap_3" /> {{Better source needed|reason=This appears to be a primary document written during the war. Need to find a secondary source for this in the near future|date=June 2023}}
====Agent Orange====
{{further|Agent Orange}}
During the Malayan Emergency, Britain became the first nation in history to make use of [[herbicides]] and [[defoliants]] as a military weapon. It was used to destroy bushes, food crops, and trees to deprive the guerrillas of both food and cover, playing a role in Britain's food denial campaign during the early 1950s.<ref name=Hay82>{{cite book |last1=Hay |first1=Alastair |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6 |title=The Chemical Scythe: Lessons of 2, 4, 5-T, and dioxin |date=1982 |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Plenum Press / Springer Nature]] |isbn=9780306409738 |location=New York |pages=149–150 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6 |quote=It was the British who were actually the first to use herbicides in the Malayan 'Emergency'...To circumvent surprise attacks on their troops the British Military Authorities used 2,4,5-T to increase visibility in the mixed vegetation |author-link=Alastair Hay |s2cid=29278382}}</ref><ref name=JaWa21>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=Claus |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12189 |title=Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering |last2=Walters |first2=Adam |date=2021 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-123-353-1 |editor-last1=Schummer |editor-first1=Joachim |location=Singapore |pages=169–194 |chapter=Risk and Responsibility in Chemical Research: The Case of Agent Orange |doi=10.1142/12189 |editor-last2=Børsen |editor-first2=Tom |s2cid=233837382}}</ref> A variety of herbicides were used to clear [[lines of communication]] and destroy food crops as part of this strategy. One of the herbicides, brand name Trioxone, was a 50:50 mixture of butyl esters of [[2,4,5-T]] and [[2,4-D]]. This mixture was virtually identical to the later Agent Orange, though Trioxone likely had a heavier contamination of the health-damaging dioxin impurity.<ref name="NewScientist">{{cite magazine |date=19 January 1984 |title=How Britain Sprayed Malaya with Dioxin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_lWnBp1GUMC |magazine=New Scientist |volume=101 |pages=6–7 |issn=0262-4079 |number=1393}}</ref>
In 1952, Trioxone and mixtures of the aforementioned herbicides, were sprayed along a number of key roads. From June to October 1952, {{convert|1,250|acre|abbr=on}} of roadside vegetation at possible ambush points were sprayed with defoliant, described as a policy of "national importance".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The experts advised that the use of herbicides and defoliants for clearing the roadside could be effectively replaced by removing vegetation by hand and the spraying was stopped.<ref name="NewScientist" /> However, after that strategy failed{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}, the use of herbicides and defoliants in effort to fight the guerrillas was restarted under the command of British General Sir [[Gerald Templer]] in February 1953 as a means of destroying food crops grown by communist forces in jungle clearings. [[Helicopters]] and [[fixed-wing aircraft]] despatched [[sodium trichloroacetate]] and Trioxone, along with pellets of [[(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea|chlorophenyl]] [[N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine|N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine]] onto crops such as [[sweet potatoes]] and [[maize]]. Many Commonwealth personnel who handled and/or used Trioxone during the conflict suffered from serious exposure to dioxin and Trioxone. An estimated 10,000 civilians and guerrilla in Malaya also suffered from the effects of the defoliant, but many historians think that the number is much larger since Trioxone was used on a large scale in the Malayan conflict and, unlike the US, the British government limited information about its use to avoid negative world public opinion. The prolonged absence of vegetation caused by defoliation also resulted in major [[soil erosion]] to areas of Malaya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia |publisher=Phoenix Press |year=1984 |page=23}}</ref>
After the Malayan Conflict ended in 1960, the US used the British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a [[law of war|legally-accepted tactic of warfare]]. [[US Secretary of State]] [[Dean Rusk]] advised [[US President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] that the precedent of using herbicide in warfare had been established by the British through their use of aircraft to spray herbicide and thus destroy enemy crops and thin the thick jungle of northern Malaya.<ref name="USE">{{cite book |author=Bruce Cumings |title=The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |year=1998 |page=61}}</ref><ref name="Pamela Sodhy 1991 284–290" />
===Nature of warfare===
[[File:The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960 MAL35.jpg|thumb|Malayan Police conducting a patrol around the [[Belum-Temengor|Temenggor]], 1953]]
The British Army soon realised that clumsy sweeps by large formations were unproductive.{{sfnp|Nagl|2002|pp=67–70}} Instead, platoons or sections carried out patrols and laid ambushes, based on intelligence from various sources, including informers, surrendered MNLA personnel, aerial reconnaissance and so on. An operation named "Nassau", carried out in the [[Kuala Langat]] swamp is described in ''The Guerrilla – and how to Fight Him''{{Efn|Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP) 12-25,'The Guerrilla - And How To Fight Him'}} ): <!-- This is an absolutely massive colossal block of text to describe conditions which could be explained in a single paragraph. --> {{blockquote|On 7 July, two additional companies were assigned to the area; patrolling and harassing fires were intensified. Three terrorists surrendered and one of them led a platoon patrol to the terrorist leader's camp. The patrol attacked the camp, killing four, including the leader. Other patrols accounted for four more; by the end of July, twenty-three terrorists remained in the swamp with no food or communications with the outside world.
This was the nature of operations: 60,000 artillery shells, 30,000 rounds of mortar ammunition, and 2,000 aircraft bombs for 35 terrorists killed or captured. Each one represented 1,500 man-days of patrolling or waiting in ambushes. "Nassau" was considered a success for the end of the emergency was one step nearer.<ref>Taber, ''The War of the Flea'', pp.140–141. Quote from Marine Corps Schools, "Small Unit Operations" in ''The Guerrilla – and how to Fight Him''</ref>}}MNLA guerrillas had numerous advantages over Commonwealth forces since they lived in closer proximity to villagers, they sometimes had relatives or close friends in the village, and they were not afraid to threaten violence or torture and murder village leaders as an example to the others, which forced them to assist them with food and information. British forces thus faced a dual threat: the MNLA guerrillas and the silent network in villages who supported them. British troops often described the terror of jungle patrols. In addition to watching out for MNLA guerrillas, they had to navigate difficult terrain and avoid dangerous animals and insects. Many patrols would stay in the jungle for days, even weeks, without encountering the MNLA guerrillas. That strategy led to the infamous [[Batang Kali massacre]] in which 24 unarmed villagers were executed by British troops.<ref name="MAY" /><ref name="MAL" />
Royal Air Force activities, grouped under "Operation Firedog" included ground attacks in support of troops and the transport of supplies. The RAF used a wide mixture of aircraft to attack MNLA positions: from the new [[Avro Lincoln]] heavy bomber to [[Short Sunderland]] flying boats. Jets were used in the conflict when [[de Havilland Vampire]]s replaced Spitfires of [[No. 60 Squadron RAF]] in 1950 and were used for ground attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60squadron.cfm |title=60(R) Squadron |work=Royal Air Force |year=2016 |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151633/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60Squadron.cfm |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> Jet bombers came with the [[English Electric Canberra]] in 1955 The [[No. 194 Squadron RAF|Casualty Evacuation Flight]] was formed in early 1953 to bring the wounded out of the jungles; it used early helicopters such as the [[Westland Dragonfly]], landing in small clearings <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html | title=Operation Firedog: The RAF in Malaya -1948-1960 | date=31 October 2018 |website=War History Online |first1=Dean |last1=Smith |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811154813/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html |archive-date= Aug 11, 2023 }}</ref> The RAF progressed to using [[Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)|Westland Whirlwind]] helicopters to deploy troops in the jungle.
The MNLA was vastly outnumbered by the British forces and their Commonwealth and colonial allies in terms of regular full-time soldiers. Siding with the British occupation were a maximum of 40,000 British and other Commonwealth troops, 250,000 Home Guard members, and 66,000 police agents. Supporting the communists were 7,000+ communist guerrillas (1951 peak), an estimated 1,000,000 sympathisers, and an unknown number of civilian [[Min Yuen]] supporters and [[Orang Asli]] sympathisers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hack|first=Karl|date=2012|title=Everyone lived in fear: Malaya and the British way of counter-insurgency|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764|journal=Small Wars and Insurgencies|volume=23|issue=4–5|pages=671–699|doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709764|s2cid=143847349|via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref>
==Commonwealth contribution==
Commonwealth forces from Africa and the Pacific fought on the British backed Federation of Malaya side during the Malayan Emergency. These included troops from Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Kenya, [[Nyasaland]], [[Northern Rhodesia|Northern]] and [[Southern Rhodesia]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Malayan Campaign 1948–60 |last=Scurr |first=John |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2005 |orig-year=1981 |isbn=978-0-85045-476-5}}</ref>
===Australia and Pacific Commonwealth forces===
{{Main|Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency}}
Australian ground forces first joined the Malayan Emergency in 1955 with the deployment of the [[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (2 RAR).<ref name="awm.gov.au">{{cite web|title=Malayan Emergency, 1950–60|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503033039/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp|archive-date=3 May 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> The 2 RAR was later replaced by [[3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|3 RAR]], which in turn was replaced by [[1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|1 RAR]]. The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] contributed [[No. 1 Squadron RAAF|No. 1 Squadron]] ([[Avro Lincoln]] bombers) and [[No. 38 Squadron RAAF|No. 38 Squadron]] ([[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47]] transports). In 1955, the RAAF extended [[RAAF Base Butterworth|Butterworth air base]], from which [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] bombers of [[No. 2 Squadron RAAF|No. 2 Squadron]] (replacing No. 1 Squadron) and [[CAC Sabre]]s of [[No. 78 Wing RAAF|No. 78 Wing]] carried out ground attack missions against the guerrillas. The [[Royal Australian Navy]] destroyers {{HMAS|Warramunga|I44|2}} and {{HMAS|Arunta|I30|2}} joined the force in June 1955. Between 1956 and 1960, the aircraft carriers {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|2}} and {{HMAS|Sydney|1944|2}} and destroyers {{HMAS|Anzac|D59|2}}, {{HMAS|Quadrant|G11|2}}, {{HMAS|Queenborough|G30|2}}, {{HMAS|Quiberon|G81|2}}, {{HMAS|Quickmatch|G92|2}}, {{HMAS|Tobruk|D37|2}}, {{HMAS|Vampire|D11|2}}, {{HMAS|Vendetta|D08|2}} and {{HMAS|Voyager|D04|2}} were attached to the [[Far East Strategic Reserve|Commonwealth Strategic Reserve]] forces for three to nine months at a time. Several of the destroyers fired on communist positions in [[Johor]] State.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}{{Main|Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia}}
New Zealand's first contribution came in 1949, when [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47 Dakotas]] of [[No. 41 Squadron RNZAF|RNZAF No. 41 Squadron]] were attached to the [[Royal Air Force]]'s [[RAF Far East Air Force|Far East Air Force]]. New Zealand became more directly involved in the conflict in 1955; from May, RNZAF [[de Havilland Vampire]]s and [[de Havilland Venom|Venoms]] began to fly strike missions. In November 1955 133 soldiers of what was to become the [[Special Air Service of New Zealand]] arrived from Singapore, for training in-country with the British SAS, beginning operations by April 1956. The [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] continued to carry out strike missions with Venoms of [[No. 14 Squadron RNZAF|No. 14 Squadron]]<ref>Ian McGibbon (Ed.), (2000). ''The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History.'' p.294.</ref> and later [[No. 75 Squadron RNZAF|No. 75 Squadron]] [[English Electric Canberra]]s bombers, as well as supply-dropping operations in support of anti-guerrilla forces, using the [[Bristol Freighter]]. A total of 1,300 New Zealanders were stationed in Malaya between 1948 and 1964, and fifteen lost their lives.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Approximately 1,600 Fijian troops were involved in the Malayan Emergency from 1952 to 1956.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/|title=Documentary To Explore Fijian, Malaysian Links |access-date=13 September 2014 |work=Fiji Sun |date=30 January 2014|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183752/https://fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/|url-status=live }}</ref> The experience was captured in the documentary, ''Back to Batu Pahat''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
===African Commonwealth forces===
{{Main|Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency}}
[[File:C Squadron (Rhodesian) SAS, 1953.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Rhodesian Special Air Service|"C" Squadron]], the all-Southern Rhodesian unit of the Special Air Service (SAS), in Malaya in 1953|alt=A formative black-and-white photograph of military personnel. The men wear khaki shirts and shorts with long, dark-coloured socks. They all wear dark berets.]]
[[Southern Rhodesia]] and its successor, the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], contributed two units to Malaya. Between 1951 and 1953, white Southern Rhodesian volunteers formed [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|"C" Squadron]] of the [[Special Air Service]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Binda |first=Alexandre |title=Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment |date=November 2007 |publisher=30° South Publishers |isbn=978-1920143039 |editor-last=Heppenstall |editor-first=David |location=Johannesburg |page=127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shortt |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg |title=The Special Air Service |publisher=Osprey Publishing |others=illustrated by Angus McBride |year=1981 |isbn=0-85045-396-8 |series=Men-at-arms 116 |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg/page/n19 19]–20 |author-link1= |url-access=limited}}</ref> The [[Rhodesian African Rifles]], comprising black soldiers and [[warrant officer]]s led by white officers, were stationed in [[Johor]]e between 1956 and 1958.<ref>{{cite book |last=Binda |first=Alexandre |title=Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment |date=November 2007 |publisher=30° South Publishers |isbn=978-1920143039 |editor-last=Heppenstall |editor-first=David |location=Johannesburg |pages=127–128}}</ref> The [[King's African Rifles]] from [[Nyasaland]], [[Northern Rhodesia]] and [[Kenya]] were also deployed to Malaya.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
== The October Resolution ==
Later, MNLA leader Chin Peng stated that the killing of Henry Gurney had little effect and that the communists were already altering their strategy, according to new guidelines enshrined in the so-called "October Resolutions".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aPdeJinXGwC&pg=PA298 |title=Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party |author1=C. C. Chin |author2=Hack, Karl |publisher=NUS Press|year= 2004|isbn=9789971692872}}</ref> The October Resolutions, a response to the Briggs Plan, involved a change of tactics by the MNLA by reducing attacks on economic targets and civilian collaborators, redirecting their efforts towards political organisation and subversion, and bolstering the supply network from the [[Min Yuen]] as well as jungle farming.
[[File:Chin Peng wanted by Malaya.jpg|thumb|Headline on page 1 of ''[[The Straits Times]]'' of 1952. [[Chin Peng]]: Public Enemy No.1]]
== Amnesty declaration ==
On 8 September 1955, the Government of the Federation of Malaya issued a declaration of amnesty to the communists.<ref>Memorandum from the Chief Minister and Minister for Internal and Security, No. 386/17/56, 30 April 1956. CO1030/30</ref> The Government of Singapore issued an identical offer at the same time. [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], as Chief Minister, offered amnesty but rejected negotiations with the MNLA. The amnesty read that:
* Those of you who come in and surrender will not be prosecuted for any offence connected with the Emergency, which you have committed under Communist direction, either before this date or in ignorance of this declaration.
* You may surrender now and to whom you like including to members of the public.
* There will be no general "ceasefire" but the security forces will be on alert to help those who wish to accept this offer and for this purpose local "ceasefire" will be arranged.
* The Government will conduct investigations on those who surrender. Those who show that they are genuinely intent to be loyal to the Government of Malaya and to give up their Communist activities will be helped to regain their normal position in society and be reunited with their families. As regards the remainder, restrictions will have to be placed on their liberty but if any of them wish to go to China, their request will be given due consideration.<ref name="ReferenceA">Prof Madya Dr. Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, Tunku Abdul Rahman and His Role in the Baling Talks</ref> {{Better source needed|reason=This citation has no page numbers|date=June 2023}}
Following this amnesty declaration, an intensive publicity campaign was launched by the government. Alliance Ministers in the Federal Government travelled extensively across Malaya exhorting civilians to call upon communist forces to surrender their weapons and accept the amnesty. Despite the campaign, few Communist guerrillas chose to surrender. Some political activists criticised the amnesty for being too restrictive and for being a rewording of earlier well established surrender offers. These critics advocated for direct negotiations with the communist guerrillas of the MNLA and MCP to work on a peace settlement. Leading officials of the [[Labour Party of Malaya|Labour Party]] had, as part of the settlement, not excluded the possibility of recognition of the MCP as a political organisation. Within the Alliance itself, influential elements in both the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] and [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]] were endeavouring to persuade the Chief Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, to hold negotiations with the MCP.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{Better source needed|reason=This citation has no page numbers|date=June 2023}}
===Baling Talks and their consequences===
{{Main|Baling Talks}}
[[File:Malya Emergency British Artillery.jpg|thumb|left|British artillery firing on MNLA guerrillas in the Malayan jungle, 1955]]
In 1955 Chin Peng indicated that he would be willing to meet with British officials alongside senior Malayan politicians. The result of this was the Baling Talks, a meeting which took place between communist and Commonwealth forces to debate a peace treaty. The Baling Talks took place inside an English School in [[Baling]] on 28 December 1955. The MCP and MNLA was represented by [[Chin Peng]], [[Rashid Maidin]], and [[Chen Tien]]. The Commonwealth forces were represented by [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], [[Tan Cheng Lock|Tan Cheng-Lock]] and [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Saul Marshall]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Despite the meeting being conducted successfully, the British forces was worried that a peace treaty with the MCP would lead to communist activists regaining influence in society. As a result, many of Chin Peng's demands were dismissed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Following the failure of the talks, Tunku Abdul Rahman withdraw the amnesty offers for MNLA members on 8 February 1956, five months after it had been offered, stating he was unwilling to meet the Communists again unless they indicated beforehand their intention to make "a complete surrender".<ref>MacGillivray to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 15 March 1956, CO1030/22</ref>
Following the failure of the Baling Talks, the MCP made various efforts to resume peace negotiations with the Malayan government, all without success. Meanwhile, discussions began in the new Emergency Operations Council to intensify the "People's War" against the guerrillas. In July 1957, a few weeks before independence, the MCP made another attempt at peace talks, suggesting the following conditions for a negotiated peace:{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* its members should be given privileges enjoyed by citizens
* a guarantee that political as well as armed members of the MCP would not be punished
The failure of the talks affected MCP policy. The strength of the MNLA and 'Min Yuen' declined to only 1830 members in August 1957. Those who remained faced exile, or death in the jungle. However, Tunku Abdul Rahman did not respond to the MCP's proposals. Following the declaration of Malaya's independence in August 1957, the MNLA lost its rationale as a force of colonial liberation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
The last serious resistance from MNLA guerrillas ended with a surrender in the [[Telok Anson]] marsh area in 1958. The remaining MNLA forces fled to the [[Thailand|Thai border]] and further east. On 31 July 1960 the Malayan government declared the state of emergency over, and Chin Peng left south Thailand for Beijing where he was accommodated by the Chinese authorities in the International Liaison Bureau, where many other Southeast Asian Communist Party leaders were housed.<ref>Garver, J. W. (2016). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp 216</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Check author names--> |first= |title=Former communist leader dies |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/370041/former-communist-leader-dies |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>
==Casualties==
During the conflict, security forces killed 6,710 MNLA guerrillas and captured 1,287, while 2,702 guerrillas surrendered during the conflict, and approximately 500 more did so at its conclusion. A total of 226 guerrillas were executed. 1,346 Malayan troops and police were killed during the fighting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html |title=Royal Malaysian Police (Malaysia) |publisher=Crwflags.com |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232634/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 1,443 British personnel died, in what remains the largest loss of life among UK armed forces since the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK Armed Forces Deaths: Operational deaths post World War II |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=2 September 2023 |ref=UK MoD |page=5 |date=31 March 2016}}</ref> 2,478 civilians were killed, with another 810 recorded as missing.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52 |title=Long Tan: The Start of a Lifelong Battle |last=Smith |first=Harry |date=1 August 2015 |publisher=Big Sky Publishing |isbn=9781922132321 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2%2C478+civilians&pg=PT52 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><!-- No page numbers?
The citation includes a link to a google books site which shows me where the casualty numbers are, but this strange book appears to have no page numbers.
How are we supposed to cite a book with no page numbers? -->
==Atrocities==
===Commonwealth===
====Torture====
During the Malayan conflict, there were instances during operations to find MNLA guerrillas where British troops detained and allegedly [[torture]]d villagers who were suspected of aiding the MNLA. Socialist historian Brian Lapping said that there was "some vicious conduct by the British forces, who routinely beat up Chinese [[Squatting|squatters]] when they refused, or possibly were unable, to give information" about the MNLA.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} ''[[The Scotsman]]'' newspaper lauded these tactics as a good practice since "simple-minded peasants are told and come to believe that the communist leaders are invulnerable".{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} Some civilians and detainees were also allegedly shot, either because they attempted to flee from and potentially aid the MNLA or simply because they refused to give intelligence to British forces.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
Widespread use of arbitrary detention, punitive actions against villages, and use of torture by the police, "created animosity" between Chinese squatters and British forces in Malaya and "were therefore counterproductive in generating the one resource critical in a counterinsurgency, good intelligence".<ref name="MAY">{{citation |last=Siver |first=Christi |title=The Other Forgotten War: Understanding Atrocities during the Malayan Emergency |date=2009 |work=Political Science Faculty Publications. 8 |url=http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=polsci_pubs |publisher=College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University |quote=<!-- Prepared for delivery at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
September 3-6, 2009 -->}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2021}} <!--p38-39 -->
====Batang Kali Massacre====
During the [[Batang Kali massacre]], 24 unarmed civilians were executed by the [[Scots Guard]]s near a rubber plantation at Sungai Rimoh near [[Batang Kali]] in [[Selangor]] in December 1948. All the victims were male, ranging in age from young teenage boys to elderly men.{{sfn|Hack|2018|p=210}} Many of the victims' bodies were found to have been mutilated and their village of Batang Kali was burned to the ground. No weapons were found when the village was searched. The only survivor of the killings was a man named Chong Hong who was in his 20s at the time. He fainted and was presumed dead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup|title=New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 April 2011|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710|title=Batang Kali massacre families snubbed|newspaper=The Sun Daily|date=29 October 2013|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211224000/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre|title=UK urged to accept responsibility for 1948 Batang Kali massacre in Malaya|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 June 2013|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19473258|title=Malaysian lose fight for 1948 'massacre' inquiry|website=BBC News|date=4 September 2012|access-date=13 January 2014|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183737/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-19473258|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon afterwards the British colonial government staged a coverup of British military abuses which served to obfuscate the exact details of the massacre.{{sfn|Hack|2018|p=212}}
The massacre later became the focus of decades of legal battles between the UK government and the families of the civilians executed by British troops. According to Christi Silver, Batang Kali was notable in that it was the only incident of mass killings by Commonwealth forces during the war, which Silver attributes to the unique subculture of the Scots Guards and poor enforcement of discipline by junior officers.<ref>Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009.</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
====Internment camps====
As part of the [[Briggs Plan]] devised by British General Sir [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]], 500,000 people (roughly ten percent of Malaya's population) were forced from their homes by British forces. Tens of thousands of homes were destroyed, and many people were imprisoned in British [[Internment Camp|internment camp]]s called "[[new village]]s". During the Malayan Emergency, 450 [[new village]]s were created. The policy aimed to inflict [[collective punishment]] on villages where people were thought to be support communism, and also to isolate civilians from guerrilla activity. Many of the forced evictions involved the destruction of existing settlements which went beyond the justification of [[military necessity]]. This practice is now prohibited by Article 17 (1) of Additional [[Protocol II]] to the [[Geneva Conventions]], which forbid civilian internment unless rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.<ref name="Gifu">{{cite web|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-17|title=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.: Article 17 - Prohibition of forced movement of civilians|publisher=International Humanitarian Law Databases}}</ref> <ref name="MAY"/><ref name="MAL">{{cite book |author=Fujio Hara |title=Malaysian Chinese & China: Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945–1957 |date=December 2002 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |pages=61–65}}</ref><ref name="Pamela Sodhy 1991 284–290">{{cite book |title=The US-Malaysian Nexus: Themes in Superpower-Small State Relations |pages=284–290 |publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia |author=Pamela Sodhy |year=1991}}</ref>
'''Collective punishment'''
A key British war measure was inflicting collective punishments on villages whose people were deemed to be aiding MNLA guerrillas. At [[Tanjung Malim|Tanjong Malim]] in March 1952, Templer imposed a twenty-two-hour house [[curfew]], banned everyone from leaving the village, closed the schools, stopped bus services, and reduced the rice rations for 20,000 people. The last measure prompted the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to write to the Colonial Office to note that the "chronically undernourished Malayan" might not be able to survive as a result. "This measure is bound to result in an increase, not only of sickness but also of deaths, particularly amongst the mothers and very young children". Some people were fined for leaving their homes to use external latrines. In another collective punishment, at [[Sungai Pelek|Sengei Pelek]] the following month, measures included a house curfew, a reduction of 40 percent in the rice ration and the construction of a chain-link fence 22 yards outside the existing barbed wire fence around the town. Officials explained that the measures were being imposed upon the 4,000 villagers "for their continually supplying food" to the MNLA and "because they did not give information to the authorities".<ref>{{cite book |author=Pamela Sodhy |title=The US-Malaysian nexus: Themes in superpower-small state relations |publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia |year=1991 |pages=356–365}}</ref>
====Deportations====
{{more detail needed|date="November 2021}}Over the course of the war, some 30,000 mostly ethnic Chinese were deported by the British authorities to mainland China.<ref name="the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc" /><ref>Chin, C. (2012). Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party. Chinese Edition.</ref> This would have been a war crime under Article 17 (2) of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, which states: "Civilians shall not be compelled to leave their own territory for reasons connected with the conflict."<ref name="Gifu" />
==== Headhunting and scalping ====
[[File:This Horror Must End.jpg|thumb|A Daily Worker article exposing newly uncovered images of British atrocities involving headhunting during the Malayan Emergency]]
During the war British and Commonwealth forces hired over 1,000 [[Iban people|Iban]] (Dyak) mercenaries from [[Borneo]] to act as jungle trackers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=It+was+also+revealed+that+Britain+had+recruited+over+1,000+mercenaries+from+the+Iban+people+of+Borneo&pg=PR11 |title=Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-39905-741-7 |location=[[Yorkshire]] |page=XI |language=en}}</ref> With a tradition of headhunting, they decapitated suspected MNLA members; the authorities held that taking the heads was the only means of later identification.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Simon |title=Dark Trophies: Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War |publisher=Berghahn |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-78238-520-2 |location=Oxford |pages=157–158 |language=English}}</ref> Iban headhunters were permitted by British military leaders to keep the scalps of corpses as trophies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=318}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> After the practice of headhunting in Malaya by Ibans had been exposed to the public, the Foreign Office first tried to deny that the practice existed, before then trying to justify Iban headhunting and conduct damage control in the press.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=316}}</ref> Privately, the Colonial Office noted that "there is no doubt that under [[international law]] a similar case in wartime would be a war crime".<ref name="MAL" /><ref name="Mark Curtis 61–71">{{cite book |author=Mark Curtis |title=The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy Since 1945 |date=15 August 1995 |pages=61–71}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Skull fragments from a trophy head were later found to have been displayed in a British regimental museum.<ref name=":1" />
===== Headhunting exposed to British public =====
In 1952, April, the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|British communist]] newspaper the [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|''Daily Worker'']] (today known as the [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|''Morning Star'']]) published a photograph of British [[Royal Marines]] inside a British military base openly posing with severed human heads.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=315}}</ref> By republishing these images the British communists had hoped to turn public opinion against the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Creech |first=Maria |date=December 2021 |title=All Too Graphic: Leaked photographs of colonial atrocities during the Malayan 'Emergency' shocked postwar Britain |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/all-too-graphic |journal=[[History Today]] |volume=71 |issue=12}}</ref> Initially British government spokespersons belonging to the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] and the [[Colonial Office]] claimed the photograph was fake. In response to the accusations that their headhunting photograph was fake, the ''Daily Worker'' released yet another photograph taken in Malaya showing British soldiers posing with a severed head. Later the Colonial Secretary, [[Oliver Lyttelton]], confirmed to parliament that the ''Daily Worker'' headhunting photographs were indeed genuine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peng |first1=Chin |title=Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History |last2=Ward |first2=Ian |last3=Miraflor |first3=Norma |publisher=Media Masters |year=2003 |isbn=981-04-8693-6 |location=Singapore |pages=302}}</ref> In response to the ''Daily Worker'' articles exposing the decapitation of MNLA suspects, the practice was banned by Winston Churchill who feared that such photographs resulting from headhunting would expose the British for their brutality.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=317}}</ref> However, Churchill's order to discontinue the decapitations was widely ignored by Iban trackers who continued to behead suspected guerrillas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=ignored+by+British+soldiers+and+the+decapitation&pg=PA23 |title=Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-39905-741-7 |location=[[Yorkshire]] |page=23 |language=en}}</ref>
Despite the shocking imagery of the photographs of soldiers posing with severed heads in Malaya, the ''Daily Worker'' was the only newspaper to publish them and the photographs were virtually ignored by the [[List of newspapers in the United Kingdom|mainstream British press]].<ref name=":4" /><gallery>
File:Malayan Emergency Iban headhunter.jpg|alt=|An Iban headhunter wearing a Royal Marine beret prepares a human scalp above a basket of human body parts.
File:Iban headhunter holding scalp during Malayan Emergency.jpg|An Iban headhunter posing with a human scalp
File:This is the War in Malaya.jpg|The Daily Worker exposes the practice of headhunting among British troops in Malaya. 28 April 1952.
File:Headhunters Malayan Emergency.jpg|Commonwealth soldiers pose with a severed head inside a British military base in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency
File:Malayan Emergency headhunting and poles.jpg|Two corpses and a severed head belonging to guerrillas killed by the [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment]].
</gallery>
==Comparisons with Vietnam==
===Differences===
[[Image:Jungle service dress.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Jungle service dress of the [[Somerset Light Infantry|1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry]] used in the emergency]]
The conflicts in Malaya and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] have often been compared.<ref name="the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc" /> However, the two conflicts differ in the following ways:
* The MNLA never numbered more than about 8,000 full-time insurgents, but the [[People's Army of Vietnam|People's Army of (North) Vietnam]] fielded a quarter of a million [[Regular army|regular troops]], in addition to roughly 100,000 [[Viet Cong|National Liberation Front (or Vietcong)]] partisans.
* The Viet Cong were agents of the government of [[North Vietnam]] and could count on substantial support from their "home" government; the MNLA had no such domestic state support.
* North Korea,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1427367.stm |title=N Korea admits Vietnam war role |work=BBC News |author=Gluck, Caroline |access-date=7 July 2001 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1427367.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Cuba<ref>Bourne, Peter G. ''Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro'' (1986) p. 255; Coltman, Leycester ''The Real Fidel Castro'' (2003) p. 211</ref> and the People's Republic of China (PRC) provided military hardware, logistical support, personnel and training to North Vietnam, whereas the MNLA received no material support, weapons or training from any foreign government.
* North Vietnam's shared border with its ally China (PRC) allowed for continuous assistance and provided a safe haven for communist forces, but Malaya's only land border is with non-communist Thailand.
* Britain did not approach the Emergency as a conventional conflict and quickly implemented an effective intelligence strategy, led by the Malayan Police Special Branch, and a systematic [[Winning hearts and minds|hearts and minds]] operation, both of which proved effective against the largely ''political'' aims of the guerrilla movement.<ref>Comber (2006), ''Malaya's Secret Police 1945–60. The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency''</ref><ref name="Clutterbuck">{{cite book|last=Clutterbuck|first=Richard|title=The long long war: The emergency in Malaya, 1948–1960|publisher=Cassell|year=1967}} Cited at length in Vietnam War essay on Insurgency and Counterinsurgency [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020064959/http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/essays/insurgency/0006.cfm Lessons from Malaya], eHistory, Ohio State University.</ref>
* The British military recognised that in a low-intensity war, individual soldiers' skill and endurance were of far greater importance than overwhelming firepower (artillery, air support, etc.). Even though many British soldiers were conscripted [[Conscription in the United Kingdom#After 1945|National Servicemen]], the necessary skills and attitudes were taught at a Jungle Warfare School, which also developed the optimum tactics based on experience gained in the field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf |work=British Operations in Malaya and Borneo, 1948-1966 |publisher=US Army, Combat Studies Institute |title=Analysis of British tactics in Malaya |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080911061212/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008 |pages=1–120}}</ref>
* Vietnam was less ethnically fragmented than Malaya. During the Emergency, most MNLA members were ethnically [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and drew support from sections of the Chinese community.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=53}} However, most of the more numerous indigenous [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], many of whom were animated by [[anti-Chinese sentiment]]s, largely remained loyal to the government and enlisted in high numbers into the security services.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=13}}
===Similarities===
The United States in Vietnam were highly influenced by Britain's military strategies during the Malayan Emergency and the two wars shared many similarities. Some examples are listed below.
* Both countries used Agent Orange. Britain pioneered the use of Agent Orange as a weapon of war during the Malayan Emergency. This fact was used by the United States as a justification to use Agent Orange in Vietnam.
* Both the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[United States Air Force]] used widespread [[Saturation bombardment|saturation bombing]].
* Both countries frequently used [[Internment Camp|internment camps]]. In Malaya, internment camps called [[New village|"New villages"]] were built by the British colonial occupation to imprison approximately 400,000 rural peasants. The United States attempted to replicate the New Villages with their [[Strategic Hamlet Program]]. However, the Strategic Hamlets were unsuccessful in segregating communist guerrillas from their civilian supporters.
* Both countries made use of incendiary weapons, including flamethrowers and incendiary grenades.
* Both the Malayan and Vietnamese communists recruited women as fighters due to their beliefs in [[Marxist feminism|gender equality]]. Women served as generals in both communist armies, with notable examples being [[Lee Meng]] in Malaya and [[Nguyễn Thị Định]] in Vietnam.
* Both the Malayan and Vietnamese communists were led by veterans of WWII who had been trained by their future enemies. The British trained and funded the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]] whose veterans would go onto resist the British colonial occupation, and the United States trained Vietnamese communists to fight against Japan during WWII.
==Legacy==
[[File:Tugu Negara.jpg|thumb|The [[Tugu Negara|National Monument]] commemorating those who died in Malaysia's struggle for freedom, including the Malayan Emergency]]
The [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] of 1963–66 arose from tensions between Indonesia and the new British backed [[Malaysia|Federation of Malaysia]] that was conceived in the aftermath of the Malayan Emergency.
In the late 1960s, the coverage of the [[My Lai massacre]] during the [[Vietnam War]] prompted the initiation of investigations in the UK concerning war crimes perpetrated by British forces during the Emergency, such as the [[Batang Kali massacre]]. No charges have yet been brought against the British forces involved and the claims have been repeatedly dismissed by the British government as propaganda, despite evidence suggestive of a cover-up.<ref>{{cite news |last=Townsend |first=Mark |title=New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 April 2011 |location=London |date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following the end of the Malayan Emergency in 1960, the predominantly [[Malaysian Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] [[Malayan National Liberation Army]], the armed wing of the MCP, retreated to the Malaysian-Thailand border where it regrouped and retrained for future offensives against the Malaysian government. A new phase of [[communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)|communist insurgency]] began in 1968. It was triggered when the MCP ambushed security forces in [[Kroh|Kroh–Betong]], in the northern part of [[Peninsular Malaysia]], on 17 June 1968. The new conflict coincided with renewed tensions between ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]] and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] following the [[13 May Incident]] of 1969, and the ongoing conflict of the [[Vietnam War]].{{sfnp|Nazar Bin Talib|2005|pp=16–17}}
Communist leader [[Chin Peng]] spent much of the 1990s and early 2000s working to promote his perspective of the Emergency. In a collaboration with Australian academics, he met with historians and former Commonwealth military personnel at a series of meetings which led to the publication of ''Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dialogues with Chin Peng – New Light on the Malayan Communist Party|url=https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng|website=National University of Singapore|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183651/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng|url-status=live}}</ref> Peng also travelled to England and teamed up with conservative journalist Ian Ward and his wife Norma Miraflor to write his autobiography ''[[Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng|isbn = 9789810486938|access-date = 17 May 2020|last1 = Chin|first1 = Peng|last2 = Ward|first2 = Ian|last3 = Miraflor|first3 = Norma O.|year = 2003| publisher=Media Masters |archive-date = 3 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng|url-status = live}}</ref>
Many colonial documents, possibly relating to British atrocities in Malaya, were either destroyed or hidden by the British colonial authorities as a part of [[Operation Legacy]]. Traces of these documents were rediscovered during a legal battle in 2011 involving the victims of rape and torture by the British military during the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sato|first=Shohei|date=2017|title='Operation Legacy': Britain's Destruction and Concealment of Colonial Records Worldwide|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=45|issue=4|pages=698, 697–719|doi=10.1080/03086534.2017.1294256|s2cid=159611286|issn=0308-6534|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== List of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency ==
These are the lists of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency. '''The list is uncompleted, so it would be great if it is complete.'''
# [[Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney]]
# [[Batang Kali massacre]]
# [[Battle of Semur River]]
# [[Bukit Kepong incident]]
# [[Labis incident]]
# [[Operation Termite]]
# [[Penang ambush]]
# [[Sungai Siput incident]]
==In popular culture==
{{Category see also|Works about the Malayan Emergency}}
In popular Malaysian culture, the Emergency has frequently been portrayed as a primarily Malay struggle against the Communists. This perception has been criticised by some, such as Information Minister [[Zainuddin Maidin]], for not recognising [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indians|Indian]] efforts.<ref>Kaur, Manjit (16 December 2006). [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation "Zam: Chinese too fought against communists"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031429/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2Fnation%2F16341437&sec=nation |date=4 June 2011 }}. ''The Star''.</ref>
A number of films were set against the background of the Emergency, including:
* ''[[The Planter's Wife (1952 film)|The Planter's Wife]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Windom's Way]]'' (1957)
* ''[[The 7th Dawn]]'' (1964)
* ''[[The Virgin Soldiers (film)|The Virgin Soldiers]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Bukit Kepong (film)|Bukit Kepong]]'' (1981)
* [[The Garden of Evening Mists (film)|''The Garden of Evening Mists'']] (2019)
Other media:
* [[Mona Brand]]'s stage production ''Strangers in the Land'' (1952) was created as political commentary to criticise the occupation, depicting plantation owners as burning down villages and collecting the heads of murdered Malayans as trophies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Linstrum|first=Erik|date=2017|title=Facts About Atrocity: Reporting Colonial Violence in Postwar Britain|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbx032|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=84|pages=108–127|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbx032|via=Oxford Academic}}</ref> The play was only performed in the UK at the tiny activist run Unity Theater because the British government had banned the play from commercial stages.<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[The Malayan Trilogy]]'' series of novels (1956–1959) by [[Anthony Burgess]] is set during the Malayan Emergency.
* In ''[[The Sweeney]]'' episode "The Bigger They Are" (series 4, episode 8; 26 October 1978), the tycoon Leonard Gold is being blackmailed by Harold Collins, who has a photo of him present at a massacre of civilians in Malaya when he was in the British Army twenty-five years earlier.
* Throughout the series ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)|Porridge]]'', there are references to Fletcher having served in Malaya, probably as a result of [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|National Service]]. He regales his fellow inmates with stories of his time there, and in one episode it is revealed that Prison Officer Mackay had also served in Malaya.
* ''[[Pennyworth (TV series)|Pennyworth]]''
==See also==
* [[Batang Kali massacre]]
* [[Battle of Semur River]]
* [[Briggs Plan]]
* [[British Far East Command]]
* {{section link|British war crimes|Malaya}}
* [[Bukit Kepong incident]]
* [[Chin Peng]]
* [[Cold War in Asia]]
* [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)]]
* [[Far East Strategic Reserve|Far East Strategic Reserve (FESR)]]
* [[History of Malaysia]]
* [[List of weapons in Malayan Emergency]]
* [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]]
* [[New village]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Christopher|first=Paul|chapter=Malaya, 1948–1955: Case Outcome: COIN Win|title=Paths to Victory: Detailed Insurgency Case Studies|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=51–63}}
* {{cite book |last=Komer|first=R.W|date=February 1972|title=The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organisation of a Successful Counterinsurgency Effort |publisher=Rand Corporation|isbn=|location=|pages=|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf|access-date=12 May 2019|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183706/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Newsinger |first=John |authorlink=John Newsinger |title=The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire|edition= 2nd |publisher=Bookmarks Publications |year=2013 |isbn=9781909026292 |location=London }}
* {{Cite book |last=Newsinger |first=John |title=British Counterinsurgency |edition=2nd |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-230-29824-8|location=Basingstoke }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |date=2018 |title='Devils that suck the blood of the Malayan People': The Case for Post-Revisionist Analysis of Counter-insurgency Violence |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0968344516671738 |journal=War in History |volume=25|issue=2 |doi=10.1177/0968344516671738 |s2cid=159509434 |via=Sage Journals |pages=202–226 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|last=Taber|first=Robert|year=2002|title=War of the flea: the classic study of guerrilla warfare|publisher=Brassey's|isbn=978-1-57488-555-2|location=|url=https://archive.org/details/waroffleaclassic00tabe}}
* {{Cite thesis |author=Nazar Bin Talib |title=Malaysia's Experience In War Against Communist Insurgency And Its Relevance To The Present Situation In Iraq |degree=Masters thesis |publisher=[[Marine Corps University]] |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA505882.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 June 2011 |year=2005 |access-date=6 January 2013}}{{bsn|reason=Per [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] masters are not generally considered reliable sources|date=December 2023}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Director of Operations|first=Malaya|year=1958|title=The Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya|publisher=Director of Operations Malaya|location=Federation of Malaya|pages=|isbn=1907521747}}
* {{cite journal|last=Comber|first=Leon|title=The Malayan Security Service (1945–1948) |journal=Intelligence and National Security |issue=3|year=2003|pages=128–153 |volume=18 |doi=10.1080/02684520412331306950|s2cid=154320718|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684520412331306950 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Comber|first=Leon|title=The Malayan Special Branch on the Malayan-Thai Frontier during the Malayan Emergency|journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=21 |issue=1|date=February 2006|pages=77–99|doi=10.1080/02684520600568352|s2cid=153496939}}
* {{cite book|last=Comber|first=Leon|year=2006|isbn=|chapter=Malaya's Secret Police 1945–60. The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency|title=PhD dissertation, Monash University|location=Melbourne|pages=|publisher=ISEAS (Institute of SE Asian Affairs, Singapore) and MAI (Monash Asia Institute)}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |date=1999 |title='Iron claws on Malaya': the historiography of the Malayan Emergency |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/iron-claws-on-malaya-the-historiography-of-the-malayan-emergency1/14AB9D441A3E75DF21C96AE1FA223C59 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–125 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400008043 |s2cid=163010489 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |year=1999 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529908432578 |url-access=subscription|pages=211–241|title=Corpses, Prisoners of War and Captured documents: British and Communist Narratives of the Malayan Emergency, and the Dynamics of Intelligence Transformation|journal=Intelligence and National Security |issn=0268-4527 |volume=14 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/02684529908432578}}
* {{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |year=2022 |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9781107439481}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=The Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation: The Commonwealth's Wars 1948–1966 |publisher= Pen and Sword |isbn= 9781848845558}}
* {{cite book|last=Jumper|first=Roy|year=2001|title=Death Waits in the Dark: The Senoi Praaq, Malaysia's Killer Elite |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-31515-9|location=|pages=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Keo |first= Bernard Z. |title=A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency |journal=History Compass |date=March 2019 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12523 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12523 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages= e12523 |s2cid= 150617654 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183725/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hic3.12523 |archive-date=3 January 2021 }}
* {{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=David F.|date=2016|title=The Malayan Emergency: How to Fight a Counterinsurgency War|work=Warfare History Network|url=http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183710/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/10/27/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Nagl|first=John A.|year=2002|title=Learning to Eat Soup With a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam|publisher=University of Chicago|isbn=0-226-56770-2|location=|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/learningtoeatsou00john}}
* Newsinger, John. (2016) ''British counterinsurgency'' (Springer, 2016) compares British measures in Mayaya, Palestine, Kenya, Cyprus, South Yemen, Dhofar, & Northern Ireland
* Short, Anthony (1975). ''The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–1960''. London and New York: Frederick Muller. Reprinted (2000) as ''In Pursuit of Mountain Rats''. Singapore.
* {{cite book|last=Stubbs|first=Richard|year=2004|title=Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948–1960|publisher=Eastern University|isbn=981-210-352-X|location=|pages=}}
* Sullivan, Michael D. "Leadership in Counterinsurgency: A Tale of Two Leaders" ''Military Review'' (Sep/Oct 2007) 897#5 pp 119–123.
* {{cite journal|last=Th'ng|first=Bee Fu|year=2019|title=Forbidden Knowledge: Response from Chinese-Malay Intellectuals to Leftist-Books Banning During the Emergency Period|journal=Sun Yat-sen Journal of Humanities|volume=|pages=|url=https://www.academia.edu/40326023|access-date=15 September 2019|via=|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183717/https://www.academia.edu/40326023/%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E5%AF%8C_%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98_%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8D%E6%8A%84%E6%AA%A2%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89_Thng_Bee_Fu_Forbidden_Knowledge_Response_from_Chinese_Malay_Intellectuals_to_Leftist_Books_Banning_During_the_Emergency_Period|url-status=live |language=zh}}
* {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Sir Robert|year=1966|title=Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam|publisher=F. A. Praeger|location=London|pages=|isbn=0-7011-1133-X}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ucko|first=David H.|year=2019|title=Counterinsurgency as armed reform: The political history of the Malayan Emergency|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|volume=42|issue=3–4|pages=448–479|doi=10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852|s2cid=158297553 |url-access=subscription}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010807010636/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.htm Australian War Memorial] ''(Malayan Emergency 1950–1960)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083748/http://fesrassociation.com/archives/toc.htm Far East Strategic Reserve Navy Association (Australia) Inc.] ''(Origins of the FESR – Navy)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060712043107/http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/malaya/malayamain.html Malayan Emergency] ''(AUS/NZ Overview)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060620092600/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/malaya/index.html Britain's Small Wars] ''(Malayan Emergency)''
* [http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php PsyWar.Org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161647/https://www.psywar.org/malaya.php |date=24 February 2021 }} ''(Psychological Operations during the Malayan Emergency)''
* [http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Databases/MalayaPostWW2/index.html www.roll-of-honour.com] ''(Searchable database of Commonwealth Soldiers who died)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140726/http://brigandboys.org.uk/index.php A personal account of flying the Bristol Brigand aircraft with 84 Squadron RAF during the Malayan Emergency – Terry Stringer]
* [https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960 The Malayan Emergency 1948 to 1960] Anzac Portal
{{Communism in Malaysia}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Malayan Emergency| ]]
[[Category:1948 in military history]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Communism in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Communism in Singapore]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Marines]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
[[Category:Cold War history of Australia]]
[[Category:Civil wars in Malaysia]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Decolonization]]
[[Category:Military operations involving chemical weapons]]
[[Category:Wars involving Australia]]
[[Category:Wars involving pre-independence Malaysia]]
[[Category:Wars involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Wars involving Rhodesia]]
[[Category:Wars of independence]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{} 1,346 killed<br />{{flagdeco|UK}}{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 2,406 wounded<br />{{flagdeco|Australia}} 39 killed<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} 15 killed<br>{{flagdeco|Southern Rhodesia}} 8 killed
| casualties2 = 6,710 killed<br />226 executed<br>1,289 wounded<br />1,287 captured<br />2,702 surrendered
| casualties3 = Civilians killed: 2,478<br />Civilians missing: 810<br />Civilian casualties: 5,000+<br />'''Total killed: 11,107'''
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Malayan Emergency}}
}}
{{History of Malaysia}}
{{History of Singapore}}
The '''Malayan Emergency''', also known as the '''Anti-British National Liberation War'''<ref>{{cite book|first=Mohamed |last= Amin |editor-first= Malcolm |editor-last=Caldwell |title=The Making of a Neo Colony|year=1977|publisher=Spokesman Books, UK|page=216}}</ref> {{nowrap|(1948–1960),}} was a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] fought in [[British Malaya]] between communist pro-independence fighters of the [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, [[British Empire]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a communist state, while the Malayan Federation and Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests.<ref>Deery, Phillip. "Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?" Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 29–54.</ref><ref name="Siver, Christi L 2009. p.36">Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009., p.36</ref>{{sfn|Newsinger|2013|p=217}} The term "Emergency" was used by the British to characterise the conflict in order to avoid referring to it as a war, because London-based insurers would not pay out in instances of civil wars.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965 |last=Burleigh |first=Michael |publisher=Viking – Penguin Group |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-670-02545-9 |location=New York|page=164}}</ref>
The war began on 17 June 1948, after Britain declared a [[state of emergency]] in Malaya following attacks on [[plantations]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Small Wars Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965|last=Burleigh|first=Michael|publisher=Viking – Penguin Group|year=2013|isbn=978-0-670-02545-9|location=New York|pages=163–164}}</ref> which had been revenge attacks for the killing of left-wing activists.{{sfn|Newsinger|2013|p=216–217}} Leader of the [[Malayan Communist Party]] (MCP) [[Chin Peng]] and his allies fled into the jungles and formed the MNLA to wage a war for [[national liberation]] against British colonial rule. Many MNLA fighters were veterans of the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]] (MPAJA), a communist guerrilla army previously trained, armed and funded by the British to fight against [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japan]] during [[World War II]].<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=Everyone Lived in Fear: Malaya and the British way of Counterinsurgency |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |journal=Small Wars and Insurgencies |volume=23 |issue=4–5 |page=672 |date=28 September 2012 |s2cid=143847349 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> The communists gained support from many civilians, mainly those from the Chinese community.<ref name="the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc">Datar, Rajan (host), with author Sim Chi Yin; academic Show Ying Xin (Malaysia Institute, [[Australian National University]]); and academic Rachel Leow ([[University of Cambridge]]): [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1rm2 "The Malayan Emergency: A long Cold War conflict seen through the eyes of the Chinese community in Malaya,"] 11 November 2021, ''[[The Forum (BBC World Service)]],'' (radio program) [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]], retrieved 11 November 2021</ref> The communists' belief in [[class consciousness]], and both ethnic and gender equality, inspired many women and indigenous people to join both the MNLA and its undercover supply network the [[Min Yuen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khoo |first=Agnes |title=Life as the River Flows: Women in the Malayan Anti-Colonial Struggle |publisher=Merlin Press |year=2007 |location=Monmouth, Wales |pages=12–13 |language=English}}</ref> Additionally, hundreds of former Japanese soldiers joined the MNLA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hara |first1=Fujio |title=Former Japanese Soldiers Who Joined Communist Guerrillas in Malaya |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2016 |volume=89 |issue=2 (311) |pages=67–99 |doi=10.1353/ras.2016.0025 |jstor=26527760 |s2cid=201734987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26527760 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> After establishing a series of jungle bases the MNLA began raiding British colonial police and military installations. Mines, plantations, and trains were attacked by the MNLA to gain independence for Malaya by bankrupting the British occupation.
The British attempted to starve the MNLA using [[scorched earth]] policies through food rationing, killing livestock, and aerial spraying of the herbicide [[Agent Orange]].{{refn|name=sche|<ref name=BFBS21/><ref name=Mann13/><ref name=Hay82/><ref name=JaWa21/>}} The British engaged in [[extrajudicial killings]] of unarmed villagers, in violation of the [[Geneva Conventions]].<ref name=Siv18>{{cite book |last1=Siver |first1=Christi |title=Military Interventions, War Crimes, and Protecting Civilians |date=2018 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] / [[Springer Nature]]|quote=British efforts to educate soldiers about the Geneva Conventions either did not ever reach units deployed in Malaya or left no impression on them...All of these regiments went through the introductory jungle warfare course and received the same instruction about 'snap shooting' and differentiating between targets. Differences in training do not seem to explain why some units killed civilians while others did not.|chapter=Enemies or Friendlies? British Military Behavior Toward Civilians During the Malayan Emergency |pages=2–8, 19–20, 57–90|location=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0 |isbn=978-3-319-77690-3 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0}}</ref> The most infamous example is the [[Batang Kali massacre]], which the press has referred to as "Britain's [[My Lai massacre|My Lai]]".{{efn|name=BrMyL|eg ''The Times'' 2012,<ref name=TimesML12>{{cite news |title=A mistake or murder in cold blood? Court to rule over 'Britain's My Lai' |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-mistake-or-murder-in-cold-blood-court-to-rule-over-britains-my-lai-jpjmxt8r37q |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=28 April 2012 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''The Independent'' 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connett |first1=David |title=Batang Kali killings: Britain in the dock over 1948 massacre in Malaysia |location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/batang-kali-killings-britain-in-the-dock-over-1948-massacre-in-malaysia-10187309.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=18 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' 2012<ref name=Bowc12>{{cite news |last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |title=Batang Kali relatives edge closer to the truth about 'Britain's My Lai massacre' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/25/malaysia-military |work=The Guardian|location=London|date=25 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref> While the phrase has often been used in the British press, the scholar Matthew Hughes has pointed out in the journal ''Small Wars & Insurgencies'' that in terms of the number killed the massacre at Batang Kali is not of a comparable magnitude to the one at Mỹ Lai.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Matthew |title=Introduction: British ways of counter-insurgency |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=October 2012 |volume=23 |issue=4–5 |pages=580–590|doi-access=free|location=London|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709771}}</ref> }} The [[Briggs Plan]] forcibly relocated between 400,000 and 1,000,000 civilians into [[concentration camps]] called "[[New village]]s".<ref name=Keo19>{{cite journal |last1=Keo |first1=Bernard Z. |title=A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency |journal=[[History Compass]] |date=March 2019 |volume=17 |issue=3|location=Hoboken|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|pages=e12523 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12523|s2cid=150617654 |quote=Despite their innocuous nomenclature, New Villages were in fact, as Tan demonstrates, concentration camps designed less to keep the communists out but to place the rural Chinese population under strict government surveillance and control.}}</ref>{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=50|loc="Their homes and standing crops were fired, their agricultural implements were smashed and their livestock either killed or turned loose. Some were subsequently to receive compensation, but most never did. They were then transported by lorry to the site of their 'new village' which was often little more than a prison camp, surrounded by a barbed wire fence, illuminated by searchlights. The villages were heavily policed with the inhabitants effectively deprived of all civil rights."}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kernial Singh |title=The Saga of the "Squatter" in Malaya |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|Journal of Southeast Asian History]] |date=March 1964 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1017/s0217781100002258|quote=The outstanding development of the Emergency in Malaya was the implementation of the Briggs Plan, as a result of which about 1,000,000 rural people were corralled into more than 600 'new' settlements, principally New Villages.}}</ref> Many [[Orang Asli]] indigenous communities were also targeted for internment because the British believed that they were supporting the communists.<ref name=Jones68>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Alun |title=The Orang Asli: An Outline of Their Progress in Modern Malaya |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|Journal of Southeast Asian History]] |date=September 1968 |location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|quote=Thousands of Orang Asli were escorted out of the jungle by the police and the army, to find themselves being herded into hastily prepared camps surrounded by barbed wire to prevent their escape. The mental and physiological adaption called for was too much for many of the people of the hills and jungle and hundreds did not survive the experience.|volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=286–305 |doi=10.1017/s0217781100004713}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Idrus |first1=Rusalina |title=The Discourse of Protection and the Orang Asli in Malaysia |publisher=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]|location=Penang|journal=Kajian Malaysia |date=2011 |volume=29 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=53–74 |url=http://web.usm.my/km/vol29_supp1_2011.html}}</ref>
Although the emergency was declared over in 1960, communist leader [[Chin Peng]] renewed the insurgency against the Malaysian government in 1968. This [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|second phase of the insurgency]] lasted until 1989.
==Origins==
{{See also|Circumstances prior to the Malayan Emergency}}
===Socioeconomic issues (1941–1948)===
The economic disruption of WWII on [[British Malaya]] led to widespread unemployment, low wages, and high levels of food price inflation. The weak economy was a factor in the growth of trade union movements and caused a rise in communist party membership, with considerable labour unrest and a large number of strikes occurring between 1946 and 1948.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=41}} Malayan communists organised a successful 24-hour general strike on 29 January 1946,<ref name="Eric Stahl 2003">Eric Stahl, "Doomed from the Start: A New Perspective on the Malayan Insurgency" (master's thesis, 2003)</ref> before organising 300 strikes in 1947.<ref name="Eric Stahl 2003" />
To combat rising trade union activity the British used police and soldiers as strikebreakers, and employers enacted mass dismissals, forced evictions of striking workers from their homes, legal harassment, and began cutting the wages of their workers.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=41}} Colonial police responded to rising trade union activity through arrests, deportations, and beating striking workers to death.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}} Responding to the attacks against trade unions, communist militants began assassinating strikebreakers, and attacking anti-union estates.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}} These attacks were used by the colonial occupation as a pretext to conduct mass arrests of left-wing activists.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=41}} On 12 June the British colonial occupation banned Malaya's largest trade union the PMFTU.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}}
Malaya's rubber and tin resources were used by the British to pay war debts to the United States and to recover from the damage of the Second World War.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=42}} Malaysian rubber exports to the United States were of greater value than all domestic exports from Britain to America, causing Malaya to be viewed by the British as a vital asset.<ref name=De07>{{cite journal |last1=Deery |first1=Phillip |title=Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?|url=https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15471/1/15471.pdf|via=[[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]] Research Repository|journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|date=1 January 2007 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |doi=10.1162/jcws.2007.9.1.29}}</ref><ref name="Siver, Christi L 2009. p.36" /> Britain had prepared for Malaya to become an independent state, but only by handing power to a government which would be subservient to Britain and allow British businesses to keep control of Malaya's natural resources.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=43}}
===Sungai Siput incident (1948)===
The first shots of the Malayan Emergency were fired during the [[Sungai Siput incident]], which happened on June 17, 1948, in the office of the Elphil Estate near the town of [[Sungai Siput]]. Three European [[plantation]] managers were killed by three young Chinese men suspected to have been communists.
The deaths of these European plantation managers was used by the British colonial occupation to either arrest or kill many of Malaya's communist and trade union leaders. These mass arrests and killings saw many left-wing activists going into hiding and fleeing into the Malayan jungles.
=== Origin and formation of the MNLA (1949) ===
Although the Malayan communists had begun preparations for a guerrilla war against the British, the emergency measures and mass arrest of communists and left-wing activists in 1948 took them by surprise.{{sfn|Newsinger|2015|p=44}} Led by [[Chin Peng]] the remaining Malayan communists retreated to rural areas and formed, on 1 February 1949, the [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] (MNLA).<ref name="Postgate69">{{cite book |last1=Postgate |first1=Malcolm |last2=Air Historical Branch |first2=Ministry of Defence |title=Operation Firedog : air support in the Malayan emergency, 1948-1960 |date=1992 |publisher=H.M.S.O |location=London |isbn=9780117727243 |pages=4–14}}</ref>
The MNLA was partly a re-formation of the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]] (MPAJA), the communist guerrilla force which had been the principal resistance in Malaya against the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]] during WWII. The British had secretly helped form the MPAJA in 1942 and trained them in the use of explosives, firearms and radios.<ref name="book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson">{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Robert|title=The Malayan Emergency|year=2008|publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation|location=London|page=10}}</ref> Chin Peng was a veteran anti-fascist and trade unionist who had played an integral role in the MPAJA's resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher |last2=Harper |first2=Tim |title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWURxfct6SgC&pg=PA1929 |date= 2005 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-192719-0 |pages=344–345, 347–348, 350–351}}
</ref> Disbanded in December 1945, the MPAJA officially turned in its weapons to the [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]], although many MPAJA soldiers secretly hid stockpiles of weapons in jungle hideouts. Members who agreed to disband were offered economic incentives. Around 4,000 members rejected these incentives and went underground.<ref name="book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson" />
The MNLA began their war for Malayan independence from the British Empire by targeting the colonial [[natural resource|resource]] extraction industries, namely the tin mines and rubber plantations which were the main sources of income for the British occupation of Malaya. The MNLA attacked these industries in the hopes of bankrupting the British and winning independence by making the colonial administration too expensive to maintain.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Malayan Emergency Bren Gun.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Commonwealth propaganda leaflet dropped across Malaya, urging people to come forward with a [[Bren light machine gun|Bren]] gun and receive a [[Malayan dollar|$]]1,000 reward]]
== Communist guerrilla strategies ==
The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) employed guerrilla tactics, attacking military and police outposts, sabotaging rubber plantations and tin mines, while also destroying transport and communication infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Rehman|year=1993|title=A Malaysian Journey|page=27|publisher=Rehman Rashid |isbn=983-99819-1-9}}</ref> Support for the MNLA mainly came from the 3.12 million [[Malaysian Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] then living in Malaya, many of whom were farmers living on the edges of the Malayan jungles and had been politically influenced by both the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] and the resistance against Japan during WWII. Their support allowed the MNLA to supply themselves with food, medicine, information, and provided a source of new recruits.<ref name="O. Tilman 1966 407–419">{{cite journal|last=Tilman|first=Robert O.|title=The non-lessons of the Malayan emergency|journal=Asian Survey|date=August 1966|volume=6|issue=8|pages=407–419|doi=10.2307/2642468 |jstor=2642468|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/6/8/407/24029/The-Non-Lessons-of-the-Malayan-Emergency?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[ethnic Malay]] population supported them in smaller numbers. The MNLA gained the support of the Chinese because the Chinese were denied the equal right to vote in elections, had no land rights to speak of, and were usually very poor.{{sfnp|Christopher|2013|p=53}} The MNLA's supply organisation was called the [[Min Yuen]] (People's Movement). It had a network of contacts within the general population. Besides supplying material, especially food, it was also important to the MNLA as a source of intelligence.{{sfnp|Christopher|2013|p=58}}
The MNLA's camps and hideouts were in the inaccessible tropical jungle and had limited infrastructure. Almost 90% of MNLA guerrillas were ethnic Chinese, though there were some Malays, Indonesians and Indians among its members.<ref name=":2" /> The MNLA was organised into regiments, although these had no fixed establishments and each included all communist forces operating in a particular region. The regiments had political sections, [[commissar]]s, instructors and secret service. In the camps, the soldiers attended lectures on [[Marxism–Leninism]], and produced political newsletters to be distributed to civilians.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=7}}
In the early stages of the conflict, the guerrillas envisaged establishing control in "liberated areas" from which the government forces had been driven, but did not succeed in this.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=9}}
== British and Commonwealth strategies ==
[[File:SC protection team.jpg|thumb|left|Workers on a rubber plantation in Malaya travel to work under the protection of [[Special Constable]]s, whose function was to guard them throughout the working day against attack by communist forces, 1950.]]
During the first two years of the Emergency, British forces conducted a 'counter-terror,' characterised by high levels of state coercion against civilian populations; including sweeps, cordons, large-scale deportation, and capital charges against suspected guerrillas.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |date=28 September 2012 |title=Everyone Lived in fear: Malaya and the British way of counter-insurgency |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |journal=Small Wars & Counterinsurgencies |volume=23 |issue=4–5 |pages=682–684 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709764 |via=Taylor & Francis Online |s2cid=143847349}}</ref> Police corruption and the British military's widespread destruction of farmland and burning of homes belonging to villagers rumoured to be helping communists, led to a sharp increase in civilians joining the MNLA and communist movement. However, these tactics also prevented the communists from establishing liberated areas' (the MCPs first, and foremost objective), successfully broke up larger guerrilla formations, and shifted the MNLA from a plan of securing territory, to one of widespread sabotage.<ref name=":3" />
Commonwealth forces struggled to fight guerrillas who moved freely in the jungle and enjoyed support from the Chinese rural population. British planters and miners, who bore the brunt of the communist attacks, began to talk about government incompetence and being betrayed by Whitehall.<ref>Souchou Yao. 2016. The Malayan Emergency A Small Distant War. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph series, no. 133. p. 43.</ref>
The initial government strategy was primarily to guard important economic targets, such as mines and plantation estates. In April 1950, General Sir [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]], most famous for implementing the [[Briggs Plan]], was appointed to Malaya. The central tenet of the Briggs Plan was to segregate MNLA guerrillas from their supporters among the population. A major component of the Briggs Plan involved targeting the MNLA's food supplies, which were supplied from three main sources: food grown by the MNLA in the jungle, food supplied by the Orang Asli aboriginal people living in the deep jungle, and MNLA supporters within the 'squatter' communities on the jungle fringes.<ref name="O. Tilman 1966 407–419" />
[[File:Terrorist in Malaya.jpg|thumb|A wounded suspected MNLA supporter being held and questioned after his capture in 1952]]
The Briggs Plan also included the forced relocation of some 500,000 rural Malayans, including 400,000 Chinese civilians, into internment camps called "[[new village]]s". These internment camps were surrounded by barbed wire, police posts, and floodlit areas, all designed to stop the inmates from contacting and supplying MNLA guerrillas in the jungles, segregating the communists from their civilian supporters.<ref name=Mann13>{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |title=The Sources of Social Power. Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sources-of-social-power/CE8493644C4615FD156312944E725F02 |date=2013 |quote=A bloody ten-year civil war, the Malayan Emergency was finally won by British forces using scorched earth tactics, including the invention of forcible relocation of villages into areas controlled by British forces.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=9781107028678 |page=16}}</ref><ref name=BFBS21>{{cite web |title=The Malayan Emergency – Britain's Vietnam, Except Britain Won |url=https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won |website=Forces Network|date=4 October 2021|quote=One of these strategies was the 'Scorched Earth Policy' which saw the first use of Agent Orange – a herbicide designed to kill anything that it came in contact with.|location=Gerrards Cross|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005003131/https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won|archive-date=5 October 2021|url-status=live|publisher=[[British Forces Broadcasting Service]] |language=en}}</ref>
In 1948 the British had 13 infantry battalions in Malaya, including seven partly formed [[Gurkha]] battalions, three British battalions, two battalions of the [[Royal Malay Regiment]] and a British [[Royal Artillery]] Regiment being used as infantry.<ref name="Hack:113">Karl Hack, ''Defense & Decolonisation in South-East Asia'', p. 113.</ref>
The Permanent Secretary of Defence for [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], Sir [[Robert Grainger Ker Thompson]], had served in the [[Chindits]] in Burma during World War II. Thompson's in-depth experience of [[jungle warfare]] proved invaluable during this period as he was able to build effective civil-military relations and was one of the chief architects of the counter-insurgency plan in Malaya.<ref>Joel E. Hamby. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219203036/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_32/ai_105853016 "Civil-military operations: joint doctrine and the Malayan Emergency"], ''Joint Force Quarterly'', Autumn 2002, Paragraph 3,4</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Peoples |first=Curtis |url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm |title=The Use of the British Village Resettlement Model in Malaya and Vietnam, 4th Triennial Symposium (April 11–13, 2002), The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023950/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm |archive-date=26 December 2007}}</ref>
In 1951, the British High Commissioner in Malaya, Sir [[Henry Gurney]], was killed near [[Fraser's Hill]] during an MNLA ambush. General [[Gerald Templer]] was chosen to become the new High Commissioner in January 1952. During Templer's two-year command, "two-thirds of the guerrillas were wiped out and lost over half their strength, the incident rate fell from 500 to less than 100 per month and the civilian and security force casualties from 200 to less than 40."<ref>{{cite book | last=Clutterbuck | first=Richard | title=Conflict and violence in Singapore and Malaysia 1945–83 | year=1985 | publisher=Graham Brash | location=Singapore}}</ref> Orthodox historiography suggests that Templer changed the situation in the Emergency and his [[The Templer Plan|actions and policies]] were a major part of British success during his period in command. Revisionist historians have challenged this view and frequently support the ideas of [[Victor Purcell]], a Sinologist who as early as 1954 claimed that Templer merely continued policies begun by his predecessors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramakrishna |first=Kumar |date=February 2001 |title='Transmogrifying' Malaya: The Impact of Sir Gerald Templer (1952–54) |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000030 |jstor=20072300|s2cid=159660378 }}</ref>
===Control of anti-guerrilla operations===
[[File:Police in Malayan Emergency.jpg|thumb|Police officers question a civilian during the Malayan Emergency.]]
At all levels of the Malayan government (national, state, and district levels), the military and civil authority was assumed by a committee of military, police and civilian administration officials. This allowed intelligence from all sources to be rapidly evaluated and disseminated and also allowed all anti-guerrilla measures to be co-ordinated.<ref name="conduct_1958_chap_3">Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya, Director of Operations, Malaya, 1958, Chapter III: Own Forces</ref> {{Better source needed|reason=This appears to be a primary document written during the war. Need to find a secondary source for this in the near future|date=June 2023}}
Each of the Malay states had a State War Executive Committee which included the State Chief Minister as chairman, the Chief Police Officer, the senior military commander, state home guard officer, state financial officer, state information officer, executive secretary, and up to six selected community leaders. The Police, Military, and Home Guard representatives and the Secretary formed the operations sub-committee responsible for the day-to-day direction of emergency operations. The operations subcommittees as a whole made joint decisions.<ref name="conduct_1958_chap_3" /> {{Better source needed|reason=This appears to be a primary document written during the war. Need to find a secondary source for this in the near future|date=June 2023}}
====Agent Orange====
{{further|Agent Orange}}
During the Malayan Emergency, Britain became the first nation in history to make use of [[herbicides]] and [[defoliants]] as a military weapon. It was used to destroy bushes, food crops, and trees to deprive the guerrillas of both food and cover, playing a role in Britain's food denial campaign during the early 1950s.<ref name=Hay82>{{cite book |last1=Hay |first1=Alastair |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6 |title=The Chemical Scythe: Lessons of 2, 4, 5-T, and dioxin |date=1982 |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Plenum Press / Springer Nature]] |isbn=9780306409738 |location=New York |pages=149–150 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6 |quote=It was the British who were actually the first to use herbicides in the Malayan 'Emergency'...To circumvent surprise attacks on their troops the British Military Authorities used 2,4,5-T to increase visibility in the mixed vegetation |author-link=Alastair Hay |s2cid=29278382}}</ref><ref name=JaWa21>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=Claus |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12189 |title=Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering |last2=Walters |first2=Adam |date=2021 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-123-353-1 |editor-last1=Schummer |editor-first1=Joachim |location=Singapore |pages=169–194 |chapter=Risk and Responsibility in Chemical Research: The Case of Agent Orange |doi=10.1142/12189 |editor-last2=Børsen |editor-first2=Tom |s2cid=233837382}}</ref> A variety of herbicides were used to clear [[lines of communication]] and destroy food crops as part of this strategy. One of the herbicides, brand name Trioxone, was a 50:50 mixture of butyl esters of [[2,4,5-T]] and [[2,4-D]]. This mixture was virtually identical to the later Agent Orange, though Trioxone likely had a heavier contamination of the health-damaging dioxin impurity.<ref name="NewScientist">{{cite magazine |date=19 January 1984 |title=How Britain Sprayed Malaya with Dioxin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_lWnBp1GUMC |magazine=New Scientist |volume=101 |pages=6–7 |issn=0262-4079 |number=1393}}</ref>
In 1952, Trioxone and mixtures of the aforementioned herbicides, were sprayed along a number of key roads. From June to October 1952, {{convert|1,250|acre|abbr=on}} of roadside vegetation at possible ambush points were sprayed with defoliant, described as a policy of "national importance".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The experts advised that the use of herbicides and defoliants for clearing the roadside could be effectively replaced by removing vegetation by hand and the spraying was stopped.<ref name="NewScientist" /> However, after that strategy failed{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}, the use of herbicides and defoliants in effort to fight the guerrillas was restarted under the command of British General Sir [[Gerald Templer]] in February 1953 as a means of destroying food crops grown by communist forces in jungle clearings. [[Helicopters]] and [[fixed-wing aircraft]] despatched [[sodium trichloroacetate]] and Trioxone, along with pellets of [[(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea|chlorophenyl]] [[N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine|N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine]] onto crops such as [[sweet potatoes]] and [[maize]]. Many Commonwealth personnel who handled and/or used Trioxone during the conflict suffered from serious exposure to dioxin and Trioxone. An estimated 10,000 civilians and guerrilla in Malaya also suffered from the effects of the defoliant, but many historians think that the number is much larger since Trioxone was used on a large scale in the Malayan conflict and, unlike the US, the British government limited information about its use to avoid negative world public opinion. The prolonged absence of vegetation caused by defoliation also resulted in major [[soil erosion]] to areas of Malaya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia |publisher=Phoenix Press |year=1984 |page=23}}</ref>
After the Malayan Conflict ended in 1960, the US used the British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a [[law of war|legally-accepted tactic of warfare]]. [[US Secretary of State]] [[Dean Rusk]] advised [[US President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] that the precedent of using herbicide in warfare had been established by the British through their use of aircraft to spray herbicide and thus destroy enemy crops and thin the thick jungle of northern Malaya.<ref name="USE">{{cite book |author=Bruce Cumings |title=The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |year=1998 |page=61}}</ref><ref name="Pamela Sodhy 1991 284–290" />
===Nature of warfare===
[[File:The Malayan Emergency 1948-1960 MAL35.jpg|thumb|Malayan Police conducting a patrol around the [[Belum-Temengor|Temenggor]], 1953]]
The British Army soon realised that clumsy sweeps by large formations were unproductive.{{sfnp|Nagl|2002|pp=67–70}} Instead, platoons or sections carried out patrols and laid ambushes, based on intelligence from various sources, including informers, surrendered MNLA personnel, aerial reconnaissance and so on. An operation named "Nassau", carried out in the [[Kuala Langat]] swamp is described in ''The Guerrilla – and how to Fight Him''{{Efn|Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP) 12-25,'The Guerrilla - And How To Fight Him'}} ): <!-- This is an absolutely massive colossal block of text to describe conditions which could be explained in a single paragraph. --> {{blockquote|On 7 July, two additional companies were assigned to the area; patrolling and harassing fires were intensified. Three terrorists surrendered and one of them led a platoon patrol to the terrorist leader's camp. The patrol attacked the camp, killing four, including the leader. Other patrols accounted for four more; by the end of July, twenty-three terrorists remained in the swamp with no food or communications with the outside world.
This was the nature of operations: 60,000 artillery shells, 30,000 rounds of mortar ammunition, and 2,000 aircraft bombs for 35 terrorists killed or captured. Each one represented 1,500 man-days of patrolling or waiting in ambushes. "Nassau" was considered a success for the end of the emergency was one step nearer.<ref>Taber, ''The War of the Flea'', pp.140–141. Quote from Marine Corps Schools, "Small Unit Operations" in ''The Guerrilla – and how to Fight Him''</ref>}}MNLA guerrillas had numerous advantages over Commonwealth forces since they lived in closer proximity to villagers, they sometimes had relatives or close friends in the village, and they were not afraid to threaten violence or torture and murder village leaders as an example to the others, which forced them to assist them with food and information. British forces thus faced a dual threat: the MNLA guerrillas and the silent network in villages who supported them. British troops often described the terror of jungle patrols. In addition to watching out for MNLA guerrillas, they had to navigate difficult terrain and avoid dangerous animals and insects. Many patrols would stay in the jungle for days, even weeks, without encountering the MNLA guerrillas. That strategy led to the infamous [[Batang Kali massacre]] in which 24 unarmed villagers were executed by British troops.<ref name="MAY" /><ref name="MAL" />
Royal Air Force activities, grouped under "Operation Firedog" included ground attacks in support of troops and the transport of supplies. The RAF used a wide mixture of aircraft to attack MNLA positions: from the new [[Avro Lincoln]] heavy bomber to [[Short Sunderland]] flying boats. Jets were used in the conflict when [[de Havilland Vampire]]s replaced Spitfires of [[No. 60 Squadron RAF]] in 1950 and were used for ground attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60squadron.cfm |title=60(R) Squadron |work=Royal Air Force |year=2016 |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151633/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60Squadron.cfm |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> Jet bombers came with the [[English Electric Canberra]] in 1955 The [[No. 194 Squadron RAF|Casualty Evacuation Flight]] was formed in early 1953 to bring the wounded out of the jungles; it used early helicopters such as the [[Westland Dragonfly]], landing in small clearings <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html | title=Operation Firedog: The RAF in Malaya -1948-1960 | date=31 October 2018 |website=War History Online |first1=Dean |last1=Smith |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811154813/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html |archive-date= Aug 11, 2023 }}</ref> The RAF progressed to using [[Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)|Westland Whirlwind]] helicopters to deploy troops in the jungle.
The MNLA was vastly outnumbered by the British forces and their Commonwealth and colonial allies in terms of regular full-time soldiers. Siding with the British occupation were a maximum of 40,000 British and other Commonwealth troops, 250,000 Home Guard members, and 66,000 police agents. Supporting the communists were 7,000+ communist guerrillas (1951 peak), an estimated 1,000,000 sympathisers, and an unknown number of civilian [[Min Yuen]] supporters and [[Orang Asli]] sympathisers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hack|first=Karl|date=2012|title=Everyone lived in fear: Malaya and the British way of counter-insurgency|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764|journal=Small Wars and Insurgencies|volume=23|issue=4–5|pages=671–699|doi=10.1080/09592318.2012.709764|s2cid=143847349|via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref>
==Commonwealth contribution==
Commonwealth forces from Africa and the Pacific fought on the British backed Federation of Malaya side during the Malayan Emergency. These included troops from Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Kenya, [[Nyasaland]], [[Northern Rhodesia|Northern]] and [[Southern Rhodesia]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Malayan Campaign 1948–60 |last=Scurr |first=John |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2005 |orig-year=1981 |isbn=978-0-85045-476-5}}</ref>
===Australia and Pacific Commonwealth forces===
{{Main|Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency}}
Australian ground forces first joined the Malayan Emergency in 1955 with the deployment of the [[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (2 RAR).<ref name="awm.gov.au">{{cite web|title=Malayan Emergency, 1950–60|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503033039/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp|archive-date=3 May 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> The 2 RAR was later replaced by [[3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|3 RAR]], which in turn was replaced by [[1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment|1 RAR]]. The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] contributed [[No. 1 Squadron RAAF|No. 1 Squadron]] ([[Avro Lincoln]] bombers) and [[No. 38 Squadron RAAF|No. 38 Squadron]] ([[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47]] transports). In 1955, the RAAF extended [[RAAF Base Butterworth|Butterworth air base]], from which [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] bombers of [[No. 2 Squadron RAAF|No. 2 Squadron]] (replacing No. 1 Squadron) and [[CAC Sabre]]s of [[No. 78 Wing RAAF|No. 78 Wing]] carried out ground attack missions against the guerrillas. The [[Royal Australian Navy]] destroyers {{HMAS|Warramunga|I44|2}} and {{HMAS|Arunta|I30|2}} joined the force in June 1955. Between 1956 and 1960, the aircraft carriers {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|2}} and {{HMAS|Sydney|1944|2}} and destroyers {{HMAS|Anzac|D59|2}}, {{HMAS|Quadrant|G11|2}}, {{HMAS|Queenborough|G30|2}}, {{HMAS|Quiberon|G81|2}}, {{HMAS|Quickmatch|G92|2}}, {{HMAS|Tobruk|D37|2}}, {{HMAS|Vampire|D11|2}}, {{HMAS|Vendetta|D08|2}} and {{HMAS|Voyager|D04|2}} were attached to the [[Far East Strategic Reserve|Commonwealth Strategic Reserve]] forces for three to nine months at a time. Several of the destroyers fired on communist positions in [[Johor]] State.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}{{Main|Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia}}
New Zealand's first contribution came in 1949, when [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47 Dakotas]] of [[No. 41 Squadron RNZAF|RNZAF No. 41 Squadron]] were attached to the [[Royal Air Force]]'s [[RAF Far East Air Force|Far East Air Force]]. New Zealand became more directly involved in the conflict in 1955; from May, RNZAF [[de Havilland Vampire]]s and [[de Havilland Venom|Venoms]] began to fly strike missions. In November 1955 133 soldiers of what was to become the [[Special Air Service of New Zealand]] arrived from Singapore, for training in-country with the British SAS, beginning operations by April 1956. The [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] continued to carry out strike missions with Venoms of [[No. 14 Squadron RNZAF|No. 14 Squadron]]<ref>Ian McGibbon (Ed.), (2000). ''The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History.'' p.294.</ref> and later [[No. 75 Squadron RNZAF|No. 75 Squadron]] [[English Electric Canberra]]s bombers, as well as supply-dropping operations in support of anti-guerrilla forces, using the [[Bristol Freighter]]. A total of 1,300 New Zealanders were stationed in Malaya between 1948 and 1964, and fifteen lost their lives.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Approximately 1,600 Fijian troops were involved in the Malayan Emergency from 1952 to 1956.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/|title=Documentary To Explore Fijian, Malaysian Links |access-date=13 September 2014 |work=Fiji Sun |date=30 January 2014|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183752/https://fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/|url-status=live }}</ref> The experience was captured in the documentary, ''Back to Batu Pahat''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
===African Commonwealth forces===
{{Main|Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency}}
[[File:C Squadron (Rhodesian) SAS, 1953.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Rhodesian Special Air Service|"C" Squadron]], the all-Southern Rhodesian unit of the Special Air Service (SAS), in Malaya in 1953|alt=A formative black-and-white photograph of military personnel. The men wear khaki shirts and shorts with long, dark-coloured socks. They all wear dark berets.]]
[[Southern Rhodesia]] and its successor, the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], contributed two units to Malaya. Between 1951 and 1953, white Southern Rhodesian volunteers formed [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|"C" Squadron]] of the [[Special Air Service]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Binda |first=Alexandre |title=Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment |date=November 2007 |publisher=30° South Publishers |isbn=978-1920143039 |editor-last=Heppenstall |editor-first=David |location=Johannesburg |page=127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shortt |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg |title=The Special Air Service |publisher=Osprey Publishing |others=illustrated by Angus McBride |year=1981 |isbn=0-85045-396-8 |series=Men-at-arms 116 |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg/page/n19 19]–20 |author-link1= |url-access=limited}}</ref> The [[Rhodesian African Rifles]], comprising black soldiers and [[warrant officer]]s led by white officers, were stationed in [[Johor]]e between 1956 and 1958.<ref>{{cite book |last=Binda |first=Alexandre |title=Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment |date=November 2007 |publisher=30° South Publishers |isbn=978-1920143039 |editor-last=Heppenstall |editor-first=David |location=Johannesburg |pages=127–128}}</ref> The [[King's African Rifles]] from [[Nyasaland]], [[Northern Rhodesia]] and [[Kenya]] were also deployed to Malaya.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
== The October Resolution ==
Later, MNLA leader Chin Peng stated that the killing of Henry Gurney had little effect and that the communists were already altering their strategy, according to new guidelines enshrined in the so-called "October Resolutions".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aPdeJinXGwC&pg=PA298 |title=Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party |author1=C. C. Chin |author2=Hack, Karl |publisher=NUS Press|year= 2004|isbn=9789971692872}}</ref> The October Resolutions, a response to the Briggs Plan, involved a change of tactics by the MNLA by reducing attacks on economic targets and civilian collaborators, redirecting their efforts towards political organisation and subversion, and bolstering the supply network from the [[Min Yuen]] as well as jungle farming.
[[File:Chin Peng wanted by Malaya.jpg|thumb|Headline on page 1 of ''[[The Straits Times]]'' of 1952. [[Chin Peng]]: Public Enemy No.1]]
== Amnesty declaration ==
On 8 September 1955, the Government of the Federation of Malaya issued a declaration of amnesty to the communists.<ref>Memorandum from the Chief Minister and Minister for Internal and Security, No. 386/17/56, 30 April 1956. CO1030/30</ref> The Government of Singapore issued an identical offer at the same time. [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], as Chief Minister, offered amnesty but rejected negotiations with the MNLA. The amnesty read that:
* Those of you who come in and surrender will not be prosecuted for any offence connected with the Emergency, which you have committed under Communist direction, either before this date or in ignorance of this declaration.
* You may surrender now and to whom you like including to members of the public.
* There will be no general "ceasefire" but the security forces will be on alert to help those who wish to accept this offer and for this purpose local "ceasefire" will be arranged.
* The Government will conduct investigations on those who surrender. Those who show that they are genuinely intent to be loyal to the Government of Malaya and to give up their Communist activities will be helped to regain their normal position in society and be reunited with their families. As regards the remainder, restrictions will have to be placed on their liberty but if any of them wish to go to China, their request will be given due consideration.<ref name="ReferenceA">Prof Madya Dr. Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, Tunku Abdul Rahman and His Role in the Baling Talks</ref> {{Better source needed|reason=This citation has no page numbers|date=June 2023}}
Following this amnesty declaration, an intensive publicity campaign was launched by the government. Alliance Ministers in the Federal Government travelled extensively across Malaya exhorting civilians to call upon communist forces to surrender their weapons and accept the amnesty. Despite the campaign, few Communist guerrillas chose to surrender. Some political activists criticised the amnesty for being too restrictive and for being a rewording of earlier well established surrender offers. These critics advocated for direct negotiations with the communist guerrillas of the MNLA and MCP to work on a peace settlement. Leading officials of the [[Labour Party of Malaya|Labour Party]] had, as part of the settlement, not excluded the possibility of recognition of the MCP as a political organisation. Within the Alliance itself, influential elements in both the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]] and [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]] were endeavouring to persuade the Chief Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, to hold negotiations with the MCP.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{Better source needed|reason=This citation has no page numbers|date=June 2023}}
===Baling Talks and their consequences===
{{Main|Baling Talks}}
[[File:Malya Emergency British Artillery.jpg|thumb|left|British artillery firing on MNLA guerrillas in the Malayan jungle, 1955]]
In 1955 Chin Peng indicated that he would be willing to meet with British officials alongside senior Malayan politicians. The result of this was the Baling Talks, a meeting which took place between communist and Commonwealth forces to debate a peace treaty. The Baling Talks took place inside an English School in [[Baling]] on 28 December 1955. The MCP and MNLA was represented by [[Chin Peng]], [[Rashid Maidin]], and [[Chen Tien]]. The Commonwealth forces were represented by [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], [[Tan Cheng Lock|Tan Cheng-Lock]] and [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Saul Marshall]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Despite the meeting being conducted successfully, the British forces was worried that a peace treaty with the MCP would lead to communist activists regaining influence in society. As a result, many of Chin Peng's demands were dismissed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Following the failure of the talks, Tunku Abdul Rahman withdraw the amnesty offers for MNLA members on 8 February 1956, five months after it had been offered, stating he was unwilling to meet the Communists again unless they indicated beforehand their intention to make "a complete surrender".<ref>MacGillivray to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 15 March 1956, CO1030/22</ref>
Following the failure of the Baling Talks, the MCP made various efforts to resume peace negotiations with the Malayan government, all without success. Meanwhile, discussions began in the new Emergency Operations Council to intensify the "People's War" against the guerrillas. In July 1957, a few weeks before independence, the MCP made another attempt at peace talks, suggesting the following conditions for a negotiated peace:{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* its members should be given privileges enjoyed by citizens
* a guarantee that political as well as armed members of the MCP would not be punished
The failure of the talks affected MCP policy. The strength of the MNLA and 'Min Yuen' declined to only 1830 members in August 1957. Those who remained faced exile, or death in the jungle. However, Tunku Abdul Rahman did not respond to the MCP's proposals. Following the declaration of Malaya's independence in August 1957, the MNLA lost its rationale as a force of colonial liberation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
The last serious resistance from MNLA guerrillas ended with a surrender in the [[Telok Anson]] marsh area in 1958. The remaining MNLA forces fled to the [[Thailand|Thai border]] and further east. On 31 July 1960 the Malayan government declared the state of emergency over, and Chin Peng left south Thailand for Beijing where he was accommodated by the Chinese authorities in the International Liaison Bureau, where many other Southeast Asian Communist Party leaders were housed.<ref>Garver, J. W. (2016). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp 216</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Check author names--> |first= |title=Former communist leader dies |language=en |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/370041/former-communist-leader-dies |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>
==Casualties==
During the conflict, security forces killed 6,710 MNLA guerrillas and captured 1,287, while 2,702 guerrillas surrendered during the conflict, and approximately 500 more did so at its conclusion. A total of 226 guerrillas were executed. 1,346 Malayan troops and police were killed during the fighting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html |title=Royal Malaysian Police (Malaysia) |publisher=Crwflags.com |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232634/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 1,443 British personnel died, in what remains the largest loss of life among UK armed forces since the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK Armed Forces Deaths: Operational deaths post World War II |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=2 September 2023 |ref=UK MoD |page=5 |date=31 March 2016}}</ref> 2,478 civilians were killed, with another 810 recorded as missing.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52 |title=Long Tan: The Start of a Lifelong Battle |last=Smith |first=Harry |date=1 August 2015 |publisher=Big Sky Publishing |isbn=9781922132321 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2%2C478+civilians&pg=PT52 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><!-- No page numbers?
The citation includes a link to a google books site which shows me where the casualty numbers are, but this strange book appears to have no page numbers.
How are we supposed to cite a book with no page numbers? -->
==Atrocities==
===Commonwealth===
====Torture====
During the Malayan conflict, there were instances during operations to find MNLA guerrillas where British troops detained and allegedly [[torture]]d villagers who were suspected of aiding the MNLA. Socialist historian Brian Lapping said that there was "some vicious conduct by the British forces, who routinely beat up Chinese [[Squatting|squatters]] when they refused, or possibly were unable, to give information" about the MNLA.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} ''[[The Scotsman]]'' newspaper lauded these tactics as a good practice since "simple-minded peasants are told and come to believe that the communist leaders are invulnerable".{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} Some civilians and detainees were also allegedly shot, either because they attempted to flee from and potentially aid the MNLA or simply because they refused to give intelligence to British forces.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
Widespread use of arbitrary detention, punitive actions against villages, and use of torture by the police, "created animosity" between Chinese squatters and British forces in Malaya and "were therefore counterproductive in generating the one resource critical in a counterinsurgency, good intelligence".<ref name="MAY">{{citation |last=Siver |first=Christi |title=The Other Forgotten War: Understanding Atrocities during the Malayan Emergency |date=2009 |work=Political Science Faculty Publications. 8 |url=http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=polsci_pubs |publisher=College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University |quote=<!-- Prepared for delivery at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
September 3-6, 2009 -->}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2021}} <!--p38-39 -->
====Batang Kali Massacre====
During the [[Batang Kali massacre]], 24 unarmed civilians were executed by the [[Scots Guard]]s near a rubber plantation at Sungai Rimoh near [[Batang Kali]] in [[Selangor]] in December 1948. All the victims were male, ranging in age from young teenage boys to elderly men.{{sfn|Hack|2018|p=210}} Many of the victims' bodies were found to have been mutilated and their village of Batang Kali was burned to the ground. No weapons were found when the village was searched. The only survivor of the killings was a man named Chong Hong who was in his 20s at the time. He fainted and was presumed dead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup|title=New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 April 2011|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710|title=Batang Kali massacre families snubbed|newspaper=The Sun Daily|date=29 October 2013|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211224000/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre|title=UK urged to accept responsibility for 1948 Batang Kali massacre in Malaya|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 June 2013|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19473258|title=Malaysian lose fight for 1948 'massacre' inquiry|website=BBC News|date=4 September 2012|access-date=13 January 2014|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183737/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-19473258|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon afterwards the British colonial government staged a coverup of British military abuses which served to obfuscate the exact details of the massacre.{{sfn|Hack|2018|p=212}}
The massacre later became the focus of decades of legal battles between the UK government and the families of the civilians executed by British troops. According to Christi Silver, Batang Kali was notable in that it was the only incident of mass killings by Commonwealth forces during the war, which Silver attributes to the unique subculture of the Scots Guards and poor enforcement of discipline by junior officers.<ref>Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009.</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
====Internment camps====
As part of the [[Briggs Plan]] devised by British General Sir [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]], 500,000 people (roughly ten percent of Malaya's population) were forced from their homes by British forces. Tens of thousands of homes were destroyed, and many people were imprisoned in British [[Internment Camp|internment camp]]s called "[[new village]]s". During the Malayan Emergency, 450 [[new village]]s were created. The policy aimed to inflict [[collective punishment]] on villages where people were thought to be support communism, and also to isolate civilians from guerrilla activity. Many of the forced evictions involved the destruction of existing settlements which went beyond the justification of [[military necessity]]. This practice is now prohibited by Article 17 (1) of Additional [[Protocol II]] to the [[Geneva Conventions]], which forbid civilian internment unless rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.<ref name="Gifu">{{cite web|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-17|title=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.: Article 17 - Prohibition of forced movement of civilians|publisher=International Humanitarian Law Databases}}</ref> <ref name="MAY"/><ref name="MAL">{{cite book |author=Fujio Hara |title=Malaysian Chinese & China: Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945–1957 |date=December 2002 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |pages=61–65}}</ref><ref name="Pamela Sodhy 1991 284–290">{{cite book |title=The US-Malaysian Nexus: Themes in Superpower-Small State Relations |pages=284–290 |publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia |author=Pamela Sodhy |year=1991}}</ref>
'''Collective punishment'''
A key British war measure was inflicting collective punishments on villages whose people were deemed to be aiding MNLA guerrillas. At [[Tanjung Malim|Tanjong Malim]] in March 1952, Templer imposed a twenty-two-hour house [[curfew]], banned everyone from leaving the village, closed the schools, stopped bus services, and reduced the rice rations for 20,000 people. The last measure prompted the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to write to the Colonial Office to note that the "chronically undernourished Malayan" might not be able to survive as a result. "This measure is bound to result in an increase, not only of sickness but also of deaths, particularly amongst the mothers and very young children". Some people were fined for leaving their homes to use external latrines. In another collective punishment, at [[Sungai Pelek|Sengei Pelek]] the following month, measures included a house curfew, a reduction of 40 percent in the rice ration and the construction of a chain-link fence 22 yards outside the existing barbed wire fence around the town. Officials explained that the measures were being imposed upon the 4,000 villagers "for their continually supplying food" to the MNLA and "because they did not give information to the authorities".<ref>{{cite book |author=Pamela Sodhy |title=The US-Malaysian nexus: Themes in superpower-small state relations |publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia |year=1991 |pages=356–365}}</ref>
====Deportations====
{{more detail needed|date="November 2021}}Over the course of the war, some 30,000 mostly ethnic Chinese were deported by the British authorities to mainland China.<ref name="the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc" /><ref>Chin, C. (2012). Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party. Chinese Edition.</ref> This would have been a war crime under Article 17 (2) of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, which states: "Civilians shall not be compelled to leave their own territory for reasons connected with the conflict."<ref name="Gifu" />
==== Headhunting and scalping ====
[[File:This Horror Must End.jpg|thumb|A Daily Worker article exposing newly uncovered images of British atrocities involving headhunting during the Malayan Emergency]]
During the war British and Commonwealth forces hired over 1,000 [[Iban people|Iban]] (Dyak) mercenaries from [[Borneo]] to act as jungle trackers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=It+was+also+revealed+that+Britain+had+recruited+over+1,000+mercenaries+from+the+Iban+people+of+Borneo&pg=PR11 |title=Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-39905-741-7 |location=[[Yorkshire]] |page=XI |language=en}}</ref> With a tradition of headhunting, they decapitated suspected MNLA members; the authorities held that taking the heads was the only means of later identification.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Simon |title=Dark Trophies: Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War |publisher=Berghahn |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-78238-520-2 |location=Oxford |pages=157–158 |language=English}}</ref> Iban headhunters were permitted by British military leaders to keep the scalps of corpses as trophies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=318}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> After the practice of headhunting in Malaya by Ibans had been exposed to the public, the Foreign Office first tried to deny that the practice existed, before then trying to justify Iban headhunting and conduct damage control in the press.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=316}}</ref> Privately, the Colonial Office noted that "there is no doubt that under [[international law]] a similar case in wartime would be a war crime".<ref name="MAL" /><ref name="Mark Curtis 61–71">{{cite book |author=Mark Curtis |title=The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy Since 1945 |date=15 August 1995 |pages=61–71}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Skull fragments from a trophy head were later found to have been displayed in a British regimental museum.<ref name=":1" />
===== Headhunting exposed to British public =====
In 1952, April, the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|British communist]] newspaper the [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|''Daily Worker'']] (today known as the [[Morning Star (British newspaper)|''Morning Star'']]) published a photograph of British [[Royal Marines]] inside a British military base openly posing with severed human heads.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=315}}</ref> By republishing these images the British communists had hoped to turn public opinion against the war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Creech |first=Maria |date=December 2021 |title=All Too Graphic: Leaked photographs of colonial atrocities during the Malayan 'Emergency' shocked postwar Britain |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/all-too-graphic |journal=[[History Today]] |volume=71 |issue=12}}</ref> Initially British government spokespersons belonging to the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] and the [[Colonial Office]] claimed the photograph was fake. In response to the accusations that their headhunting photograph was fake, the ''Daily Worker'' released yet another photograph taken in Malaya showing British soldiers posing with a severed head. Later the Colonial Secretary, [[Oliver Lyttelton]], confirmed to parliament that the ''Daily Worker'' headhunting photographs were indeed genuine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peng |first1=Chin |title=Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History |last2=Ward |first2=Ian |last3=Miraflor |first3=Norma |publisher=Media Masters |year=2003 |isbn=981-04-8693-6 |location=Singapore |pages=302}}</ref> In response to the ''Daily Worker'' articles exposing the decapitation of MNLA suspects, the practice was banned by Winston Churchill who feared that such photographs resulting from headhunting would expose the British for their brutality.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |location=Cambridge |pages=317}}</ref> However, Churchill's order to discontinue the decapitations was widely ignored by Iban trackers who continued to behead suspected guerrillas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=ignored+by+British+soldiers+and+the+decapitation&pg=PA23 |title=Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-39905-741-7 |location=[[Yorkshire]] |page=23 |language=en}}</ref>
Despite the shocking imagery of the photographs of soldiers posing with severed heads in Malaya, the ''Daily Worker'' was the only newspaper to publish them and the photographs were virtually ignored by the [[List of newspapers in the United Kingdom|mainstream British press]].<ref name=":4" /><gallery>
File:Malayan Emergency Iban headhunter.jpg|alt=|An Iban headhunter wearing a Royal Marine beret prepares a human scalp above a basket of human body parts.
File:Iban headhunter holding scalp during Malayan Emergency.jpg|An Iban headhunter posing with a human scalp
File:This is the War in Malaya.jpg|The Daily Worker exposes the practice of headhunting among British troops in Malaya. 28 April 1952.
File:Headhunters Malayan Emergency.jpg|Commonwealth soldiers pose with a severed head inside a British military base in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency
File:Malayan Emergency headhunting and poles.jpg|Two corpses and a severed head belonging to guerrillas killed by the [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment]].
</gallery>
==Comparisons with Vietnam==
===Differences===
[[Image:Jungle service dress.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Jungle service dress of the [[Somerset Light Infantry|1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry]] used in the emergency]]
The conflicts in Malaya and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] have often been compared.<ref name="the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc" /> However, the two conflicts differ in the following ways:
* The MNLA never numbered more than about 8,000 full-time insurgents, but the [[People's Army of Vietnam|People's Army of (North) Vietnam]] fielded a quarter of a million [[Regular army|regular troops]], in addition to roughly 100,000 [[Viet Cong|National Liberation Front (or Vietcong)]] partisans.
* The Viet Cong were agents of the government of [[North Vietnam]] and could count on substantial support from their "home" government; the MNLA had no such domestic state support.
* North Korea,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1427367.stm |title=N Korea admits Vietnam war role |work=BBC News |author=Gluck, Caroline |access-date=7 July 2001 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1427367.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Cuba<ref>Bourne, Peter G. ''Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro'' (1986) p. 255; Coltman, Leycester ''The Real Fidel Castro'' (2003) p. 211</ref> and the People's Republic of China (PRC) provided military hardware, logistical support, personnel and training to North Vietnam, whereas the MNLA received no material support, weapons or training from any foreign government.
* North Vietnam's shared border with its ally China (PRC) allowed for continuous assistance and provided a safe haven for communist forces, but Malaya's only land border is with non-communist Thailand.
* Britain did not approach the Emergency as a conventional conflict and quickly implemented an effective intelligence strategy, led by the Malayan Police Special Branch, and a systematic [[Winning hearts and minds|hearts and minds]] operation, both of which proved effective against the largely ''political'' aims of the guerrilla movement.<ref>Comber (2006), ''Malaya's Secret Police 1945–60. The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency''</ref><ref name="Clutterbuck">{{cite book|last=Clutterbuck|first=Richard|title=The long long war: The emergency in Malaya, 1948–1960|publisher=Cassell|year=1967}} Cited at length in Vietnam War essay on Insurgency and Counterinsurgency [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020064959/http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/essays/insurgency/0006.cfm Lessons from Malaya], eHistory, Ohio State University.</ref>
* The British military recognised that in a low-intensity war, individual soldiers' skill and endurance were of far greater importance than overwhelming firepower (artillery, air support, etc.). Even though many British soldiers were conscripted [[Conscription in the United Kingdom#After 1945|National Servicemen]], the necessary skills and attitudes were taught at a Jungle Warfare School, which also developed the optimum tactics based on experience gained in the field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf |work=British Operations in Malaya and Borneo, 1948-1966 |publisher=US Army, Combat Studies Institute |title=Analysis of British tactics in Malaya |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080911061212/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008 |pages=1–120}}</ref>
* Vietnam was less ethnically fragmented than Malaya. During the Emergency, most MNLA members were ethnically [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and drew support from sections of the Chinese community.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=53}} However, most of the more numerous indigenous [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], many of whom were animated by [[anti-Chinese sentiment]]s, largely remained loyal to the government and enlisted in high numbers into the security services.{{sfnp|Komer|1972|p=13}}
===Similarities===
The United States in Vietnam were highly influenced by Britain's military strategies during the Malayan Emergency and the two wars shared many similarities. Some examples are listed below.
* Both countries used Agent Orange. Britain pioneered the use of Agent Orange as a weapon of war during the Malayan Emergency. This fact was used by the United States as a justification to use Agent Orange in Vietnam.
* Both the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[United States Air Force]] used widespread [[Saturation bombardment|saturation bombing]].
* Both countries frequently used [[Internment Camp|internment camps]]. In Malaya, internment camps called [[New village|"New villages"]] were built by the British colonial occupation to imprison approximately 400,000 rural peasants. The United States attempted to replicate the New Villages with their [[Strategic Hamlet Program]]. However, the Strategic Hamlets were unsuccessful in segregating communist guerrillas from their civilian supporters.
* Both countries made use of incendiary weapons, including flamethrowers and incendiary grenades.
* Both the Malayan and Vietnamese communists recruited women as fighters due to their beliefs in [[Marxist feminism|gender equality]]. Women served as generals in both communist armies, with notable examples being [[Lee Meng]] in Malaya and [[Nguyễn Thị Định]] in Vietnam.
* Both the Malayan and Vietnamese communists were led by veterans of WWII who had been trained by their future enemies. The British trained and funded the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]] whose veterans would go onto resist the British colonial occupation, and the United States trained Vietnamese communists to fight against Japan during WWII.
==Legacy==
[[File:Tugu Negara.jpg|thumb|The [[Tugu Negara|National Monument]] commemorating those who died in Malaysia's struggle for freedom, including the Malayan Emergency]]
The [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] of 1963–66 arose from tensions between Indonesia and the new British backed [[Malaysia|Federation of Malaysia]] that was conceived in the aftermath of the Malayan Emergency.
In the late 1960s, the coverage of the [[My Lai massacre]] during the [[Vietnam War]] prompted the initiation of investigations in the UK concerning war crimes perpetrated by British forces during the Emergency, such as the [[Batang Kali massacre]]. No charges have yet been brought against the British forces involved and the claims have been repeatedly dismissed by the British government as propaganda, despite evidence suggestive of a cover-up.<ref>{{cite news |last=Townsend |first=Mark |title=New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 April 2011 |location=London |date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following the end of the Malayan Emergency in 1960, the predominantly [[Malaysian Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] [[Malayan National Liberation Army]], the armed wing of the MCP, retreated to the Malaysian-Thailand border where it regrouped and retrained for future offensives against the Malaysian government. A new phase of [[communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)|communist insurgency]] began in 1968. It was triggered when the MCP ambushed security forces in [[Kroh|Kroh–Betong]], in the northern part of [[Peninsular Malaysia]], on 17 June 1968. The new conflict coincided with renewed tensions between ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]] and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] following the [[13 May Incident]] of 1969, and the ongoing conflict of the [[Vietnam War]].{{sfnp|Nazar Bin Talib|2005|pp=16–17}}
Communist leader [[Chin Peng]] spent much of the 1990s and early 2000s working to promote his perspective of the Emergency. In a collaboration with Australian academics, he met with historians and former Commonwealth military personnel at a series of meetings which led to the publication of ''Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dialogues with Chin Peng – New Light on the Malayan Communist Party|url=https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng|website=National University of Singapore|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183651/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng|url-status=live}}</ref> Peng also travelled to England and teamed up with conservative journalist Ian Ward and his wife Norma Miraflor to write his autobiography ''[[Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng|isbn = 9789810486938|access-date = 17 May 2020|last1 = Chin|first1 = Peng|last2 = Ward|first2 = Ian|last3 = Miraflor|first3 = Norma O.|year = 2003| publisher=Media Masters |archive-date = 3 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng|url-status = live}}</ref>
Many colonial documents, possibly relating to British atrocities in Malaya, were either destroyed or hidden by the British colonial authorities as a part of [[Operation Legacy]]. Traces of these documents were rediscovered during a legal battle in 2011 involving the victims of rape and torture by the British military during the [[Mau Mau Uprising]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sato|first=Shohei|date=2017|title='Operation Legacy': Britain's Destruction and Concealment of Colonial Records Worldwide|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=45|issue=4|pages=698, 697–719|doi=10.1080/03086534.2017.1294256|s2cid=159611286|issn=0308-6534|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== List of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency ==
These are the lists of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency. '''The list is uncompleted, so it would be great if it is complete.'''
# [[Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney]]
# [[Batang Kali massacre]]
# [[Battle of Semur River]]
# [[Bukit Kepong incident]]
# [[Labis incident]]
# [[Operation Termite]]
# [[Penang ambush]]
# [[Sungai Siput incident]]
==In popular culture==
{{Category see also|Works about the Malayan Emergency}}
In popular Malaysian culture, the Emergency has frequently been portrayed as a primarily Malay struggle against the Communists. This perception has been criticised by some, such as Information Minister [[Zainuddin Maidin]], for not recognising [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indians|Indian]] efforts.<ref>Kaur, Manjit (16 December 2006). [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation "Zam: Chinese too fought against communists"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031429/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2Fnation%2F16341437&sec=nation |date=4 June 2011 }}. ''The Star''.</ref>
A number of films were set against the background of the Emergency, including:
* ''[[The Planter's Wife (1952 film)|The Planter's Wife]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Windom's Way]]'' (1957)
* ''[[The 7th Dawn]]'' (1964)
* ''[[The Virgin Soldiers (film)|The Virgin Soldiers]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Bukit Kepong (film)|Bukit Kepong]]'' (1981)
* [[The Garden of Evening Mists (film)|''The Garden of Evening Mists'']] (2019)
Other media:
* [[Mona Brand]]'s stage production ''Strangers in the Land'' (1952) was created as political commentary to criticise the occupation, depicting plantation owners as burning down villages and collecting the heads of murdered Malayans as trophies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Linstrum|first=Erik|date=2017|title=Facts About Atrocity: Reporting Colonial Violence in Postwar Britain|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbx032|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=84|pages=108–127|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbx032|via=Oxford Academic}}</ref> The play was only performed in the UK at the tiny activist run Unity Theater because the British government had banned the play from commercial stages.<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[The Malayan Trilogy]]'' series of novels (1956–1959) by [[Anthony Burgess]] is set during the Malayan Emergency.
* In ''[[The Sweeney]]'' episode "The Bigger They Are" (series 4, episode 8; 26 October 1978), the tycoon Leonard Gold is being blackmailed by Harold Collins, who has a photo of him present at a massacre of civilians in Malaya when he was in the British Army twenty-five years earlier.
* Throughout the series ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)|Porridge]]'', there are references to Fletcher having served in Malaya, probably as a result of [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|National Service]]. He regales his fellow inmates with stories of his time there, and in one episode it is revealed that Prison Officer Mackay had also served in Malaya.
* ''[[Pennyworth (TV series)|Pennyworth]]''
==See also==
* [[Batang Kali massacre]]
* [[Battle of Semur River]]
* [[Briggs Plan]]
* [[British Far East Command]]
* {{section link|British war crimes|Malaya}}
* [[Bukit Kepong incident]]
* [[Chin Peng]]
* [[Cold War in Asia]]
* [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)]]
* [[Far East Strategic Reserve|Far East Strategic Reserve (FESR)]]
* [[History of Malaysia]]
* [[List of weapons in Malayan Emergency]]
* [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]]
* [[New village]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Christopher|first=Paul|chapter=Malaya, 1948–1955: Case Outcome: COIN Win|title=Paths to Victory: Detailed Insurgency Case Studies|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=51–63}}
* {{cite book |last=Komer|first=R.W|date=February 1972|title=The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organisation of a Successful Counterinsurgency Effort |publisher=Rand Corporation|isbn=|location=|pages=|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf|access-date=12 May 2019|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183706/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Newsinger |first=John |authorlink=John Newsinger |title=The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire|edition= 2nd |publisher=Bookmarks Publications |year=2013 |isbn=9781909026292 |location=London }}
* {{Cite book |last=Newsinger |first=John |title=British Counterinsurgency |edition=2nd |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-230-29824-8|location=Basingstoke }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |date=2018 |title='Devils that suck the blood of the Malayan People': The Case for Post-Revisionist Analysis of Counter-insurgency Violence |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0968344516671738 |journal=War in History |volume=25|issue=2 |doi=10.1177/0968344516671738 |s2cid=159509434 |via=Sage Journals |pages=202–226 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|last=Taber|first=Robert|year=2002|title=War of the flea: the classic study of guerrilla warfare|publisher=Brassey's|isbn=978-1-57488-555-2|location=|url=https://archive.org/details/waroffleaclassic00tabe}}
* {{Cite thesis |author=Nazar Bin Talib |title=Malaysia's Experience In War Against Communist Insurgency And Its Relevance To The Present Situation In Iraq |degree=Masters thesis |publisher=[[Marine Corps University]] |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA505882.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 June 2011 |year=2005 |access-date=6 January 2013}}{{bsn|reason=Per [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] masters are not generally considered reliable sources|date=December 2023}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Director of Operations|first=Malaya|year=1958|title=The Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya|publisher=Director of Operations Malaya|location=Federation of Malaya|pages=|isbn=1907521747}}
* {{cite journal|last=Comber|first=Leon|title=The Malayan Security Service (1945–1948) |journal=Intelligence and National Security |issue=3|year=2003|pages=128–153 |volume=18 |doi=10.1080/02684520412331306950|s2cid=154320718|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684520412331306950 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Comber|first=Leon|title=The Malayan Special Branch on the Malayan-Thai Frontier during the Malayan Emergency|journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=21 |issue=1|date=February 2006|pages=77–99|doi=10.1080/02684520600568352|s2cid=153496939}}
* {{cite book|last=Comber|first=Leon|year=2006|isbn=|chapter=Malaya's Secret Police 1945–60. The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency|title=PhD dissertation, Monash University|location=Melbourne|pages=|publisher=ISEAS (Institute of SE Asian Affairs, Singapore) and MAI (Monash Asia Institute)}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |date=1999 |title='Iron claws on Malaya': the historiography of the Malayan Emergency |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/iron-claws-on-malaya-the-historiography-of-the-malayan-emergency1/14AB9D441A3E75DF21C96AE1FA223C59 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–125 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400008043 |s2cid=163010489 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hack |first=Karl |year=1999 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529908432578 |url-access=subscription|pages=211–241|title=Corpses, Prisoners of War and Captured documents: British and Communist Narratives of the Malayan Emergency, and the Dynamics of Intelligence Transformation|journal=Intelligence and National Security |issn=0268-4527 |volume=14 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/02684529908432578}}
* {{cite book |last=Hack |first=Karl |year=2022 |title=The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9781107439481}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=The Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation: The Commonwealth's Wars 1948–1966 |publisher= Pen and Sword |isbn= 9781848845558}}
* {{cite book|last=Jumper|first=Roy|year=2001|title=Death Waits in the Dark: The Senoi Praaq, Malaysia's Killer Elite |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-31515-9|location=|pages=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Keo |first= Bernard Z. |title=A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency |journal=History Compass |date=March 2019 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12523 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12523 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages= e12523 |s2cid= 150617654 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183725/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hic3.12523 |archive-date=3 January 2021 }}
* {{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=David F.|date=2016|title=The Malayan Emergency: How to Fight a Counterinsurgency War|work=Warfare History Network|url=http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183710/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/10/27/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Nagl|first=John A.|year=2002|title=Learning to Eat Soup With a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam|publisher=University of Chicago|isbn=0-226-56770-2|location=|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/learningtoeatsou00john}}
* Newsinger, John. (2016) ''British counterinsurgency'' (Springer, 2016) compares British measures in Mayaya, Palestine, Kenya, Cyprus, South Yemen, Dhofar, & Northern Ireland
* Short, Anthony (1975). ''The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–1960''. London and New York: Frederick Muller. Reprinted (2000) as ''In Pursuit of Mountain Rats''. Singapore.
* {{cite book|last=Stubbs|first=Richard|year=2004|title=Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948–1960|publisher=Eastern University|isbn=981-210-352-X|location=|pages=}}
* Sullivan, Michael D. "Leadership in Counterinsurgency: A Tale of Two Leaders" ''Military Review'' (Sep/Oct 2007) 897#5 pp 119–123.
* {{cite journal|last=Th'ng|first=Bee Fu|year=2019|title=Forbidden Knowledge: Response from Chinese-Malay Intellectuals to Leftist-Books Banning During the Emergency Period|journal=Sun Yat-sen Journal of Humanities|volume=|pages=|url=https://www.academia.edu/40326023|access-date=15 September 2019|via=|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183717/https://www.academia.edu/40326023/%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E5%AF%8C_%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98_%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8D%E6%8A%84%E6%AA%A2%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89_Thng_Bee_Fu_Forbidden_Knowledge_Response_from_Chinese_Malay_Intellectuals_to_Leftist_Books_Banning_During_the_Emergency_Period|url-status=live |language=zh}}
* {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Sir Robert|year=1966|title=Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam|publisher=F. A. Praeger|location=London|pages=|isbn=0-7011-1133-X}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ucko|first=David H.|year=2019|title=Counterinsurgency as armed reform: The political history of the Malayan Emergency|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|volume=42|issue=3–4|pages=448–479|doi=10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852|s2cid=158297553 |url-access=subscription}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010807010636/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.htm Australian War Memorial] ''(Malayan Emergency 1950–1960)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083748/http://fesrassociation.com/archives/toc.htm Far East Strategic Reserve Navy Association (Australia) Inc.] ''(Origins of the FESR – Navy)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060712043107/http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/malaya/malayamain.html Malayan Emergency] ''(AUS/NZ Overview)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060620092600/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/malaya/index.html Britain's Small Wars] ''(Malayan Emergency)''
* [http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php PsyWar.Org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161647/https://www.psywar.org/malaya.php |date=24 February 2021 }} ''(Psychological Operations during the Malayan Emergency)''
* [http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Databases/MalayaPostWW2/index.html www.roll-of-honour.com] ''(Searchable database of Commonwealth Soldiers who died)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140726/http://brigandboys.org.uk/index.php A personal account of flying the Bristol Brigand aircraft with 84 Squadron RAF during the Malayan Emergency – Terry Stringer]
* [https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960 The Malayan Emergency 1948 to 1960] Anzac Portal
{{Communism in Malaysia}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Malayan Emergency| ]]
[[Category:1948 in military history]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Communism in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Communism in Singapore]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Marines]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
[[Category:Cold War history of Australia]]
[[Category:Civil wars in Malaysia]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Decolonization]]
[[Category:Military operations involving chemical weapons]]
[[Category:Wars involving Australia]]
[[Category:Wars involving pre-independence Malaysia]]
[[Category:Wars involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Wars involving Rhodesia]]
[[Category:Wars of independence]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,105 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|1948–1960 conflict in British Malaya}}
-{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
-{{Infobox military conflict
-| conflict = Malayan Emergency<br />{{lang|ms|Darurat Malaya}}<br />{{lang|zh-hant|馬來亞緊急狀態}}<br />{{lang|ta|மலாயா அவசரகாலம்}}
-| partof = the [[decolonization of Asia]] and [[Cold War in Asia]]
-| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
-|image1=RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg
-|alt1=
-|image2=Outdoor portrait of Lee Min, leader of the communist Kepayang Gang in the Ipoh district in 1951 (AWM 4281801).JPG
-|alt2=
-|image3=Briggs' Plan civilians - IWM GOV 3821.png
-|alt3=
-|image4=OPERATIONS OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE IN MALAYA MAY 1950 IWM GOV 2267A.png
-|alt4=
-|image5=King's African Rifles in Malaya - IWM K 14004.png
-|alt5=}}
-'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|
-* Australian [[Avro Lincoln]] bomber dropping 500lb bombs
-* Communist leader [[Lee Meng]] in 1952
-* RAF staff loads bombs to be used against communist rebels
-* [[King's African Rifles]] search abandoned hut
-* Civilians forcibly evicted from their land by the British as part of the [[Briggs' Plan]]
-}}
-| image_upright = 1.35
-| date = 16 June 1948 – 31 July 1960<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=16|year1=1948|month2=07|day2=31|year2=1960}})
-| place = [[British Malaya]]
-| territory =
-| result = [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces victory
-* Independence of the [[Federation of Malaya]] on [[Independence Day (Malaysia)|31 August 1957]]
-* [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] retreats to the [[Malaysia-Thailand border|Malayan-Thai border]]
-* [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|Insurgency continues (1968-1989)]]
-* Conflict resolved through the [[Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)]]
-| combatant1 = ''' [[British Empire]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces:'''<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}
-* {{flagdeco|Malaya}} [[Federation of Malaya]]
-* {{flagcountry|Colony of Singapore}}
-* {{flagcountry|Crown Colony of Penang}}<br />(until 1957)
-* {{flagcountry|Crown Colony of Malacca}}<br />(until 1957)
-* {{flagdeco|Kenya|colonial}} [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]
-* {{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}<br />(until 1953)
-* {{flag|Rhodesia and Nyasaland}}<br />(from 1953)
-* {{flagdeco|Fiji|colonial}} [[Colonial Fiji|Fiji]]
-{{flag|Australia}}<br />{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />'''Supported by:'''<br />{{flag|Thailand}}<br />(Thai–Malaysian border)
-| combatant2 = '''[[Communism|Communist]] forces:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Malaya.svg}} [[Malayan Communist Party]]<!-- Please do not add foreign supporters here without either, (1) citing a reliable source directly, or (2) checking that the addition is supported elsewhere in the article as per WP:INFOBOXCITE -->
-* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Malayan National Liberation Army]]
-| commander1 = {{flagdeco|UK}} United Kingdom
-* [[Clement Attlee]]<br />(until 1951)
-* [[Winston Churchill]] (1951–1955)
-* [[Anthony Eden]] (1955–1957)
-* [[Harold Macmillan]] (1957–1960)
-* [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]]
-* [[Robert Elliot Urquhart|Roy Urquhart]]
-* [[Edward Gent]]
-* [[Henry Gurney]]{{KIA|Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney}}
-* [[Gerald Templer]]
-* [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]]
-{{flagdeco|Malaya}} Malaya
-* [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]]
-* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]
-* [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Razak]]
-* [[Ismail Abdul Rahman|Tun Ismail]]
-{{flagdeco|Colony of Singapore}} Singapore
-* [[David Saul Marshall|David Marshall]]
-* [[Lim Yew Hock]]
-* [[Yusof Ishak]]
-* [[Lee Kuan Yew]]
-{{flagdeco|Australia}} Australia
-* [[Robert Menzies]]
-* [[Henry Wells (general)|Henry Wells]]
-{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} New Zealand
-* [[Sidney Holland]]<br />(1951–1957)
-* [[Walter Nash]]<br />(1957–1960)
-| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Malaya.svg}} Malayan Communist Party
-* [[Chin Peng]]
-* [[Yeung Kwo]]{{KIA}}
-* [[Lee An Tong]]
-* [[Chang Ling-Yun]]
-{{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg}} Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA)
-* [[Abdullah CD]]
-* [[Rashid Maidin]]
-* [[Shamsiah Fakeh]]
-* [[S. A. Ganapathy]]{{Executed}}
-* [[Lau Yew]]{{KIA|Death of Lau Yew}}
-* [[Muhammad Indera|Mat Indera]]{{Executed}}
-* [[Lee Meng]]
-* [[Toh Kar Lim]]
-* Liew Kon Kim
-| strength1 = Over 451,000 troops
-* 250,000 [[Royal Malay Regiment|Malayan Home Guard]] (Malayan Regiment) troops
-* 40,000 regular [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] personnel
-* [[King's African Rifles]]
-* [[Gurkha|Gurkha regiments]]
-* 37,000 [[Special Constable]]s
-* 24,000 Federation Police
-* Unknown number of [[Orang Asli]] allies.
-* Over 1,000 [[Iban people|Iban]] (Dayak) headhunters
-| strength2 = Over 7,000 troops
-* + 7,000 [[Malayan National Liberation Army|MNLA]] full-time troops (1951)
-* + Estimated 1,000,000 sympathisers
-* + 200–400 [[Japanese holdout|former Japanese troops]]
-* Unknown number of [[Orang Asli]] allies
-* Unknown number of [[Min Yuen]] civilian supporters
-| casualties1 = {{flagdeco|UK}} 1,443 killed<br />{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 1,346 killed<br />{{flagdeco|UK}}{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 2,406 wounded<br />{{flagdeco|Australia}} 39 killed<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} 15 killed<br>{{flagdeco|Southern Rhodesia}} 8 killed
+{{} 1,346 killed<br />{{flagdeco|UK}}{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 2,406 wounded<br />{{flagdeco|Australia}} 39 killed<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} 15 killed<br>{{flagdeco|Southern Rhodesia}} 8 killed
| casualties2 = 6,710 killed<br />226 executed<br>1,289 wounded<br />1,287 captured<br />2,702 surrendered
| casualties3 = Civilians killed: 2,478<br />Civilians missing: 810<br />Civilian casualties: 5,000+<br />'''Total killed: 11,107'''
' |
New page size (new_size) | 93820 |
Old page size (old_size) | 99086 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -5266 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '{{} 1,346 killed<br />{{flagdeco|UK}}{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 2,406 wounded<br />{{flagdeco|Australia}} 39 killed<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} 15 killed<br>{{flagdeco|Southern Rhodesia}} 8 killed'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|1948–1960 conflict in British Malaya}}',
1 => '{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}',
2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}',
3 => '{{Infobox military conflict',
4 => '| conflict = Malayan Emergency<br />{{lang|ms|Darurat Malaya}}<br />{{lang|zh-hant|馬來亞緊急狀態}}<br />{{lang|ta|மலாயா அவசரகாலம்}}',
5 => '| partof = the [[decolonization of Asia]] and [[Cold War in Asia]]',
6 => '| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300',
7 => '|image1=RAAFAvroLincolnMalaya1950.jpg',
8 => '|alt1=',
9 => '|image2=Outdoor portrait of Lee Min, leader of the communist Kepayang Gang in the Ipoh district in 1951 (AWM 4281801).JPG',
10 => '|alt2=',
11 => '|image3=Briggs' Plan civilians - IWM GOV 3821.png',
12 => '|alt3=',
13 => '|image4=OPERATIONS OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE IN MALAYA MAY 1950 IWM GOV 2267A.png',
14 => '|alt4=',
15 => '|image5=King's African Rifles in Malaya - IWM K 14004.png',
16 => '|alt5=}}',
17 => ''''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|',
18 => '* Australian [[Avro Lincoln]] bomber dropping 500lb bombs',
19 => '* Communist leader [[Lee Meng]] in 1952',
20 => '* RAF staff loads bombs to be used against communist rebels',
21 => '* [[King's African Rifles]] search abandoned hut',
22 => '* Civilians forcibly evicted from their land by the British as part of the [[Briggs' Plan]]',
23 => '}}',
24 => '| image_upright = 1.35',
25 => '| date = 16 June 1948 – 31 July 1960<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=16|year1=1948|month2=07|day2=31|year2=1960}})',
26 => '| place = [[British Malaya]]',
27 => '| territory = ',
28 => '| result = [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces victory ',
29 => '* Independence of the [[Federation of Malaya]] on [[Independence Day (Malaysia)|31 August 1957]]',
30 => '* [[Malayan Communist Party|CPM]] retreats to the [[Malaysia-Thailand border|Malayan-Thai border]]',
31 => '* [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|Insurgency continues (1968-1989)]]',
32 => '* Conflict resolved through the [[Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)]]',
33 => '| combatant1 = ''' [[British Empire]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces:'''<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}',
34 => '* {{flagdeco|Malaya}} [[Federation of Malaya]]',
35 => '* {{flagcountry|Colony of Singapore}}',
36 => '* {{flagcountry|Crown Colony of Penang}}<br />(until 1957)',
37 => '* {{flagcountry|Crown Colony of Malacca}}<br />(until 1957)',
38 => '* {{flagdeco|Kenya|colonial}} [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]',
39 => '* {{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}<br />(until 1953)',
40 => '* {{flag|Rhodesia and Nyasaland}}<br />(from 1953)',
41 => '* {{flagdeco|Fiji|colonial}} [[Colonial Fiji|Fiji]]',
42 => '{{flag|Australia}}<br />{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />'''Supported by:'''<br />{{flag|Thailand}}<br />(Thai–Malaysian border)',
43 => '| combatant2 = '''[[Communism|Communist]] forces:'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Malaya.svg}} [[Malayan Communist Party]]<!-- Please do not add foreign supporters here without either, (1) citing a reliable source directly, or (2) checking that the addition is supported elsewhere in the article as per WP:INFOBOXCITE -->',
44 => '* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Malayan National Liberation Army]]',
45 => '| commander1 = {{flagdeco|UK}} United Kingdom',
46 => '* [[Clement Attlee]]<br />(until 1951)',
47 => '* [[Winston Churchill]] (1951–1955)',
48 => '* [[Anthony Eden]] (1955–1957)',
49 => '* [[Harold Macmillan]] (1957–1960)',
50 => '* [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]]',
51 => '* [[Robert Elliot Urquhart|Roy Urquhart]]',
52 => '* [[Edward Gent]]',
53 => '* [[Henry Gurney]]{{KIA|Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney}}',
54 => '* [[Gerald Templer]]',
55 => '* [[William Allmond Codrington Goode|William Goode]]',
56 => '{{flagdeco|Malaya}} Malaya',
57 => '* [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan]]',
58 => '* [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]',
59 => '* [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Razak]]',
60 => '* [[Ismail Abdul Rahman|Tun Ismail]]',
61 => '{{flagdeco|Colony of Singapore}} Singapore',
62 => '* [[David Saul Marshall|David Marshall]]',
63 => '* [[Lim Yew Hock]]',
64 => '* [[Yusof Ishak]]',
65 => '* [[Lee Kuan Yew]]',
66 => '{{flagdeco|Australia}} Australia',
67 => '* [[Robert Menzies]]',
68 => '* [[Henry Wells (general)|Henry Wells]]',
69 => '{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} New Zealand',
70 => '* [[Sidney Holland]]<br />(1951–1957)',
71 => '* [[Walter Nash]]<br />(1957–1960)',
72 => '| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Communist Party of Malaya.svg}} Malayan Communist Party',
73 => '* [[Chin Peng]]',
74 => '* [[Yeung Kwo]]{{KIA}}',
75 => '* [[Lee An Tong]]',
76 => '* [[Chang Ling-Yun]]',
77 => '{{flagicon image|Flag of the Malayan National Liberation Army.svg}} Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA)',
78 => '* [[Abdullah CD]]',
79 => '* [[Rashid Maidin]]',
80 => '* [[Shamsiah Fakeh]]',
81 => '* [[S. A. Ganapathy]]{{Executed}}',
82 => '* [[Lau Yew]]{{KIA|Death of Lau Yew}}',
83 => '* [[Muhammad Indera|Mat Indera]]{{Executed}}',
84 => '* [[Lee Meng]]',
85 => '* [[Toh Kar Lim]]',
86 => '* Liew Kon Kim',
87 => '| strength1 = Over 451,000 troops',
88 => '* 250,000 [[Royal Malay Regiment|Malayan Home Guard]] (Malayan Regiment) troops',
89 => '* 40,000 regular [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] personnel',
90 => '* [[King's African Rifles]]',
91 => '* [[Gurkha|Gurkha regiments]]',
92 => '* 37,000 [[Special Constable]]s',
93 => '* 24,000 Federation Police',
94 => '* Unknown number of [[Orang Asli]] allies.',
95 => '* Over 1,000 [[Iban people|Iban]] (Dayak) headhunters',
96 => '| strength2 = Over 7,000 troops',
97 => '* + 7,000 [[Malayan National Liberation Army|MNLA]] full-time troops (1951)',
98 => '* + Estimated 1,000,000 sympathisers',
99 => '* + 200–400 [[Japanese holdout|former Japanese troops]]',
100 => '* Unknown number of [[Orang Asli]] allies',
101 => '* Unknown number of [[Min Yuen]] civilian supporters',
102 => '| casualties1 = {{flagdeco|UK}} 1,443 killed<br />{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 1,346 killed<br />{{flagdeco|UK}}{{flagdeco|Malaya}} 2,406 wounded<br />{{flagdeco|Australia}} 39 killed<br />{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} 15 killed<br>{{flagdeco|Southern Rhodesia}} 8 killed'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764',
1 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764',
2 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143847349',
3 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1rm2',
4 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/26527760',
5 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2016.0025',
6 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201734987',
7 => 'https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211005003131/https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won',
9 => 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sources-of-social-power/CE8493644C4615FD156312944E725F02',
10 => 'https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6',
11 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0339-6',
12 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29278382',
13 => 'https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12189',
14 => 'https://doi.org/10.1142%2F12189',
15 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233837382',
16 => 'https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0',
17 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-77691-0',
18 => 'https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-mistake-or-murder-in-cold-blood-court-to-rule-over-britains-my-lai-jpjmxt8r37q',
19 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/batang-kali-killings-britain-in-the-dock-over-1948-massacre-in-malaysia-10187309.html',
20 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/25/malaysia-military',
21 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709771',
22 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12523',
23 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150617654',
24 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100002258',
25 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100004713',
26 => 'http://web.usm.my/km/vol29_supp1_2011.html',
27 => 'https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15471/1/15471.pdf',
28 => 'https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.1.29',
29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=NWURxfct6SgC&pg=PA1929',
30 => 'https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/6/8/407/24029/The-Non-Lessons-of-the-Malayan-Emergency?redirectedFrom=fulltext',
31 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642468',
32 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642468',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070219203036/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_32/ai_105853016',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023950/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm',
35 => 'http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm',
36 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000030',
37 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072300',
38 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159660378',
39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=I_lWnBp1GUMC',
40 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079',
41 => 'http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=polsci_pubs',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151633/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60Squadron.cfm',
43 => 'http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60squadron.cfm',
44 => 'https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230811154813/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080503033039/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp',
47 => 'http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp',
48 => 'http://www.fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/',
49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183752/https://fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/',
50 => 'https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg',
51 => 'https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg/page/n19',
52 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_aPdeJinXGwC&pg=PA298',
53 => 'https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/370041/former-communist-leader-dies',
54 => 'http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232634/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html',
56 => 'https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf',
57 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52',
59 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131211224000/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710',
62 => 'http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710',
63 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre',
65 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19473258',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183737/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-19473258',
67 => 'https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-17',
68 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=It+was+also+revealed+that+Britain+had+recruited+over+1,000+mercenaries+from+the+Iban+people+of+Borneo&pg=PR11',
69 => 'https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/all-too-graphic',
70 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=ignored+by+British+soldiers+and+the+decapitation&pg=PA23',
71 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1427367.stm',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1427367.stm',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071020064959/http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/essays/insurgency/0006.cfm',
74 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080911061212/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf',
75 => 'http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf',
76 => 'https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183651/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng',
78 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng',
79 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng',
80 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1294256',
81 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534',
82 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159611286',
83 => 'http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031429/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation',
85 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbx032',
86 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbx032',
87 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354629#identifiers',
88 => 'https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf',
89 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183706/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf',
90 => 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0968344516671738',
91 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344516671738',
92 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159509434',
93 => 'https://archive.org/details/waroffleaclassic00tabe',
94 => 'https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA505882.pdf',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882',
96 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684520412331306950',
97 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520412331306950',
98 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154320718',
99 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520600568352',
100 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153496939',
101 => 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/iron-claws-on-malaya-the-historiography-of-the-malayan-emergency1/14AB9D441A3E75DF21C96AE1FA223C59',
102 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400008043',
103 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163010489',
104 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529908432578',
105 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529908432578',
106 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527',
107 => 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12523',
108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183725/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hic3.12523',
109 => 'http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/',
110 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183710/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/10/27/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/',
111 => 'https://archive.org/details/learningtoeatsou00john',
112 => 'https://www.academia.edu/40326023',
113 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183717/https://www.academia.edu/40326023/%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E5%AF%8C_%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98_%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8D%E6%8A%84%E6%AA%A2%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89_Thng_Bee_Fu_Forbidden_Knowledge_Response_from_Chinese_Malay_Intellectuals_to_Leftist_Books_Banning_During_the_Emergency_Period',
114 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852',
115 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1406852',
116 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158297553',
117 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malayan+Emergency',
118 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malayan+Emergency&library=0CHOOSE0',
119 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20010807010636/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.htm',
120 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083748/http://fesrassociation.com/archives/toc.htm',
121 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060712043107/http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/malaya/malayamain.html',
122 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060620092600/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/malaya/index.html',
123 => 'http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php',
124 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161647/https://www.psywar.org/malaya.php',
125 => 'http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Databases/MalayaPostWW2/index.html',
126 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140726/http://brigandboys.org.uk/index.php',
127 => 'https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960',
128 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545957505171',
129 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080083'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm',
1 => 'http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html',
2 => 'http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation',
3 => 'http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php',
4 => 'http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Databases/MalayaPostWW2/index.html',
5 => 'http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=polsci_pubs',
6 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1427367.stm',
7 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023950/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm',
9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031429/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083748/http://fesrassociation.com/archives/toc.htm',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060712043107/http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/malaya/malayamain.html',
12 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060620092600/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/malaya/index.html',
13 => 'http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/',
14 => 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12523',
15 => 'https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf',
16 => 'https://archive.org/details/learningtoeatsou00john',
17 => 'https://archive.org/details/waroffleaclassic00tabe',
18 => 'https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070219203036/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_32/ai_105853016',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071020064959/http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/essays/insurgency/0006.cfm',
21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20010807010636/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.htm',
22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140726/http://brigandboys.org.uk/index.php',
23 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malayan+Emergency',
24 => 'https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malayan+Emergency&library=0CHOOSE0',
25 => 'https://www.academia.edu/40326023',
26 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158297553',
27 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232634/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html',
30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1427367.stm',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183651/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183725/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hic3.12523',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183706/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183710/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/10/27/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183717/https://www.academia.edu/40326023/%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E5%AF%8C_%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98_%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8D%E6%8A%84%E6%AA%A2%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89_Thng_Bee_Fu_Forbidden_Knowledge_Response_from_Chinese_Malay_Intellectuals_to_Leftist_Books_Banning_During_the_Emergency_Period',
39 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159660378',
40 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159611286',
41 => 'https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0968344516671738',
42 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764',
43 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159509434',
44 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143847349',
45 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354629#identifiers',
46 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbx032',
47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=NWURxfct6SgC&pg=PA1929',
48 => 'https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960',
49 => 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/iron-claws-on-malaya-the-historiography-of-the-malayan-emergency1/14AB9D441A3E75DF21C96AE1FA223C59',
50 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852',
51 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684520412331306950',
52 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529908432578',
53 => 'https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/6/8/407/24029/The-Non-Lessons-of-the-Malayan-Emergency?redirectedFrom=fulltext',
54 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154320718',
55 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153496939',
56 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150617654',
57 => 'http://web.usm.my/km/vol29_supp1_2011.html',
58 => 'https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0',
59 => 'https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-mistake-or-murder-in-cold-blood-court-to-rule-over-britains-my-lai-jpjmxt8r37q',
60 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/batang-kali-killings-britain-in-the-dock-over-1948-massacre-in-malaysia-10187309.html',
61 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/25/malaysia-military',
62 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163010489',
63 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1rm2',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161647/https://www.psywar.org/malaya.php',
65 => 'https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/370041/former-communist-leader-dies',
66 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/26527760',
67 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764',
68 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-77691-0',
69 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709771',
70 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12523',
71 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100002258',
72 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100004713',
73 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642468',
74 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642468',
75 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1294256',
76 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534',
77 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbx032',
78 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344516671738',
79 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520412331306950',
80 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520600568352',
81 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400008043',
82 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529908432578',
83 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527',
84 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1406852',
85 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2016.0025',
86 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201734987',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131211224000/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710',
88 => 'http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710',
89 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre',
91 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19473258',
92 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183737/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-19473258',
93 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080083',
94 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080911061212/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf',
95 => 'http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf',
96 => 'https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won',
97 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211005003131/https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won',
98 => 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sources-of-social-power/CE8493644C4615FD156312944E725F02',
99 => 'https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf',
100 => 'https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15471/1/15471.pdf',
101 => 'https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.1.29',
102 => 'https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-17',
103 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882',
104 => 'https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA505882.pdf',
105 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545957505171',
106 => 'https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/all-too-graphic',
107 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=It+was+also+revealed+that+Britain+had+recruited+over+1,000+mercenaries+from+the+Iban+people+of+Borneo&pg=PR11',
108 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=ignored+by+British+soldiers+and+the+decapitation&pg=PA23',
109 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_aPdeJinXGwC&pg=PA298',
110 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0339-6',
111 => 'https://doi.org/10.1142%2F12189',
112 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29278382',
113 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233837382',
114 => 'https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6',
115 => 'https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12189',
116 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000030',
117 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072300',
118 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151633/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60Squadron.cfm',
119 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230811154813/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html',
120 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080503033039/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp',
121 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183752/https://fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/',
122 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=I_lWnBp1GUMC',
123 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079',
124 => 'http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60squadron.cfm',
125 => 'https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html',
126 => 'http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp',
127 => 'http://www.fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/',
128 => 'https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg',
129 => 'https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg/page/n19'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>{{} 1,346 killed<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Malaya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Malaya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Malaya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span> 2,406 wounded<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> 39 killed<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 15 killed<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 8 killed
| casualties2 = 6,710 killed<br />226 executed<br />1,289 wounded<br />1,287 captured<br />2,702 surrendered
| casualties3 = Civilians killed: 2,478<br />Civilians missing: 810<br />Civilian casualties: 5,000+<br /><b>Total killed: 11,107</b>
| notes =
</p><p>
| campaignbox = </p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malayan_Emergency" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236085633">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Malayan_Emergency" title="Template:Campaignbox Malayan Emergency"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Malayan_Emergency" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Malayan Emergency"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Malayan_Emergency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Malayan Emergency"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malayan_Emergency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Malayan Emergency</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia">Communism in Malaysia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1948</b>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_Siput_incident" title="Sungai Siput incident">Sungai Siput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_of_Lau_Yew" title="Death of Lau Yew">Lau Yew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali</a></li></ul>
<p><b>1950</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labis_incident" title="Labis incident">Labis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_ambush" title="Penang ambush">Penang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_incident" title="Bukit Kepong incident">Bukit Kepong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Semur_River" title="Battle of Semur River">Semur River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New village</a></li></ul>
<p><b>1951</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_Sir_Henry_Gurney" title="Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney">Fraser's Hill</a></li></ul>
<p><b>1954</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Termite" title="Operation Termite"><i>Termite</i></a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Nature_of_warfare"><i>Nassau</i></a></li></ul>
<p><b>1956</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pipeline_ambush" title="Pipeline ambush">Pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_Malaysia" title="Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Southern Rhodesia</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_Malayan_Emergency" title="List of weapons in Malayan Emergency">List of weapons</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Malayan_Emergency" title="Category:Malayan Emergency">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malayan_Emergency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malayan Emergency">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>}}
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436761">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th>
</tr><tr>
<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th>
</tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_conquest_of_Perak" title="Acehnese conquest of Perak">Acehnese conquest of Perak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1620</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guthrie_(company)#Acquisition_by_Malaysia" title="Guthrie (company)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pos_Dipang_mudflow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pos Dipang mudflow (page does not exist)">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436761"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Singapore" title="Category:History of Singapore">a series</a> on the</div></th>
</tr><tr>
<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of <span class="fn org label">Singapore</span></a></th>
</tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/150px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/225px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/300px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history</a> (pre-1819)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 650–1377</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Ya_Men" title="Long Ya Men">Long Ya Men</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ban_Zu" title="Ban Zu">Ban Zu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> c.14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1299–1398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528–1819</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">British colonial era (1819–1942)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">Founding</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1819–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1826–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements#Crown_colony_(1867–1942)" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Crown colony</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1867–1942</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese Occupation</a> (1942–1945)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_Tenth_incident" title="Double Tenth incident">Double Tenth incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war period</a> (1945–1962)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Singapore#First_Legislative_Council_(1948–1951)" title="History of Singapore">First Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1948–1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Hertogh_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Hertogh riots">Maria Hertogh riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Singapore#Second_Legislative_Council_(1951–1955)" title="History of Singapore">Second Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951–1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1954_National_Service_riots" title="1954 National Service riots">Anti-National Service Riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Internal self-government</a> (1955–1963)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hock_Lee_bus_riots" title="Hock Lee bus riots">Hock Lee bus riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_Glass_Factory_strikes" title="Singapore Glass Factory strikes">Singapore Glass Factory strikes</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulau_Senang_prison_riots" title="Pulau Senang prison riots">Pulau Senang prison riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia</a> (1963–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1962_Singaporean_integration_referendum" title="1962 Singaporean integration referendum">Singaporean referendum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Race riots in Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">MacDonald House bombing</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore</a> (1965–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Singapore" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_embassies_attack_plot" title="Singapore embassies attack plot">Embassies attack plot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Asia#Singapore" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Asia">H1N1 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Singapore_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2012 Singapore bus drivers' strike">Bus drivers' strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_Little_India_riot" title="2013 Little India riot">Little India riot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Singaporean_history" title="Timeline of Singaporean history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Singapore" title="List of riots in Singapore">Riots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Singapore" title="Military history of Singapore">Military</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;">
<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/16px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/24px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_Singapore" title="Template:History of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:History of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Malayan Emergency</b>, also known as the <b>Anti-British National Liberation War</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <span class="nowrap">(1948–1960),</span> was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> fought in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> between communist pro-independence fighters of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a communist state, while the Malayan Federation and Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217-4">[4]</a></sup> The term "Emergency" was used by the British to characterise the conflict in order to avoid referring to it as a war, because London-based insurers would not pay out in instances of civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The war began on 17 June 1948, after Britain declared a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> in Malaya following attacks on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> which had been revenge attacks for the killing of left-wing activists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013216–217_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013216–217-7">[7]</a></sup> Leader of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a> (MCP) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a> and his allies fled into the jungles and formed the MNLA to wage a war for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation">national liberation</a> against British colonial rule. Many MNLA fighters were veterans of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> (MPAJA), a communist guerrilla army previously trained, armed and funded by the British to fight against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japan</a> during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a></sup> The communists gained support from many civilians, mainly those from the Chinese community.<sup id="cite_ref-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc-9">[9]</a></sup> The communists' belief in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>, and both ethnic and gender equality, inspired many women and indigenous people to join both the MNLA and its undercover supply network the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Additionally, hundreds of former Japanese soldiers joined the MNLA.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> After establishing a series of jungle bases the MNLA began raiding British colonial police and military installations. Mines, plantations, and trains were attacked by the MNLA to gain independence for Malaya by bankrupting the British occupation.
</p><p>The British attempted to starve the MNLA using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policies through food rationing, killing livestock, and aerial spraying of the herbicide <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sche_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sche-16">[16]</a></sup> The British engaged in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial killings">extrajudicial killings</a> of unarmed villagers, in violation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siv18_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siv18-17">[17]</a></sup> The most infamous example is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a>, which the press has referred to as "Britain's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-BrMyL_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrMyL-22">[a]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a> forcibly relocated between 400,000 and 1,000,000 civilians into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> called "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New villages</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Keo19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keo19-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201550"Their_homes_and_standing_crops_were_fired,_their_agricultural_implements_were_smashed_and_their_livestock_either_killed_or_turned_loose._Some_were_subsequently_to_receive_compensation,_but_most_never_did._They_were_then_transported_by_lorry_to_the_site_of_their_'new_village'_which_was_often_little_more_than_a_prison_camp,_surrounded_by_a_barbed_wire_fence,_illuminated_by_searchlights._The_villages_were_heavily_policed_with_the_inhabitants_effectively_deprived_of_all_civil_rights."_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201550"Their_homes_and_standing_crops_were_fired,_their_agricultural_implements_were_smashed_and_their_livestock_either_killed_or_turned_loose._Some_were_subsequently_to_receive_compensation,_but_most_never_did._They_were_then_transported_by_lorry_to_the_site_of_their_'new_village'_which_was_often_little_more_than_a_prison_camp,_surrounded_by_a_barbed_wire_fence,_illuminated_by_searchlights._The_villages_were_heavily_policed_with_the_inhabitants_effectively_deprived_of_all_civil_rights."-24">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> Many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> indigenous communities were also targeted for internment because the British believed that they were supporting the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones68_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones68-26">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although the emergency was declared over in 1960, communist leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a> renewed the insurgency against the Malaysian government in 1968. This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">second phase of the insurgency</a> lasted until 1989.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Socioeconomic_issues_(1941–1948)"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Socioeconomic issues (1941–1948)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sungai_Siput_incident_(1948)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sungai Siput incident (1948)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Origin_and_formation_of_the_MNLA_(1949)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Origin and formation of the MNLA (1949)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Communist_guerrilla_strategies"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Communist guerrilla strategies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#British_and_Commonwealth_strategies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">British and Commonwealth strategies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Control_of_anti-guerrilla_operations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Control of anti-guerrilla operations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Agent_Orange"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Agent Orange</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Nature_of_warfare"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nature of warfare</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Commonwealth_contribution"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Commonwealth contribution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Australia_and_Pacific_Commonwealth_forces"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia and Pacific Commonwealth forces</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#African_Commonwealth_forces"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">African Commonwealth forces</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_October_Resolution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The October Resolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Amnesty_declaration"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Amnesty declaration</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Baling_Talks_and_their_consequences"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Baling Talks and their consequences</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Casualties"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Casualties</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Atrocities"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Atrocities</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Commonwealth"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commonwealth</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Torture"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Torture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Batang_Kali_Massacre"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Batang Kali Massacre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Internment_camps"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Internment camps</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Deportations"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Deportations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Headhunting_and_scalping"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Headhunting and scalping</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="#Headhunting_exposed_to_British_public"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Headhunting exposed to British public</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Comparisons_with_Vietnam"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Comparisons with Vietnam</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Differences"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Differences</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Similarities"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Similarities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#List_of_battles/incidents_during_the_Malayan_Emergency"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">List of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: Origins"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circumstances_prior_to_the_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstances prior to the Malayan Emergency">Circumstances prior to the Malayan Emergency</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_issues_(1941–1948)"><span id="Socioeconomic_issues_.281941.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Socioeconomic issues (1941–1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=2"title="Edit section: Socioeconomic issues (1941–1948)"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>The economic disruption of WWII on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> led to widespread unemployment, low wages, and high levels of food price inflation. The weak economy was a factor in the growth of trade union movements and caused a rise in communist party membership, with considerable labour unrest and a large number of strikes occurring between 1946 and 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541-28">[27]</a></sup> Malayan communists organised a successful 24-hour general strike on 29 January 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Stahl_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Stahl_2003-29">[28]</a></sup> before organising 300 strikes in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Stahl_2003_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Stahl_2003-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>To combat rising trade union activity the British used police and soldiers as strikebreakers, and employers enacted mass dismissals, forced evictions of striking workers from their homes, legal harassment, and began cutting the wages of their workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541-28">[27]</a></sup> Colonial police responded to rising trade union activity through arrests, deportations, and beating striking workers to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542-30">[29]</a></sup> Responding to the attacks against trade unions, communist militants began assassinating strikebreakers, and attacking anti-union estates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542-30">[29]</a></sup> These attacks were used by the colonial occupation as a pretext to conduct mass arrests of left-wing activists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541-28">[27]</a></sup> On 12 June the British colonial occupation banned Malaya's largest trade union the PMFTU.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Malaya's rubber and tin resources were used by the British to pay war debts to the United States and to recover from the damage of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542-30">[29]</a></sup> Malaysian rubber exports to the United States were of greater value than all domestic exports from Britain to America, causing Malaya to be viewed by the British as a vital asset.<sup id="cite_ref-De07_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De07-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36-3">[3]</a></sup> Britain had prepared for Malaya to become an independent state, but only by handing power to a government which would be subservient to Britain and allow British businesses to keep control of Malaya's natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201543_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201543-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sungai_Siput_incident_(1948)"><span id="Sungai_Siput_incident_.281948.29"></span>Sungai Siput incident (1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=3"title="Edit section: Sungai Siput incident (1948)"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>The first shots of the Malayan Emergency were fired during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_Siput_incident" title="Sungai Siput incident">Sungai Siput incident</a>, which happened on June 17, 1948, in the office of the Elphil Estate near the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_Siput" title="Sungai Siput">Sungai Siput</a>. Three European <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> managers were killed by three young Chinese men suspected to have been communists.
</p><p>The deaths of these European plantation managers was used by the British colonial occupation to either arrest or kill many of Malaya's communist and trade union leaders. These mass arrests and killings saw many left-wing activists going into hiding and fleeing into the Malayan jungles.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_formation_of_the_MNLA_(1949)"><span id="Origin_and_formation_of_the_MNLA_.281949.29"></span>Origin and formation of the MNLA (1949)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=4"title="Edit section: Origin and formation of the MNLA (1949)"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>Although the Malayan communists had begun preparations for a guerrilla war against the British, the emergency measures and mass arrest of communists and left-wing activists in 1948 took them by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201544_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201544-33">[32]</a></sup> Led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a> the remaining Malayan communists retreated to rural areas and formed, on 1 February 1949, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA).<sup id="cite_ref-Postgate69_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postgate69-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>The MNLA was partly a re-formation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> (MPAJA), the communist guerrilla force which had been the principal resistance in Malaya against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> during WWII. The British had secretly helped form the MPAJA in 1942 and trained them in the use of explosives, firearms and radios.<sup id="cite_ref-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson-35">[34]</a></sup> Chin Peng was a veteran anti-fascist and trade unionist who had played an integral role in the MPAJA's resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> Disbanded in December 1945, the MPAJA officially turned in its weapons to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration</a>, although many MPAJA soldiers secretly hid stockpiles of weapons in jungle hideouts. Members who agreed to disband were offered economic incentives. Around 4,000 members rejected these incentives and went underground.<sup id="cite_ref-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson-35">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>The MNLA began their war for Malayan independence from the British Empire by targeting the colonial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">resource</a> extraction industries, namely the tin mines and rubber plantations which were the main sources of income for the British occupation of Malaya. The MNLA attacked these industries in the hopes of bankrupting the British and winning independence by making the colonial administration too expensive to maintain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg/180px-Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg/270px-Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg/360px-Malayan_Emergency_Bren_Gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>Commonwealth propaganda leaflet dropped across Malaya, urging people to come forward with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren</a> gun and receive a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_dollar" title="Malayan dollar">$</a>1,000 reward</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_guerrilla_strategies">Communist guerrilla strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=5"title="Edit section: Communist guerrilla strategies"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) employed guerrilla tactics, attacking military and police outposts, sabotaging rubber plantations and tin mines, while also destroying transport and communication infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> Support for the MNLA mainly came from the 3.12 million <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> then living in Malaya, many of whom were farmers living on the edges of the Malayan jungles and had been politically influenced by both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> and the resistance against Japan during WWII. Their support allowed the MNLA to supply themselves with food, medicine, information, and provided a source of new recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-O._Tilman_1966_407–419_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O._Tilman_1966_407–419-38">[37]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">ethnic Malay</a> population supported them in smaller numbers. The MNLA gained the support of the Chinese because the Chinese were denied the equal right to vote in elections, had no land rights to speak of, and were usually very poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher201353_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher201353-39">[38]</a></sup> The MNLA's supply organisation was called the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a> (People's Movement). It had a network of contacts within the general population. Besides supplying material, especially food, it was also important to the MNLA as a source of intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher201358_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher201358-40">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>The MNLA's camps and hideouts were in the inaccessible tropical jungle and had limited infrastructure. Almost 90% of MNLA guerrillas were ethnic Chinese, though there were some Malays, Indonesians and Indians among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a></sup> The MNLA was organised into regiments, although these had no fixed establishments and each included all communist forces operating in a particular region. The regiments had political sections, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissars</a>, instructors and secret service. In the camps, the soldiers attended lectures on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, and produced political newsletters to be distributed to civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer19727_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer19727-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early stages of the conflict, the guerrillas envisaged establishing control in "liberated areas" from which the government forces had been driven, but did not succeed in this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer19729_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer19729-42">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_and_Commonwealth_strategies">British and Commonwealth strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=6"title="Edit section: British and Commonwealth strategies"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:SC_protection_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SC_protection_team.jpg/220px-SC_protection_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/SC_protection_team.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Workers on a rubber plantation in Malaya travel to work under the protection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Constable">Special Constables</a>, whose function was to guard them throughout the working day against attack by communist forces, 1950.</figcaption></figure>
<p>During the first two years of the Emergency, British forces conducted a 'counter-terror,' characterised by high levels of state coercion against civilian populations; including sweeps, cordons, large-scale deportation, and capital charges against suspected guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[42]</a></sup> Police corruption and the British military's widespread destruction of farmland and burning of homes belonging to villagers rumoured to be helping communists, led to a sharp increase in civilians joining the MNLA and communist movement. However, these tactics also prevented the communists from establishing liberated areas' (the MCPs first, and foremost objective), successfully broke up larger guerrilla formations, and shifted the MNLA from a plan of securing territory, to one of widespread sabotage.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Commonwealth forces struggled to fight guerrillas who moved freely in the jungle and enjoyed support from the Chinese rural population. British planters and miners, who bore the brunt of the communist attacks, began to talk about government incompetence and being betrayed by Whitehall.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>The initial government strategy was primarily to guard important economic targets, such as mines and plantation estates. In April 1950, General Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Rawdon_Briggs" title="Harold Rawdon Briggs">Harold Briggs</a>, most famous for implementing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a>, was appointed to Malaya. The central tenet of the Briggs Plan was to segregate MNLA guerrillas from their supporters among the population. A major component of the Briggs Plan involved targeting the MNLA's food supplies, which were supplied from three main sources: food grown by the MNLA in the jungle, food supplied by the Orang Asli aboriginal people living in the deep jungle, and MNLA supporters within the 'squatter' communities on the jungle fringes.<sup id="cite_ref-O._Tilman_1966_407–419_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O._Tilman_1966_407–419-38">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg/220px-Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg/330px-Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg/440px-Terrorist_in_Malaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>A wounded suspected MNLA supporter being held and questioned after his capture in 1952</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Briggs Plan also included the forced relocation of some 500,000 rural Malayans, including 400,000 Chinese civilians, into internment camps called "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">new villages</a>". These internment camps were surrounded by barbed wire, police posts, and floodlit areas, all designed to stop the inmates from contacting and supplying MNLA guerrillas in the jungles, segregating the communists from their civilian supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann13_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann13-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BFBS21_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFBS21-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1948 the British had 13 infantry battalions in Malaya, including seven partly formed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> battalions, three British battalions, two battalions of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Malay_Regiment" title="Royal Malay Regiment">Royal Malay Regiment</a> and a British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> Regiment being used as infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Hack:113_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hack:113-45">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Permanent Secretary of Defence for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a>, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson" title="Robert Grainger Ker Thompson">Robert Grainger Ker Thompson</a>, had served in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a> in Burma during World War II. Thompson's in-depth experience of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">jungle warfare</a> proved invaluable during this period as he was able to build effective civil-military relations and was one of the chief architects of the counter-insurgency plan in Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1951, the British High Commissioner in Malaya, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Gurney" title="Henry Gurney">Henry Gurney</a>, was killed near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fraser%27s_Hill" title="Fraser's Hill">Fraser's Hill</a> during an MNLA ambush. General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a> was chosen to become the new High Commissioner in January 1952. During Templer's two-year command, "two-thirds of the guerrillas were wiped out and lost over half their strength, the incident rate fell from 500 to less than 100 per month and the civilian and security force casualties from 200 to less than 40."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> Orthodox historiography suggests that Templer changed the situation in the Emergency and his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Templer_Plan" title="The Templer Plan">actions and policies</a> were a major part of British success during his period in command. Revisionist historians have challenged this view and frequently support the ideas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Purcell" title="Victor Purcell">Victor Purcell</a>, a Sinologist who as early as 1954 claimed that Templer merely continued policies begun by his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_anti-guerrilla_operations">Control of anti-guerrilla operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=7"title="Edit section: Control of anti-guerrilla operations"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/220px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/330px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/440px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Police officers question a civilian during the Malayan Emergency.</figcaption></figure>
<p>At all levels of the Malayan government (national, state, and district levels), the military and civil authority was assumed by a committee of military, police and civilian administration officials. This allowed intelligence from all sources to be rapidly evaluated and disseminated and also allowed all anti-guerrilla measures to be co-ordinated.<sup id="cite_ref-conduct_1958_chap_3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conduct_1958_chap_3-50">[49]</a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This appears to be a primary document written during the war. Need to find a secondary source for this in the near future (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Each of the Malay states had a State War Executive Committee which included the State Chief Minister as chairman, the Chief Police Officer, the senior military commander, state home guard officer, state financial officer, state information officer, executive secretary, and up to six selected community leaders. The Police, Military, and Home Guard representatives and the Secretary formed the operations sub-committee responsible for the day-to-day direction of emergency operations. The operations subcommittees as a whole made joint decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-conduct_1958_chap_3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conduct_1958_chap_3-50">[49]</a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This appears to be a primary document written during the war. Need to find a secondary source for this in the near future (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agent_Orange">Agent Orange</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=8"title="Edit section: Agent Orange"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></div>
<p>During the Malayan Emergency, Britain became the first nation in history to make use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defoliants" class="mw-redirect" title="Defoliants">defoliants</a> as a military weapon. It was used to destroy bushes, food crops, and trees to deprive the guerrillas of both food and cover, playing a role in Britain's food denial campaign during the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hay82_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay82-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JaWa21_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaWa21-15">[15]</a></sup> A variety of herbicides were used to clear <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lines_of_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of communication">lines of communication</a> and destroy food crops as part of this strategy. One of the herbicides, brand name Trioxone, was a 50:50 mixture of butyl esters of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2,4,5-T" class="mw-redirect" title="2,4,5-T">2,4,5-T</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2,4-D" class="mw-redirect" title="2,4-D">2,4-D</a>. This mixture was virtually identical to the later Agent Orange, though Trioxone likely had a heavier contamination of the health-damaging dioxin impurity.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-51">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1952, Trioxone and mixtures of the aforementioned herbicides, were sprayed along a number of key roads. From June to October 1952, 1,250 acres (510 ha) of roadside vegetation at possible ambush points were sprayed with defoliant, described as a policy of "national importance".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The experts advised that the use of herbicides and defoliants for clearing the roadside could be effectively replaced by removing vegetation by hand and the spraying was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-51">[50]</a></sup> However, after that strategy failed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the use of herbicides and defoliants in effort to fight the guerrillas was restarted under the command of British General Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a> in February 1953 as a means of destroying food crops grown by communist forces in jungle clearings. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">Helicopters</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> despatched <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodium_trichloroacetate" title="Sodium trichloroacetate">sodium trichloroacetate</a> and Trioxone, along with pellets of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea" title="(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea">chlorophenyl</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine" title="N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine">N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine</a> onto crops such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">sweet potatoes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. Many Commonwealth personnel who handled and/or used Trioxone during the conflict suffered from serious exposure to dioxin and Trioxone. An estimated 10,000 civilians and guerrilla in Malaya also suffered from the effects of the defoliant, but many historians think that the number is much larger since Trioxone was used on a large scale in the Malayan conflict and, unlike the US, the British government limited information about its use to avoid negative world public opinion. The prolonged absence of vegetation caused by defoliation also resulted in major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> to areas of Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the Malayan Conflict ended in 1960, the US used the British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">legally-accepted tactic of warfare</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> advised <a href="/enwiki/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> that the precedent of using herbicide in warfare had been established by the British through their use of aircraft to spray herbicide and thus destroy enemy crops and thin the thick jungle of northern Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-USE_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USE-53">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290-54">[53]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_warfare">Nature of warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=9"title="Edit section: Nature of warfare"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg/220px-The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg/330px-The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg/440px-The_Malayan_Emergency_1948-1960_MAL35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Malayan Police conducting a patrol around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belum-Temengor" title="Belum-Temengor">Temenggor</a>, 1953</figcaption></figure><p>
The British Army soon realised that clumsy sweeps by large formations were unproductive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagl200267–70_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagl200267–70-55">[54]</a></sup> Instead, platoons or sections carried out patrols and laid ambushes, based on intelligence from various sources, including informers, surrendered MNLA personnel, aerial reconnaissance and so on. An operation named "Nassau", carried out in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuala_Langat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Langat">Kuala Langat</a> swamp is described in <i>The Guerrilla – and how to Fight Him</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[b]</a></sup> ): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On 7 July, two additional companies were assigned to the area; patrolling and harassing fires were intensified. Three terrorists surrendered and one of them led a platoon patrol to the terrorist leader's camp. The patrol attacked the camp, killing four, including the leader. Other patrols accounted for four more; by the end of July, twenty-three terrorists remained in the swamp with no food or communications with the outside world.
This was the nature of operations: 60,000 artillery shells, 30,000 rounds of mortar ammunition, and 2,000 aircraft bombs for 35 terrorists killed or captured. Each one represented 1,500 man-days of patrolling or waiting in ambushes. "Nassau" was considered a success for the end of the emergency was one step nearer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>MNLA guerrillas had numerous advantages over Commonwealth forces since they lived in closer proximity to villagers, they sometimes had relatives or close friends in the village, and they were not afraid to threaten violence or torture and murder village leaders as an example to the others, which forced them to assist them with food and information. British forces thus faced a dual threat: the MNLA guerrillas and the silent network in villages who supported them. British troops often described the terror of jungle patrols. In addition to watching out for MNLA guerrillas, they had to navigate difficult terrain and avoid dangerous animals and insects. Many patrols would stay in the jungle for days, even weeks, without encountering the MNLA guerrillas. That strategy led to the infamous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a> in which 24 unarmed villagers were executed by British troops.<sup id="cite_ref-MAY_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAY-58">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MAL_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAL-59">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>Royal Air Force activities, grouped under "Operation Firedog" included ground attacks in support of troops and the transport of supplies. The RAF used a wide mixture of aircraft to attack MNLA positions: from the new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincoln</a> heavy bomber to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a> flying boats. Jets were used in the conflict when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampires</a> replaced Spitfires of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._60_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 60 Squadron RAF">No. 60 Squadron RAF</a> in 1950 and were used for ground attack.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a></sup> Jet bombers came with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberra</a> in 1955 The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._194_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 194 Squadron RAF">Casualty Evacuation Flight</a> was formed in early 1953 to bring the wounded out of the jungles; it used early helicopters such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westland_Dragonfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Westland Dragonfly">Westland Dragonfly</a>, landing in small clearings <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></sup> The RAF progressed to using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_(helicopter)" title="Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)">Westland Whirlwind</a> helicopters to deploy troops in the jungle.
</p><p>The MNLA was vastly outnumbered by the British forces and their Commonwealth and colonial allies in terms of regular full-time soldiers. Siding with the British occupation were a maximum of 40,000 British and other Commonwealth troops, 250,000 Home Guard members, and 66,000 police agents. Supporting the communists were 7,000+ communist guerrillas (1951 peak), an estimated 1,000,000 sympathisers, and an unknown number of civilian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a> supporters and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> sympathisers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonwealth_contribution">Commonwealth contribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=10"title="Edit section: Commonwealth contribution"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>Commonwealth forces from Africa and the Pacific fought on the British backed Federation of Malaya side during the Malayan Emergency. These included troops from Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Kenya, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_Pacific_Commonwealth_forces">Australia and Pacific Commonwealth forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=11"title="Edit section: Australia and Pacific Commonwealth forces"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency</a></div><p>
Australian ground forces first joined the Malayan Emergency in 1955 with the deployment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment</a> (2 RAR).<sup id="cite_ref-awm.gov.au_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awm.gov.au-64">[62]</a></sup> The 2 RAR was later replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">3 RAR</a>, which in turn was replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">1 RAR</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> contributed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAAF">No. 1 Squadron</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincoln</a> bombers) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._38_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 38 Squadron RAAF">No. 38 Squadron</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">C-47</a> transports). In 1955, the RAAF extended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RAAF_Base_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Base Butterworth">Butterworth air base</a>, from which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Canberra</a> bombers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RAAF">No. 2 Squadron</a> (replacing No. 1 Squadron) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CAC_Sabre" title="CAC Sabre">CAC Sabres</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._78_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 78 Wing RAAF">No. 78 Wing</a> carried out ground attack missions against the guerrillas. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> destroyers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Warramunga_(I44)" title="HMAS Warramunga (I44)"><i>Warramunga</i></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Arunta_(I30)" title="HMAS Arunta (I30)"><i>Arunta</i></a> joined the force in June 1955. Between 1956 and 1960, the aircraft carriers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(R21)" title="HMAS Melbourne (R21)"><i>Melbourne</i></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(R17)" title="HMAS Sydney (R17)"><i>Sydney</i></a> and destroyers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Anzac_(D59)" title="HMAS Anzac (D59)"><i>Anzac</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Quadrant" title="HMAS Quadrant"><i>Quadrant</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Queenborough" title="HMAS Queenborough"><i>Queenborough</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Quiberon_(G81)" title="HMAS Quiberon (G81)"><i>Quiberon</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Quickmatch_(G92)" title="HMAS Quickmatch (G92)"><i>Quickmatch</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Tobruk_(D37)" title="HMAS Tobruk (D37)"><i>Tobruk</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Vampire_(D11)" title="HMAS Vampire (D11)"><i>Vampire</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Vendetta_(D08)" title="HMAS Vendetta (D08)"><i>Vendetta</i></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMAS_Voyager_(D04)" title="HMAS Voyager (D04)"><i>Voyager</i></a> were attached to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_East_Strategic_Reserve" title="Far East Strategic Reserve">Commonwealth Strategic Reserve</a> forces for three to nine months at a time. Several of the destroyers fired on communist positions in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> State.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_Malaysia" title="Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia">Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia</a></div>
<p>New Zealand's first contribution came in 1949, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Dakotas</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._41_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 41 Squadron RNZAF">RNZAF No. 41 Squadron</a> were attached to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RAF_Far_East_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Far East Air Force">Far East Air Force</a>. New Zealand became more directly involved in the conflict in 1955; from May, RNZAF <a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampires</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">Venoms</a> began to fly strike missions. In November 1955 133 soldiers of what was to become the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Air_Service_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Air Service of New Zealand">Special Air Service of New Zealand</a> arrived from Singapore, for training in-country with the British SAS, beginning operations by April 1956. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> continued to carry out strike missions with Venoms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._14_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 14 Squadron RNZAF">No. 14 Squadron</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></sup> and later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/No._75_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 75 Squadron RNZAF">No. 75 Squadron</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">English Electric Canberras</a> bombers, as well as supply-dropping operations in support of anti-guerrilla forces, using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bristol_Freighter" title="Bristol Freighter">Bristol Freighter</a>. A total of 1,300 New Zealanders were stationed in Malaya between 1948 and 1964, and fifteen lost their lives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Approximately 1,600 Fijian troops were involved in the Malayan Emergency from 1952 to 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></sup> The experience was captured in the documentary, <i>Back to Batu Pahat</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Commonwealth_forces">African Commonwealth forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=12"title="Edit section: African Commonwealth forces"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:C_Squadron_(Rhodesian)_SAS,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A formative black-and-white photograph of military personnel. The men wear khaki shirts and shorts with long, dark-coloured socks. They all wear dark berets." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C_Squadron_%28Rhodesian%29_SAS%2C_1953.jpg/300px-C_Squadron_%28Rhodesian%29_SAS%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C_Squadron_%28Rhodesian%29_SAS%2C_1953.jpg/450px-C_Squadron_%28Rhodesian%29_SAS%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/C_Squadron_%28Rhodesian%29_SAS%2C_1953.jpg/600px-C_Squadron_%28Rhodesian%29_SAS%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodesian_Special_Air_Service" title="Rhodesian Special Air Service">"C" Squadron</a>, the all-Southern Rhodesian unit of the Special Air Service (SAS), in Malaya in 1953</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> and its successor, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>, contributed two units to Malaya. Between 1951 and 1953, white Southern Rhodesian volunteers formed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodesian_Special_Air_Service" title="Rhodesian Special Air Service">"C" Squadron</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a>, comprising black soldiers and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warrant_officer" title="Warrant officer">warrant officers</a> led by white officers, were stationed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johore</a> between 1956 and 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> were also deployed to Malaya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_October_Resolution">The October Resolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=13"title="Edit section: The October Resolution"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>Later, MNLA leader Chin Peng stated that the killing of Henry Gurney had little effect and that the communists were already altering their strategy, according to new guidelines enshrined in the so-called "October Resolutions".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup> The October Resolutions, a response to the Briggs Plan, involved a change of tactics by the MNLA by reducing attacks on economic targets and civilian collaborators, redirecting their efforts towards political organisation and subversion, and bolstering the supply network from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a> as well as jungle farming.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg/220px-Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg/330px-Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg/440px-Chin_Peng_wanted_by_Malaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Headline on page 1 of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i> of 1952. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a>: Public Enemy No.1</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amnesty_declaration">Amnesty declaration</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=14"title="Edit section: Amnesty declaration"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>On 8 September 1955, the Government of the Federation of Malaya issued a declaration of amnesty to the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup> The Government of Singapore issued an identical offer at the same time. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, as Chief Minister, offered amnesty but rejected negotiations with the MNLA. The amnesty read that:
</p>
<ul><li>Those of you who come in and surrender will not be prosecuted for any offence connected with the Emergency, which you have committed under Communist direction, either before this date or in ignorance of this declaration.</li>
<li>You may surrender now and to whom you like including to members of the public.</li>
<li>There will be no general "ceasefire" but the security forces will be on alert to help those who wish to accept this offer and for this purpose local "ceasefire" will be arranged.</li>
<li>The Government will conduct investigations on those who surrender. Those who show that they are genuinely intent to be loyal to the Government of Malaya and to give up their Communist activities will be helped to regain their normal position in society and be reunited with their families. As regards the remainder, restrictions will have to be placed on their liberty but if any of them wish to go to China, their request will be given due consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72">[70]</a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This citation has no page numbers (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul>
<p>Following this amnesty declaration, an intensive publicity campaign was launched by the government. Alliance Ministers in the Federal Government travelled extensively across Malaya exhorting civilians to call upon communist forces to surrender their weapons and accept the amnesty. Despite the campaign, few Communist guerrillas chose to surrender. Some political activists criticised the amnesty for being too restrictive and for being a rewording of earlier well established surrender offers. These critics advocated for direct negotiations with the communist guerrillas of the MNLA and MCP to work on a peace settlement. Leading officials of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Malaya" title="Labour Party of Malaya">Labour Party</a> had, as part of the settlement, not excluded the possibility of recognition of the MCP as a political organisation. Within the Alliance itself, influential elements in both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">MCA</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" title="United Malays National Organisation">UMNO</a> were endeavouring to persuade the Chief Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, to hold negotiations with the MCP.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72">[70]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This citation has no page numbers (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baling_Talks_and_their_consequences">Baling Talks and their consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=15"title="Edit section: Baling Talks and their consequences"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg/220px-Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg/330px-Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg/440px-Malya_Emergency_British_Artillery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>British artillery firing on MNLA guerrillas in the Malayan jungle, 1955</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1955 Chin Peng indicated that he would be willing to meet with British officials alongside senior Malayan politicians. The result of this was the Baling Talks, a meeting which took place between communist and Commonwealth forces to debate a peace treaty. The Baling Talks took place inside an English School in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baling" class="mw-redirect" title="Baling">Baling</a> on 28 December 1955. The MCP and MNLA was represented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rashid_Maidin" title="Rashid Maidin">Rashid Maidin</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Tien" title="Chen Tien">Chen Tien</a>. The Commonwealth forces were represented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Lock" title="Tan Cheng Lock">Tan Cheng-Lock</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Saul Marshall</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite the meeting being conducted successfully, the British forces was worried that a peace treaty with the MCP would lead to communist activists regaining influence in society. As a result, many of Chin Peng's demands were dismissed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Following the failure of the talks, Tunku Abdul Rahman withdraw the amnesty offers for MNLA members on 8 February 1956, five months after it had been offered, stating he was unwilling to meet the Communists again unless they indicated beforehand their intention to make "a complete surrender".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the failure of the Baling Talks, the MCP made various efforts to resume peace negotiations with the Malayan government, all without success. Meanwhile, discussions began in the new Emergency Operations Council to intensify the "People's War" against the guerrillas. In July 1957, a few weeks before independence, the MCP made another attempt at peace talks, suggesting the following conditions for a negotiated peace:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ul><li>its members should be given privileges enjoyed by citizens</li>
<li>a guarantee that political as well as armed members of the MCP would not be punished</li></ul>
<p>The failure of the talks affected MCP policy. The strength of the MNLA and 'Min Yuen' declined to only 1830 members in August 1957. Those who remained faced exile, or death in the jungle. However, Tunku Abdul Rahman did not respond to the MCP's proposals. Following the declaration of Malaya's independence in August 1957, the MNLA lost its rationale as a force of colonial liberation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The last serious resistance from MNLA guerrillas ended with a surrender in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telok_Anson" class="mw-redirect" title="Telok Anson">Telok Anson</a> marsh area in 1958. The remaining MNLA forces fled to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thai border</a> and further east. On 31 July 1960 the Malayan government declared the state of emergency over, and Chin Peng left south Thailand for Beijing where he was accommodated by the Chinese authorities in the International Liaison Bureau, where many other Southeast Asian Communist Party leaders were housed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=16"title="Edit section: Casualties"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>During the conflict, security forces killed 6,710 MNLA guerrillas and captured 1,287, while 2,702 guerrillas surrendered during the conflict, and approximately 500 more did so at its conclusion. A total of 226 guerrillas were executed. 1,346 Malayan troops and police were killed during the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup> 1,443 British personnel died, in what remains the largest loss of life among UK armed forces since the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></sup> 2,478 civilians were killed, with another 810 recorded as missing.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-78">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=17"title="Edit section: Atrocities"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=18"title="Edit section: Commonwealth"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torture">Torture</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=19"title="Edit section: Torture"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>During the Malayan conflict, there were instances during operations to find MNLA guerrillas where British troops detained and allegedly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> villagers who were suspected of aiding the MNLA. Socialist historian Brian Lapping said that there was "some vicious conduct by the British forces, who routinely beat up Chinese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatters</a> when they refused, or possibly were unable, to give information" about the MNLA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i> newspaper lauded these tactics as a good practice since "simple-minded peasants are told and come to believe that the communist leaders are invulnerable".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some civilians and detainees were also allegedly shot, either because they attempted to flee from and potentially aid the MNLA or simply because they refused to give intelligence to British forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Widespread use of arbitrary detention, punitive actions against villages, and use of torture by the police, "created animosity" between Chinese squatters and British forces in Malaya and "were therefore counterproductive in generating the one resource critical in a counterinsurgency, good intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-MAY_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAY-58">[56]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batang_Kali_Massacre">Batang Kali Massacre</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=20"title="Edit section: Batang Kali Massacre"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a>, 24 unarmed civilians were executed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scots_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Guard">Scots Guards</a> near a rubber plantation at Sungai Rimoh near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali" title="Batang Kali">Batang Kali</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> in December 1948. All the victims were male, ranging in age from young teenage boys to elderly men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHack2018210_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHack2018210-79">[77]</a></sup> Many of the victims' bodies were found to have been mutilated and their village of Batang Kali was burned to the ground. No weapons were found when the village was searched. The only survivor of the killings was a man named Chong Hong who was in his 20s at the time. He fainted and was presumed dead.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup> Soon afterwards the British colonial government staged a coverup of British military abuses which served to obfuscate the exact details of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHack2018212_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHack2018212-84">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>The massacre later became the focus of decades of legal battles between the UK government and the families of the civilians executed by British troops. According to Christi Silver, Batang Kali was notable in that it was the only incident of mass killings by Commonwealth forces during the war, which Silver attributes to the unique subculture of the Scots Guards and poor enforcement of discipline by junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internment_camps">Internment camps</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=21"title="Edit section: Internment camps"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>As part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a> devised by British General Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Rawdon_Briggs" title="Harold Rawdon Briggs">Harold Briggs</a>, 500,000 people (roughly ten percent of Malaya's population) were forced from their homes by British forces. Tens of thousands of homes were destroyed, and many people were imprisoned in British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internment_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment Camp">internment camps</a> called "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">new villages</a>". During the Malayan Emergency, 450 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">new villages</a> were created. The policy aimed to inflict <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> on villages where people were thought to be support communism, and also to isolate civilians from guerrilla activity. Many of the forced evictions involved the destruction of existing settlements which went beyond the justification of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">military necessity</a>. This practice is now prohibited by Article 17 (1) of Additional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>, which forbid civilian internment unless rendered absolutely necessary by military operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gifu_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gifu-86">[84]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-MAY_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAY-58">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MAL_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAL-59">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290-54">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p><b>Collective punishment</b>
</p><p>A key British war measure was inflicting collective punishments on villages whose people were deemed to be aiding MNLA guerrillas. At <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjong Malim</a> in March 1952, Templer imposed a twenty-two-hour house <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>, banned everyone from leaving the village, closed the schools, stopped bus services, and reduced the rice rations for 20,000 people. The last measure prompted the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to write to the Colonial Office to note that the "chronically undernourished Malayan" might not be able to survive as a result. "This measure is bound to result in an increase, not only of sickness but also of deaths, particularly amongst the mothers and very young children". Some people were fined for leaving their homes to use external latrines. In another collective punishment, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_Pelek" title="Sungai Pelek">Sengei Pelek</a> the following month, measures included a house curfew, a reduction of 40 percent in the rice ration and the construction of a chain-link fence 22 yards outside the existing barbed wire fence around the town. Officials explained that the measures were being imposed upon the 4,000 villagers "for their continually supplying food" to the MNLA and "because they did not give information to the authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deportations">Deportations</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=22"title="Edit section: Deportations"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Explanationism" title="Wikipedia:Explanationism"><span title="This sentence or topic needs more explanation.">more detail needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Over the course of the war, some 30,000 mostly ethnic Chinese were deported by the British authorities to mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup> This would have been a war crime under Article 17 (2) of Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, which states: "Civilians shall not be compelled to leave their own territory for reasons connected with the conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-Gifu_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gifu-86">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headhunting_and_scalping">Headhunting and scalping</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=23"title="Edit section: Headhunting and scalping"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:This_Horror_Must_End.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/This_Horror_Must_End.jpg/220px-This_Horror_Must_End.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/This_Horror_Must_End.jpg/330px-This_Horror_Must_End.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/This_Horror_Must_End.jpg/440px-This_Horror_Must_End.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption>A Daily Worker article exposing newly uncovered images of British atrocities involving headhunting during the Malayan Emergency</figcaption></figure>
<p>During the war British and Commonwealth forces hired over 1,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> (Dyak) mercenaries from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> to act as jungle trackers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[87]</a></sup> With a tradition of headhunting, they decapitated suspected MNLA members; the authorities held that taking the heads was the only means of later identification.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[88]</a></sup> Iban headhunters were permitted by British military leaders to keep the scalps of corpses as trophies.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[88]</a></sup> After the practice of headhunting in Malaya by Ibans had been exposed to the public, the Foreign Office first tried to deny that the practice existed, before then trying to justify Iban headhunting and conduct damage control in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[90]</a></sup> Privately, the Colonial Office noted that "there is no doubt that under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> a similar case in wartime would be a war crime".<sup id="cite_ref-MAL_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAL-59">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mark_Curtis_61–71_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Curtis_61–71-93">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[90]</a></sup> Skull fragments from a trophy head were later found to have been displayed in a British regimental museum.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[88]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Headhunting_exposed_to_British_public">Headhunting exposed to British public</h5><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=24"title="Edit section: Headhunting exposed to British public"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>In 1952, April, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">British communist</a> newspaper the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)"><i>Daily Worker</i></a> (today known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)"><i>Morning Star</i></a>) published a photograph of British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> inside a British military base openly posing with severed human heads.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup> By republishing these images the British communists had hoped to turn public opinion against the war.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> Initially British government spokespersons belonging to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> claimed the photograph was fake. In response to the accusations that their headhunting photograph was fake, the <i>Daily Worker</i> released yet another photograph taken in Malaya showing British soldiers posing with a severed head. Later the Colonial Secretary, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Lyttelton">Oliver Lyttelton</a>, confirmed to parliament that the <i>Daily Worker</i> headhunting photographs were indeed genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup> In response to the <i>Daily Worker</i> articles exposing the decapitation of MNLA suspects, the practice was banned by Winston Churchill who feared that such photographs resulting from headhunting would expose the British for their brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup> However, Churchill's order to discontinue the decapitations was widely ignored by Iban trackers who continued to behead suspected guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p><p>
Despite the shocking imagery of the photographs of soldiers posing with severed heads in Malaya, the <i>Daily Worker</i> was the only newspaper to publish them and the photographs were virtually ignored by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">mainstream British press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-92">[90]</a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Iban headhunter wearing a Royal Marine beret prepares a human scalp above a basket of human body parts."><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg/82px-Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg/123px-Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg/164px-Malayan_Emergency_Iban_headhunter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">An Iban headhunter wearing a Royal Marine beret prepares a human scalp above a basket of human body parts.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Iban headhunter posing with a human scalp"><img alt="An Iban headhunter posing with a human scalp" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/71px-Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/106px-Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/142px-Iban_headhunter_holding_scalp_during_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1949" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">An Iban headhunter posing with a human scalp</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Daily Worker exposes the practice of headhunting among British troops in Malaya. 28 April 1952."><img alt="The Daily Worker exposes the practice of headhunting among British troops in Malaya. 28 April 1952." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg/120px-This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg/180px-This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg/240px-This_is_the_War_in_Malaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Daily Worker exposes the practice of headhunting among British troops in Malaya. 28 April 1952.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commonwealth soldiers pose with a severed head inside a British military base in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency"><img alt="Commonwealth soldiers pose with a severed head inside a British military base in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/120px-Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/180px-Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/240px-Headhunters_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Commonwealth soldiers pose with a severed head inside a British military base in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two corpses and a severed head belonging to guerrillas killed by the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment."><img alt="Two corpses and a severed head belonging to guerrillas killed by the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg/120px-Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg/180px-Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg/240px-Malayan_Emergency_headhunting_and_poles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2824" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Two corpses and a severed head belonging to guerrillas killed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment" title="Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment">Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment</a>.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_with_Vietnam">Comparisons with Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=25"title="Edit section: Comparisons with Vietnam"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences">Differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=26"title="Edit section: Differences"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jungle_service_dress.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jungle_service_dress.JPG/180px-Jungle_service_dress.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jungle_service_dress.JPG/270px-Jungle_service_dress.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jungle_service_dress.JPG/360px-Jungle_service_dress.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Jungle service dress of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry" title="Somerset Light Infantry">1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry</a> used in the emergency</figcaption></figure>
<p>The conflicts in Malaya and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> have often been compared.<sup id="cite_ref-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc-9">[9]</a></sup> However, the two conflicts differ in the following ways:
</p>
<ul><li>The MNLA never numbered more than about 8,000 full-time insurgents, but the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of (North) Vietnam</a> fielded a quarter of a million <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular troops</a>, in addition to roughly 100,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">National Liberation Front (or Vietcong)</a> partisans.</li>
<li>The Viet Cong were agents of the government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and could count on substantial support from their "home" government; the MNLA had no such domestic state support.</li>
<li>North Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup> Cuba<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup> and the People's Republic of China (PRC) provided military hardware, logistical support, personnel and training to North Vietnam, whereas the MNLA received no material support, weapons or training from any foreign government.</li>
<li>North Vietnam's shared border with its ally China (PRC) allowed for continuous assistance and provided a safe haven for communist forces, but Malaya's only land border is with non-communist Thailand.</li>
<li>Britain did not approach the Emergency as a conventional conflict and quickly implemented an effective intelligence strategy, led by the Malayan Police Special Branch, and a systematic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds" title="Winning hearts and minds">hearts and minds</a> operation, both of which proved effective against the largely <i>political</i> aims of the guerrilla movement.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clutterbuck_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clutterbuck-102">[100]</a></sup></li>
<li>The British military recognised that in a low-intensity war, individual soldiers' skill and endurance were of far greater importance than overwhelming firepower (artillery, air support, etc.). Even though many British soldiers were conscripted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom#After_1945" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">National Servicemen</a>, the necessary skills and attitudes were taught at a Jungle Warfare School, which also developed the optimum tactics based on experience gained in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li>Vietnam was less ethnically fragmented than Malaya. During the Emergency, most MNLA members were ethnically <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> and drew support from sections of the Chinese community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer197253_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer197253-104">[102]</a></sup> However, most of the more numerous indigenous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, many of whom were animated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">anti-Chinese sentiments</a>, largely remained loyal to the government and enlisted in high numbers into the security services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer197213_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer197213-105">[103]</a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities">Similarities</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=27"title="Edit section: Similarities"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>The United States in Vietnam were highly influenced by Britain's military strategies during the Malayan Emergency and the two wars shared many similarities. Some examples are listed below.
</p>
<ul><li>Both countries used Agent Orange. Britain pioneered the use of Agent Orange as a weapon of war during the Malayan Emergency. This fact was used by the United States as a justification to use Agent Orange in Vietnam.</li>
<li>Both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> used widespread <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturation_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation bombardment">saturation bombing</a>.</li>
<li>Both countries frequently used <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internment_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment Camp">internment camps</a>. In Malaya, internment camps called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">"New villages"</a> were built by the British colonial occupation to imprison approximately 400,000 rural peasants. The United States attempted to replicate the New Villages with their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a>. However, the Strategic Hamlets were unsuccessful in segregating communist guerrillas from their civilian supporters.</li>
<li>Both countries made use of incendiary weapons, including flamethrowers and incendiary grenades.</li>
<li>Both the Malayan and Vietnamese communists recruited women as fighters due to their beliefs in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">gender equality</a>. Women served as generals in both communist armies, with notable examples being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Meng" title="Lee Meng">Lee Meng</a> in Malaya and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nguyễn Thị Định">Nguyễn Thị Định</a> in Vietnam.</li>
<li>Both the Malayan and Vietnamese communists were led by veterans of WWII who had been trained by their future enemies. The British trained and funded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> whose veterans would go onto resist the British colonial occupation, and the United States trained Vietnamese communists to fight against Japan during WWII.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=28"title="Edit section: Legacy"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tugu_Negara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tugu_Negara.jpg/220px-Tugu_Negara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tugu_Negara.jpg/330px-Tugu_Negara.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tugu_Negara.jpg/440px-Tugu_Negara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tugu_Negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugu Negara">National Monument</a> commemorating those who died in Malaysia's struggle for freedom, including the Malayan Emergency</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a> of 1963–66 arose from tensions between Indonesia and the new British backed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Federation of Malaysia</a> that was conceived in the aftermath of the Malayan Emergency.
</p><p>In the late 1960s, the coverage of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> prompted the initiation of investigations in the UK concerning war crimes perpetrated by British forces during the Emergency, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a>. No charges have yet been brought against the British forces involved and the claims have been repeatedly dismissed by the British government as propaganda, despite evidence suggestive of a cover-up.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the end of the Malayan Emergency in 1960, the predominantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a>, the armed wing of the MCP, retreated to the Malaysian-Thailand border where it regrouped and retrained for future offensives against the Malaysian government. A new phase of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)">communist insurgency</a> began in 1968. It was triggered when the MCP ambushed security forces in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kroh" title="Kroh">Kroh–Betong</a>, in the northern part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, on 17 June 1968. The new conflict coincided with renewed tensions between ethnic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a> of 1969, and the ongoing conflict of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazar_Bin_Talib200516–17_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazar_Bin_Talib200516–17-107">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>Communist leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a> spent much of the 1990s and early 2000s working to promote his perspective of the Emergency. In a collaboration with Australian academics, he met with historians and former Commonwealth military personnel at a series of meetings which led to the publication of <i>Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party.</i><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup> Peng also travelled to England and teamed up with conservative journalist Ian Ward and his wife Norma Miraflor to write his autobiography <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alias_Chin_Peng:_My_Side_of_History" title="Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History">Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many colonial documents, possibly relating to British atrocities in Malaya, were either destroyed or hidden by the British colonial authorities as a part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy</a>. Traces of these documents were rediscovered during a legal battle in 2011 involving the victims of rape and torture by the British military during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_battles/incidents_during_the_Malayan_Emergency"><span id="List_of_battles.2Fincidents_during_the_Malayan_Emergency"></span>List of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=29"title="Edit section: List of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<p>These are the lists of battles/incidents during the Malayan Emergency. <b>The list is uncompleted, so it would be great if it is complete.</b>
</p>
<ol><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_Sir_Henry_Gurney" title="Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney">Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Semur_River" title="Battle of Semur River">Battle of Semur River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_incident" title="Bukit Kepong incident">Bukit Kepong incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labis_incident" title="Labis incident">Labis incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Termite" title="Operation Termite">Operation Termite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_ambush" title="Penang ambush">Penang ambush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_Siput_incident" title="Sungai Siput incident">Sungai Siput incident</a></li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=30"title="Edit section: In popular culture"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Category:Works about the Malayan Emergency">Category:Works about the Malayan Emergency</a></div>
<p>In popular Malaysian culture, the Emergency has frequently been portrayed as a primarily Malay struggle against the Communists. This perception has been criticised by some, such as Information Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zainuddin_Maidin" title="Zainuddin Maidin">Zainuddin Maidin</a>, for not recognising <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a> efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>A number of films were set against the background of the Emergency, including:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Planter%27s_Wife_(1952_film)" title="The Planter's Wife (1952 film)">The Planter's Wife</a></i> (1952)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windom%27s_Way" title="Windom's Way">Windom's Way</a></i> (1957)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_7th_Dawn" title="The 7th Dawn">The 7th Dawn</a></i> (1964)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Virgin_Soldiers_(film)" title="The Virgin Soldiers (film)">The Virgin Soldiers</a></i> (1969)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stand_Up,_Virgin_Soldiers" title="Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers">Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers</a></i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_(film)" title="Bukit Kepong (film)">Bukit Kepong</a></i> (1981)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists_(film)" title="The Garden of Evening Mists (film)"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i></a> (2019)</li></ul>
<p>Other media:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mona_Brand" title="Mona Brand">Mona Brand</a>'s stage production <i>Strangers in the Land</i> (1952) was created as political commentary to criticise the occupation, depicting plantation owners as burning down villages and collecting the heads of murdered Malayans as trophies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a></sup> The play was only performed in the UK at the tiny activist run Unity Theater because the British government had banned the play from commercial stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[110]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Malayan_Trilogy" title="The Malayan Trilogy">The Malayan Trilogy</a></i> series of novels (1956–1959) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> is set during the Malayan Emergency.</li>
<li>In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sweeney" title="The Sweeney">The Sweeney</a></i> episode "The Bigger They Are" (series 4, episode 8; 26 October 1978), the tycoon Leonard Gold is being blackmailed by Harold Collins, who has a photo of him present at a massacre of civilians in Malaya when he was in the British Army twenty-five years earlier.</li>
<li>Throughout the series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porridge_(1974_TV_series)" title="Porridge (1974 TV series)">Porridge</a></i>, there are references to Fletcher having served in Malaya, probably as a result of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">National Service</a>. He regales his fellow inmates with stories of his time there, and in one episode it is revealed that Prison Officer Mackay had also served in Malaya.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pennyworth_(TV_series)" title="Pennyworth (TV series)">Pennyworth</a></i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=31"title="Edit section: See also"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Semur_River" title="Battle of Semur River">Battle of Semur River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Far_East_Command" title="British Far East Command">British Far East Command</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_war_crimes#Malaya" title="British war crimes">British war crimes § Malaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_incident" title="Bukit Kepong incident">Bukit Kepong incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_East_Strategic_Reserve" title="Far East Strategic Reserve">Far East Strategic Reserve (FESR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_Malayan_Emergency" title="List of weapons in Malayan Emergency">List of weapons in Malayan Emergency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New village</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=32"title="Edit section: Notes"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-BrMyL-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrMyL_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">eg <i>The Times</i> 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-TimesML12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesML12-18">[18]</a></sup> <i>The Independent</i> 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i> 2012<sup id="cite_ref-Bowc12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowc12-20">[20]</a></sup> While the phrase has often been used in the British press, the scholar Matthew Hughes has pointed out in the journal <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i> that in terms of the number killed the massacre at Batang Kali is not of a comparable magnitude to the one at Mỹ Lai.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP) 12-25,'The Guerrilla - And How To Fight Him'</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=33"title="Edit section: References"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmin1977" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Mohamed (1977). Caldwell, Malcolm (ed.). <i>The Making of a Neo Colony</i>. Spokesman Books, UK. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Neo+Colony&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Spokesman+Books%2C+UK&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deery, Phillip. "Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?" Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 29–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009., p.36</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2013">Newsinger 2013</a>, p. 217.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2013" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2013). <i>Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965</i>. New York: Viking – Penguin Group. p. 164. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9"><bdi>978-0-670-02545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars%2C+Faraway+Places%3A+Global+Insurrection+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Viking+%E2%80%93+Penguin+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02545-9&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2013" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2013). <i>Small Wars Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965</i>. New York: Viking – Penguin Group. pp. 163–164. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9"><bdi>978-0-670-02545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars+Faraway+Places%3A+Global+Insurrection+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163-164&rft.pub=Viking+%E2%80%93+Penguin+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02545-9&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013216–217-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013216–217_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2013">Newsinger 2013</a>, p. 216–217.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hack, Karl (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764">"Everyone Lived in Fear: Malaya and the British way of Counterinsurgency"</a>. <i>Small Wars and Insurgencies</i>. <b>23</b> (4–5): 672. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764">10.1080/09592318.2012.709764</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143847349">143847349</a> – via Taylor and Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+and+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Everyone+Lived+in+Fear%3A+Malaya+and+the+British+way+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=672&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143847349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_malayan_emergency_2021_11_11_the_forum_bbc_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Datar, Rajan (host), with author Sim Chi Yin; academic Show Ying Xin (Malaysia Institute, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>); and academic Rachel Leow (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1rm2">"The Malayan Emergency: A long Cold War conflict seen through the eyes of the Chinese community in Malaya,"</a> 11 November 2021, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Forum_(BBC_World_Service)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum (BBC World Service)">The Forum (BBC World Service)</a>,</i> (radio program) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a>, retrieved 11 November 2021</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo2007" class="citation book cs1">Khoo, Agnes (2007). <i>Life as the River Flows: Women in the Malayan Anti-Colonial Struggle</i>. Monmouth, Wales: Merlin Press. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+as+the+River+Flows%3A+Women+in+the+Malayan+Anti-Colonial+Struggle&rft.place=Monmouth%2C+Wales&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Khoo&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hara, Fujio (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26527760">"Former Japanese Soldiers Who Joined Communist Guerrillas in Malaya"</a>. <i>Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>89</b> (2 (311)): 67–99. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2016.0025">10.1353/ras.2016.0025</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26527760">26527760</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201734987">201734987</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Former+Japanese+Soldiers+Who+Joined+Communist+Guerrillas+in+Malaya&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2+%28311%29&rft.pages=67-99&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201734987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26527760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fras.2016.0025&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Fujio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26527760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BFBS21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BFBS21_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BFBS21_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won">"The Malayan Emergency – Britain's Vietnam, Except Britain Won"</a>. <i>Forces Network</i>. Gerrards Cross: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">British Forces Broadcasting Service</a>. 4 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005003131/https://www.forces.net/heritage/history/malayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. <q>One of these strategies was the 'Scorched Earth Policy' which saw the first use of Agent Orange – a herbicide designed to kill anything that it came in contact with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forces+Network&rft.atitle=The+Malayan+Emergency+%E2%80%93+Britain%27s+Vietnam%2C+Except+Britain+Won&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.net%2Fheritage%2Fhistory%2Fmalayan-emergency-britains-vietnam-except-britain-won&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mann13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann13_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann13_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2013" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sources-of-social-power/CE8493644C4615FD156312944E725F02"><i>The Sources of Social Power. Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107028678" title="Special:BookSources/9781107028678"><bdi>9781107028678</bdi></a>. <q>A bloody ten-year civil war, the Malayan Emergency was finally won by British forces using scorched earth tactics, including the invention of forcible relocation of villages into areas controlled by British forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Social+Power.+Volume+4%3A+Globalizations%2C+1945%E2%80%932011&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107028678&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fsources-of-social-power%2FCE8493644C4615FD156312944E725F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hay82-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hay82_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay82_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alastair_Hay" title="Alastair Hay">Hay, Alastair</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6"><i>The Chemical Scythe: Lessons of 2, 4, 5-T, and dioxin</i></a>. New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Plenum Press / Springer Nature</a>. pp. 149–150. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0339-6">10.1007/978-1-4899-0339-6</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306409738" title="Special:BookSources/9780306409738"><bdi>9780306409738</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29278382">29278382</a>. <q>It was the British who were actually the first to use herbicides in the Malayan 'Emergency'...To circumvent surprise attacks on their troops the British Military Authorities used 2,4,5-T to increase visibility in the mixed vegetation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Scythe%3A+Lessons+of+2%2C+4%2C+5-T%2C+and+dioxin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Plenum+Press+%2F+Springer+Nature&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29278382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0339-6&rft.isbn=9780306409738&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0339-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JaWa21-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JaWa21_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaWa21_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobWalters2021" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Claus; Walters, Adam (2021). "Risk and Responsibility in Chemical Research: The Case of Agent Orange". In Schummer, Joachim; Børsen, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12189"><i>Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering</i></a>. Singapore: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. pp. 169–194. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F12189">10.1142/12189</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-123-353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-123-353-1"><bdi>978-981-123-353-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233837382">233837382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Risk+and+Responsibility+in+Chemical+Research%3A+The+Case+of+Agent+Orange&rft.btitle=Ethics+of+Chemistry%3A+From+Poison+Gas+to+Climate+Engineering&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=169-194&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233837382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F12189&rft.isbn=978-981-123-353-1&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft.au=Walters%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fworldscibooks%2F10.1142%2F12189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sche-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sche_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-BFBS21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFBS21-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mann13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann13-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hay82_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay82-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JaWa21_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaWa21-15">[15]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Siv18-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siv18_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiver2018" class="citation book cs1">Siver, Christi (2018). "Enemies or Friendlies? British Military Behavior Toward Civilians During the Malayan Emergency". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0"><i>Military Interventions, War Crimes, and Protecting Civilians</i></a>. Cham: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. 2–8, 19–20, 57–90. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-77691-0">10.1007/978-3-319-77691-0</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-77690-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-77690-3"><bdi>978-3-319-77690-3</bdi></a>. <q>British efforts to educate soldiers about the Geneva Conventions either did not ever reach units deployed in Malaya or left no impression on them...All of these regiments went through the introductory jungle warfare course and received the same instruction about 'snap shooting' and differentiating between targets. Differences in training do not seem to explain why some units killed civilians while others did not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enemies+or+Friendlies%3F+British+Military+Behavior+Toward+Civilians+During+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.btitle=Military+Interventions%2C+War+Crimes%2C+and+Protecting+Civilians&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=2-8%2C+19-20%2C+57-90&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+%2F+Springer+Nature&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-77691-0&rft.isbn=978-3-319-77690-3&rft.aulast=Siver&rft.aufirst=Christi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-77691-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TimesML12-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesML12_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-mistake-or-murder-in-cold-blood-court-to-rule-over-britains-my-lai-jpjmxt8r37q">"A mistake or murder in cold blood? Court to rule over 'Britain's My Lai'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=A+mistake+or+murder+in+cold+blood%3F+Court+to+rule+over+%27Britain%27s+My+Lai%27&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-mistake-or-murder-in-cold-blood-court-to-rule-over-britains-my-lai-jpjmxt8r37q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnett2015" class="citation news cs1">Connett, David (18 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/batang-kali-killings-britain-in-the-dock-over-1948-massacre-in-malaysia-10187309.html">"Batang Kali killings: Britain in the dock over 1948 massacre in Malaysia"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Batang+Kali+killings%3A+Britain+in+the+dock+over+1948+massacre+in+Malaysia&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft.aulast=Connett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fbatang-kali-killings-britain-in-the-dock-over-1948-massacre-in-malaysia-10187309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bowc12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowc12_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowcott2012" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen (25 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/25/malaysia-military">"Batang Kali relatives edge closer to the truth about 'Britain's My Lai massacre'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Batang+Kali+relatives+edge+closer+to+the+truth+about+%27Britain%27s+My+Lai+massacre%27&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjan%2F25%2Fmalaysia-military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Matthew (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709771">"Introduction: British ways of counter-insurgency"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>23</b> (4–5). London: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 580–590. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709771">10.1080/09592318.2012.709771</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+British+ways+of+counter-insurgency&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=580-590&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709771&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09592318.2012.709771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Keo19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keo19_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Keo, Bernard Z. (March 2019). "A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_Compass" title="History Compass">History Compass</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3). Hoboken: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: e12523. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12523">10.1111/hic3.12523</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150617654">150617654</a>. <q>Despite their innocuous nomenclature, New Villages were in fact, as Tan demonstrates, concentration camps designed less to keep the communists out but to place the rural Chinese population under strict government surveillance and control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=A+small%2C+distant+war%3F+Historiographical+reflections+on+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e12523&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150617654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keo&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201550"Their_homes_and_standing_crops_were_fired,_their_agricultural_implements_were_smashed_and_their_livestock_either_killed_or_turned_loose._Some_were_subsequently_to_receive_compensation,_but_most_never_did._They_were_then_transported_by_lorry_to_the_site_of_their_'new_village'_which_was_often_little_more_than_a_prison_camp,_surrounded_by_a_barbed_wire_fence,_illuminated_by_searchlights._The_villages_were_heavily_policed_with_the_inhabitants_effectively_deprived_of_all_civil_rights."-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201550"Their_homes_and_standing_crops_were_fired,_their_agricultural_implements_were_smashed_and_their_livestock_either_killed_or_turned_loose._Some_were_subsequently_to_receive_compensation,_but_most_never_did._They_were_then_transported_by_lorry_to_the_site_of_their_'new_village'_which_was_often_little_more_than_a_prison_camp,_surrounded_by_a_barbed_wire_fence,_illuminated_by_searchlights._The_villages_were_heavily_policed_with_the_inhabitants_effectively_deprived_of_all_civil_rights."_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2015">Newsinger 2015</a>, p. 50, "Their homes and standing crops were fired, their agricultural implements were smashed and their livestock either killed or turned loose. Some were subsequently to receive compensation, but most never did. They were then transported by lorry to the site of their 'new village' which was often little more than a prison camp, surrounded by a barbed wire fence, illuminated by searchlights. The villages were heavily policed with the inhabitants effectively deprived of all civil rights.".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhu1964" class="citation journal cs1">Sandhu, Kernial Singh (March 1964). "The Saga of the "Squatter" in Malaya". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of Southeast Asian Studies">Journal of Southeast Asian History</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1). Cambridge: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 143–177. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100002258">10.1017/s0217781100002258</a>. <q>The outstanding development of the Emergency in Malaya was the implementation of the Briggs Plan, as a result of which about 1,000,000 rural people were corralled into more than 600 'new' settlements, principally New Villages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+the+%22Squatter%22+in+Malaya&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-177&rft.date=1964-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0217781100002258&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Kernial+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jones68-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones68_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Alun (September 1968). "The Orang Asli: An Outline of Their Progress in Modern Malaya". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of Southeast Asian Studies">Journal of Southeast Asian History</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2). Cambridge: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 286–305. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100004713">10.1017/s0217781100004713</a>. <q>Thousands of Orang Asli were escorted out of the jungle by the police and the army, to find themselves being herded into hastily prepared camps surrounded by barbed wire to prevent their escape. The mental and physiological adaption called for was too much for many of the people of the hills and jungle and hundreds did not survive the experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+Orang+Asli%3A+An+Outline+of+Their+Progress+in+Modern+Malaya&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-305&rft.date=1968-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0217781100004713&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdrus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Idrus, Rusalina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/km/vol29_supp1_2011.html">"The Discourse of Protection and the Orang Asli in Malaysia"</a>. <i>Kajian Malaysia</i>. <b>29</b> (Supp. 1). Penang: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a>: 53–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kajian+Malaysia&rft.atitle=The+Discourse+of+Protection+and+the+Orang+Asli+in+Malaysia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=Supp.+1&rft.pages=53-74&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Idrus&rft.aufirst=Rusalina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2Fvol29_supp1_2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201541_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2015">Newsinger 2015</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eric_Stahl_2003-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Stahl_2003_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Stahl_2003_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Stahl, "Doomed from the Start: A New Perspective on the Malayan Insurgency" (master's thesis, 2003)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201542_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2015">Newsinger 2015</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-De07-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De07_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeery2007" class="citation journal cs1">Deery, Phillip (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15471/1/15471.pdf">"Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 29–54. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.1.29">10.1162/jcws.2007.9.1.29</a> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_University,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University, Melbourne">Victoria University</a> Research Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Malaya%2C+1948%3A+Britain%27s+Asian+Cold+War%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-54&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.1.29&rft.aulast=Deery&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvuir.vu.edu.au%2F15471%2F1%2F15471.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201543-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201543_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2015">Newsinger 2015</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger201544-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger201544_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2015">Newsinger 2015</a>, p. 44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Postgate69-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Postgate69_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostgateAir_Historical_Branch1992" class="citation book cs1">Postgate, Malcolm; Air Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence (1992). <i>Operation Firedog : air support in the Malayan emergency, 1948-1960</i>. London: H.M.S.O. pp. 4–14. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780117727243" title="Special:BookSources/9780117727243"><bdi>9780117727243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Firedog+%3A+air+support+in+the+Malayan+emergency%2C+1948-1960&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4-14&rft.pub=H.M.S.O&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780117727243&rft.aulast=Postgate&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Air+Historical+Branch%2C+Ministry+of+Defence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_the_malayan_emergency_2008_jackson_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert (2008). <i>The Malayan Emergency</i>. London: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Aviation&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylyHarper2005" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWURxfct6SgC&pg=PA1929"><i>Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan</i></a>. New York, NY: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 344–345, 347–348, 350–351. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192719-0"><bdi>978-0-14-192719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Armies%3A+Britain%27s+Asian+Empire+and+the+War+with+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=344-345%2C+347-348%2C+350-351&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192719-0&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Harper%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWURxfct6SgC%26pg%3DPA1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid1993" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Rehman (1993). <i>A Malaysian Journey</i>. Rehman Rashid. p. 27. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-99819-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/983-99819-1-9"><bdi>983-99819-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Malaysian+Journey&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Rehman+Rashid&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=983-99819-1-9&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Rehman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-O._Tilman_1966_407–419-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O._Tilman_1966_407–419_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O._Tilman_1966_407–419_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilman1966" class="citation journal cs1">Tilman, Robert O. (August 1966). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/6/8/407/24029/The-Non-Lessons-of-the-Malayan-Emergency?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The non-lessons of the Malayan emergency"</a></span>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>6</b> (8): 407–419. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642468">10.2307/2642468</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642468">2642468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+non-lessons+of+the+Malayan+emergency&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=407-419&rft.date=1966-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2642468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2642468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tilman&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fas%2Farticle-abstract%2F6%2F8%2F407%2F24029%2FThe-Non-Lessons-of-the-Malayan-Emergency%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher201353-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher201353_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristopher2013">Christopher (2013)</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher201358-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher201358_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristopher2013">Christopher (2013)</a>, p. 58.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer19727-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer19727_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKomer1972">Komer (1972)</a>, p. 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer19729-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer19729_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKomer1972">Komer (1972)</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hack, Karl (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764">"Everyone Lived in fear: Malaya and the British way of counter-insurgency"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Counterinsurgencies</i>. <b>23</b> (4–5): 682–684. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764">10.1080/09592318.2012.709764</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143847349">143847349</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Counterinsurgencies&rft.atitle=Everyone+Lived+in+fear%3A+Malaya+and+the+British+way+of+counter-insurgency&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=682-684&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143847349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Souchou Yao. 2016. The Malayan Emergency A Small Distant War. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph series, no. 133. p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hack:113-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hack:113_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Hack, <i>Defense & Decolonisation in South-East Asia</i>, p. 113.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel E. Hamby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219203036/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_32/ai_105853016">"Civil-military operations: joint doctrine and the Malayan Emergency"</a>, <i>Joint Force Quarterly</i>, Autumn 2002, Paragraph 3,4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeoples" class="citation web cs1">Peoples, Curtis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023950/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm">"The Use of the British Village Resettlement Model in Malaya and Vietnam, 4th Triennial Symposium (April 11–13, 2002), The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/vietnamcenter/events/2002_Symposium/2002Papers_files/peoples.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+the+British+Village+Resettlement+Model+in+Malaya+and+Vietnam%2C+4th+Triennial+Symposium+%28April+11%E2%80%9313%2C+2002%29%2C+The+Vietnam+Center+and+Archive%2C+Texas+Tech+University&rft.aulast=Peoples&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnam.ttu.edu%2Fvietnamcenter%2Fevents%2F2002_Symposium%2F2002Papers_files%2Fpeoples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutterbuck1985" class="citation book cs1">Clutterbuck, Richard (1985). <i>Conflict and violence in Singapore and Malaysia 1945–83</i>. Singapore: Graham Brash.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+violence+in+Singapore+and+Malaysia+1945%E2%80%9383&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Graham+Brash&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Clutterbuck&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishna2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ramakrishna, Kumar (February 2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Transmogrifying' Malaya: The Impact of Sir Gerald Templer (1952–54)". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 79–92. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000030">10.1017/S0022463401000030</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072300">20072300</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159660378">159660378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Transmogrifying%27+Malaya%3A+The+Impact+of+Sir+Gerald+Templer+%281952%E2%80%9354%29&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-92&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159660378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20072300%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463401000030&rft.aulast=Ramakrishna&rft.aufirst=Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-conduct_1958_chap_3-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conduct_1958_chap_3_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conduct_1958_chap_3_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya, Director of Operations, Malaya, 1958, Chapter III: Own Forces</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NewScientist-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewScientist_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewScientist_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_lWnBp1GUMC">"How Britain Sprayed Malaya with Dioxin"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Vol. 101, no. 1393. 19 January 1984. pp. 6–7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=How+Britain+Sprayed+Malaya+with+Dioxin&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1393&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=1984-01-19&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_lWnBp1GUMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia</i>. Phoenix Press. 1984. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pesticide+Dilemma+in+the+Third+World%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USE-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USE_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Cumings1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Cumings (1998). <i>The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earthscan" title="Earthscan">Earthscan</a>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Politics+of+Pesticides%3A+Forging+Consensus+from+Conflicting+Interests&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Bruce+Cumings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pamela_Sodhy_1991_284–290_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_Sodhy1991" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Sodhy (1991). <i>The US-Malaysian Nexus: Themes in Superpower-Small State Relations</i>. Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia. pp. 284–290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+US-Malaysian+Nexus%3A+Themes+in+Superpower-Small+State+Relations&rft.pages=284-290&rft.pub=Institute+of+Strategic+and+International+Studies%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Pamela+Sodhy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagl200267–70-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagl200267–70_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNagl2002">Nagl (2002)</a>, pp. 67–70.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taber, <i>The War of the Flea</i>, pp.140–141. Quote from Marine Corps Schools, "Small Unit Operations" in <i>The Guerrilla – and how to Fight Him</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MAY-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAY_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAY_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAY_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiver2009" class="citation cs2">Siver, Christi (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=polsci_pubs">"The Other Forgotten War: Understanding Atrocities during the Malayan Emergency"</a>, <i>Political Science Faculty Publications. 8</i>, College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Faculty+Publications.+8&rft.atitle=The+Other+Forgotten+War%3A+Understanding+Atrocities+during+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Siver&rft.aufirst=Christi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csbsju.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1014%26context%3Dpolsci_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MAL-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAL_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAL_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAL_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujio_Hara2002" class="citation book cs1">Fujio Hara (December 2002). <i>Malaysian Chinese & China: Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945–1957</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 61–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Chinese+%26+China%3A+Conversion+in+Identity+Consciousness%2C+1945%E2%80%931957&rft.pages=61-65&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002-12&rft.au=Fujio+Hara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306151633/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60Squadron.cfm">"60(R) Squadron"</a>. <i>Royal Air Force</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/60squadron.cfm">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force&rft.atitle=60%28R%29+Squadron&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Forganisation%2F60squadron.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Dean (31 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html">"Operation Firedog: The RAF in Malaya -1948-1960"</a>. <i>War History Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811154813/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/operation-firedog-the-raf.html">Archived</a> from the original on Aug 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+History+Online&rft.atitle=Operation+Firedog%3A+The+RAF+in+Malaya+-1948-1960&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Finstant-articles%2Foperation-firedog-the-raf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hack, Karl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2012.709764">"Everyone lived in fear: Malaya and the British way of counter-insurgency"</a>. <i>Small Wars and Insurgencies</i>. <b>23</b> (4–5): 671–699. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764">10.1080/09592318.2012.709764</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143847349">143847349</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+and+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Everyone+lived+in+fear%3A+Malaya+and+the+British+way+of+counter-insurgency&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=671-699&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143847349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2012.709764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScurr2005" class="citation book cs1">Scurr, John (2005) [1981]. <i>The Malayan Campaign 1948–60</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-476-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-476-5"><bdi>978-0-85045-476-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Campaign+1948%E2%80%9360&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-476-5&rft.aulast=Scurr&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-awm.gov.au-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awm.gov.au_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503033039/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp">"Malayan Emergency, 1950–60"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.asp">the original</a> on 3 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malayan+Emergency%2C+1950%E2%80%9360&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Femergency.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian McGibbon (Ed.), (2000). <i>The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History.</i> p.294.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/">"Documentary To Explore Fijian, Malaysian Links"</a>. <i>Fiji Sun</i>. 30 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183752/https://fijisun.com.fj/2014/01/30/documentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fiji+Sun&rft.atitle=Documentary+To+Explore+Fijian%2C+Malaysian+Links&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fijisun.com.fj%2F2014%2F01%2F30%2Fdocumentary-to-explore-fijian-malaysian-links%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinda2007" class="citation book cs1">Binda, Alexandre (November 2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.). <i>Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment</i>. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. p. 127. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1920143039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1920143039"><bdi>978-1920143039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masodja%3A+The+History+of+the+Rhodesian+African+Rifles+and+its+forerunner+the+Rhodesian+Native+Regiment&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2007-11&rft.isbn=978-1920143039&rft.aulast=Binda&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortt1981" class="citation book cs1">Shortt, James (1981). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg"><i>The Special Air Service</i></a></span>. Men-at-arms 116. illustrated by Angus McBride. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specialairservic00libg/page/n19">19</a>–20. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-396-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-396-8"><bdi>0-85045-396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Special+Air+Service&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Men-at-arms+116&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85045-396-8&rft.aulast=Shortt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecialairservic00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinda2007" class="citation book cs1">Binda, Alexandre (November 2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.). <i>Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment</i>. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. pp. 127–128. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1920143039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1920143039"><bdi>978-1920143039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masodja%3A+The+History+of+the+Rhodesian+African+Rifles+and+its+forerunner+the+Rhodesian+Native+Regiment&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2007-11&rft.isbn=978-1920143039&rft.aulast=Binda&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._C._ChinHack,_Karl2004" class="citation book cs1">C. C. Chin; Hack, Karl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aPdeJinXGwC&pg=PA298"><i>Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party</i></a>. NUS Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971692872" title="Special:BookSources/9789971692872"><bdi>9789971692872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues+with+Chin+Peng%3A+New+Light+on+the+Malayan+Communist+Party&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789971692872&rft.au=C.+C.+Chin&rft.au=Hack%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_aPdeJinXGwC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorandum from the Chief Minister and Minister for Internal and Security, No. 386/17/56, 30 April 1956. CO1030/30</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof Madya Dr. Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, Tunku Abdul Rahman and His Role in the Baling Talks</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGillivray to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 15 March 1956, CO1030/22</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garver, J. W. (2016). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp 216</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/370041/former-communist-leader-dies">"Former communist leader dies"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Former+communist+leader+dies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F370041%2Fformer-communist-leader-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html">"Royal Malaysian Police (Malaysia)"</a>. Crwflags.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232634/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my_polic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Malaysian+Police+%28Malaysia%29&rft.pub=Crwflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fmy_polic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UK_MoD" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf">"UK Armed Forces Deaths: Operational deaths post World War II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. Ministry of Defence. 31 March 2016. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=UK+Armed+Forces+Deaths%3A+Operational+deaths+post+World+War+II&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F512070%2F20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Smith-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Harry (1 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2,478+civilians&pg=PT52"><i>Long Tan: The Start of a Lifelong Battle</i></a>. Big Sky Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922132321" title="Special:BookSources/9781922132321"><bdi>9781922132321</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY9MDAAAQBAJ&q=519+Commonwealth+2%2C478+civilians&pg=PT52">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Tan%3A+The+Start+of+a+Lifelong+Battle&rft.pub=Big+Sky+Publishing&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft.isbn=9781922132321&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIY9MDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D519%2BCommonwealth%2B2%2C478%2Bcivilians%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHack2018210-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHack2018210_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHack2018">Hack 2018</a>, p. 210.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup">"New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 9 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+documents+reveal+cover-up+of+1948+British+%27massacre%27+of+villagers+in+Malaya&rft.date=2011-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fapr%2F09%2Fmalaya-massacre-villagers-coverup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211224000/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710">"Batang Kali massacre families snubbed"</a>. <i>The Sun Daily</i>. 29 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaily.my/news/868710">the original</a> on 11 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Daily&rft.atitle=Batang+Kali+massacre+families+snubbed&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesundaily.my%2Fnews%2F868710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre">"UK urged to accept responsibility for 1948 Batang Kali massacre in Malaya"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 18 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/malaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+urged+to+accept+responsibility+for+1948+Batang+Kali+massacre+in+Malaya&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F18%2Fmalaysia-petition-batang-kali-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19473258">"Malaysian lose fight for 1948 'massacre' inquiry"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183737/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-19473258">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Malaysian+lose+fight+for+1948+%27massacre%27+inquiry&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-19473258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHack2018212-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHack2018212_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHack2018">Hack 2018</a>, p. 212.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gifu-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gifu_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gifu_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-17">"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.: Article 17 - Prohibition of forced movement of civilians"</a>. International Humanitarian Law Databases.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+Additional+to+the+Geneva+Conventions+of+12+August+1949%2C+and+relating+to+the+Protection+of+Victims+of+Non-International+Armed+Conflicts+%28Protocol+II%29%2C+8+June+1977.%3A+Article+17+-+Prohibition+of+forced+movement+of+civilians&rft.pub=International+Humanitarian+Law+Databases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihl-databases.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fihl-treaties%2Fapii-1977%2Farticle-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_Sodhy1991" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Sodhy (1991). <i>The US-Malaysian nexus: Themes in superpower-small state relations</i>. Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia. pp. 356–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+US-Malaysian+nexus%3A+Themes+in+superpower-small+state+relations&rft.pages=356-365&rft.pub=Institute+of+Strategic+and+International+Studies%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Pamela+Sodhy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chin, C. (2012). Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party. Chinese Edition.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2023" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Dan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=It+was+also+revealed+that+Britain+had+recruited+over+1,000+mercenaries+from+the+Iban+people+of+Borneo&pg=PR11"><i>Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>: Pen & Sword Military. p. XI. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-39905-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-39905-741-7"><bdi>978-1-39905-741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Head+Hunters+in+the+Malayan+Emergency%3A+The+Atrocity+and+Cover-Up&rft.place=Yorkshire&rft.pages=XI&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-39905-741-7&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVHcEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIt%2Bwas%2Balso%2Brevealed%2Bthat%2BBritain%2Bhad%2Brecruited%2Bover%2B1%2C000%2Bmercenaries%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BIban%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BBorneo%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2012" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Simon (2012). <i>Dark Trophies: Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War</i>. Oxford: Berghahn. pp. 157–158. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-520-2"><bdi>978-1-78238-520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Trophies%3A+Hunting+and+the+Enemy+Body+in+Modern+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-520-2&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2022" class="citation book cs1">Hack, Karl (2022). <i>The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+Revolution+and+Counterinsurgency+at+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2022" class="citation book cs1">Hack, Karl (2022). <i>The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+Revolution+and+Counterinsurgency+at+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mark_Curtis_61–71-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Curtis_61–71_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Curtis1995" class="citation book cs1">Mark Curtis (15 August 1995). <i>The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy Since 1945</i>. pp. 61–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambiguities+of+Power%3A+British+Foreign+Policy+Since+1945&rft.pages=61-71&rft.date=1995-08-15&rft.au=Mark+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2022" class="citation book cs1">Hack, Karl (2022). <i>The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+Revolution+and+Counterinsurgency+at+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreech2021" class="citation journal cs1">Creech, Maria (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/all-too-graphic">"All Too Graphic: Leaked photographs of colonial atrocities during the Malayan 'Emergency' shocked postwar Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>71</b> (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=All+Too+Graphic%3A+Leaked+photographs+of+colonial+atrocities+during+the+Malayan+%27Emergency%27+shocked+postwar+Britain&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2021-12&rft.aulast=Creech&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fhistory-matters%2Fall-too-graphic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengWardMiraflor2003" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Chin; Ward, Ian; Miraflor, Norma (2003). <i>Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History</i>. Singapore: Media Masters. p. 302. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-8693-6" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-8693-6"><bdi>981-04-8693-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alias+Chin+Peng%3A+My+Side+of+History&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Media+Masters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=981-04-8693-6&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Chin&rft.au=Ward%2C+Ian&rft.au=Miraflor%2C+Norma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2022" class="citation book cs1">Hack, Karl (2022). <i>The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+Revolution+and+Counterinsurgency+at+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2023" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Dan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&dq=ignored+by+British+soldiers+and+the+decapitation&pg=PA23"><i>Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>: Pen & Sword Military. p. 23. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-39905-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-39905-741-7"><bdi>978-1-39905-741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Head+Hunters+in+the+Malayan+Emergency%3A+The+Atrocity+and+Cover-Up&rft.place=Yorkshire&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-39905-741-7&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVHcEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dignored%2Bby%2BBritish%2Bsoldiers%2Band%2Bthe%2Bdecapitation%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluck,_Caroline" class="citation news cs1">Gluck, Caroline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1427367.stm">"N Korea admits Vietnam war role"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1427367.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=N+Korea+admits+Vietnam+war+role&rft.au=Gluck%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F1427367.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourne, Peter G. <i>Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro</i> (1986) p. 255; Coltman, Leycester <i>The Real Fidel Castro</i> (2003) p. 211</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comber (2006), <i>Malaya's Secret Police 1945–60. The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Clutterbuck-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clutterbuck_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutterbuck1967" class="citation book cs1">Clutterbuck, Richard (1967). <i>The long long war: The emergency in Malaya, 1948–1960</i>. Cassell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+long+long+war%3A+The+emergency+in+Malaya%2C+1948%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Clutterbuck&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span> Cited at length in Vietnam War essay on Insurgency and Counterinsurgency <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020064959/http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/essays/insurgency/0006.cfm">Lessons from Malaya</a>, eHistory, Ohio State University.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911061212/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf">"Analysis of British tactics in Malaya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Operations in Malaya and Borneo, 1948-1966</i>. US Army, Combat Studies Institute. pp. 1–120. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/historic/hist_c3_pt1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Operations+in+Malaya+and+Borneo%2C+1948-1966&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+British+tactics+in+Malaya&rft.pages=1-120&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fdownload%2Fcsipubs%2Fhistoric%2Fhist_c3_pt1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer197253-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer197253_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKomer1972">Komer (1972)</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomer197213-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomer197213_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKomer1972">Komer (1972)</a>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2011" class="citation news cs1">Townsend, Mark (9 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup">"New documents reveal cover-up of 1948 British 'massacre' of villagers in Malaya"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930043116/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/09/malaya-massacre-villagers-coverup">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+documents+reveal+cover-up+of+1948+British+%27massacre%27+of+villagers+in+Malaya&rft.date=2011-04-09&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fapr%2F09%2Fmalaya-massacre-villagers-coverup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENazar_Bin_Talib200516–17-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENazar_Bin_Talib200516–17_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNazar_Bin_Talib2005">Nazar Bin Talib (2005)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng">"Dialogues with Chin Peng – New Light on the Malayan Communist Party"</a>. <i>National University of Singapore</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183651/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/dialogues-with-chin-peng">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.atitle=Dialogues+with+Chin+Peng+%E2%80%93+New+Light+on+the+Malayan+Communist+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuspress.nus.edu.sg%2Fproducts%2Fdialogues-with-chin-peng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinWardMiraflor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chin, Peng; Ward, Ian; Miraflor, Norma O. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng"><i>Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History</i></a>. Media Masters. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810486938" title="Special:BookSources/9789810486938"><bdi>9789810486938</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaluAAAAMAAJ&q=alias+chin+peng">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alias+Chin+Peng%3A+My+Side+of+History&rft.pub=Media+Masters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789810486938&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Peng&rft.au=Ward%2C+Ian&rft.au=Miraflor%2C+Norma+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaluAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dalias%2Bchin%2Bpeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sato, Shohei (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1294256">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Operation Legacy': Britain's Destruction and Concealment of Colonial Records Worldwide"</a>. <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 698, 697–719. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1294256">10.1080/03086534.2017.1294256</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159611286">159611286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=%27Operation+Legacy%27%3A+Britain%27s+Destruction+and+Concealment+of+Colonial+Records+Worldwide&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=698%2C+697-719&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159611286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1294256&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Shohei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03086534.2017.1294256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaur, Manjit (16 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/12/16/nation/16341437&sec=nation">"Zam: Chinese too fought against communists"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031429/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2Fnation%2F16341437&sec=nation">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Star</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinstrum2017" class="citation journal cs1">Linstrum, Erik (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbx032">"Facts About Atrocity: Reporting Colonial Violence in Postwar Britain"</a>. <i>History Workshop Journal</i>. <b>84</b>: 108–127. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbx032">10.1093/hwj/dbx032</a> – via Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=Facts+About+Atrocity%3A+Reporting+Colonial+Violence+in+Postwar+Britain&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=108-127&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbx032&rft.aulast=Linstrum&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbx032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=34"title="Edit section: Sources"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Paul (2013). "Malaya, 1948–1955: Case Outcome: COIN Win". <i>Paths to Victory: Detailed Insurgency Case Studies</i>. pp. 51–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malaya%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%3A+Case+Outcome%3A+COIN+Win&rft.btitle=Paths+to+Victory%3A+Detailed+Insurgency+Case+Studies&rft.pages=51-63&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomer1972" class="citation book cs1">Komer, R.W (February 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf"><i>The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organisation of a Successful Counterinsurgency Effort</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rand Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183706/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R957.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency+in+Retrospect%3A+Organisation+of+a+Successful+Counterinsurgency+Effort&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=1972-02&rft.aulast=Komer&rft.aufirst=R.W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Freports%2F2005%2FR957.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsinger2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Newsinger" title="John Newsinger">Newsinger, John</a> (2013). <i>The Blood Never Dried: A People's History of the British Empire</i> (2nd ed.). London: Bookmarks Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909026292" title="Special:BookSources/9781909026292"><bdi>9781909026292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood+Never+Dried%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bookmarks+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781909026292&rft.aulast=Newsinger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsinger2015" class="citation book cs1">Newsinger, John (2015). <i>British Counterinsurgency</i> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29824-8"><bdi>978-0-230-29824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Counterinsurgency&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29824-8&rft.aulast=Newsinger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hack, Karl (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0968344516671738">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Devils that suck the blood of the Malayan People': The Case for Post-Revisionist Analysis of Counter-insurgency Violence"</a></span>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 202–226. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344516671738">10.1177/0968344516671738</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159509434">159509434</a> – via Sage Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=%27Devils+that+suck+the+blood+of+the+Malayan+People%27%3A+The+Case+for+Post-Revisionist+Analysis+of+Counter-insurgency+Violence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-226&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344516671738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159509434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344516671738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2002" class="citation book cs1">Taber, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waroffleaclassic00tabe"><i>War of the flea: the classic study of guerrilla warfare</i></a>. Brassey's. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-555-2"><bdi>978-1-57488-555-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+the+flea%3A+the+classic+study+of+guerrilla+warfare&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-555-2&rft.aulast=Taber&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaroffleaclassic00tabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazar_Bin_Talib2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Nazar Bin Talib (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA505882.pdf"><i>Malaysia's Experience In War Against Communist Insurgency And Its Relevance To The Present Situation In Iraq</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Masters thesis thesis). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA505882">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Malaysia%27s+Experience+In+War+Against+Communist+Insurgency+And+Its+Relevance+To+The+Present+Situation+In+Iraq&rft.degree=Masters+thesis&rft.inst=Marine+Corps+University&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Nazar+Bin+Talib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA505882.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Per WP:SCHOLARSHIP masters are not generally considered reliable sources (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=35"title="Edit section: Further reading"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirector_of_Operations1958" class="citation book cs1">Director of Operations, Malaya (1958). <i>The Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in Malaya</i>. Federation of Malaya: Director of Operations Malaya. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1907521747" title="Special:BookSources/1907521747"><bdi>1907521747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conduct+of+Anti-Terrorist+Operations+in+Malaya&rft.place=Federation+of+Malaya&rft.pub=Director+of+Operations+Malaya&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=1907521747&rft.aulast=Director+of+Operations&rft.aufirst=Malaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComber2003" class="citation journal cs1">Comber, Leon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684520412331306950">"The Malayan Security Service (1945–1948)"</a>. <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 128–153. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520412331306950">10.1080/02684520412331306950</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154320718">154320718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Malayan+Security+Service+%281945%E2%80%931948%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=128-153&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520412331306950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154320718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02684520412331306950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComber2006" class="citation journal cs1">Comber, Leon (February 2006). "The Malayan Special Branch on the Malayan-Thai Frontier during the Malayan Emergency". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 77–99. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520600568352">10.1080/02684520600568352</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153496939">153496939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Malayan+Special+Branch+on+the+Malayan-Thai+Frontier+during+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-99&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520600568352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153496939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComber2006" class="citation book cs1">Comber, Leon (2006). "Malaya's Secret Police 1945–60. The Role of the Special Branch in the Malayan Emergency". <i>PhD dissertation, Monash University</i>. Melbourne: ISEAS (Institute of SE Asian Affairs, Singapore) and MAI (Monash Asia Institute).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malaya%27s+Secret+Police+1945%E2%80%9360.+The+Role+of+the+Special+Branch+in+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.btitle=PhD+dissertation%2C+Monash+University&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=ISEAS+%28Institute+of+SE+Asian+Affairs%2C+Singapore%29+and+MAI+%28Monash+Asia+Institute%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hack, Karl (1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/iron-claws-on-malaya-the-historiography-of-the-malayan-emergency1/14AB9D441A3E75DF21C96AE1FA223C59">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Iron claws on Malaya': the historiography of the Malayan Emergency"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 99–125. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400008043">10.1017/S0022463400008043</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163010489">163010489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Iron+claws+on+Malaya%27%3A+the+historiography+of+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-125&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463400008043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163010489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-southeast-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Firon-claws-on-malaya-the-historiography-of-the-malayan-emergency1%2F14AB9D441A3E75DF21C96AE1FA223C59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hack, Karl (1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529908432578">"Corpses, Prisoners of War and Captured documents: British and Communist Narratives of the Malayan Emergency, and the Dynamics of Intelligence Transformation"</a></span>. <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 211–241. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529908432578">10.1080/02684529908432578</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Corpses%2C+Prisoners+of+War+and+Captured+documents%3A+British+and+Communist+Narratives+of+the+Malayan+Emergency%2C+and+the+Dynamics+of+Intelligence+Transformation&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=211-241&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684529908432578&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02684529908432578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack2022" class="citation book cs1">Hack, Karl (2022). <i>The Malayan Emergency: Revolution and Counterinsurgency at the End of Empire</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107439481" title="Special:BookSources/9781107439481"><bdi>9781107439481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+Revolution+and+Counterinsurgency+at+the+End+of+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781107439481&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert (2011). <i>The Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation: The Commonwealth's Wars 1948–1966</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848845558" title="Special:BookSources/9781848845558"><bdi>9781848845558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency+and+Indonesian+Confrontation%3A+The+Commonwealth%27s+Wars+1948%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781848845558&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumper2001" class="citation book cs1">Jumper, Roy (2001). <i>Death Waits in the Dark: The Senoi Praaq, Malaysia's Killer Elite</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31515-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31515-9"><bdi>0-313-31515-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Waits+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Senoi+Praaq%2C+Malaysia%27s+Killer+Elite&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-313-31515-9&rft.aulast=Jumper&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Keo, Bernard Z. (March 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12523">"A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency"</a></span>. <i>History Compass</i>. <b>17</b> (3): e12523. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12523">10.1111/hic3.12523</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150617654">150617654</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183725/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hic3.12523">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=A+small%2C+distant+war%3F+Historiographical+reflections+on+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e12523&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150617654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keo&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, David F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/">"The Malayan Emergency: How to Fight a Counterinsurgency War"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183710/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/10/27/the-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=The+Malayan+Emergency%3A+How+to+Fight+a+Counterinsurgency+War&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fdaily%2Fmilitary-history%2Fthe-malayan-emergency-how-to-fight-a-counterinsurgency-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagl2002" class="citation book cs1">Nagl, John A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learningtoeatsou00john"><i>Learning to Eat Soup With a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam</i></a>. University of Chicago. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-56770-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-56770-2"><bdi>0-226-56770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Eat+Soup+With+a+Knife%3A+Counterinsurgency+Lessons+from+Malaya+and+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-226-56770-2&rft.aulast=Nagl&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearningtoeatsou00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Newsinger, John. (2016) <i>British counterinsurgency</i> (Springer, 2016) compares British measures in Mayaya, Palestine, Kenya, Cyprus, South Yemen, Dhofar, & Northern Ireland</li>
<li>Short, Anthony (1975). <i>The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–1960</i>. London and New York: Frederick Muller. Reprinted (2000) as <i>In Pursuit of Mountain Rats</i>. Singapore.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2004" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, Richard (2004). <i>Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948–1960</i>. Eastern University. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-210-352-X" title="Special:BookSources/981-210-352-X"><bdi>981-210-352-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearts+and+Minds+in+Guerilla+Warfare%3A+The+Malayan+Emergency+1948%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Eastern+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=981-210-352-X&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Sullivan, Michael D. "Leadership in Counterinsurgency: A Tale of Two Leaders" <i>Military Review</i> (Sep/Oct 2007) 897#5 pp 119–123.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTh'ng2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Th'ng, Bee Fu (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40326023">"Forbidden Knowledge: Response from Chinese-Malay Intellectuals to Leftist-Books Banning During the Emergency Period"</a>. <i>Sun Yat-sen Journal of Humanities</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103183717/https://www.academia.edu/40326023/%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E5%AF%8C_%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98_%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8D%E6%8A%84%E6%AA%A2%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89_Thng_Bee_Fu_Forbidden_Knowledge_Response_from_Chinese_Malay_Intellectuals_to_Leftist_Books_Banning_During_the_Emergency_Period">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun+Yat-sen+Journal+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=Forbidden+Knowledge%3A+Response+from+Chinese-Malay+Intellectuals+to+Leftist-Books+Banning+During+the+Emergency+Period&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Th%27ng&rft.aufirst=Bee+Fu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40326023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1966" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Sir Robert (1966). <i>Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam</i>. London: F. A. Praeger. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-1133-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-1133-X"><bdi>0-7011-1133-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeating+Communist+Insurgency%3A+The+Lessons+of+Malaya+and+Vietnam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=F.+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-7011-1133-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUcko2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ucko, David H. (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852">"Counterinsurgency as armed reform: The political history of the Malayan Emergency"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (3–4): 448–479. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1406852">10.1080/01402390.2017.1406852</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158297553">158297553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Counterinsurgency+as+armed+reform%3A+The+political+history+of+the+Malayan+Emergency&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=448-479&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1406852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158297553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ucko&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01402390.2017.1406852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayan+Emergency" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Emergency&action=edit&section=36"title="Edit section: External links"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span>
<span>edit</span>
</a>
</span>
</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malayan_Emergency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-abovebelow">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Malayan Emergency</b> <hr /></div>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malayan+Emergency">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Malayan+Emergency&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li>
</ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010807010636/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/emergency.htm">Australian War Memorial</a> <i>(Malayan Emergency 1950–1960)</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083748/http://fesrassociation.com/archives/toc.htm">Far East Strategic Reserve Navy Association (Australia) Inc.</a> <i>(Origins of the FESR – Navy)</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712043107/http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/malaya/malayamain.html">Malayan Emergency</a> <i>(AUS/NZ Overview)</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620092600/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/malaya/index.html">Britain's Small Wars</a> <i>(Malayan Emergency)</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php">PsyWar.Org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161647/https://www.psywar.org/malaya.php">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>(Psychological Operations during the Malayan Emergency)</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Databases/MalayaPostWW2/index.html">www.roll-of-honour.com</a> <i>(Searchable database of Commonwealth Soldiers who died)</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140726/http://brigandboys.org.uk/index.php">A personal account of flying the Bristol Brigand aircraft with 84 Squadron RAF during the Malayan Emergency – Terry Stringer</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960">The Malayan Emergency 1948 to 1960</a> Anzac Portal</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c44; color:white;;background:#c44; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Template:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Template talk:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism in Malaysia</span></a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Singapore" title="Category:Communism in Singapore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Singapore</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Wars and incidents <br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Malaysia" title="Category:Wars involving Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Wars</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li>
<li>Communist insurgency
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Malaysia (1968-1989)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malayan_Emergency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Malayan <br /> Emergency</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Background & causes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New village</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Operations_Volunteer_Force" title="Special Operations Volunteer Force">Special Operations Volunteer Force</a></li>
<li>Commonwealth Military Involvement
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Southern Rhodesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_Malaysia" title="Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_Siput_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Siput Incident">Sungai Siput Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_of_Lau_Yew" title="Death of Lau Yew">Death of Lau Yew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labis_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Labis Incident">Labis Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Penang Ambush">Penang Ambush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_Sir_Henry_Gurney" title="Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney">Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukit Kepong Incident">Bukit Kepong Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Semur_River" title="Battle of Semur River">Battle of Semur River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Termite" title="Operation Termite">Operation Termite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pipeline_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline Ambush">Pipeline Ambush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Templer_Plan" title="The Templer Plan">The Templer Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Hashim#Assassination" title="Abdul Rahman Hashim">Assassination of Abdul Rahman Hashim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoo_Chong_Kong#Assassination" title="Khoo Chong Kong">Assassination of Khoo Chong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)#National_Monument" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">Bombing of National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/10th_Malay_Regiment" title="10th Malay Regiment">10th Malay Regiment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction">Revolutionary Faction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Malayan People's Liberation Front">MPLF</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist">CPM/ML</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Communist_Party" title="Malaysian Communist Party">Malaysian Communist Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Singapore Federation of Trade Unions">Singapore Federation of Trade Unions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Malaysian_communists" title="Category:Malaysian communists"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Key people</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Peninsular <br />Malaysia <br />and <br />Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdullah_CD" title="Abdullah CD">Abdullah CD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lai_Teck" title="Lai Teck">Lai Teck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamsiah_Fakeh" title="Shamsiah Fakeh">Shamsiah Fakeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Boestamam" title="Ahmad Boestamam">Ahmad Boestamam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rashid_Maidin" title="Rashid Maidin">Rashid Maidin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mokhtaruddin_Lasso" title="Mokhtaruddin Lasso">Mokhtaruddin Lasso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamarulzaman_Teh" title="Kamarulzaman Teh">Kamarulzaman Teh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Samah_Mohd_Kassim" title="Abu Samah Mohd Kassim">Abu Samah Mohd Kassim</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Ahmad" class="extiw" title="ms:Musa Ahmad">Musa Ahmad</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Chik" class="extiw" title="ms:Ibrahim Chik">Ibrahim Chik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S._A._Ganapathy" title="S. A. Ganapathy">S. A. Ganapathy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suriani_Abdullah" title="Suriani Abdullah">Suriani Abdullah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lau_Yew" title="Lau Yew">Lau Yew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Meng" title="Lee Meng">Lee Meng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Tien" title="Chen Tien">Chen Tien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeung_Kwo" title="Yeung Kwo">Yeung Kwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fong_Chong_Pik" title="Fong Chong Pik">Fong Chong Pik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eu_Chooi_Yip" title="Eu Chooi Yip">Eu Chooi Yip</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lim_Chin_Siong" title="Lim Chin Siong">Lim Chin Siong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahi_Annuar" title="Wahi Annuar">Wahi Annuar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Indera" title="Muhammad Indera">Mat Indera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R._G._Balan" title="R. G. Balan">R. G. Balan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Veerasenan" title="P. Veerasenan">P. Veerasenan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devan_Nair" title="Devan Nair">Devan Nair</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Malaysian <br />Borneo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bong_Kee_Chok" title="Bong Kee Chok">Bong Kee Chok</a></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Yang Chu Chung</span></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Wen Ming Chyuan</span></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Yap Choon Hau</span></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Lam Wah Kwai</span></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Ang Chu Ting</span></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Wong Lieng Kui</span></li>
<li><span style="color:gray">Cheung Ah Wah</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conference_of_Youth_and_Students_of_Southeast_Asia_Fighting_for_Freedom_and_Independence" title="Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence">Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_Socialist_Club" title="University Socialist Club">University Socialist Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subramaniam_v_Public_Prosecutor" title="Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor">Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Malaysia–Soviet Union relations">Malaysia–Soviet Union relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">China–Malaysia relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">China–Singapore relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis" title="Barisan Sosialis">Barisan Sosialis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">Brunei Revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chia_Thye_Poh" title="Chia Thye Poh">Chia Thye Poh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak_United_Peoples%27_Party" title="Sarawak United Peoples' Party">Sarawak United Peoples' Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bidong_Island" title="Bidong Island">Bidong Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">1975 AIA building hostage crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambeth_slavery_case" title="Lambeth slavery case">Lambeth slavery case</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Peace agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></li>
<li>Peace Declaration of Sri Aman 1973</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Malaya_(film)" title="Operation Malaya (film)"><i>Operation Malaya</i> (1953 documentary)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Piece_of_Ribbon" title="A Piece of Ribbon"><i>A Piece of Ribbon</i> (1963 play)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_7th_Dawn" title="The 7th Dawn"><i>The 7th Dawn</i> (1964 drama)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Communist" title="The Last Communist"><i>The Last Communist</i> (2006 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apa_Khabar_Orang_Kampung" title="Apa Khabar Orang Kampung"><i>Apa Khabar Orang Kampung</i> (2007 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/29_Februari" title="29 Februari"><i>29 Februari</i> (2012 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanda_Putera" title="Tanda Putera"><i>Tanda Putera</i> (2013 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists" title="The Garden of Evening Mists"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i> (2011 novel)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%911949" class="extiw" title="zh:新村1949"><i>The New Village</i> (2015 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists_(film)" title="The Garden of Evening Mists (film)"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i> (2019 film)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#c44; color:white;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/23px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism portal</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Malaysia portal</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Singapore portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_straits_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish straits crisis">Turkish straits crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayan Emergency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamboo_Curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo Curtain">Bamboo Curtain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrective_Revolution_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrective Revolution (Egypt)">Corrective Revolution (Egypt)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Chinese_split" title="Albanian–Chinese split">Albanian–Chinese split</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Peruvian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Elise_Sarotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elise Sarotte">Mary Elise Sarotte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_events_in_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of events in the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354629#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545957505171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080083">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1723004686' |
