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'{{short description|King of Siam from 1868 to 1910}} {{About|the King of Siam|the university named after him|Chulalongkorn University}} {{Use British English|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2010}} {{Infobox royalty | name = {{ubl|Chulalongkorn|{{nobold|จุฬาลงกรณ์}}}} | title = King Rama V | image = King Chulalongkorn of Siam (PP-69-5-032).jpg | caption = | succession = [[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Siam]] | reign = 1 October 1868 – {{nowrap|23 October 1910}} | coronation = {{ubl|11 November 1868 (1st)|16 November 1873 (2nd)}} | cor-type = [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|Coronation]] | predecessor = [[Mongkut]] (Rama IV) | successor = [[Vajiravudh]] (Rama VI) | regent = {{ubl|[[Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse|Sri Suriwongse]] (1868–1873)|[[Saovabha Phongsri]] (1897)|Vajiravudh (1907)}} | reg-type = [[Regent of Thailand|Regent]] | regent1 = [[Wichaichan]] (1868–1885) | reg-type1 = [[Front Palace|Viceroy]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1853|9|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bangkok]], [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1910|10|23|1853|9|20|df=y}} | death_place = Bangkok, Siam | spouse = {{ubl|[[Sunanda Kumariratana]]|[[Sukhumala Marasri]]|[[Savang Vadhana]]|[[Saovabha Phongsri]]|and 5 other consorts|and 143 concubines}} | issue = {{ubli|[[Vajirunhis]], Crown Prince|[[Vajiravudh]] (Rama VI)|[[Mahidol Adulyadej]], Prince of&nbsp;Songkhla|[[Prajadhipok]] (Rama VII)}} | issue-link = List of consorts and children of Chulalongkorn | issue-pipe = more... | house = [[Chakri dynasty]] | father = [[Mongkut]] (Rama IV) | mother = [[Debsirindra]] | religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]] | signature = Chulalongkorn signature (3).svg }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Chulalongkorn | pic = Privy Seal of King Rama V (Chulalongkorn).svg | picsize = 100px | piccap = Privy seal | tha = พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ฯ พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว พระปิยมหาราช | rtgs = Phrabat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chulachomklao Chao Yu Hua Phra Piya Maharat }} '''Chulalongkorn''',{{efn|{{lang-th|จุฬาลงกรณ์}}, {{RTGS|Chulalongkon}}}} reigning title '''Phra Chula Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua'''{{efn|Thai title: '''Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramin Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chula Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua''' ({{lang-th|พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว}})}} (20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910), was the fifth [[Monarchy of Thailand|king of Siam]] from the [[Chakri dynasty]], titled '''Rama V'''. He reigned from 1868 until his death in 1910. Chulalongkorn was born as the son of King [[Mongkut]] in 1853. In 1868, he travelled with his father and Westerners invited by Mongkut to observe the [[solar eclipse of 18 August 1868]] in [[Prachuap Khiri Khan Province]]. However, Chulalongkorn and his father both contracted malaria which resulted in his father's death.{{cfn|reason=Unnecessary section.|date=March 2024}} Chulalongkorn's reign was characterised by the modernisation of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the [[British Empire|British]] and [[French Indochina|French]] Empires. As Siam was surrounded by [[Western imperialism in Asia|European colonies]], Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, ensured the independence of Siam.<ref name="YourDictionary">{{cite web |url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/chulalongkorn |title=Chulalongkorn |author=YourDictionary, n.d. |date=23 November 2011 |work=Biography |publisher=YourDictionary |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929001736/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/chulalongkorn |archive-date=29 September 2011 |quote=When Thailand was seriously threatened by Western colonialism, his diplomatic policies averted colonial domination and his domestic reforms brought about the modernization of his kingdom. |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Disputed inline|date=May 2021}} All his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siam's independence given the increasing encroachment of Western powers, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet ''Phra Piya Maharat'' (พระปิยมหาราช, the Great Beloved King). ==Early life== [[File:King Mongkut and Prince Chulalongkorn.jpg|thumb|upright|King Mongkut with Prince Chulalongkorn, both in western style court uniforms, c. 1868]] King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King [[Mongkut]] and Queen [[Debsirindra]] and given the name Chulalongkorn. In 1861, he was designated ''Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat''. His father gave him a broad education, including instruction from Western tutors such as [[Anna Leonowens]]. Chulalongkorn, along with his siblings, were educated by Leonowens from her arrival in August 1862 through to her departure in 1867. During this time, Chulalongkorn became friends with Leonowens' son Louis Leonowens who was 2 years younger then Chulalongkorn. His friendship with Louis would continue his adulthood where he assisted Louis' business in Siam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bristowe |first=W. S. (William Syer) |url=http://archive.org/details/louiskingofsiam0000bris |title=Louis and the King of Siam |date=1976 |publisher=London : Chatto & Windus |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7011-2164-8}}</ref> In 1866, he became a [[samanera|novice monk]] for six months at [[Wat Bawonniwet]] according to royal tradition.<ref>{{cite book |last= Leonowens |first= Anna Harriette |title= The English Governess at the Siamese Court |url= http://www.kellscraft.com/GovernessSiam/GovernessSiamContentPage.html |author-link= Anna Leonowens |year= 1873 |publisher= James R. Osgood |location= Boston|chapter= XIX. The Heir–Apparent – Royal Hair–Cutting.|chapter-url= http://www.kellscraft.com/GovernessSiam/GovernessSiamCh19.html |quote= The Prince...was about ten years old when I was appointed to teach him.|access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> Upon his return to his secular life in 1867, he was designated ''Krommakhun Phinit Prachanat'' ({{lang|th|กรมขุนพินิตประชานาถ}}.) In 1867, King Mongkut led an expedition to the [[Malay Peninsula]] south of the city of [[Hua Hin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglicanthai.org/bush.htm |title=Captain John Bush, 1819–1905 |author=Derick Garnier |date=30 March 2011 |publisher=[[Christ Church Bangkok]] |access-date=1 December 2011 |quote=in 1868, down to Hua Wan (south of Hua Hinh) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914223931/http://www.anglicanthai.org/bush.htm |archive-date=14 September 2014 }}</ref> to verify his calculations of the [[solar eclipse of 18 August 1868]]. Both Mongkut and his son fell ill of malaria. Mongkut died on 1 October 1868. Assuming the 15-year-old Chulalongkorn to be dying as well, King Mongkut on his deathbed wrote, "My brother, my son, my grandson, whoever you all the senior officials think will be able to save our country will succeed my throne, choose at your own will." As Mongkut had not designated who would succeed him, the choice fell to a council to decide. The council led by Prince Deves, Mongkut's eldest half-brother, then choose Chulalongkorn as Mongkut's successor. However, Chulalongkorn was only 15 and so the council choose [[Si Suriyawongse]] to become the regent until Chulalongkorn came of age.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabongse |first=Chula |url=http://archive.org/details/lordsoflifehisto0000chak |title=Lords of Life; a history of the Kings of Thailand |date=1967 |publisher=London: Alvin Redman |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> ===Regency=== The young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic reformer. He visited Singapore and [[Java]] in 1870 and [[British India]] in 1872 to study the administration of British colonies. He toured the administrative centres of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, and back to Calcutta in early 1872. This journey was a source of his later ideas for the modernization of Siam. He was crowned king in his own right as Rama V on 16 November 1873.<ref name=YourDictionary/>{{clarify|reason=how is this different from the coronation of 11 November 1868?|date=July 2017}} Sri Suriwongse then arranged for the [[Front Palace]] of King [[Pinklao]] (who was his uncle) to be bequeathed to King Pinklao's son, Prince [[Wichaichan|Yodyingyot]] (who was Chulalongkorn's cousin). As regent, Sri Suriwongse wielded great influence. Sri Suriwongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised the digging of several important [[khlong]]s, such as Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak, and the paving of roads such as Charoen Krung and Silom. He was also a patron of Thai literature and performing arts. ==Early reign== [[File:Rama V c1870.jpg|210px|thumb|upright|right|King Chulalongkorn after his second coronation ceremony on 16 November 1873]] At the end of his regency, Sri Suriwongse was raised to [[Somdet Chao Phraya (title)|Somdet Chao Phraya]], the highest title a noble could attain. Si Suriyawongse was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family, the House of [[Bunnag]], was a powerful aristocratic dynasty of Persian descent. It dominated Siamese politics since the reign of [[Rama I]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Woodhouse |first= Leslie |date=Spring 2012 |title= Concubines with Cameras: Royal Siamese Consorts Picturing Femininity and Ethnic Difference in Early 20th Century Siam |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tap/7977573.0002.202/--concubines-with-cameras-royal-siamese-consorts-picturing?rgn=main;view=fulltext |journal=Women's Camera Work: Asia |volume= 2|issue=2 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Chulalongkorn then [[incest|married four of his half-sisters]], all daughters of Mongkut: [[Savang Vadhana]], [[Saovabha Phongsri]], and [[Sunanda Kumariratana]] (Mongkut with Concubine [[Piam]]), and [[Sukhumala Marasri]] (Mongkut with Concubine [[:th:เจ้าคุณจอมมารดาสำลี ในรัชกาลที่ 4|Samli]]).{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} Chulalongkorn's first reform was to establish the "[[Queen Sirikit Museum of Textiles|Auditory Office]]" (Th: หอรัษฎากรพิพัฒน์) on 4 June 1873,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the101.world/pan-interview/|title=ระบบภาษีไทยในวันที่โลกเปลี่ยน : คุยกับ ปัณณ์ อนันอภิบุตร|date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> solely responsible for tax collection, to counter the influence of the [[Bunnag family]] who had been in control of wealth collection since early [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Rattanakosin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hantrakun |first1=Phonphen |editor1-last=Tulathon |editor1-first=Chaithawat |title=พระพรหมช่วยอํานวยให้ชื่นฉ่ำ: เศรษฐกิจการเมืองว่าด้วยทรัพย์สินส่วนพระมหากษัตริย์หลัง 2475 |date=2014 |publisher=ฟ้าเดียวกัน |isbn=978-616-7667-28-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m__PoAEACAAJ |language=th}}</ref> As tax collectors had been under the aegis of various nobles and thus a source of their wealth, this reform caused great consternation among the nobility, especially the Front Palace. Chulalongkorn appointed [[Chaturonrasmi]] to be an executive of the organization, which he closely oversaw.<ref>{{cite web |title=จุฬาลงกรณ์ราชบรรณาลัย |url=https://kingchulalongkorn.car.chula.ac.th/th/timeline/detail/3989 |website=kingchulalongkorn.car.chula.ac.th |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> From the time of King Mongkut, the Front Palace had been the equivalent of a "second king", with one-third of national revenue allocated to it. Prince Yodyingyot of the Front Palace was known to be on friendly terms with many Britons, at a time when Siamese relations with the [[British Empire]] were tense.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} In 1874, Chulalongkorn established the Council of State as a legislative body and a privy council as his personal advisory board based on the British [[privy council]]. Council members were appointed by the monarch. ===Front Palace crisis=== {{Main|Front Palace Crisis}} [[File:Front Palace circa.1890.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Photograph of the [[Front Palace, Bangkok|Front Palace or ''Wang Na'']] (circa 1890) now the [[Bangkok National Museum]]]] On the night of 28 December 1874, a fire broke out near the gunpowder storehouse and gasworks in the main palace. Front Palace troops quickly arrived, fully armed, "to assist in putting out the fire". They were denied entrance and the fire was extinguished.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wyatt|first=David K.|title=Thailand: A Short History|year=1982|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=0-300-03054-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/thailand00davi}}</ref>{{RP|193}} The incident demonstrated the considerable power wielded by aristocrats and royal relatives, leaving the king little power. Reducing the power held by the nobility became one of his main motives in reforming Siam's feudal politics. When Prince Yodyingyot died in 1885, Chulalongkorn took the opportunity to abolish the titular Front Palace and created the title of "[[Crown Prince of Thailand|Crown Prince of Siam]]" in line with Western custom. Chulalongkorn's son, Prince [[Vajirunhis]], was appointed the first Crown Prince of Siam, though he never reigned. In 1895, when the prince died of typhoid at age 16, he was succeeded by his half-brother [[Vajiravudh]], who was then at boarding school in England. ===Haw insurgency=== {{Main|Haw wars}} [[File:KING-CHULALONG-KORN.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The young king in western dress]] In the northern [[Laos|Laotian lands]] bordering China, the insurgents of the [[Taiping Rebellion]] had taken refuge since the reign of King Mongkut. These Chinese were called ''Haw'' and became bandits, pillaging the villages. In 1875, Chulalongkorn sent troops from Bangkok to crush the Haw who had ravaged as far as [[Vientiane]]. However, they met strong Chinese resistance and retreated to [[Isan]] in 1885. New, modernized forces were sent again and were divided into two groups approaching the Haw from Chiang Kam and Pichai. The Haw scattered and some fled to [[Vietnam]]. The Siamese armies proceeded to eliminate the remaining Haw. The city of [[Nong Khai]] maintains memorials for the Siamese dead. ===Third Anglo-Burmese War=== {{Main|Third Anglo-Burmese War}} In Burma, while the British Army fought the Burmese [[Konbaung Dynasty]], Siam remained neutral. Britain had agreements with the Siamese government, which stated that if the British were in conflict with Burma, Siam would send food supplies to the British Army. Chulalongkorn honored the agreement. The British expected he would send an army to help defeat the Burmese, but he did not do so. ===Military and political reforms=== [[File:Devavongse, Chulalongkorn, Damrong.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Prince [[Devawongse Varopakarn]] (Foreign Minister), King Chulalongkorn and Prince [[Damrong Rajanubhab]] (Interior Minister). During his reign the king employed his brothers and sons in the government, ensuring royal monopoly on power and administration]] {{Chakri Kings}} Freed of the Front Palace and Chinese rebellions, Chulalongkorn initiated modernization and centralization reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vechbanyongratana|first1=Jessica|last2=Paik|first2=Christopher|date=2019|title=Path to Centralization and Development: Evidence from Siam|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/path-to-centralization-and-development/ADEB6B15346131BF0BA8BA728B4D61C7|journal=World Politics|language=en|volume=71|issue=2|pages=289–331|doi=10.1017/S0043887118000321|s2cid=159375909|issn=0043-8871}}</ref> He established the [[Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy|Royal Military Academy]] in 1887 to train officers in Western fashion. His upgraded forces provided the king much more power to centralize the country. The government of Siam had remained largely unchanged since the 15th century. The central government was headed by the ''Samuha Nayok'' (i.e., prime minister), who controlled the northern parts of Siam, and the ''Samuha Kalahom'' (i.e., grand commander), who controlled southern Siam in both civil and military affairs. The Samuha Nayok presided over the ''Chatu Sadombh'' (i.e., Four Pillars). The responsibilities of each pillar overlapped and were ambiguous. In 1888, Chulalongkorn moved to institute a government of ministries. Ministers were, at the outset, members of the royal family. Ministries were established in 1892, with all ministries having equal status. The Council of State proved unable to veto legal drafts or to give Chulalongkorn advice because the members regarded Chulalongkorn as an absolute monarch, far above their station. Chulalongkorn dissolved the council altogether and transferred advisory duties to the cabinet in 1894. Chulalongkorn abolished the traditional Nakorn Bala methods of torture in the judiciary process, which were seen as inhumane and barbaric to Western eyes, and introduced a Western judicial code. His Belgian advisor, [[Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns]], played a great role in the development of modern Siamese law and its judicial system. ===Pressures for reform=== [[File:Chulalongkorn and Princes.jpg|thumb|left|King Chulalongkorn with a few of his sons in the United Kingdom in 1907]] Chulalongkorn was the first Siamese king to send royal princes to [[Europe]] to be educated. In 19th century Europe, nationalism flourished and there were calls for more liberty. The princes were influenced by the liberal notions of [[democracy]] and elections they encountered in republics like [[Third French Republic|France]] and [[constitutional monarchies]] like the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].{{ctn|date=October 2021}} In 1884 (year 103 of the [[Thai solar calendar|Rattakosin Era]]), Siamese officials in Europe warned Chulalongkorn of possible threats to Siamese independence from the European powers. They advised that Siam should be reformed like [[Meiji era|Meiji Japan]] and that Siam should become a constitutional monarchy. Chulalongkorn demurred, stating that the time was not ripe and that he himself was making reforms. Throughout Chulalongkorn's reign, writers with radical ideas had their works published for the first time. The most notable ones included [[Thianwan Wannapho]], who had been imprisoned for 17 years and from prison produced many works criticizing traditional Siamese society. ==Conflict with French Indochina== {{main|1893 Franco-Siamese crisis}} [[File:Art of Paknam incident.jpg|thumb|225px|left|French ships under fire in the Paknam incident, 13 July 1893]] [[File:Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893.jpg|thumb|RS112 Incident map]] In 1863, King [[Norodom]] of Cambodia was forced to put his country under French protection. The cession of Cambodia was officially formulated in 1867. However, Inner Cambodia (as called in Siam) consisting of [[Battambang]], [[Siam Nakhon]], and [[Srisopon]], remained a Siamese possession. This was the first of many territorial cessions. In 1887, French Indochina was formed from [[Vietnam]]ese and [[Cambodia]]n lands. In 1888, French troops invaded northern Laos to subjugate the Heo insurgents. However, the French troops never left, and the French demanded more Laotian lands. In 1893 [[Auguste Pavie]], the French vice-consul of [[Luang Prabang]], requested the cession of all Laotian lands east of the [[Mekong River]]. Siam resented the demand, leading to the [[Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893]]. The French gunboat ''Le Lutin'' entered the [[Chao Phraya]] and anchored near the [[Embassy of France, Bangkok|French consulate]] ready to attack. Fighting was observed in Laos. ''Inconstant'' and ''Comete'' were attacked in Chao Phraya, and the French sent an ultimatum: an indemnity of three million francs, as well as the cession of and withdrawal from Laos. Siam did not accept the ultimatum. French troops then blockaded the [[Gulf of Siam]] and occupied [[Chantaburi]] and [[Trat]]. Chulalongkorn sent Rolin-Jacquemyns to negotiate. The issue was eventually settled with the cession of Laos in 1893, but the French troops in Chantaburi and Trat refused to leave. The cession of vast Laotian lands had a major impact on Chulalongkorn's spirit. Prince [[Vajirunhis]] died in 1894. Prince [[Vajiravudh]] was created crown prince to replace him. Chulalongkorn realised the importance of maintaining the navy and established the [[Royal Thai Navy Academy|Royal Thai Naval Academy]] in 1898. Despite Siamese concessions, French armies continued the occupation of Chantaburi and Trat for another 10 years. An [[Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1904|agreement]] was reached in 1904 that French troops would leave Chantaburi but hold the coast land from Trat to [[Koh Kong Province|Koh Kong]]. In 1906, the final agreement was reached. Trat was returned to Siam but the French kept Koh Kong and received Inner Cambodia. Seeing the seriousness of foreign affairs, Chulalongkorn visited Europe in 1897. He was the first Siamese monarch to do so, and he desired European recognition of Siam as a fully independent power. He appointed his queen, [[Saovabha Phongsri]], as regent in Siam during his travel to Europe. During a visit to [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], on 26 October, he condemned and ordered his servant to be [[executed]] for a breach of etiquette committed in [[Lisbon]], according to the telegram news from [[Saragossa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Death For Bad Etiquette.; King of Siam Condemns a Member of His Suite to be Executed. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/10/27/102064918.html?pageNumber=7 |work=timesmachine.nytimes.com |agency=The New York Times |date=27 October 1897 |language=en}}</ref> ==Reforms== [[File:King and Tsar.jpg|200px|thumb|upright|King Chulalongkorn with Tsar [[Nicholas II]] in Saint Petersburg, during his first Grand Tour in 1897]] Siam had been composed of a network of cities according to the [[Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)|Mandala system]] codified by King [[Trailokanat#Reforms|Trailokanat]] in 1454, with local rulers owing tribute to [[Bangkok]]. Each city retained a substantial degree of autonomy, as Siam was not a "state" but a "network" of city-states. With the rise of European colonialism, the Western concept of state and territorial division was introduced. It had to define explicitly which lands were "Siamese" and which lands were "foreign". The conflict with the French in 1893 was an example. ===Sukhaphiban districts=== [[Sukhaphiban]] ({{lang|th|สุขาภิบาล}}) [[sanitary district]]s were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. The first such was created in Bangkok, by royal decree of King Chulalongkorn in 1897. During his European tour earlier that year, he had learned about the sanitary districts of England, and wanted to try out this local administrative unit in his capital. ===Monthon system=== [[File:Administrative Division of Siamese Kingdom in 1906.jpg|thumb|Monthon map of Thailand, 1906]] With his experiences during the travel to British colonies and the suggestion of Prince [[Damrong]], Chulalongkorn established the hierarchical system of [[monthon]]s in 1897, composed of [[Provinces of Thailand|province]], [[Mueang#Thailand|city]], ''[[amphoe]]'', ''[[tambon]]'', and ''[[muban]]'' (village) in descending order. (Though an entire monthon, the Eastern Province, Inner Cambodia, was ceded to the French in 1906). Each monthon was overseen by an [[intendant]] of the [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Ministry of Interior]]. This had a major impact, as it ended the power of all local dynasties. Central authority now spread all over the country through the administration of intendants. For example, the [[Lanna]] states in the north (including the [[Kingdom of Chiangmai]], Principalities of [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], and [[Prae]], tributaries to Bangkok) were made into two monthons, neglecting the existence of the [[List of the Kings of Lanna#Lanna states under Siamese tributary 1775–1899|Lanna kings]]. Local rulers did not cede power willingly. Three rebellions sprang up in 1901: the [[Ngiao rebellion]] in [[Phrae]], the 1901–1902 [[Holy Man's Rebellion]]<ref name="JSS_062_1e_Murdoch">{{cite journal | last = Murdoch | first = John B. |year= 1974 |title= The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion |journal= [[Journal of the Siam Society]] |volume= JSS Vol.62.1 |issue= digital |no-pp= <!-- hides automatic 'p' or 'pp'. -->|publisher= Siam Heritage Trust |url= http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_1901to1902HolyMansRebellion.pdf|access-date= 2 April 2013 |quote= The background to the rebellion must be sought in the factors that led up to the situation in the Lower Mekong at the turn of the century. Prior to the late nineteenth century reforms of King Chulalongkorn, the territory of the Siamese Kingdom was divided into three administrative categories. First were the inner provinces which were in four classes depending on their distance from Bangkok or the importance of their local ruling houses. Second were the outer provinces, which were situated between the inner provinces and further distant tributary states. Finally there were the tributary states which were on the periphery....}}</ref> in [[History of Isan#Siam|Isan]], and the [[Rebellion of Seven Sultans]] in the south. All these rebellions were crushed in 1902 with the city rulers stripped of their power and imprisoned.<ref name="JSS_062_1e_Murdoch"/> ===Abolition of corvée and slavery=== [[File:พรบ ทาส รศ ๑๒๔.pdf|thumb|200px|Photograph of the Slave Abolition Act of 1905]] [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] King [[Ramathibodi II#Establishment of Corvée system|Ramathibodi II established a system]] of [[corvée]] in 1518 after which the lives of Siamese commoners and slaves were closely regulated by the government. All Siamese common men ({{lang|th-Latn|phrai}} [[:th:ไพร่|ไพร่)]] were subject to the Siamese corvée system. Each man at the time of his majority had to register with a government bureau, department, or leading member of the royalty called {{lang|th-Latn|krom}} ({{lang|th|กรม}}) as a {{lang|th-Latn|Phrai Luang}} ({{lang|th|ไพร่หลวง}}) or under a nobleman's dominion ({{lang|th-Latn|Moon Nai}} or {{lang|th-Latn|Chao Khun Moon Nai}} {{lang|th|มูลนาย หรือเจ้าขุนมูลนาย}}) as a {{lang|th-Latn|Phrai Som}} ({{lang|th|ไพร่สม}}). {{lang|th-Latn|Phrai}} owed service to sovereign or master for three months of the year. {{lang|th-Latn|Phrai Suay}} ({{lang|th|ไพร่ส่วย}}) were those who could make payment [[in kind]] (cattle) in lieu of service. Those conscripted into military service were called {{lang|th-Latn|Phrai Tahan}} ({{lang|th|ไพร่ทหาร}}). Chulalongkorn was best known for his abolition of [[Siamese slavery]] ([[:th:ทาส|ทาส]].) He associated the abolition of slavery in the United States with the bloodshed of the [[American Civil War]]. Chulalongkorn, to prevent such a bloodbath in Siam, provided several steps towards the abolition of slavery, not an extreme turning point from servitude to total freedom. Those who found themselves unable to live on their own sold themselves into slavery by rich noblemen. Likewise, when a debt was defaulted, the borrower would become a slave of the lender. If the debt was redeemed, the slave regained freedom. However, those whose parents were household slaves (ทาสในเรือนเบี้ย) were bound to be slaves forever because their redemption price was extremely high. Because of economic conditions, people sold themselves into slavery in great numbers and in turn they produced a large number of household slaves. In 1867 they accounted for one-third of Siamese population. In 1874, Chulalongkorn enacted a law that lowered the redemption price of household slaves born in 1867 (his ascension year) and freed all of them when they had reached 21. The newly freed slaves would have time to settle themselves as farmers or merchants so they would not become unemployed. In 1905, the ''[[Slave Abolition Act]]'' ended Siamese slavery in all forms. The reverse of 100 [[Thai baht|baht]] banknotes in circulation since the 2005 centennial depict Chulalongkorn in navy uniform abolishing the slave tradition. The traditional corvée system declined after the [[Bowring Treaty]], which gave rise to a new class of employed labourers not regulated by the government, while many noblemen continued to hold sway over large numbers of {{lang|th-Latn|Phrai Som}}. Chulalongkorn needed more effective control of manpower to undo the power of nobility. After the establishment of the [[monthon]] system, Chulalongkorn instituted a census to count all men available to the government. The ''[[Employment Act (Siam)|Employment Act]]'' of 1900 required that all workers be paid, not forced to work. ===Establishment of a modern army and modern land ownership=== [[File:Army of Thailand in Haw wars (1875).jpg|thumb|275px|Photograph of the [[Royal Thai Army|Royal Siamese Army]] during Rama V's military reforms, during the [[Haw Wars]], 1875]] Chulalongkorn had established a [[Kalahom#History|defence ministry]] in 1887. The ending of the corvée system necessitated the beginning of military [[conscription]], thus the ''[[Conscription Act (Siam)|Conscription Act]]'' of 1905 in Siam. This was followed in 1907 by the first act providing for invoking [[martial law#Thailand|martial law]], which seven years later was changed to its modern form by his son and successor, King Vajiravudh.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thailawforum.com/laws/Martial%20Law.pdf|title= Martial Law, B.E. 2457 (1914) – unofficial translation|access-date= 21 May 2014|author= Pakorn Nilprapunt|year= 2006|website= thailawforum.com|publisher= Office of the Council of State |quote= Reference to Thai legislation in any jurisdiction shall be to the Thai version only. This translation has been made so as to establish correct understanding about this Act to the foreigners.}}</ref> The [[Royal Thai Survey Department]], a Special Services Group of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, engaged in [[cadastral survey]], which is the survey of specific land parcels to define ownership for [[land registration]], and for equitable [[tax]]ation. Land [[Title deeds|title deed]]s are issued using the [[Torrens title]] system, though it was not until the year 1901 that the first–fruits of this survey were obtained.<ref name=Giblin>{{cite book |title=Twentieth century impressions of Siam |last= Giblin |first= R.W. |editor1-last= Wright|editor1-first=Arnold|editor2-last= Breakspear|editor2-first= Oliver T |year=2008 |orig-year=1908|publisher=Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company|location=London&c |pages= 121–127 |chapter= Royal Survey Work.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/download/twentiethcentury00wrigrich/twentiethcentury00wrigrich.pdf|chapter-format=65.3 MB| access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> ===Abolition of prostration=== In 1873, the ''Royal Siamese Government Gazette'' published an announcement on the abolition of [[wikt:prostration|prostration]]. In it, King Chulalongkorn declared, "The practice of prostration in Siam is severely oppressive. The subordinates have been forced to prostrate in order to elevate the dignity of the ''phu yai''. I do not see how the practice of prostration will render any benefit to Siam. The subordinates find the performance of prostration a harsh physical practice. They have to go down on their knees for a long time until their business with the ''phu yai'' ends. They will then be allowed to stand up and retreat. This kind of practice is the source of oppression. Therefore, I want to abolish it." The ''Gazette'' directed that, "From now on, Siamese are permitted to stand up before the dignitaries. To display an act of respect, the Siamese may take a bow instead. Taking a bow will be regarded as a new form of paying respect."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chachavalpongpun|first1=Pavin|title=Chulalongkorn abolished prostration|url=http://www.newmandala.org/chulalongkorn-abolished-prostration/|access-date=27 November 2016|work=New Mandala|date=14 May 2011}}</ref> ===Civic works=== [[File: Six o'clock at Bangkok Railway Station.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Hua Lamphong railway station]], Bangkok's main train station, built by Rama V and completed after Rama V's death]] [[File:Grand Palace Bangkok, Thailand.jpg|thumb|right|225px|The Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall in the [[Grand Palace]] was completed in 1882]] The construction of railways in Siam had a political motivation: to connect all of the country so as to better maintain control of it. In 1901, the first railway was opened from Bangkok to [[Nakhon Ratchasima|Korat]]. In the same year, the first power plant of Siam produced electricity and electric lights first illuminated roadways. In 1906 King Chulalongkorn adopted a [[Semang]] orphan boy named Khanung.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Woodhouse |first= Leslie |date=Spring 2012 |title= Concubines with Cameras: Royal Siamese Consorts Picturing Femininity and Ethnic Difference in Early 20th Century Siam |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tap/7977573.0002.202/--concubines-with-cameras-royal-siamese-consorts-picturing?rgn=main;view=fulltext |journal=Women's Camera Work: Asia |volume= 2|issue= 2 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> In 1907 he founded the royal rice varieties competition, at first only for the [[Tung Luang]] and [[Rangsit Canal]] districts. The next year it was held at [[Wat Suthat]] and since then has been held at various locations around the kingdom, by Chulalongkorn and his descendants.<ref name="Thai-Min-Ag-hist">{{cite web | title=History | trans-website=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives]] | website=กระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ | url=http://www.moac.go.th/moaceng-history | access-date=2021-08-30 | archive-date=17 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117010531/https://www.moac.go.th/moaceng-history | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="FFTC-AP-rice-breeding">{{cite web | title=Rice Breeding and R&D Policies in Thailand | website=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center]] Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) | date=2018-04-26 | url=http://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1278 | access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref> ===Relations with the British Empire=== {{main|Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909}} Siamese authorities had exercised substantial control over Malay sultanates since Ayutthaya times. The sultans sought British support as a counterweight to Siamese influence. In 1909, the [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909]] was agreed. Four sultanates ([[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]] and [[Perlis]]) were brought under British influence in exchange for Siamese legal rights and a loan to construct railways in southern Siam. ==Death and legacy== [[File:Royal Funerary Urn of King Chulalongkorn on Conveyor to the Funeral Pyre.jpg|thumb|225px|Royal funeral ceremony of King Chulalongkorn in 1911 at [[Sanam Luang]], Bangkok]] [[File:Coat of arms of Siam.svg|thumb|225px|Royal [[coat of arms]] of the Kingdom of Siam, introduced by King Chulalongkorn, the arms was the [[Emblem of Siam]] from 1878 to 1910.]] Chulalongkorn had visited Europe twice, in 1897 and 1907. In 1897 he travelled widely through Europe, learning all he could on many subjects to benefit the Siamese people. He travelled and visited many European royal families. He spent much time in Britain and was inspired, among other things, to improve the health of his people by creating public health, or sanitary districts. In Sweden he studied the Forestry system. In 1907 he visited his son's school in Britain and consulted with European doctors in pursuit of a cure for his kidney disease. King Chulalongkorn died on 23 October 1910 of kidney disease at the [[Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall]] in the [[Dusit Palace]], and was succeeded by his son [[Vajiravudh]] (King Rama VI).<ref>{{cite news |title=Siam in Mourning.|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=31 October 1910 |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19101031-1.2.62 |page=7|via=newspaperSG |access-date=2022-12-13}}</ref> The royal [[Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn]] was finished in 1908 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the king's reign. It was cast in bronze by a Parisian metallurgist. [[Chulalongkorn University]], founded in 1917 as the first university in Thailand, was named in his honour. On the campus stand the statues of Rama V and his son, Rama VI. [[King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital]], operated by the [[Thai Red Cross Society]] is named after him and is one of Thailand's largest hospitals. In 1997 a [[King Chulalongkorn Memorial Building|memorial pavilion]] was raised in honour of King Chulalongkorn in [[Ragunda]], Sweden. This was done to commemorate King Chulalongkorn's visit to [[Sweden]] in 1897 when he also visited the [[Brussels International Exposition (1897)|World's Fair in Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thai-blogs.com/2010/11/16/hm-king-chulalongkorns-1897-journey-to-europe/ | title=HM King Chulalongkorn's 1897 Journey to Europe | publisher=WordPress | work=Thai Blogs | date=16 November 2010 | access-date=6 July 2018 | author=Tips, Walter E. J. }}</ref> During the time when Swedish–Norwegian king [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II]] travelled to [[Norway]] for a council, Chulalongkorn went up north to study forestry. Beginning in [[Härnösand]] and travelling via [[Sollefteå]] and [[Ragunda]] he mounted a boat in the small village of Utanede in order to take him back through [[Sundsvall]] to [[Stockholm]].<ref>Nilsson Sören, Nilsson Ingvar.: Kung Chulalongkorns Norrlandsresa 1897. 34 pages in Swedish. Fors hembygdsförening 1985</ref> His passage through Utanede left a mark on the village as one street was named after the king. The pavilion is erected next to that road. The old 100 baht banknote of Series 14, circulated from 1994 to 2004, bears the statues of Rama V and Rama VI on its reverse. In 2005, the 100 baht banknote was revised to depict King Chulalongkorn in naval uniform and, in the background, abolishing slavery.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Baht Series 15|url=https://www.bot.or.th/English/Banknotes/HistoryAndSeriesOfBanknotes/Pages/100_15.aspx|website=Bank of Thailand|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815212457/https://www.bot.or.th/English/Banknotes/HistoryAndSeriesOfBanknotes/Pages/100_15.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 1,000 baht banknote of Series 16, issued in 2015, depicts the King Chulalongkorn monument, Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall, and the abolition of slavery.<ref>{{cite web|title=1,000 Baht Series 16|url=https://www.bot.or.th/English/Banknotes/HistoryAndSeriesOfBanknotes/Pages/1000_16.aspx|website=Bank of Thailand|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128200358/https://www.bot.or.th/English/Banknotes/HistoryAndSeriesOfBanknotes/Pages/1000_16.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chulalongkorn was one of twenty "Most Influential Asians of the Century" for the 20th Century by Time Asia Magazine in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chulalongkorn| url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asia/magazine/1999/990823/rama1.html| website=Time Asia|publisher=CNN}}</ref> <gallery> File:Mahachulalongkorn ChulalongkornUniversity.jpg|[[Chulalongkorn University]], named after King Chulalongkorn File:พระบรมรูปทรงม้า เขตดุสิต กรุงเทพมหานคร (21).jpg|Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn at [[Royal Plaza (Bangkok)|Royal Plaza]] </gallery> ==Honours== {{Infobox royal styles |royal name = {{ubl|King Chulalongkorn|Rama V of Siam}} |image = Standard of the King of Siam (Rama V).svg |image_size = 120px |dipstyle = [[Majesty|His Majesty]] |offstyle = Your Majesty }} [[File:Royal Monogram of King Rama V.svg|thumb|Royal Monogram of King Chulalongkorn|120px]] ===Military ranks=== * [[Field marshal (Thailand)|Field Marshal]] of the [[Royal Thai Army|Royal Siamese Army]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160814173546/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2446/035/603.PDF] {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> * [[List of admirals of the fleet (Thailand)|Admiral of the Fleet]] of the [[Royal Thai Navy|Royal Siamese Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navy.mi.th/index.php/history/detail/history_id/14|title = Royal Thai Navy - Detail History}}</ref> ===National honours=== * 1882 - [[File:Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri|Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], * 1868 - [[File:Order of the Nine Gems (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] Sovereign Knight of the Ancient and Auspicious [[Order of the Nine Gems]], with Collar * 1900 - [[File:Order of Chula Chom Klao - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of Chula Chom Klao|Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao]], * 1909 - [[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] Knight Grand Cordon of the Most Exalted [[Order of the White Elephant]] * 1869 - [[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] Knight Grand Cross of the Most Noble [[Order of the Crown of Thailand]] * 1882 - [[File:Dushdi Mala - Military (Thailand).svg|80x80px]] [[Dushdi Mala Medal]] Pin of Arts and Science (Military) * 1882 - [[File:Ribbon bar of Dushdi Mala - Military, Service to the Monarch (Thailand).svg|80x80px]] [[Dushdi Mala Medal]] Pin the government in His Majesty (Military) * 1882 - [[File:Chakra Mala Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] Chakra Mala Medal * 1904 - [[File:King Rama IV Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]] [[Mongkut|King Mongkut's]] Royal Cypher Medal, 1st Class * 1901 - [[File:King Rama V Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg|79x79px]] King Chulalongkorn's Royal Cypher Medal, 1st Class * 1897 - [[File:King Rama V Rajaruchi Medal (Thailand) ribbon.png|80x80px]] King Chulalongkorn's Rajaruchi Medal, 1st Class ===Foreign honours=== * [[File:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - Ribbon bar Grand-Cross.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen]], ''1868'' ([[Austria-Hungary]])<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref> * [[File:ESP Charles III Order GC.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished [[Order of Charles III]], ''5 August 1871'';<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=158|language=es}}</ref> with Collar, ''16 October 1897'' ([[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]])<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000978365&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1901|access-date=28 July 2020|page=170|language=es}}</ref> * [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|50px]] Honorary Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished [[Order of St Michael and St George]], ''3 August 1878'' ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]])<ref name=p430>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n429/mode/2up p. 338]</ref> * [[Image:Royal Order of Kamehameha I Grand Cross.gif|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Royal Order of Kamehameha I]], ''1881'' ([[Kingdom of Hawaii]])<ref>Kalakaua to his sister, 12 May 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "[https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf |date=19 October 2019 }}", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'', vol. 5, p. 83</ref> * [[File:St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav]], ''23 November 1884'' ([[Sweden-Norway]])<ref>{{citation|title=Norges Statskalender|year=1890|pages=595–596|url=https://runeberg.org/norkal/1890/0356.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=no}}</ref> * [[File:Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight of the Royal [[Order of the Seraphim]], ''11 July 1887'' (Sweden-Norway)<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1905|page=440|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0464.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv}}</ref> * [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''6 October 1887'' ([[Empire of Japan]])<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=144}}</ref> * [[File:Order of the Elephant Ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]], ''8 January 1892'' ([[Denmark]])<ref>{{cite book |year=1900 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1900 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1900 |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918013.pdf#page=34 |format=PDF |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |page=3 |access-date=16 September 2019 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref> * [[File:Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''1887'' ([[Kingdom of Italy]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2435/030/249.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605222833/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2435/030/249.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2015|title=ราชทูตอิตาลีเฝ้าทูลละอองธุลีพระบาท ถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์}}</ref> * [[File:RUS Imperial Order of Saint Andrew ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[Order of St. Andrew|Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-called]], ''1891'' ([[Russian Empire]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2434/016/142_1.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605222738/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2434/016/142_1.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2015|title=ข่าวทูตรุสเซียฝ้าทูลละอองธุลีพระบาทถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์}}</ref> * [[File:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], ''24 December 1891'' (Kingdom of Italy)<ref name="dell'interno1898">{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5|year=1898|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA54 54]}}</ref> * [[File:PRT Three Orders BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Three Orders]], ''1897'' ([[Kingdom of Portugal]])<ref>{{citation|author=José Martins|title=O Rei Chulalongkorn do Sião Visitou Portugal|language=pt|via=aquimaria.com|url=http://www.aquimaria.com/html/aboutth-chulalongkorn.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104355/http://www.aquimaria.com/html/aboutth-chulalongkorn.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|website=History between Portugal and Thailand|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> * [[File:Order of the Black Eagle - Ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Black Eagle]], ''1897'' ([[Kingdom of Prussia]]) * [[File:SAX Order of the Rue Crown ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Rue Crown]], ''1897'' ([[Kingdom of Saxony]])<ref name="Sachsen1901">{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=45&skin=2021 5]|location=Dresden|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref> * [[File:Ludwig Order (Hesse) - ribbon bar.png|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''7 October 1897'' ([[Grand Duchy of Hesse]])<ref name="ordensliste">{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=8|language=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1907|publisher=Staatsverlag}}</ref> * [[File:BAD Order of Fidelity ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1897'' ([[Grand Duchy of Baden]])<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1902), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1879965 p. 67]</ref> * [[File:Bavaria012.png|50px]] Knight of the [[Order of Saint Hubert]], ''1906'' ([[Kingdom of Bavaria]])<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00landgoog/page/n39 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern]'' (1908), "Königliche Orden" p. 8</ref> * [[File:D-HAN-B-Order Henry Lion BAR.png|50px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Henry the Lion]], ''1907'' ([[Duchy of Brunswick]])<ref>''Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1908''. Braunschweig 1908. Meyer. p. 9</ref> ==Family== {{main|List of consorts and children of Chulalongkorn}} King Chulalongkorn was a prolific producer of children. He had 9 consorts and 143 concubines during his lifetime, siring with them [[List of children of Chulalongkorn|32 sons and 44 daughters]].<ref name = "thailand">{{cite book| author = Christopher John Baker|author2=Pasuk Phongpaichit | title = A History of Thailand| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TEdueeBj1H0C&pg=PA31| year = 2009| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-76768-2| page = 31| access-date = 9 August 2016 }}</ref> ==Ancestry== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. '''King Chulalongkorn, Rama V of Siam''' |2= 2. [[Mongkut|King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam]] |3= 3. [[Debsirindra|Princess Ramphoei Siriwong of Siam]] |4= 4. [[Rama II|King Phutthaloetla Naphalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin]] |5= 5. [[Sri Suriyendra|Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin]] |6= 6. Prince Siriwongse, Prince Matyabidhak |7= 7. Noi |8= 8. [[Rama I|King Phutthayotfa Chulalok, Rama I of Rattanakosin]] |9= 9. [[Amarindra|Nak na Bangxang]] |10= 10. Ngeon Sae-tan |11= 11. Princess Kaew, Princess Sri Sudarak |12= 12. [[Rama III|King Nangklao, Rama III of Rattanakosin]] |13= 13. Sab |14= 14. But |15= 15. Chaem }} ==See also== * [[List of children of Mongkut]] * [[List of consorts and children of Chulalongkorn]] * [[List of people with the most children]] * King [[Ananda Mahidol]] * King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons and category|Chulalongkorn}} * [http://www.yourdictionary.com/chulalongkorn# Chulalongkorn – Definition of Chulalongkorn]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://chiangmaibest.com/chiang-mai-events-thailand-holidays/king-chulalongkorn-day/ King Chulalongkorn Day] at Chiang Mai Best * [http://www.filmarkivet.se/sv/Film/?movieid=1&returnurl=http://www.filmarkivet.se/sv/Sok/?q%3d%2b A clip of King Chulalongkorns 1897 visit to Sweden] * [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24667/pages/105 Investiture of His Majesty Somdetch Pra Paramindr Maha Chulalonkorn, King of Siam, with the Ensigns of a Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George] *[http://www.watflorida.org/pages/RamaV.htm Biography of His Majesty King Chulalongkorn Rama V] *[https://sea.lib.niu.edu/seadl/islandora/object/SEAImages:OUBooks Diaries and Travel Writings of King Chulalongkorn of Siam | Southeast Asia Digital Library]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233300/http://www.watflorida.org/pages/RamaV.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Chakri dynasty|House of Chakri]]|20 September|1853|23 October|1910|name=Chulalongkorn (Rama V)}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Mongkut]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Siam]]|years=1868–1910}} {{s-aft|after=[[Vajiravudh]]}} {{s-end}} {{Monarchs of Thailand}} {{Rattanakosin}} {{Thai princes}} {{Houses descended from King Chulalongkorn}} {{King Chulalongkorn's children who received Krom titles}} {{Portal bar|Thailand|Monarchy|Modern history|Biography}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chulalongkorn| ]] [[Category:19th-century Chakri dynasty]] [[Category:20th-century Chakri dynasty]] [[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]] [[Category:19th-century Thai monarchs]] [[Category:20th-century Thai monarchs]] [[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]] [[Category:1853 births]] [[Category:1910 deaths]] [[Category:People from Bangkok]] [[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]] [[Category:Rama V period]] [[Category:Thai male Chao Fa]] [[Category:Children of Mongkut]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)|3]] [[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz|3]] [[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword|3]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] [[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]'