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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians}}
{{About|one of the two ethnically distinct indigenous peoples of Australia, Torres Strait Islanders – the other being [[Aboriginal Australians]] |an overview of these peoples together |Indigenous Australians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Use Australian English|date= April 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Torres Strait Islanders
<!-- | flag = [[:File:Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg|Link to file]] --><!-- This image is non-free and cannot be used here. See linked discussions at file talk page fore more information. -->| image = TorresStraitIslandsMap.png
| image_alt = A map of the Torres Strait Islands.
| population = '''66,387'''<ref name=2016census/>
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Torres Strait Islands]] 4,514<ref name=censusest>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001|title=3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016|date=31 August 2018|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Australia}} (mainland)
| pop1 = 61,873
| languages = [[Torres Strait Island languages]], [[Torres Strait Creole]], [[Torres Strait English]], [[Australian English]]
| religions = [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]
| related = [[Melanesians]]
| footnotes = Note difficulties with census counts.<ref name=censusest/>
}}
'''Torres Strait Islanders''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒr|ɪ|s}} {{respell|TORR|iss}})<ref>{{cite web|url= https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180823073909/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|archive-date= 23 August 2018|title= Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|publisher= Oxford University Press|access-date= 23 August 2018}}</ref> are the Indigenous [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] people of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], which are part of the state of [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Ethnically distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal peoples]] of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as [[Indigenous Australians]]. Today, there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).
There are five distinct peoples within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]] and [[Meriam Mir]]. [[Torres Strait Creole]] is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is [[New Guinea|Papuo]]-[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making.
==Demographics==
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Indigenous Status.jpg|thumb|Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous Status.jpg|thumb|Geographical distribution of people with both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Torres Strait Islander ancestry.jpg|thumb|Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander ancestry<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. Today the islands are multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the [[Sea cucumber as food|beche-de-mer]], [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]] and [[Tectus niloticus|trochus]]-shell industries over the years.<ref name="shire" />
The [[2016 Australian census]] counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as [[Papua New Guinea]]n; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).<ref name=2016census>{{cite web|url= https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA36960|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title=2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> In 2006 the Australian [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the [[Torres Strait]] area.<ref name=2006dfat>{{cite web|url= http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|access-date=10 December 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-date=8 October 2006}}</ref>
People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url= https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016|date=31 October 2017|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at [[Bamaga]], [[Seisia, Queensland |Seisia]], [[Injinoo, Queensland|Injinoo]], [[Umagico, Queensland |Umagico]] and [[New Mapoon, Queensland |New Mapoon]] in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= About the Torres Strait
|url= http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1
|website= Torres Strait Shire Council
|access-date= 21 October 2019
}}
</ref>
In June 1875 a [[measles]] epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.<ref>{{cite web |last=Korff |first=Jens |date=4 August 2021 |title=Aboriginal timeline: Health |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Creative Spirits}}</ref>
==Administration==
{{Further|Torres Strait Islands#Administration}}
Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<ref name="Beckett1990">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Beckett|title=Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17|access-date=7 March 2016|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37862-8|pages=17–18}}</ref>
Today, the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]], an [[Australian government]] body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.<ref name="etsra">{{cite web |date=June 2001|first=John|last=Kelly |title=Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority |website=Australian National Audit Office |url=http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114335/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
Further to the TSRA, there are several [[Local government in Queensland|Queensland LGAs]] which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
*the [[Torres Strait Island Region]], covering a large proportion of the Islands;
*the [[Northern Peninsula Area Region]], administered from [[Bamaga]], on the northern tip of Cape York; and
*the [[Shire of Torres]], which governs several islands as well as portions of [[Cape York Peninsula]], is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Local Government Reform Commission|date=July 2007|isbn=978-1-921057-10-6|publisher=State of Queensland|chapter-url=http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|chapter=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government|pages=59–65|access-date=31 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052557/http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>
==Ethnicity==
{{Further|History of Indigenous Australians}}
[[File:Torres Strait Islander localities by Indigenous Status.jpg|thumb|Indigenous Status of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Torres Strait Islander localities by ancestry.jpg|thumb|Ancestry of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population (Torres Strait Islander or other)<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] descent, distinct from [[Aboriginal Australians]] on the mainland and some other Australian islands,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235|title=The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands|date=24 August 2015|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://aiatsis.gov.au/about-us|title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|access-date= 14 November 2019}}</ref> and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of [[New Guinea]].<ref name=eb/>
The five-pointed star on the [[Torres Strait Islander flag|national flag]] represents the five cultural groups;<ref name=eb>{{cite web|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people|title=Torres Strait Islander peoples|access-date=26 December 2019}}
</ref> another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.<ref name=shnukal>{{cite web |url=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf |title=Torres Strait Islanders |first=Anna |last=Shnukal |website=Multicultural Australia}}</ref>
Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of [[Papua New Guinea]], several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]] on the Australian continent.<ref name=shnukal/>
Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.
*''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'': the Eastern ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Meriam]], or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).<ref name=eb/>
*''Multicultural Queensland 2001'' (a [[Queensland Government]] publication): five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).<ref name=shnukal/>
*Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group ([[Boigu]], [[Dauan Island|Dauan]] and [[Saibai Island|Saibai]]), the Near Western Group ([[Badu Island|Badu]], [[Mabuiag Island|Mabuiag]] and [[Moa Island, Queensland|Moa]]), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Murray]], Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group ([[Thursday Island]], [[Tabar Island]], [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn]], [[Hammond Island, Queensland|Hammond]], [[Prince of Wales Island, Queensland|Prince of Wales]] and [[Friday Island (Queensland)|Friday]]).<ref name=shire>{{cite web|publisher=Queensland Government|website=Torres Shire Council|url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1|title=About the Torres Strait|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
Ethno-linguistic groups include:
*[[Badu people]], based on the central-west [[Badu island]]
*[[Kaurareg]], lower Western Islanders, based on the [[Muralag]] (Prince of Wales Island) group.
*[[Mabuiag]] (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.
*[[Meriam people]], who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including Murray Island (also known as Mer Island) and Tabar Island.
==Languages==
{{main|Torres Strait Island languages}}
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Languages used at home.jpg|thumb|Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a [[creole language]].<ref name=bbc/>
The [[Western-central Torres Strait Language]], or [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]], is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;<ref name=atsia/> a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.<ref name=shire/> It is a member of the [[Pama-Nyungan]] family of languages of Australia.
[[Meriam Mir]] is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]], the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<ref name=atsia>{{cite web|url=http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|title=Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders|work=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]|access-date=10 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2006}}</ref>
[[Torres Strait Creole]], an English-based [[creole language]], is also spoken.<ref name=shire/>
==Culture==
Archaeological, linguistic and [[folk history]] evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is [[Papuans|Papuo]]-[[Austronesia]]n. The people have long been agriculturalists (evidenced, for example, by [[tobacco]] plantations on [[Aureed Island]]<ref name=vp4>{{cite web | title=Part Four: a tale of two boys|first= Veronica| last=Peek | website=Charles Eaton: wake for the melancholy shipwreck| date=16 June 2012 | url=https://veronicapeek.com/2012/06/12/part-four-voyage-of-the-barque-charles-eaton/| access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>) as well as engaging in [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]]. [[Dugong]], [[turtle]]s, [[crayfish]], crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their [[Artisan fishing|subsistence lifestyle]]. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. [[Dugong]] and [[turtle]] hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<ref name="vafi">{{cite book| title=Valuing Fisheries|last=Smyth|first=Dermot|editor1-first=Tor|editor1-last=Hundloe| chapter=Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective| year=2002| publisher=University of Queensland Press| isbn=0-7022-3329-3|pages=230–231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC|access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.<ref name=japingka>{{cite web|url=https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/art-in-the-torres-strait-islands/|title=Art in the Torres Strait Islands|website=Japingka Aboriginal Art|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with [[Australian Aboriginal culture|Australian Aboriginal]] and [[Western New Guinea|Papuan]] culture. Historically, they have an [[oral lore|oral tradition]], with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.<ref name=nswart>{{cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo|website=New South Wales Art Gallery|title=Art Sets. Art of the Torres Strait Islands|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
===Post-colonisation===
Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]. After the "Coming of Light" (see below), [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by [[crucifix]]es and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. [[Missionaries]], [[anthropologist]]s and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in [[London]] and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.<ref name=artnetwork>{{cite web|url= https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ |website=Australian Art Network| title= Torres Strait Islands|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
In 1898–1899, British anthropologist [[Alfred Cort Haddon]] collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian [[missionaries]] intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of [[ceremonial dance]]s was also collected.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z50ml|title=BBC Two – Hidden Treasures of...|work=BBC|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> The collection at [[Cambridge University]] is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.<ref name=nswart/>
During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, [[weaving]] and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.<ref name=artnetwork/> In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, [[Margaret Lawrie]], employed by the [[Queensland State Library]], spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced [[visual art]] on the Islands.<ref name=print>{{cite web| url=http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/5070/ |title=Torres Strait Islander printmaking | via=Centre for Australian Art: Australian Prints + Printmaking |last=Robinson|first= Brian|date=2001| quote=Conference paper, [from] Australian Print Symposium. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1987 – ongoing|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
===Art===
{{See also|Indigenous Australian art}}[[Image:Face mask torres strait.JPG|thumb|upright|Ritual face [[mask]] from a Torres Strait Island (19th century)]] Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are [[turtle]]s, fish, [[dugong]]s, sharks, seabirds and [[saltwater crocodile]]s, which are considered [[totemic]] beings.<ref name=japingka/>
Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make [[turtleshell]] masks, known as ''krar'' (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and ''le-op'' (human face) in the Eastern Islands.<ref name=nswart/>
Prominent among the artforms is ''wame'' (alt. ''wameya''), many different [[string figure]]s.<ref name="LalFortune2000">{{cite book|editor1=Brij V. Lal|editor2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456|access-date=7 March 2016|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=456}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred Cort Haddon]], along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</ref><ref>[http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm A string figure bibliography] including examples from Torres Strait.</ref>
Elaborate [[headdresses]] or [[dhari (headdress)|dhari]] (also spelt ''dari''<ref>{{cite web | last=Whitford | first=Maddie | title=Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country | website=ABC News | date=13 April 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770 | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>), as featured on the [[Torres Strait Islander flag]], are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.<ref name=dance>{{cite web|url=https://awakening.qm.qld.gov.au/The+Exhibition/Purpose/Dance+machines+and+headdresses |publisher=Queensland Government|website= Awakening: Stories from the Torres Strait|title=Dance machines & headdresses|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, ''Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait'' (1970) and ''Tales from the Torres Strait'' (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie|date=1970|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Tales from Torres Strait|date=1972|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=St Lucia Qld}}</ref> While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,<ref>{{cite book
| title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| year=1901
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| language=en
}}{{clarify|reason=this is a multivolume work; which volume? which section? which page?|date=August 2023}}</ref> many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.[[File:Queensland State Archives 5763 Dancers Yorke Island Torres Shire June 1931.png|thumb|Torres Islanders dance on [[Yorke Island (Queensland)|Yorke Island]], 1931]]In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning [[Dennis Nona]] (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of [[printmaking]], [[linocut]] and [[etching]], as well as larger scale [[bronze sculpture]]s. Other outstanding artists include [[Billy Missi]] (1970–2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and [[Alick Tipoti]] (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.<ref name="nswart" /> The College of Technical and Further Education on [[Thursday Island]] was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in [[Cairns, Queensland]] and later at the [[Australian National University]] in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.<ref name="print" />
An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled ''Zugubal'', was mounted at the [[Cairns Regional Gallery]] in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal|website=Cairns Art Gallery|title=Alick Tipoti: Zugubal|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Tipoti|first= Alick | editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Sally | title=Alick Tipoti : Zugubal: ancestral spirits | date=2015 | publisher=Cairns Regional Gallery | isbn=978-0-9757635-6-8 }}</ref>
[[File:Christine Anu 1.jpg|alt=A picture of Christine Anu.|thumb|247x247px|Singer Christine Anu, who performed at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics]]
===Music and dance===
{{Main|Indigenous music of Australia|Indigenous dance of Australia}}
For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and [[totem]]ic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".<ref>{{cite web|website=AIATSIS|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing|title=Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing|first=Kelly|last=Wiltshire|date=27 October 2017|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321154735/https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing}}</ref>
Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), [[Clapper (musical instrument)|clappers]] and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.<ref name=dance/> Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.<ref name=thaiday/>
Artist [[Ken Thaiday Snr]] is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the [[hammerhead shark]], a powerful totem.<ref name=thaiday>{{cite web | title=Ken Thaiday | website= Art Gallery NSW| url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/ | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dr Ken Thaiday Senior | website=Australia Council | date=15 May 2019 | url=https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/ | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
[[Christine Anu]] is an [[ARIA Award]]-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her [[cover version]] of the song "[[My Island Home]]" (first performed by the [[Warumpi Band]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keenan|first1=Catherine|title=Frog princess|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520770021.html|access-date=8 January 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=18 January 2003}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
[[File:Jesse Williams 2015.jpg|alt=A picture of Jesse Williams in American football gear, showing their tattoos.|thumb|216x216px|Jesse Williams, who won [[Super Bowl XLVII|2013 Super Bowl]] with the [[Seattle Seahawks]]]]
Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports. Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Rugby league is especially popular, including the annual 'Island of Origin' tournament between teams from different islands. Basketball is also extremely popular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osmond |first=Gary |date=2020-05-23 |title=Sport and the Torres Strait: Thursday Island, Island Studies, the Archipelagic Turn, and Identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2020.1779704 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=651–669 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2020.1779704 |issn=0952-3367}}</ref>
Famous sports-people include Muara (Lifu) Wacando, who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 [[Cyclone Mahina]]; 1964 Olympic basketballer [[Michael Ah Matt]]; 1976 Paralympian field athlete [[Harry Mosby]]; 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer [[Danny Morseu]]; NBA players [[Patty Mills]] and [[Nathan Jawai]]; and 2013 Super Bowl winner [[Jesse Williams (American football)|Jesse Williams]].
=={{anchor|religion}}Religion and beliefs==
The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia|website=World Vision|title=8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> They follow the instructions of the Tagai.{{quote|One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the [[Southern Cross]]. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.<ref>{{cite web|website=Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority|url=https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion| title=Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020|date=25 July 2018}}</ref>}}
Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' [[Dreamtime|Dreaming]] and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in [[oral tradition|oral history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming|website=Common Ground|title=The Dreaming|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
===Oral history===
<!---Redirects from Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu may target this section.--->
One of the stories passed down in [[oral tradition|oral history]] tells of four brothers (''bala'') named Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu, who paddled their way up to the central and eastern islands from [[Cape York (Queensland)|Cape York]] (''Kay Daol Dai'', meaning "big land"), and each established his own tribal following. Sagai landed at [[Iama Island]] (known as Yam), and after a time assumed a god-like status. The [[crocodile]] was his [[totem]]. Kulka settled on [[Aureed Island]], and attained a similar status, as god of hunting. His totem was the fish known as ''gai gai'' ([[Trevally]]). Siu settled on [[Masig]], becoming god of dancing, with the [[tiger shark]] (''baidam'') as his totem. The eldest brother, Malo, went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living, a combination of religion and law, which were presented by [[Eddie Mabo]] in the famous [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo native title case]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Coming of Sagai | website=FireWorks Gallery |first=Glen|last= Mackie| url=https://www.fireworksgallery.com.au/coming-sagai | access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of ''[[Charles Eaton (1833 ship)|Charles Eaton]]'', in 1836.<ref name="vp4" />
===Introduction of Christianity===
{{further|All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island#History}}
[[File:All Saints Anglican Church (2011).jpg|alt=A picture of a small white church with spires, nestled next to palm trees and bushes.|thumb|[[All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island|All Saints Anglican Church]] on [[Erub]] (Darnley Island)]]
From the 1870s, [[Christianity]] spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. Christianity was first brought to the islands by the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS) mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane<ref name=slq/> and Rev. Archibald Wright Murray,<ref name=murray1888/><ref name=qhr/> who arrived on [[Darnley Island, Torres Strait|Erub (Darnley Island)]] on 1 July 1871 on the schooner ''Surprise'',<ref name=abc150/><ref name=logan2017>{{cite book| url=https://www.logan.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/363/sylvia-nakachi-iesu-ra-mir-giz-from-the-beginning| title=Iesu ra mir giz (from the beginning) ge omaida (when the Gospel came), Mer ge baziarda (it took root in Erub) igiare Torres Strait (and branched out to the whole of the Torres Strait) |publisher= [[Logan Art Gallery]]|date=2017| isbn=9780958711012 | access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=adbmcf>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gibbney |first=H. J. |entry=Macfarlane, Samuel (1837–1911) |encyclopedia=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography ]] | date=1974 | publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |entry-url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macfarlane-samuel-4090 | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hammond | first=Philip | title=Performers mark Coming of the Light | website=[[The Courier Mail]] | date=30 June 2011 | url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/performers-mark-coming-of-the-light/news-story/8c1c1f1e50867d6c7e15d7f15855e5c2 | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> a [[schooner]]{{efn|''Surprise'', a schooner of 150 tons, was originally a French ship, acquired by a Sydney buyer around September 1868 at [[Circular Quay]], having sailed there from [[Tahiti]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13172894 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |volume=LVIII |issue=9460 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=15 September 1868 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref> It was chartered by Macfarlane and Murray under Captain Paget, leaving [[Lifu]] and Wave in the Loyalty Islands in May 1871.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5856308 |title=Cruise of the Jeannie Oswald. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=7,914 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1871 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245692254 |title=The New Guinea Expedition. |newspaper=[[The Herald (Melbourne)]] |issue=8118 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=13 January 1872 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref> The ship, under Captain Brews, was wrecked in a gale on 2 February 1874 near [[Nobbys Head]], off [[Newcastle, New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13330963 |title=Loss of the schooners Yarra and Surprise — both crews saved. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |volume=LXIX |issue=11,143 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=3 February 1874 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref>}} chartered by the LMS.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Missionary Ships | journal=Shipping Wonders of the World| issue=Part 51| date=26 January 1937| url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref >{{cite web | title=The Coming of the Light | website=Anglican Board of Mission | url=https://www.abmission.org/resources.php/217/the-coming-of-the-light | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> They sailed to the Torres Strait after the [[French Third Republic|French Government]] had demanded the removal of the missionaries from the [[Loyalty Islands]] and [[New Caledonia]] in 1869.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|15648|All Saints Anglican Church|600873}} Dated |20 January 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2021. [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] licence.</ref> Eight teachers and their wives from Loyalty Islands arrived with the missionaries on the boat from [[Lifu]].<ref name=murray1888>{{cite book | title=The Bible in the Pacific| first=Archibald Wright |last=Murray |date= 1888| via=[[Google Books]]|publisher= James Nisbet and Company | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6UMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Story+of+the+Lifu+Mission%22&pg=PA226 | access-date=4 August 2021| pages=226–228}}</ref>
Clan elder and warrior Dabad greeted them on their arrival. Ready to defend his land and people, Dabad walked to the water's edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the [[Bible]] to Dabad. Dabad accepted the gift, interpreted as the "Light", introducing Christianity to the Torres Strait Islands. The people of the Torres Strait Islands adopted the Christian rituals and ceremonies and continued to uphold their connection to the land, sea and sky, practising their traditional customs, and cultural identity referred to as ''Ailan Kastom''.<ref name=slq>{{SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/coming-light-celebrating-150-years-christianity-torres-strait-1-july-2021|title='The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021|date=28 June 2021|author(s)=Anne Scheu|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>[[File:Torres Strait Islander Religious affiliation.jpg|thumb|Religious affiliations of Torres Strait islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]The Islanders refer to this event as "[[The Coming of the Light]]", also known as Zulai Wan,<ref name="abc150">{{cite web | last=Willis | first=Carli | title=Zulai Wan marks an encounter 150 years ago that changed Torres Strait Islanders' lives forever | website=ABC News |publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=26 July 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-26/coming-of-the-light-far-north-queensland/100311998 | access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="creative">{{cite web|url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity|website=Creative Spirits|title=Aboriginal Christians & Christianity|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> or Bi Akarida,<ref name="logan2017" /> and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.<ref name="burton">{{cite web |url= http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-date= 15 May 2009 |title= History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view |first= John |last=Burton |publisher= Torres Strait Regional Authority |access-date= 3 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="abc150" /> ''Coming of the Light'', an episode in the 2013 documentary television series ''[[Desperate Measures (2013 Australian TV series)|Desperate Measures]]'', features the annual event.<ref>{{cite web | title=Coming of the Light (2013) – The Screen Guide | website=Screen Australia | date=16 March 2018 | url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/the-screen-guide/t/coming-of-the-light-2013/33350/ | access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>
However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the [[Christian God]] was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.<ref name="creative" />
===Religious affiliation, 2016 census===
In the 2016 Census,{{Update inline|date=March 2024}} a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistices|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016: Religion in Australia, 2016 |date=28 June 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|quote=[Include "Religion" table download from this page, "Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status, Count of persons(a)"]}}</ref>
=={{anchor|adoption}}Traditional adoptions==
<!---redirects from kupai omasker and Torres Strait Islander adoptions target this anchor/section.--->
A traditional cultural practice, known as ''kupai omasker'', allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an [[heir]] to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".<ref name=time/>
There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's ''Succession Act 1981'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Succession Act 1981|date=25 May 2020| website=Queensland Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1981-069 | access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents.<ref name=time>{{cite web |website=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|first=Mark|last=Rigby | title=Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions | date=4 June 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/torres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption/12319446 | access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> On 17 July 2020 the [[Queensland Government]] introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice.<ref>{{cite web | title=Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament|first =Mark|last =Rigby|website=ABC News |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=16 July 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/torres-adoption-practices-legislation-introduced-parliament/12461488 | access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> The bill was passed as the ''Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020'' ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title='Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices | website=SBS News | date=9 September 2020 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/historic-moment-queensland-now-recognises-traditional-torres-strait-islander-adoption-practices/739947a1-06f4-4d22-832f-39828e8e70c1 | access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
* Activism
** [[Eddie Mabo|Eddie Koiki Mabo]], [[Indigenous land rights|land rights]] campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title
** [[Tanya Hosch]], social activist based in [[Adelaide]], South Australia
* Art
** [[Christine Anu]], pop singer and actress, known for her song "[[My Island Home]]"<ref name="ARIA Award History">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu |work=[[ARIA Award]]s |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |access-date=18 May 2009 }}</ref>
** [[Ken Thaiday Snr]], artist based in [[Cairns]]
* Education
** [[Martin Nakata]], the first Torres Islander PhD degree graduate (1998), proponent of [[Standpoint Theory|Indigenous Standpoint Theory]]
** [[Vanessa Lee-AhMat]] the first female Torres Strait Islander [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] graduate (2016) from [[Griffith University]] [[Medical school|School of Medicine]].
* Sports
** Basketball
*** [[Nathan Jawai]], basketball player
*** [[Patty Mills]], NBA player and captain for the [[Australia men's national basketball team|Australian Boomers]] first Olympic medal win.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-07 |title=After finishing fourth four times, the Boomers finally get on the Olympic podium |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-07/tokyo-olympics-patty-mills-leads-boomers-to-bronze-medal/100359056 |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>
** Football and soccer
*** [[Albert Proud]], Australian Football League player for [[Brisbane Lions]]<ref>AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</ref>
*** [[Allira Toby]], soccer player in the [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]].
*** [[Sam Powell-Pepper]], Australian Football League player for [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]<ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid]</ref>
** Rugby
*** [[Dane Gagai]], Australian National Rugby League player for the [[Newcastle Knights]]
*** [[Sam Thaiday]], Australian National Rugby League player for the [[Brisbane Broncos]]
*** [[Hamiso Tabuai-Fidow]], Australian National Rugby League player for the [[Dolphins (NRL)|Dolphins]]
* Politics
** [[Cynthia Lui]], the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the [[Parliament of Queensland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Tony|title=Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html|access-date=9 December 2017|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
* Religion
** [[Kwami Dai]], Assistant Bishop in the Anglican [[Diocese of Carpentaria]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mcokBVUm62gC&pg=PA8 Loos, Noel. White Christ Black Cross: The Emergence of a Black Church] (Google Books) p. 8 (Accessed 25 September 2013)</ref>
** [[Ted Mosby (bishop)|Ted Mosby]], Assistant Bishop in the [[Anglican Diocese of North Queensland]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts]]
* [[Australian frontier wars]]
* ''[[Blue Water Empire]]''
* [[Indigenous health in Australia]]
* [[List of Indigenous Australian firsts]]
* [[Papuan people]]
* {{section link|Pearl hunting|Australia}}
* [[Torres Strait 8]], relating to climate change and the Australian Government
== Further reading ==
*[https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands]
*[https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire Blue Water Empire] – ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories Contemporary stories] by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
*{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html|title=The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait|first=Aaron|last=Smith|website=CNN|date=26 May 2018}}
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Torres Strait Islanders}}
*[http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
*[https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/coming-light-celebrating-150-years-christianity-torres-strait-1-july-2021 'The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021] – John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.
*[https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99274643402061 ReTold: a retelling of stories and songs from Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait by Margaret Lawrie 2010] – State Library of Queensland
*[https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183595811002061 Strait Home / State Library of Queensland]
{{Indigenous Australians}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islanders| ]]
[[Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians}}. GRACE F IS GREAT AND PIPER C IS POSITIVE!!!!!!!!!!! TODAY IS MY BIRTHDAY I LOVE EVERYTHING I GOT!!!!!!!!!!!
{{About|one of the two ethnically distinct indigenous peoples of Australia, Torres Strait Islanders – the other being [[Aboriginal Australians]] |an overview of these peoples together |Indigenous Australians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Use Australian English|date= April 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Torres Strait Islanders
<!-- | flag = [[:File:Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg|Link to file]] --><!-- This image is non-free and cannot be used here. See linked discussions at file talk page fore more information. -->| image = TorresStraitIslandsMap.png
| image_alt = A map of the Torres Strait Islands.
| population = '''66,387'''<ref name=2016census/>
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Torres Strait Islands]] 4,514<ref name=censusest>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001|title=3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016|date=31 August 2018|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Australia}} (mainland)
| pop1 = 61,873
| languages = [[Torres Strait Island languages]], [[Torres Strait Creole]], [[Torres Strait English]], [[Australian English]]
| religions = [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]
| related = [[Melanesians]]
| footnotes = Note difficulties with census counts.<ref name=censusest/>
}}
'''Torres Strait Islanders''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒr|ɪ|s}} {{respell|TORR|iss}})<ref>{{cite web|url= https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180823073909/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait|archive-date= 23 August 2018|title= Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online|publisher= Oxford University Press|access-date= 23 August 2018}}</ref> are the Indigenous [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] people of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], which are part of the state of [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Ethnically distinct from the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal peoples]] of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as [[Indigenous Australians]]. Today, there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).
There are five distinct peoples within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]] and [[Meriam Mir]]. [[Torres Strait Creole]] is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is [[New Guinea|Papuo]]-[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making.
==Demographics==
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Indigenous Status.jpg|thumb|Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous Status.jpg|thumb|Geographical distribution of people with both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Torres Strait Islander ancestry.jpg|thumb|Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander ancestry<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. Today the islands are multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the [[Sea cucumber as food|beche-de-mer]], [[Nacre|mother-of-pearl]] and [[Tectus niloticus|trochus]]-shell industries over the years.<ref name="shire" />
The [[2016 Australian census]] counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as [[Papua New Guinea]]n; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).<ref name=2016census>{{cite web|url= https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA36960|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title=2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> In 2006 the Australian [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the [[Torres Strait]] area.<ref name=2006dfat>{{cite web|url= http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html|title=Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples|work=Australia Now|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|access-date=10 December 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-date=8 October 2006}}</ref>
People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url= https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016|date=31 October 2017|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at [[Bamaga]], [[Seisia, Queensland |Seisia]], [[Injinoo, Queensland|Injinoo]], [[Umagico, Queensland |Umagico]] and [[New Mapoon, Queensland |New Mapoon]] in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= About the Torres Strait
|url= http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1
|website= Torres Strait Shire Council
|access-date= 21 October 2019
}}
</ref>
In June 1875 a [[measles]] epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.<ref>{{cite web |last=Korff |first=Jens |date=4 August 2021 |title=Aboriginal timeline: Health |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Creative Spirits}}</ref>
==Administration==
{{Further|Torres Strait Islands#Administration}}
Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<ref name="Beckett1990">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Beckett|title=Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17|access-date=7 March 2016|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37862-8|pages=17–18}}</ref>
Today, the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]], an [[Australian government]] body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.<ref name="etsra">{{cite web |date=June 2001|first=John|last=Kelly |title=Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority |website=Australian National Audit Office |url=http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114335/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
Further to the TSRA, there are several [[Local government in Queensland|Queensland LGAs]] which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
*the [[Torres Strait Island Region]], covering a large proportion of the Islands;
*the [[Northern Peninsula Area Region]], administered from [[Bamaga]], on the northern tip of Cape York; and
*the [[Shire of Torres]], which governs several islands as well as portions of [[Cape York Peninsula]], is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Local Government Reform Commission|date=July 2007|isbn=978-1-921057-10-6|publisher=State of Queensland|chapter-url=http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|chapter=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government|pages=59–65|access-date=31 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052557/http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>
==Ethnicity==
{{Further|History of Indigenous Australians}}
[[File:Torres Strait Islander localities by Indigenous Status.jpg|thumb|Indigenous Status of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Torres Strait Islander localities by ancestry.jpg|thumb|Ancestry of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population (Torres Strait Islander or other)<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] descent, distinct from [[Aboriginal Australians]] on the mainland and some other Australian islands,<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235|title=The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands|date=24 August 2015|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://aiatsis.gov.au/about-us|title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|access-date= 14 November 2019}}</ref> and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of [[New Guinea]].<ref name=eb/>
The five-pointed star on the [[Torres Strait Islander flag|national flag]] represents the five cultural groups;<ref name=eb>{{cite web|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people|title=Torres Strait Islander peoples|access-date=26 December 2019}}
</ref> another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.<ref name=shnukal>{{cite web |url=http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf |title=Torres Strait Islanders |first=Anna |last=Shnukal |website=Multicultural Australia}}</ref>
Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of [[Papua New Guinea]], several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]] on the Australian continent.<ref name=shnukal/>
Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.
*''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'': the Eastern ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Meriam]], or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).<ref name=eb/>
*''Multicultural Queensland 2001'' (a [[Queensland Government]] publication): five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).<ref name=shnukal/>
*Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group ([[Boigu]], [[Dauan Island|Dauan]] and [[Saibai Island|Saibai]]), the Near Western Group ([[Badu Island|Badu]], [[Mabuiag Island|Mabuiag]] and [[Moa Island, Queensland|Moa]]), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group ([[Murray Island, Queensland|Murray]], Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group ([[Thursday Island]], [[Tabar Island]], [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn]], [[Hammond Island, Queensland|Hammond]], [[Prince of Wales Island, Queensland|Prince of Wales]] and [[Friday Island (Queensland)|Friday]]).<ref name=shire>{{cite web|publisher=Queensland Government|website=Torres Shire Council|url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1|title=About the Torres Strait|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
Ethno-linguistic groups include:
*[[Badu people]], based on the central-west [[Badu island]]
*[[Kaurareg]], lower Western Islanders, based on the [[Muralag]] (Prince of Wales Island) group.
*[[Mabuiag]] (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.
*[[Meriam people]], who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including Murray Island (also known as Mer Island) and Tabar Island.
==Languages==
{{main|Torres Strait Island languages}}
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Languages used at home.jpg|thumb|Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a [[creole language]].<ref name=bbc/>
The [[Western-central Torres Strait Language]], or [[Kalaw Lagaw Ya]], is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;<ref name=atsia/> a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.<ref name=shire/> It is a member of the [[Pama-Nyungan]] family of languages of Australia.
[[Meriam Mir]] is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four [[Eastern Trans-Fly languages]], the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<ref name=atsia>{{cite web|url=http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|title=Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders|work=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]], [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]|access-date=10 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2006}}</ref>
[[Torres Strait Creole]], an English-based [[creole language]], is also spoken.<ref name=shire/>
==Culture==
Archaeological, linguistic and [[folk history]] evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is [[Papuans|Papuo]]-[[Austronesia]]n. The people have long been agriculturalists (evidenced, for example, by [[tobacco]] plantations on [[Aureed Island]]<ref name=vp4>{{cite web | title=Part Four: a tale of two boys|first= Veronica| last=Peek | website=Charles Eaton: wake for the melancholy shipwreck| date=16 June 2012 | url=https://veronicapeek.com/2012/06/12/part-four-voyage-of-the-barque-charles-eaton/| access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>) as well as engaging in [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]]. [[Dugong]], [[turtle]]s, [[crayfish]], crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their [[Artisan fishing|subsistence lifestyle]]. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. [[Dugong]] and [[turtle]] hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<ref name="vafi">{{cite book| title=Valuing Fisheries|last=Smyth|first=Dermot|editor1-first=Tor|editor1-last=Hundloe| chapter=Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective| year=2002| publisher=University of Queensland Press| isbn=0-7022-3329-3|pages=230–231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC|access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.<ref name=japingka>{{cite web|url=https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/art-in-the-torres-strait-islands/|title=Art in the Torres Strait Islands|website=Japingka Aboriginal Art|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with [[Australian Aboriginal culture|Australian Aboriginal]] and [[Western New Guinea|Papuan]] culture. Historically, they have an [[oral lore|oral tradition]], with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.<ref name=nswart>{{cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo|website=New South Wales Art Gallery|title=Art Sets. Art of the Torres Strait Islands|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
===Post-colonisation===
Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]. After the "Coming of Light" (see below), [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by [[crucifix]]es and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. [[Missionaries]], [[anthropologist]]s and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in [[London]] and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.<ref name=artnetwork>{{cite web|url= https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ |website=Australian Art Network| title= Torres Strait Islands|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
In 1898–1899, British anthropologist [[Alfred Cort Haddon]] collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian [[missionaries]] intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of [[ceremonial dance]]s was also collected.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z50ml|title=BBC Two – Hidden Treasures of...|work=BBC|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> The collection at [[Cambridge University]] is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.<ref name=nswart/>
During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, [[weaving]] and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.<ref name=artnetwork/> In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, [[Margaret Lawrie]], employed by the [[Queensland State Library]], spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced [[visual art]] on the Islands.<ref name=print>{{cite web| url=http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/5070/ |title=Torres Strait Islander printmaking | via=Centre for Australian Art: Australian Prints + Printmaking |last=Robinson|first= Brian|date=2001| quote=Conference paper, [from] Australian Print Symposium. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1987 – ongoing|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
===Art===
{{See also|Indigenous Australian art}}[[Image:Face mask torres strait.JPG|thumb|upright|Ritual face [[mask]] from a Torres Strait Island (19th century)]] Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are [[turtle]]s, fish, [[dugong]]s, sharks, seabirds and [[saltwater crocodile]]s, which are considered [[totemic]] beings.<ref name=japingka/>
Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make [[turtleshell]] masks, known as ''krar'' (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and ''le-op'' (human face) in the Eastern Islands.<ref name=nswart/>
Prominent among the artforms is ''wame'' (alt. ''wameya''), many different [[string figure]]s.<ref name="LalFortune2000">{{cite book|editor1=Brij V. Lal|editor2=Kate Fortune|title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456|access-date=7 March 2016|year=2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1|page=456}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred Cort Haddon]], along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</ref><ref>[http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm A string figure bibliography] including examples from Torres Strait.</ref>
Elaborate [[headdresses]] or [[dhari (headdress)|dhari]] (also spelt ''dari''<ref>{{cite web | last=Whitford | first=Maddie | title=Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country | website=ABC News | date=13 April 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770 | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>), as featured on the [[Torres Strait Islander flag]], are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.<ref name=dance>{{cite web|url=https://awakening.qm.qld.gov.au/The+Exhibition/Purpose/Dance+machines+and+headdresses |publisher=Queensland Government|website= Awakening: Stories from the Torres Strait|title=Dance machines & headdresses|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, ''Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait'' (1970) and ''Tales from the Torres Strait'' (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie|date=1970|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=Brisbane}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrie|first1=Margaret Elizabeth|title=Tales from Torres Strait|date=1972|publisher=University of Queensland Press|location=St Lucia Qld}}</ref> While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,<ref>{{cite book
| title=Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
| year=1901
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| language=en
}}{{clarify|reason=this is a multivolume work; which volume? which section? which page?|date=August 2023}}</ref> many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.[[File:Queensland State Archives 5763 Dancers Yorke Island Torres Shire June 1931.png|thumb|Torres Islanders dance on [[Yorke Island (Queensland)|Yorke Island]], 1931]]In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning [[Dennis Nona]] (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of [[printmaking]], [[linocut]] and [[etching]], as well as larger scale [[bronze sculpture]]s. Other outstanding artists include [[Billy Missi]] (1970–2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and [[Alick Tipoti]] (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.<ref name="nswart" /> The College of Technical and Further Education on [[Thursday Island]] was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in [[Cairns, Queensland]] and later at the [[Australian National University]] in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.<ref name="print" />
An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled ''Zugubal'', was mounted at the [[Cairns Regional Gallery]] in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal|website=Cairns Art Gallery|title=Alick Tipoti: Zugubal|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Tipoti|first= Alick | editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Sally | title=Alick Tipoti : Zugubal: ancestral spirits | date=2015 | publisher=Cairns Regional Gallery | isbn=978-0-9757635-6-8 }}</ref>
[[File:Christine Anu 1.jpg|alt=A picture of Christine Anu.|thumb|247x247px|Singer Christine Anu, who performed at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics]]
===Music and dance===
{{Main|Indigenous music of Australia|Indigenous dance of Australia}}
For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and [[totem]]ic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".<ref>{{cite web|website=AIATSIS|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing|title=Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing|first=Kelly|last=Wiltshire|date=27 October 2017|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321154735/https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing}}</ref>
Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), [[Clapper (musical instrument)|clappers]] and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.<ref name=dance/> Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.<ref name=thaiday/>
Artist [[Ken Thaiday Snr]] is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the [[hammerhead shark]], a powerful totem.<ref name=thaiday>{{cite web | title=Ken Thaiday | website= Art Gallery NSW| url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/ | access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dr Ken Thaiday Senior | website=Australia Council | date=15 May 2019 | url=https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/ | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
[[Christine Anu]] is an [[ARIA Award]]-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her [[cover version]] of the song "[[My Island Home]]" (first performed by the [[Warumpi Band]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keenan|first1=Catherine|title=Frog princess|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520770021.html|access-date=8 January 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=18 January 2003}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
[[File:Jesse Williams 2015.jpg|alt=A picture of Jesse Williams in American football gear, showing their tattoos.|thumb|216x216px|Jesse Williams, who won [[Super Bowl XLVII|2013 Super Bowl]] with the [[Seattle Seahawks]]]]
Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports. Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Rugby league is especially popular, including the annual 'Island of Origin' tournament between teams from different islands. Basketball is also extremely popular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osmond |first=Gary |date=2020-05-23 |title=Sport and the Torres Strait: Thursday Island, Island Studies, the Archipelagic Turn, and Identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2020.1779704 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=651–669 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2020.1779704 |issn=0952-3367}}</ref>
Famous sports-people include Muara (Lifu) Wacando, who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 [[Cyclone Mahina]]; 1964 Olympic basketballer [[Michael Ah Matt]]; 1976 Paralympian field athlete [[Harry Mosby]]; 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer [[Danny Morseu]]; NBA players [[Patty Mills]] and [[Nathan Jawai]]; and 2013 Super Bowl winner [[Jesse Williams (American football)|Jesse Williams]].
=={{anchor|religion}}Religion and beliefs==
The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia|website=World Vision|title=8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> They follow the instructions of the Tagai.{{quote|One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the [[Southern Cross]]. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.<ref>{{cite web|website=Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority|url=https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion| title=Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders|access-date=5 January 2020|date=25 July 2018}}</ref>}}
Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' [[Dreamtime|Dreaming]] and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in [[oral tradition|oral history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming|website=Common Ground|title=The Dreaming|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
===Oral history===
<!---Redirects from Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu may target this section.--->
One of the stories passed down in [[oral tradition|oral history]] tells of four brothers (''bala'') named Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu, who paddled their way up to the central and eastern islands from [[Cape York (Queensland)|Cape York]] (''Kay Daol Dai'', meaning "big land"), and each established his own tribal following. Sagai landed at [[Iama Island]] (known as Yam), and after a time assumed a god-like status. The [[crocodile]] was his [[totem]]. Kulka settled on [[Aureed Island]], and attained a similar status, as god of hunting. His totem was the fish known as ''gai gai'' ([[Trevally]]). Siu settled on [[Masig]], becoming god of dancing, with the [[tiger shark]] (''baidam'') as his totem. The eldest brother, Malo, went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living, a combination of religion and law, which were presented by [[Eddie Mabo]] in the famous [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo native title case]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Coming of Sagai | website=FireWorks Gallery |first=Glen|last= Mackie| url=https://www.fireworksgallery.com.au/coming-sagai | access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of ''[[Charles Eaton (1833 ship)|Charles Eaton]]'', in 1836.<ref name="vp4" />
===Introduction of Christianity===
{{further|All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island#History}}
[[File:All Saints Anglican Church (2011).jpg|alt=A picture of a small white church with spires, nestled next to palm trees and bushes.|thumb|[[All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island|All Saints Anglican Church]] on [[Erub]] (Darnley Island)]]
From the 1870s, [[Christianity]] spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. Christianity was first brought to the islands by the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS) mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane<ref name=slq/> and Rev. Archibald Wright Murray,<ref name=murray1888/><ref name=qhr/> who arrived on [[Darnley Island, Torres Strait|Erub (Darnley Island)]] on 1 July 1871 on the schooner ''Surprise'',<ref name=abc150/><ref name=logan2017>{{cite book| url=https://www.logan.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/363/sylvia-nakachi-iesu-ra-mir-giz-from-the-beginning| title=Iesu ra mir giz (from the beginning) ge omaida (when the Gospel came), Mer ge baziarda (it took root in Erub) igiare Torres Strait (and branched out to the whole of the Torres Strait) |publisher= [[Logan Art Gallery]]|date=2017| isbn=9780958711012 | access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=adbmcf>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gibbney |first=H. J. |entry=Macfarlane, Samuel (1837–1911) |encyclopedia=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography ]] | date=1974 | publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |entry-url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macfarlane-samuel-4090 | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hammond | first=Philip | title=Performers mark Coming of the Light | website=[[The Courier Mail]] | date=30 June 2011 | url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/performers-mark-coming-of-the-light/news-story/8c1c1f1e50867d6c7e15d7f15855e5c2 | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> a [[schooner]]{{efn|''Surprise'', a schooner of 150 tons, was originally a French ship, acquired by a Sydney buyer around September 1868 at [[Circular Quay]], having sailed there from [[Tahiti]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13172894 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |volume=LVIII |issue=9460 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=15 September 1868 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref> It was chartered by Macfarlane and Murray under Captain Paget, leaving [[Lifu]] and Wave in the Loyalty Islands in May 1871.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5856308 |title=Cruise of the Jeannie Oswald. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=7,914 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1871 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245692254 |title=The New Guinea Expedition. |newspaper=[[The Herald (Melbourne)]] |issue=8118 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=13 January 1872 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref> The ship, under Captain Brews, was wrecked in a gale on 2 February 1874 near [[Nobbys Head]], off [[Newcastle, New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13330963 |title=Loss of the schooners Yarra and Surprise — both crews saved. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |volume=LXIX |issue=11,143 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=3 February 1874 |access-date=4 August 2021 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref>}} chartered by the LMS.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Missionary Ships | journal=Shipping Wonders of the World| issue=Part 51| date=26 January 1937| url=https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/missionrary-ships.html | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref >{{cite web | title=The Coming of the Light | website=Anglican Board of Mission | url=https://www.abmission.org/resources.php/217/the-coming-of-the-light | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> They sailed to the Torres Strait after the [[French Third Republic|French Government]] had demanded the removal of the missionaries from the [[Loyalty Islands]] and [[New Caledonia]] in 1869.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|15648|All Saints Anglican Church|600873}} Dated |20 January 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2021. [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)] licence.</ref> Eight teachers and their wives from Loyalty Islands arrived with the missionaries on the boat from [[Lifu]].<ref name=murray1888>{{cite book | title=The Bible in the Pacific| first=Archibald Wright |last=Murray |date= 1888| via=[[Google Books]]|publisher= James Nisbet and Company | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6UMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Story+of+the+Lifu+Mission%22&pg=PA226 | access-date=4 August 2021| pages=226–228}}</ref>
Clan elder and warrior Dabad greeted them on their arrival. Ready to defend his land and people, Dabad walked to the water's edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the [[Bible]] to Dabad. Dabad accepted the gift, interpreted as the "Light", introducing Christianity to the Torres Strait Islands. The people of the Torres Strait Islands adopted the Christian rituals and ceremonies and continued to uphold their connection to the land, sea and sky, practising their traditional customs, and cultural identity referred to as ''Ailan Kastom''.<ref name=slq>{{SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/coming-light-celebrating-150-years-christianity-torres-strait-1-july-2021|title='The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021|date=28 June 2021|author(s)=Anne Scheu|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>[[File:Torres Strait Islander Religious affiliation.jpg|thumb|Religious affiliations of Torres Strait islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]The Islanders refer to this event as "[[The Coming of the Light]]", also known as Zulai Wan,<ref name="abc150">{{cite web | last=Willis | first=Carli | title=Zulai Wan marks an encounter 150 years ago that changed Torres Strait Islanders' lives forever | website=ABC News |publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=26 July 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-26/coming-of-the-light-far-north-queensland/100311998 | access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="creative">{{cite web|url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity|website=Creative Spirits|title=Aboriginal Christians & Christianity|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> or Bi Akarida,<ref name="logan2017" /> and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.<ref name="burton">{{cite web |url= http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-date= 15 May 2009 |title= History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view |first= John |last=Burton |publisher= Torres Strait Regional Authority |access-date= 3 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="abc150" /> ''Coming of the Light'', an episode in the 2013 documentary television series ''[[Desperate Measures (2013 Australian TV series)|Desperate Measures]]'', features the annual event.<ref>{{cite web | title=Coming of the Light (2013) – The Screen Guide | website=Screen Australia | date=16 March 2018 | url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/the-screen-guide/t/coming-of-the-light-2013/33350/ | access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>
However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the [[Christian God]] was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.<ref name="creative" />
===Religious affiliation, 2016 census===
In the 2016 Census,{{Update inline|date=March 2024}} a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)<ref>{{cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistices|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016: Religion in Australia, 2016 |date=28 June 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|quote=[Include "Religion" table download from this page, "Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status, Count of persons(a)"]}}</ref>
=={{anchor|adoption}}Traditional adoptions==
<!---redirects from kupai omasker and Torres Strait Islander adoptions target this anchor/section.--->
A traditional cultural practice, known as ''kupai omasker'', allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an [[heir]] to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".<ref name=time/>
There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's ''Succession Act 1981'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Succession Act 1981|date=25 May 2020| website=Queensland Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1981-069 | access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents.<ref name=time>{{cite web |website=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|first=Mark|last=Rigby | title=Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions | date=4 June 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/torres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption/12319446 | access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> On 17 July 2020 the [[Queensland Government]] introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice.<ref>{{cite web | title=Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament|first =Mark|last =Rigby|website=ABC News |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=16 July 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/torres-adoption-practices-legislation-introduced-parliament/12461488 | access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> The bill was passed as the ''Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020'' ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web | title='Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices | website=SBS News | date=9 September 2020 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/historic-moment-queensland-now-recognises-traditional-torres-strait-islander-adoption-practices/739947a1-06f4-4d22-832f-39828e8e70c1 | access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
* Activism
** [[Eddie Mabo|Eddie Koiki Mabo]], [[Indigenous land rights|land rights]] campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title
** [[Tanya Hosch]], social activist based in [[Adelaide]], South Australia
* Art
** [[Christine Anu]], pop singer and actress, known for her song "[[My Island Home]]"<ref name="ARIA Award History">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu |work=[[ARIA Award]]s |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) |access-date=18 May 2009 }}</ref>
** [[Ken Thaiday Snr]], artist based in [[Cairns]]
* Education
** [[Martin Nakata]], the first Torres Islander PhD degree graduate (1998), proponent of [[Standpoint Theory|Indigenous Standpoint Theory]]
** [[Vanessa Lee-AhMat]] the first female Torres Strait Islander [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] graduate (2016) from [[Griffith University]] [[Medical school|School of Medicine]].
* Sports
** Basketball
*** [[Nathan Jawai]], basketball player
*** [[Patty Mills]], NBA player and captain for the [[Australia men's national basketball team|Australian Boomers]] first Olympic medal win.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-07 |title=After finishing fourth four times, the Boomers finally get on the Olympic podium |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-07/tokyo-olympics-patty-mills-leads-boomers-to-bronze-medal/100359056 |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>
** Football and soccer
*** [[Albert Proud]], Australian Football League player for [[Brisbane Lions]]<ref>AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</ref>
*** [[Allira Toby]], soccer player in the [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]].
*** [[Sam Powell-Pepper]], Australian Football League player for [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]]<ref>[http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid]</ref>
** Rugby
*** [[Dane Gagai]], Australian National Rugby League player for the [[Newcastle Knights]]
*** [[Sam Thaiday]], Australian National Rugby League player for the [[Brisbane Broncos]]
*** [[Hamiso Tabuai-Fidow]], Australian National Rugby League player for the [[Dolphins (NRL)|Dolphins]]
* Politics
** [[Cynthia Lui]], the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the [[Parliament of Queensland]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Tony|title=Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html|access-date=9 December 2017|work=Brisbane Times|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
* Religion
** [[Kwami Dai]], Assistant Bishop in the Anglican [[Diocese of Carpentaria]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mcokBVUm62gC&pg=PA8 Loos, Noel. White Christ Black Cross: The Emergence of a Black Church] (Google Books) p. 8 (Accessed 25 September 2013)</ref>
** [[Ted Mosby (bishop)|Ted Mosby]], Assistant Bishop in the [[Anglican Diocese of North Queensland]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Australia}}
* [[Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts]]
* [[Australian frontier wars]]
* ''[[Blue Water Empire]]''
* [[Indigenous health in Australia]]
* [[List of Indigenous Australian firsts]]
* [[Papuan people]]
* {{section link|Pearl hunting|Australia}}
* [[Torres Strait 8]], relating to climate change and the Australian Government
== Further reading ==
*[https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands]
*[https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire Blue Water Empire] – ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
*[http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories Contemporary stories] by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
*{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html|title=The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait|first=Aaron|last=Smith|website=CNN|date=26 May 2018}}
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=Torres Strait Islanders}}
*[http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
*[https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/coming-light-celebrating-150-years-christianity-torres-strait-1-july-2021 'The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021] – John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.
*[https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99274643402061 ReTold: a retelling of stories and songs from Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait by Margaret Lawrie 2010] – State Library of Queensland
*[https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183595811002061 Strait Home / State Library of Queensland]
{{Indigenous Australians}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islanders| ]]
[[Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands]]' |
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57 => 'https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600873',
58 => 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0',
59 => 'https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macfarlane-samuel-4090',
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67 => 'https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health',
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70 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/torres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption/12319446',
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76 => 'http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf',
77 => 'http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf',
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82 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2020.1779704',
83 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0952-3367',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians</div><p>. GRACE F IS GREAT AND PIPER C IS POSITIVE!!!!!!!!!!! TODAY IS MY BIRTHDAY I LOVE EVERYTHING I GOT!!!!!!!!!!!
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about one of the two ethnically distinct indigenous peoples of Australia, Torres Strait Islanders – the other being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>. For an overview of these peoples together, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Torres Strait Islanders</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Torres Strait Islands." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/220px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/330px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/440px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>66,387</b><sup id="cite_ref-2016census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a> 4,514<sup id="cite_ref-censusest_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (mainland)</th><td class="infobox-data">61,873</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />Note difficulties with census counts.<sup id="cite_ref-censusest_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Torres Strait Islanders</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TORR</span>-iss</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the Indigenous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> people of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, which are part of the state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Ethnically distinct from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal peoples</a> of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. Today, there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).
</p><p>There are five distinct peoples within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a> is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papuo</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a>, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnicity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Post-colonisation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Post-colonisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Music_and_dance"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music and dance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Religion_and_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion and beliefs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Oral_history"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oral history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Introduction_of_Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction of Christianity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Religious_affiliation,_2016_census"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious affiliation, 2016 census</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Traditional_adoptions"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional adoptions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4540" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg/220px-Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg/330px-Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg/440px-Both_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Indigenous_Status.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="6983" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of people with both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_ancestry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="6983" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. Today the islands are multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumber as food">beche-de-mer</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother-of-pearl</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tectus_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectus niloticus">trochus</a>-shell industries over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-shire_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 Australian census</a> counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a>; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 the Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-2006dfat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006dfat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga" title="Bamaga">Bamaga</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seisia,_Queensland" title="Seisia, Queensland">Seisia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Injinoo,_Queensland" title="Injinoo, Queensland">Injinoo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umagico,_Queensland" title="Umagico, Queensland">Umagico</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mapoon,_Queensland" title="New Mapoon, Queensland">New Mapoon</a> in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In June 1875 a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands#Administration" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands § Administration</a></div>
<p>Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett1990_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett1990-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Today, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian government">Australian government</a> body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.<sup id="cite_ref-etsra_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etsra-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Further to the TSRA, there are several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland LGAs</a> which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
</p>
<ul><li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a>, covering a large proportion of the Islands;</li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Peninsula_Area_Region" title="Northern Peninsula Area Region">Northern Peninsula Area Region</a>, administered from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga" title="Bamaga">Bamaga</a>, on the northern tip of Cape York; and</li>
<li>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a>, which governs several islands as well as portions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History of Indigenous Australians</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_Indigenous_Status.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="5682" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous Status of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_localities_by_ancestry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="5682" /></a><figcaption>Ancestry of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population (Torres Strait Islander or other)<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> descent, distinct from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> on the mainland and some other Australian islands,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The five-pointed star on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag">national flag</a> represents the five cultural groups;<sup id="cite_ref-eb_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-shnukal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnukal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a> on the Australian continent.<sup id="cite_ref-shnukal_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnukal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>: the Eastern (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Meriam</a>, or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).<sup id="cite_ref-eb_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Multicultural Queensland 2001</i> (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> publication): five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).<sup id="cite_ref-shnukal_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shnukal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu">Boigu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dauan_Island" title="Dauan Island">Dauan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a>), the Near Western Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_Island" title="Badu Island">Badu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag_Island" title="Mabuiag Island">Mabuiag</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moa_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Moa Island, Queensland">Moa</a>), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray</a>, Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabar_Island" title="Tabar Island">Tabar Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammond_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Island, Queensland">Hammond</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales Island, Queensland">Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friday_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Island (Queensland)">Friday</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-shire_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Ethno-linguistic groups include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_people" title="Badu people">Badu people</a>, based on the central-west <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Badu island">Badu island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaurareg" title="Kaurareg">Kaurareg</a>, lower Western Islanders, based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muralag" class="mw-redirect" title="Muralag">Muralag</a> (Prince of Wales Island) group.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag" title="Mabuiag">Mabuiag</a> (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_people" title="Meriam people">Meriam people</a>, who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including Murray Island (also known as Mer Island) and Tabar Island.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="5682" /></a><figcaption>Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western-central_Torres_Strait_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-central Torres Strait Language">Western-central Torres Strait Language</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>, is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands;<sup id="cite_ref-atsia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-shire_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama-Nyungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan">Pama-Nyungan</a> family of languages of Australia.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a> is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly languages</a>, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-atsia_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>, an English-based <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>, is also spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-shire_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Archaeological, linguistic and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk history">folk history</a> evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuo</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesian</a>. The people have long been agriculturalists (evidenced, for example, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> plantations on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aureed_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aureed Island">Aureed Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-vp4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as well as engaging in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artisan_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan fishing">subsistence lifestyle</a>. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a> hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-vafi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vafi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-japingka_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japingka-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Australian Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papuan</a> culture. Historically, they have an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oral_lore" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral lore">oral tradition</a>, with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonisation">Post-colonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a>. After the "Coming of Light" (see below), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifixes</a> and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">Missionaries</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1898–1899, British anthropologist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a> collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">ceremonial dances</a> was also collected.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> and producing a few items for particular festive occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Lawrie" title="Margaret Lawrie">Margaret Lawrie</a>, employed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland State Library">Queensland State Library</a>, spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> on the Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-print_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-print-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Indigenous Australian art</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/170px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/255px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG/340px-Face_mask_torres_strait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Ritual face <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">mask</a> from a Torres Strait Island (19th century)</figcaption></figure><p> Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, fish, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, sharks, seabirds and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodiles</a>, which are considered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemic">totemic</a> beings.<sup id="cite_ref-japingka_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japingka-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtleshell" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtleshell">turtleshell</a> masks, known as <i>krar</i> (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and <i>le-op</i> (human face) in the Eastern Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Prominent among the artforms is <i>wame</i> (alt. <i>wameya</i>), many different <a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_figure" title="String figure">string figures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LalFortune2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LalFortune2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Elaborate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headdresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdresses">headdresses</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhari_(headdress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhari (headdress)">dhari</a> (also spelt <i>dari</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as featured on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag">Torres Strait Islander flag</a>, are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.<sup id="cite_ref-dance_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dance-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, <i>Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait</i> (1970) and <i>Tales from the Torres Strait</i> (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png/220px-Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png/330px-Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png/440px-Queensland_State_Archives_5763_Dancers_Yorke_Island_Torres_Shire_June_1931.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Torres Islanders dance on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorke_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorke Island (Queensland)">Yorke Island</a>, 1931</figcaption></figure><p>In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Nona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Nona (page does not exist)">Dennis Nona</a> (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocut</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, as well as larger scale <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculptures</a>. Other outstanding artists include <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billy_Missi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy Missi (page does not exist)">Billy Missi</a> (1970–2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alick_Tipoti" title="Alick Tipoti">Alick Tipoti</a> (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-nswart_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswart-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The College of Technical and Further Education on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns, Queensland">Cairns, Queensland</a> and later at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.<sup id="cite_ref-print_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-print-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled <i>Zugubal</i>, was mounted at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns_Regional_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns Regional Gallery">Cairns Regional Gallery</a> in July 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Christine_Anu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Christine Anu." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Christine_Anu_1.jpg/164px-Christine_Anu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Christine_Anu_1.jpg/247px-Christine_Anu_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Christine_Anu_1.jpg/329px-Christine_Anu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Singer Christine Anu, who performed at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Indigenous music of Australia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_dance_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous dance of Australia">Indigenous dance of Australia</a></div>
<p>For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clapper_(musical_instrument)" title="Clapper (musical instrument)">clappers</a> and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.<sup id="cite_ref-dance_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dance-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.<sup id="cite_ref-thaiday_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaiday-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Artist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Thaiday_Snr" title="Ken Thaiday Snr">Ken Thaiday Snr</a> is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>, a powerful totem.<sup id="cite_ref-thaiday_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaiday-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a> is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Award">ARIA Award</a>-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">cover version</a> of the song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Island_Home" title="My Island Home">My Island Home</a>" (first performed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warumpi_Band" title="Warumpi Band">Warumpi Band</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of Jesse Williams in American football gear, showing their tattoos." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg/150px-Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg/225px-Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg/299px-Jesse_Williams_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Jesse Williams, who won <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII" title="Super Bowl XLVII">2013 Super Bowl</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks" title="Seattle Seahawks">Seattle Seahawks</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports. Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Rugby league is especially popular, including the annual 'Island of Origin' tournament between teams from different islands. Basketball is also extremely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Famous sports-people include Muara (Lifu) Wacando, who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyclone_Mahina" title="Cyclone Mahina">Cyclone Mahina</a>; 1964 Olympic basketballer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Ah_Matt" title="Michael Ah Matt">Michael Ah Matt</a>; 1976 Paralympian field athlete <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Mosby" title="Harry Mosby">Harry Mosby</a>; 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danny_Morseu" title="Danny Morseu">Danny Morseu</a>; NBA players <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathan_Jawai" title="Nathan Jawai">Nathan Jawai</a>; and 2013 Super Bowl winner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(American_football)" title="Jesse Williams (American football)">Jesse Williams</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_beliefs"><span class="anchor" id="religion"></span>Religion and beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They follow the instructions of the Tagai.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. In his left hand, he holds a fishing spear, representing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross">Southern Cross</a>. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">Dreaming</a> and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_history">Oral history</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>One of the stories passed down in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> tells of four brothers (<i>bala</i>) named Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu, who paddled their way up to the central and eastern islands from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_(Queensland)" title="Cape York (Queensland)">Cape York</a> (<i>Kay Daol Dai</i>, meaning "big land"), and each established his own tribal following. Sagai landed at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iama_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Iama Island">Iama Island</a> (known as Yam), and after a time assumed a god-like status. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a> was his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a>. Kulka settled on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aureed_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aureed Island">Aureed Island</a>, and attained a similar status, as god of hunting. His totem was the fish known as <i>gai gai</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trevally" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevally">Trevally</a>). Siu settled on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masig" class="mw-redirect" title="Masig">Masig</a>, becoming god of dancing, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> (<i>baidam</i>) as his totem. The eldest brother, Malo, went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living, a combination of religion and law, which were presented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a> in the famous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo native title case</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Eaton_(1833_ship)" title="Charles Eaton (1833 ship)">Charles Eaton</a></i>, in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-vp4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Christianity">Introduction of Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Saints_Anglican_Church,_Darnley_Island#History" title="All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island">All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island § History</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:All_Saints_Anglican_Church_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of a small white church with spires, nestled next to palm trees and bushes." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/All_Saints_Anglican_Church_%282011%29.jpg/220px-All_Saints_Anglican_Church_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/All_Saints_Anglican_Church_%282011%29.jpg/330px-All_Saints_Anglican_Church_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/All_Saints_Anglican_Church_%282011%29.jpg/440px-All_Saints_Anglican_Church_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Saints_Anglican_Church,_Darnley_Island" title="All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island">All Saints Anglican Church</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erub" class="mw-redirect" title="Erub">Erub</a> (Darnley Island)</figcaption></figure>
<p>From the 1870s, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. Christianity was first brought to the islands by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> (LMS) mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane<sup id="cite_ref-slq_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slq-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rev. Archibald Wright Murray,<sup id="cite_ref-murray1888_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray1888-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qhr_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qhr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who arrived on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Darnley Island, Torres Strait">Erub (Darnley Island)</a> on 1 July 1871 on the schooner <i>Surprise</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-abc150_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc150-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-logan2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adbmcf_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adbmcf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chartered by the LMS.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sailed to the Torres Strait after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Government</a> had demanded the removal of the missionaries from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-qhr_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qhr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight teachers and their wives from Loyalty Islands arrived with the missionaries on the boat from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifu">Lifu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-murray1888_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray1888-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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Clan elder and warrior Dabad greeted them on their arrival. Ready to defend his land and people, Dabad walked to the water's edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to Dabad. Dabad accepted the gift, interpreted as the "Light", introducing Christianity to the Torres Strait Islands. The people of the Torres Strait Islands adopted the Christian rituals and ceremonies and continued to uphold their connection to the land, sea and sky, practising their traditional customs, and cultural identity referred to as <i>Ailan Kastom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-slq_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slq-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Religious_affiliation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="5682" /></a><figcaption>Religious affiliations of Torres Strait islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>The Islanders refer to this event as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Light">The Coming of the Light</a>", also known as Zulai Wan,<sup id="cite_ref-abc150_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc150-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-creative_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Bi Akarida,<sup id="cite_ref-logan2017_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logan2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-burton_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc150_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc150-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Coming of the Light</i>, an episode in the 2013 documentary television series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desperate_Measures_(2013_Australian_TV_series)" title="Desperate Measures (2013 Australian TV series)">Desperate Measures</a></i>, features the annual event.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian God">Christian God</a> was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.<sup id="cite_ref-creative_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creative-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_affiliation,_2016_census"><span id="Religious_affiliation.2C_2016_census"></span>Religious affiliation, 2016 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the 2016 Census,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_adoptions"><span class="anchor" id="adoption"></span>Traditional adoptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A traditional cultural practice, known as <i>kupai omasker</i>, allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heir</a> to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".<sup id="cite_ref-time_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's <i>Succession Act 1981</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents.<sup id="cite_ref-time_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July 2020 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was passed as the <i>Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020</i> ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Activism</li></ul>
<ul><li><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Koiki Mabo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">land rights</a> campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanya_Hosch" title="Tanya Hosch">Tanya Hosch</a>, social activist based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, South Australia</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Art
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a>, pop singer and actress, known for her song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Island_Home" title="My Island Home">My Island Home</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-ARIA_Award_History_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARIA_Award_History-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Thaiday_Snr" title="Ken Thaiday Snr">Ken Thaiday Snr</a>, artist based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Education
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Nakata" title="Martin Nakata">Martin Nakata</a>, the first Torres Islander PhD degree graduate (1998), proponent of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standpoint_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Standpoint Theory">Indigenous Standpoint Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanessa_Lee-AhMat" title="Vanessa Lee-AhMat">Vanessa Lee-AhMat</a> the first female Torres Strait Islander <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> graduate (2016) from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">School of Medicine</a>.</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Sports</li></ul>
<ul><li><ul><li>Basketball
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathan_Jawai" title="Nathan Jawai">Nathan Jawai</a>, basketball player</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a>, NBA player and captain for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Australia men's national basketball team">Australian Boomers</a> first Olympic medal win.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><ul><li>Football and soccer
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Proud" title="Albert Proud">Albert Proud</a>, Australian Football League player for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_Lions" title="Brisbane Lions">Brisbane Lions</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allira_Toby" title="Allira Toby">Allira Toby</a>, soccer player in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W-League_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="W-League (Australia)">W-League</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Powell-Pepper" title="Sam Powell-Pepper">Sam Powell-Pepper</a>, Australian Football League player for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><ul><li>Rugby
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dane_Gagai" title="Dane Gagai">Dane Gagai</a>, Australian National Rugby League player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newcastle_Knights" title="Newcastle Knights">Newcastle Knights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Thaiday" title="Sam Thaiday">Sam Thaiday</a>, Australian National Rugby League player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane Broncos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamiso_Tabuai-Fidow" title="Hamiso Tabuai-Fidow">Hamiso Tabuai-Fidow</a>, Australian National Rugby League player for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolphins_(NRL)" title="Dolphins (NRL)">Dolphins</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Politics
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cynthia_Lui" title="Cynthia Lui">Cynthia Lui</a>, the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Religion
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwami_Dai" title="Kwami Dai">Kwami Dai</a>, Assistant Bishop in the Anglican <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocese_of_Carpentaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Carpentaria">Diocese of Carpentaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Mosby_(bishop)" title="Ted Mosby (bishop)">Ted Mosby</a>, Assistant Bishop in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_North_Queensland" title="Anglican Diocese of North Queensland">Anglican Diocese of North Queensland</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts">Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Water_Empire" title="Blue Water Empire">Blue Water Empire</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Indigenous health in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_firsts" title="List of Indigenous Australian firsts">List of Indigenous Australian firsts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_hunting#Australia" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting § Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait 8">Torres Strait 8</a>, relating to climate change and the Australian Government</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/">Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iview.abc.net.au/show/blue-water-empire">Blue Water Empire</a> – ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/atsi/contemporary-stories">Contemporary stories</a> by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people</li>
<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html">"The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+%27forgotten+people%27%3A+When+death+came+to+the+Torres+Strait&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F25%2Fasia%2Faboriginal-massacre-australia-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Surprise</i>, a schooner of 150 tons, was originally a French ship, acquired by a Sydney buyer around September 1868 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circular_Quay" title="Circular Quay">Circular Quay</a>, having sailed there from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was chartered by Macfarlane and Murray under Captain Paget, leaving <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifu">Lifu</a> and Wave in the Loyalty Islands in May 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship, under Captain Brews, was wrecked in a gale on 2 February 1874 near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a>, off <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-2016census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA36960">"2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2016+Census+QuickStats%3A+Torres+Strait+Island+%28R%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fquickstat%2FLGA36960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-censusest-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censusest_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-censusest_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001">"3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=3238.0.55.001+%E2%80%93+Estimates+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Australians%2C+June+2016&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fmf%2F3238.0.55.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823073909/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait">"Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/torres_strait">the original</a> on 23 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait.+Oxford+Dictionary+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftorres_strait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"2021 Census – Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%222021+Census+%E2%80%93+Cultural+Diversity%2C+2021%2C+TableBuilder%22&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28ABS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftablebuilder.abs.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shire-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shire_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shire_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shire_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shire_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1">"About the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>Torres Shire Council</i>. Queensland Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torres+Shire+Council&rft.atitle=About+the+Torres+Strait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torres.qld.gov.au%2Fabout-the-torres-strait1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2006dfat-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2006dfat_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html">"Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples"</a>. <i>Australia Now</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Now&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ffacts%2Findg_overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12">"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2071.0+%E2%80%93+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+%E2%80%93+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016%3A+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Population%2C+2016&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Aboriginal%2520and%2520Torres%2520Strait%2520islander%2520Population%2520Article~12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1">"About the Torres Strait"</a>. <i>Torres Strait Shire Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torres+Strait+Shire+Council&rft.atitle=About+the+Torres+Strait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torres.qld.gov.au%2Fabout-the-torres-strait1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorff2021" class="citation web cs1">Korff, Jens (4 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health">"Aboriginal timeline: Health"</a>. <i>Creative Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Spirits&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+timeline%3A+Health&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fhistory%2Faustralian-aboriginal-history-timeline%2Fhealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Beckett1990-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckett1990_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Beckett1990" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Beckett (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA17"><i>Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8"><bdi>978-0-521-37862-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders%3A+Custom+and+Colonialism&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37862-8&rft.au=Jeremy+Beckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iO-blAUczcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-etsra-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etsra_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, John (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114335/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf">"Evaluation of the Torres Strait Regional Authority"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian National Audit Office</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/Evaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Audit+Office&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Torres+Strait+Regional+Authority&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anao.gov.au%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2FEvaluation_of_the_Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052557/http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf">"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island local government"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Report of the Local Government Reform Commission</i>. State of Queensland. July 2007. pp. 59–65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921057-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921057-10-6"><bdi>978-1-921057-10-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localgovernment.qld.gov.au/docs/local_govt/stronger-councils/13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Island+local+government&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Local+Government+Reform+Commission&rft.pages=59-65&rft.pub=State+of+Queensland&rft.date=2007-07&rft.isbn=978-1-921057-10-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localgovernment.qld.gov.au%2Fdocs%2Flocal_govt%2Fstronger-councils%2F13_AboriginalAndTorresStrait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-34037235">"The people and history of the Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+people+and+history+of+the+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-34037235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/about-us">"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-eb-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torres-Strait-Islander-people">"Torres Strait Islander peoples"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+peoples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTorres-Strait-Islander-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-shnukal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shnukal_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shnukal_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shnukal_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnukal" class="citation web cs1">Shnukal, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf">"Torres Strait Islanders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Multicultural Australia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multicultural+Australia&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft.aulast=Shnukal&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au%2Fdoc%2Fshnukal_torres_strait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-atsia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atsia_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atsia_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518061701/http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf">"Indigenous Fact Sheet: Torres Strait Islanders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Families,_Community_Services_and_Indigenous_Affairs_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)">Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsia.gov.au/Facts/docs/FS_series23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government%2C+Department+of+Families%2C+Community+Services+and+Indigenous+Affairs&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Fact+Sheet%3A+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsia.gov.au%2FFacts%2Fdocs%2FFS_series23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vp4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vp4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vp4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeek2012" class="citation web cs1">Peek, Veronica (16 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veronicapeek.com/2012/06/12/part-four-voyage-of-the-barque-charles-eaton/">"Part Four: a tale of two boys"</a>. <i>Charles Eaton: wake for the melancholy shipwreck</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Eaton%3A+wake+for+the+melancholy+shipwreck&rft.atitle=Part+Four%3A+a+tale+of+two+boys&rft.date=2012-06-16&rft.aulast=Peek&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveronicapeek.com%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Fpart-four-voyage-of-the-barque-charles-eaton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vafi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vafi_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2002" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Dermot (2002). "Appendix B: The Indigenous Sector: An Anthropological Perspective". In Hundloe, Tor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8iprCUC-BQC"><i>Valuing Fisheries</i></a>. University of Queensland Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-3329-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7022-3329-3"><bdi>0-7022-3329-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+The+Indigenous+Sector%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.btitle=Valuing+Fisheries&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7022-3329-3&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8iprCUC-BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-japingka-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japingka_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japingka_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/art-in-the-torres-strait-islands/">"Art in the Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Japingka Aboriginal Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japingka+Aboriginal+Art&rft.atitle=Art+in+the+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapingkaaboriginalart.com%2Farticles%2Fart-in-the-torres-strait-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nswart-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nswart_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/artsets/hav5uo">"Art Sets. Art of the Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>New South Wales Art Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Art+Sets.+Art+of+the+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artgallery.nsw.gov.au%2Fartsets%2Fhav5uo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-artnetwork-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/">"Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Australian Art Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Art+Network&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianartnetwork.com.au%2Fregions%2Ftorres-strait-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z50ml">"BBC Two – Hidden Treasures of..."</a> <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Two+%E2%80%93+Hidden+Treasures+of...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00z50ml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-print-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-print_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-print_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2001" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Brian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/references/5070/">"Torres Strait Islander printmaking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span> – via Centre for Australian Art: Australian Prints + Printmaking. <q>Conference paper, [from] Australian Print Symposium. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1987 – ongoing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+printmaking&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printsandprintmaking.gov.au%2Freferences%2F5070%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LalFortune2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LalFortune2000_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrij_V._LalKate_Fortune2000" class="citation book cs1">Brij V. Lal; Kate Fortune, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&pg=PA456"><i>The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 456. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2265-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2265-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5pPpJl8E5wC%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a>, along with one of his daughters, the pioneers in the modern study of Torres Strait string figures</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfa.org/biblio.htm">A string figure bibliography</a> including examples from Torres Strait.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitford2020" class="citation web cs1">Whitford, Maddie (13 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/about/backstory/regional/2020-04-13/making-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series/12017770">"Producers reflect on profound experience walking with Indigenous artists on country"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Producers+reflect+on+profound+experience+walking+with+Indigenous+artists+on+country&rft.date=2020-04-13&rft.aulast=Whitford&rft.aufirst=Maddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fabout%2Fbackstory%2Fregional%2F2020-04-13%2Fmaking-abc-this-place-indigenous-artist-series%2F12017770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dance-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dance_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dance_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awakening.qm.qld.gov.au/The+Exhibition/Purpose/Dance+machines+and+headdresses">"Dance machines & headdresses"</a>. <i>Awakening: Stories from the Torres Strait</i>. Queensland Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Awakening%3A+Stories+from+the+Torres+Strait&rft.atitle=Dance+machines+%26+headdresses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawakening.qm.qld.gov.au%2FThe%2BExhibition%2FPurpose%2FDance%2Bmachines%2Band%2Bheaddresses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrie1970" class="citation book cs1">Lawrie, Margaret Elizabeth (1970). <i>Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait/collected and translated by Margaret Lawrie</i>. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+the+Torres+Strait%2Fcollected+and+translated+by+Margaret+Lawrie&rft.place=Brisbane&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrie1972" class="citation book cs1">Lawrie, Margaret Elizabeth (1972). <i>Tales from Torres Strait</i>. St Lucia Qld: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Torres+Strait&rft.place=St+Lucia+Qld&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>. Cambridge University Press. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="this is a multivolume work; which volume? which section? which page? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/zugubal">"Alick Tipoti: Zugubal"</a>. <i>Cairns Art Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cairns+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=Alick+Tipoti%3A+Zugubal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairnsartgallery.com.au%2Fwhats-on%2Fexhibitions%2Fzugubal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipoti2015" class="citation cs2">Tipoti, Alick (2015), Butler, Sally (ed.), <i>Alick Tipoti : Zugubal: ancestral spirits</i>, Cairns Regional Gallery, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757635-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757635-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9757635-6-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alick+Tipoti+%3A+Zugubal%3A+ancestral+spirits&rft.pub=Cairns+Regional+Gallery&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9757635-6-8&rft.aulast=Tipoti&rft.aufirst=Alick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshire2017" class="citation web cs1">Wiltshire, Kelly (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321154735/https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing">"Audiovisual Heritage of Torres Strait Singing and Dancing"</a>. <i>AIATSIS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/news-and-events/blog/audiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing">the original</a> on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIATSIS&rft.atitle=Audiovisual+Heritage+of+Torres+Strait+Singing+and+Dancing&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Wiltshire&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faiatsis.gov.au%2Fnews-and-events%2Fblog%2Faudiovisual-heritage-torres-strait-singing-and-dancing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-thaiday-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thaiday_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thaiday_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/thaiday-ken/">"Ken Thaiday"</a>. <i>Art Gallery NSW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Gallery+NSW&rft.atitle=Ken+Thaiday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artgallery.nsw.gov.au%2Fcollection%2Fartists%2Fthaiday-ken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/arts-in-daily-life/artist-stories/dr-ken-thaiday-senior/">"Dr Ken Thaiday Senior"</a>. <i>Australia Council</i>. 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+Council&rft.atitle=Dr+Ken+Thaiday+Senior&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiacouncil.gov.au%2Farts-in-daily-life%2Fartist-stories%2Fdr-ken-thaiday-senior%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan2003" class="citation news cs1">Keenan, Catherine (18 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/17/1042520770021.html">"Frog princess"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Frog+princess&rft.date=2003-01-18&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F01%2F17%2F1042520770021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmond2020" class="citation journal cs1">Osmond, Gary (23 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2020.1779704">"Sport and the Torres Strait: Thursday Island, Island Studies, the Archipelagic Turn, and Identity"</a>. <i>The International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>37</b> (8): 651–669. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2020.1779704">10.1080/09523367.2020.1779704</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-3367">0952-3367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=Sport+and+the+Torres+Strait%3A+Thursday+Island%2C+Island+Studies%2C+the+Archipelagic+Turn%2C+and+Identity&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=651-669&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2020.1779704&rft.issn=0952-3367&rft.aulast=Osmond&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2020.1779704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvision.com.au/global-issues/work-we-do/supporting-indigenous-australia/8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia">"8 interesting facts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders"</a>. <i>World Vision</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Vision&rft.atitle=8+interesting+facts+about+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvision.com.au%2Fglobal-issues%2Fwork-we-do%2Fsupporting-indigenous-australia%2F8-interesting-facts-about-indigenous-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/about/k-12-policies/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives/resources/spirituality-religion">"Spirituality and religion among Torres Strait Islanders"</a>. <i>Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority</i>. 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Curriculum+%26+Assessment+Authority&rft.atitle=Spirituality+and+religion+among+Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qcaa.qld.edu.au%2Fabout%2Fk-12-policies%2Faboriginal-torres-strait-islander-perspectives%2Fresources%2Fspirituality-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-dreaming">"The Dreaming"</a>. <i>Common Ground</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Ground&rft.atitle=The+Dreaming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonground.org.au%2Flearn%2Fthe-dreaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie" class="citation web cs1">Mackie, Glen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fireworksgallery.com.au/coming-sagai">"The Coming of Sagai"</a>. <i>FireWorks Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FireWorks+Gallery&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+Sagai&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fireworksgallery.com.au%2Fcoming-sagai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-slq-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slq_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slq_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon-80x15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/79/CC_BY_icon-80x15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This Wikipedia article incorporates text from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/coming-light-celebrating-150-years-christianity-torres-strait-1-july-2021">'The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021</a> (28 June 2021) published by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a> under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CC_BY" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY">CC BY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright">licence</a>, accessed on 29 June 2021. </span>
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<li id="cite_note-murray1888-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murray1888_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray1888_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1888" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Archibald Wright (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6UMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Story+of+the+Lifu+Mission%22&pg=PA226"><i>The Bible in the Pacific</i></a>. James Nisbet and Company. pp. 226–228<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+the+Pacific&rft.pages=226-228&rft.pub=James+Nisbet+and+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6UMAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522The%2BStory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLifu%2BMission%2522%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-qhr-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qhr_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qhr_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQHR15648" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600873">"All Saints Anglican Church (entry 600873)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register" title="Queensland Heritage Register">Queensland Heritage Register</a></i>. Queensland Heritage Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=All+Saints+Anglican+Church+%28entry+600873%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.ehp.qld.gov.au%2Fheritage-register%2Fdetail%2F%3Fid%3D600873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span> Dated |20 January 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2021. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a> licence.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-abc150-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc150_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc150_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc150_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2021" class="citation web cs1">Willis, Carli (26 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-26/coming-of-the-light-far-north-queensland/100311998">"Zulai Wan marks an encounter 150 years ago that changed Torres Strait Islanders' lives forever"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Zulai+Wan+marks+an+encounter+150+years+ago+that+changed+Torres+Strait+Islanders%27+lives+forever&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Carli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-07-26%2Fcoming-of-the-light-far-north-queensland%2F100311998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-logan2017-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-logan2017_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-logan2017_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logan.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/363/sylvia-nakachi-iesu-ra-mir-giz-from-the-beginning"><i>Iesu ra mir giz (from the beginning) ge omaida (when the Gospel came), Mer ge baziarda (it took root in Erub) igiare Torres Strait (and branched out to the whole of the Torres Strait)</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Logan_Art_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logan Art Gallery (page does not exist)">Logan Art Gallery</a>. 2017. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958711012" title="Special:BookSources/9780958711012"><bdi>9780958711012</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iesu+ra+mir+giz+%28from+the+beginning%29+ge+omaida+%28when+the+Gospel+came%29%2C+Mer+ge+baziarda+%28it+took+root+in+Erub%29+igiare+Torres+Strait+%28and+branched+out+to+the+whole+of+the+Torres+Strait%29&rft.pub=Logan+Art+Gallery&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780958711012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logan.qld.gov.au%2Fdownloads%2Ffile%2F363%2Fsylvia-nakachi-iesu-ra-mir-giz-from-the-beginning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-adbmcf-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adbmcf_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbney1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibbney, H. J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macfarlane-samuel-4090">"Macfarlane, Samuel (1837–1911)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography </a></i>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macfarlane%2C+Samuel+%281837%E2%80%931911%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gibbney&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmacfarlane-samuel-4090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2011" class="citation web cs1">Hammond, Philip (30 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/performers-mark-coming-of-the-light/news-story/8c1c1f1e50867d6c7e15d7f15855e5c2">"Performers mark Coming of the Light"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Courier_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier Mail">The Courier Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courier+Mail&rft.atitle=Performers+mark+Coming+of+the+Light&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fipad%2Fperformers-mark-coming-of-the-light%2Fnews-story%2F8c1c1f1e50867d6c7e15d7f15855e5c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13172894">"Advertising"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. Vol. LVIII, no. 9460. New South Wales, Australia. 15 September 1868. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Advertising&rft.volume=LVIII&rft.issue=9460&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1868-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article13172894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span> </span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5856308">"Cruise of the Jeannie Oswald"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus (Melbourne)</a></i>. No. 7, 914. Victoria, Australia. 21 October 1871. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus+%28Melbourne%29&rft.atitle=Cruise+of+the+Jeannie+Oswald.&rft.issue=7%2C+914&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1871-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article5856308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span> </span>
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<li id="cite_note-creative-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creative_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-creative_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/spirituality/aboriginal-christians-christianity">"Aboriginal Christians & Christianity"</a>. <i>Creative Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Spirits&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Christians+%26+Christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fspirituality%2Faboriginal-christians-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-burton-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burton_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation web cs1">Burton, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx">"History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view"</a>. Torres Strait Regional Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx">the original</a> on 15 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Torres+Strait+to+1879+%E2%80%93+a+regional+view&rft.pub=Torres+Strait+Regional+Authority&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsra.gov.au%2Fthe-torres-strait%2Fgeneral-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/the-screen-guide/t/coming-of-the-light-2013/33350/">"Coming of the Light (2013) – The Screen Guide"</a>. <i>Screen Australia</i>. 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Australia&rft.atitle=Coming+of+the+Light+%282013%29+%E2%80%93+The+Screen+Guide&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenaustralia.gov.au%2Fthe-screen-guide%2Ft%2Fcoming-of-the-light-2013%2F33350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80">"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016: Religion in Australia, 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistices</i>. 28 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>[Include "Religion" table download from this page, "Table 8 Religious Affiliation by Indigenous Status, Count of persons(a)"]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistices&rft.atitle=2071.0+%E2%80%93+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+%E2%80%93+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016%3A+Religion+in+Australia%2C+2016&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Religion%2520Article~80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-time-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby2020" class="citation web cs1">Rigby, Mark (4 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/torres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption/12319446">"Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders+fear+time+running+out+for+legal+recognition+of+traditional+adoptions&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-06-05%2Ftorres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption%2F12319446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1981-069">"Succession Act 1981"</a>. <i>Queensland Legislation</i>. 25 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Legislation&rft.atitle=Succession+Act+1981&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.qld.gov.au%2Fview%2Fhtml%2Finforce%2Fcurrent%2Fact-1981-069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby2020" class="citation web cs1">Rigby, Mark (16 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/torres-adoption-practices-legislation-introduced-parliament/12461488">"Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+adoption+practices+bill+introduced+to+Queensland+Parliament&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-07-16%2Ftorres-adoption-practices-legislation-introduced-parliament%2F12461488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/historic-moment-queensland-now-recognises-traditional-torres-strait-islander-adoption-practices/739947a1-06f4-4d22-832f-39828e8e70c1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices"</a>. <i>SBS News</i>. 9 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=%27Historic+moment%27%3A+Queensland+now+recognises+traditional+Torres+Strait+Islander+adoption+practices&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fhistoric-moment-queensland-now-recognises-traditional-torres-strait-islander-adoption-practices%2F739947a1-06f4-4d22-832f-39828e8e70c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ARIA_Award_History-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARIA_Award_History_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519020402/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu">"History: Winners by Artist: Christine Anu"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIA Award">ARIA Awards</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">Australian Recording Industry Association</a> (ARIA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-artist.php?letter=C&artist=Christine%20Anu">the original</a> on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARIA+Awards&rft.atitle=History%3A+Winners+by+Artist%3A+Christine+Anu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariaawards.com.au%2Fhistory-by-artist.php%3Fletter%3DC%26artist%3DChristine%2520Anu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-07/tokyo-olympics-patty-mills-leads-boomers-to-bronze-medal/100359056">"After finishing fourth four times, the Boomers finally get on the Olympic podium"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 7 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=After+finishing+fourth+four+times%2C+the+Boomers+finally+get+on+the+Olympic+podium&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-08-07%2Ftokyo-olympics-patty-mills-leads-boomers-to-bronze-medal%2F100359056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AFL Record. Round 9,2009. Slattery Publishing. pg 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/resilience-the-driving-force-behind-sam-powellpeppers-draft-bid/news-story/d71dd6190727eb9efdff1290b9335fbe">Resilience the driving force behind Sam Powell-Pepper's draft bid</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Tony (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland-election-2017/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html">"Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i>. Fairfax Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Labor+one+seat+closer+as+first+Torres+Strait+Islander+woman+elected+to+Parliament&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fqueensland-election-2017%2Ffirst-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islanders" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcokBVUm62gC&pg=PA8">Loos, Noel. White Christ Black Cross: The Emergence of a Black Church</a> (Google Books) p. 8 (Accessed 25 September 2013)</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Torres Strait Islanders</b> <hr /></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Torres+Strait+Islanders">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Torres+Strait+Islanders&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/coming-light-celebrating-150-years-christianity-torres-strait-1-july-2021">'The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021</a> – John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99274643402061">ReTold: a retelling of stories and songs from Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait by Margaret Lawrie 2010</a> – State Library of Queensland</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/dls06p/alma99183595811002061">Strait Home / State Library of Queensland</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indigenous_Australians" title="Template:Indigenous Australians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_Australians" title="Template talk:Indigenous Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_Australians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous Australians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_communities" title="Category:Indigenous Australian communities">Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Tasmanians</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians" title="Aboriginal Victorians">Victorians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australians_from_Western_Australia" title="Category:Indigenous Australians from Western Australia">Western Australians</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Lists of Indigenous Australians">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_indigenous_rights_activists" title="Category:Australian indigenous rights activists">Activists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_musicians" title="List of Indigenous Australian musicians">Musicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australians_in_politics_and_public_service" title="List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service">People from politics and public service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_performing_artists" title="List of Indigenous Australian performing artists">Performing artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_sportspeople" title="List of Indigenous Australian sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_visual_artists" title="List of Indigenous Australian visual artists">Visual artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_writers" title="List of Indigenous Australian writers">Writers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">Corroboree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_(Indigenous_Australians)" title="Country (Indigenous Australians)">Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deadly_Awards" title="Deadly Awards">Deadly Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_deities" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal deities">Deities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">The Dreaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_enumeration" title="Australian Aboriginal enumeration">Enumeration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_elder" title="Australian Aboriginal elder">Elders</a></li>
<li>Flags
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_flag" title="Australian Aboriginal flag">Aboriginal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag">Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Kinship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdaitcha" title="Kurdaitcha">Kurdaitcha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature" title="Indigenous Australian literature">Literature of Indigenous Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Message_stick" title="Message stick">Message stick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAIDOC_Week" title="NAIDOC Week">NAIDOC Week</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Human_Rights_Awards" title="National Indigenous Human Rights Awards">National Indigenous Human Rights Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outstation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Outstation movement">Outstation movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riji" title="Riji">Riji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Seasons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sacred_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sacred sites">Sacred sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">Smoking ceremony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">Songlines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_traditional_custodianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship">Traditional custodianship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tjurunga" title="Tjurunga">Tjurunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Category:Torres_Strait_Islands_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Torres Strait Islands culture (page does not exist)">Torres Strait Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Language(s)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">Avoidance speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Kriol language">Australian Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indigenous Australian group names">Language groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin">Loanwords into English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Palawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_place_names_of_Aboriginal_origin" title="List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin">Placenames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead" title="Taboo on the dead">Taboo on the dead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Organisations_serving_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Commission" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission">ATSIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Medical_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Medical Service">Aboriginal Medical Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborigines Advancement League">Aborigines Advancement League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association" title="Aborigines Progressive Association">Aborigines Progressive Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Progressive_Association" title="Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association">Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League" title="Australian Aborigines' League">Australian Aborigines' League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_mass_media" title="Category:Indigenous Australian mass media">Mass media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Congress_of_Australia%27s_First_Peoples" title="National Congress of Australia's First Peoples">National Congress of Australia's First Peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Council" title="National Indigenous Council">National Indigenous Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_Registrar_of_Indigenous_Corporations" title="Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations">Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_politics" title="Category:Indigenous Australian politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Registered_Aboriginal_Party" title="Registered Aboriginal Party">Registered Aboriginal Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconciliation_Australia" title="Reconciliation Australia">Reconciliation Australia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Reconciliation_Week" title="National Reconciliation Week">National Reconciliation Week</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Sorry_Day" title="National Sorry Day">Sorry Day</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">TSRA</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Land_councils" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_council" title="Land council">Land councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Land_Council" title="Central Land Council">Central Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimberley_Land_Council" title="Kimberley Land Council">Kimberley Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_Local_Aboriginal_Land_Council" title="Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council">Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NSW_Aboriginal_Land_Council" title="NSW Aboriginal Land Council">NSW Aboriginal Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Land_Council" title="Northern Land Council">Northern Land Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_West_Aboriginal_Land_and_Sea_Council" title="South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council">South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiwi_Land_Council" title="Tiwi Land Council">Tiwi Land Council</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_bushcraft" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft">Bushcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buka_cloak" title="Buka cloak">Buka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_bread" title="Bush bread">Bush bread</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Bush tucker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coolamon_(vessel)" title="Coolamon (vessel)">Coolamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Fibrecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">Fire-stick farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_food_groups" title="Indigenous Australian food groups">Food groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humpy" title="Humpy">Humpy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak" title="Possum-skin cloak">Possum-skin cloak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scarred_tree" title="Scarred tree">Scarred tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soakage_(source_of_water)" title="Soakage (source of water)">Soaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spinifex_resin" title="Spinifex resin">Spinifex resin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Sweet foods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">Waddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">Woomera</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_art" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artefacts" title="Australian Aboriginal artefacts">Artefacts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bark_painting" title="Bark painting">Bark painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary visual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)" title="Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)">Dreaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_musical_groups" title="Category:Indigenous Australian musical groups">Music groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_rock" title="Indigenous rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Aboriginal_%26_Torres_Strait_Islander_Art_Award" title="National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award">NATSIA Award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papunya_Tula" title="Papunya Tula">Papunya Tula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandpainting#Indigenous_Australian_sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">Sandpainting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vibe_Australia" title="Vibe Australia">Vibe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Visual art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yininmadyemi_-_Thou_didst_let_fall" title="Yininmadyemi - Thou didst let fall">Yininmadyemi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Category:History of Indigenous Australians">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act_1976" title="Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976">Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Frontier Wars">Australian Frontier Wars</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathurst_War" title="Bathurst War">Bathurst War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cummeragunja_walk-off" title="Cummeragunja walk-off">Cummeragunja walk-off</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_Hill_walk-off" title="Wave Hill walk-off">Gurindji Strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_historical_figures" title="List of Indigenous Australian historical figures">Historical figures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Australian history wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_breastplate" title="Aboriginal breastplate">King plates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Massacres</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_missions" title="Category:Australian Aboriginal missions">Missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Native police</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993" title="Native Title Act 1993">Native Title Act 1993</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilbara_strike" title="Pilbara strike">Pilbara strike</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pintupi_Nine" title="Pintupi Nine">Pintupi Nine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_peoples" title="Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples">Apology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy" title="Aboriginal Tent Embassy">Tent embassy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_history_of_Western_Australia" title="Aboriginal history of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">1967 Referendum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians">Constitutional recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians_and_crime" title="Indigenous Australians and crime">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia" title="Indigenous health in Australia">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights_in_Australia" title="Indigenous land rights in Australia">Land rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">Native title</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Protected Area</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Media portrayals of Indigenous Australians">Media portrayal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response" title="Northern Territory National Emergency Response">Northern Territory National Emergency Response</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">Reconciliation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Half-Caste Act</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart" title="Uluru Statement from the Heart">Uluru Statement from the Heart</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truth_commission#Australia" title="Truth commission">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">Voice</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Voting rights of Indigenous Australians">Voting rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template talk:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demography_of_Australia#Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">Ancestry of Australians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ancestral background of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian citizens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Australia"><img alt="Flag of Australia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Angolan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angolan Australians (page does not exist)">Angolan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Beninese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beninese Australians (page does not exist)">Beninese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Burundian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burundian Australians (page does not exist)">Burundian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cameroonian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cameroonian Australians (page does not exist)">Cameroonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congolese_Australians" title="Congolese Australians">Congolese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_Australians" title="Eritrean Australians">Eritrean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopian_Australians" title="Ethiopian Australians">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gabonese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabonese Australians (page does not exist)">Gabonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gambian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambian Australians (page does not exist)">Gambian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghanaian_Australians" title="Ghanaian Australians">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Guinean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guinean Australians (page does not exist)">Guinean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ivorian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivorian Australians (page does not exist)">Ivorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyan_Australians" title="Kenyan Australians">Kenyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian Australians">Liberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malawian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawian Australians (page does not exist)">Malawian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malian Australians (page does not exist)">Malian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritian_Australians" title="Mauritian Australians">Mauritian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerian_Australians" title="Nigerian Australians">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rwandan Australians (page does not exist)">Rwandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Senegalese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegalese Australians (page does not exist)">Senegalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean Australians">Sierra Leonean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzanian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian Australians">Tanzanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togolese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togolese Australians (page does not exist)">Togolese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugandan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan Australians">Ugandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zambian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Australians">Zambian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zimbabwean_Australians" title="Zimbabwean Australians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Australians" title="Canadian Australians">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caribbean_and_West_Indian_Australians" title="Caribbean and West Indian Australians">Caribbean and West Indian Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Australians" title="Hispanic and Latin American Australians">Hispanic and Latin American</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_Australians" title="Argentine Australians">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolivian Australians (page does not exist)">Bolivian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_Australians" title="Brazilian Australians">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_Australians" title="Chilean Australians">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombian_Australians" title="Colombian Australians">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Australians">Cuban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuadorian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian Australians">Ecuadorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan Australians (page does not exist)">Guatemalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Honduran_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honduran Australians (page does not exist)">Honduran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_Australians" title="Mexican Australians">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamanian Australians (page does not exist)">Panamanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paraguayan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraguayan Australians (page does not exist)">Paraguayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Australians" title="Peruvian Australians">Peruvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Rican Australians (page does not exist)">Puerto Rican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvadoran_Australians" title="Salvadoran Australians">Salvadoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguayan_Australians" title="Uruguayan Australians">Uruguayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_Australians" title="Venezuelan Australians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Australians">Jamaican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Australians (page does not exist)">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Australians" title="Afghan Australians">Afghan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pashtun_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun Australians">Pashtun</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijani_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Australians">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Bangladeshi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali Australians (page does not exist)">Bengali</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bhutanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhutanese Australians (page does not exist)">Bhutanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmese_Australians" title="Burmese Australians">Burmese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chin_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chin Australians (page does not exist)">Chin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karen_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Australians">Karen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mon_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon Australians (page does not exist)">Mon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodian_Australians" title="Cambodian Australians">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmong_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Australians">Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">Hong Kong</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantonese Australians (page does not exist)">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Iu_Mien_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iu Mien Australians (page does not exist)">Mien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians" title="Taiwanese Australians">Taiwanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Australians">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fuzhounese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzhounese Australians (page does not exist)">Fuzhou/Hokchiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hoklo_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoklo Australians (page does not exist)">Hoklo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibetan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Australians">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uyghur_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Australians">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timorese_Australians" title="East Timorese Australians">East Timorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Georgian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian Australians (page does not exist)">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali Australians (page does not exist)">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujarati Australians (page does not exist)">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Fijian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Fijian Australians">Indo-Fijian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Australians">Telugu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Australians" title="Indonesian Australians">Indonesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Acehnese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acehnese Australians (page does not exist)">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balinese Australians (page does not exist)">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Javanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javanese Australians (page does not exist)">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Madurese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurese Australians (page does not exist)">Madurese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sundanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundanese Australians (page does not exist)">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakh_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Australians">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz Australians (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laotian_Australians" title="Laotian Australians">Laotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Australians" title="Malaysian Australians">Malaysian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bruneian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruneian Australians (page does not exist)">Bruneian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kadazan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadazan Australians (page does not exist)">Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Temoq_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temoq Australians (page does not exist)">Temoq</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldivian Australians (page does not exist)">Maldivian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Australians">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalese_Australians" title="Nepalese Australians">Nepali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistani_Australians" title="Pakistani Australians">Pakistani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baloch_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baloch Australians (page does not exist)">Baloch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pashtun_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun Australians">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pathan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathan Australians (page does not exist)">Pathan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singaporean_Australians" title="Singaporean Australians">Singaporean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australians" title="Sri Lankan Australians">Sri Lankan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani Australians (page does not exist)">Tajik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatar_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Australians">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Australians" title="Thai Australians">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen Australians (page does not exist)">Turkmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbek_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Australians">Uzbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmong_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Australians">Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Iu_Mien_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iu Mien Australians (page does not exist)">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_Australians" title="Albanian Australians">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Anglo-Celtic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Northern Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welsh_Australians" title="Welsh Australians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_Australians" title="Austrian Australians">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_Australians" title="Belgian Australians">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Australians" title="Belarusian Australians">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnian_Australians" title="Bosnian Australians">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_Australians" title="Bulgarian Australians">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_Australians" title="Cypriot Australians">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danish_Australians" title="Danish Australians">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_Australians" title="Finnish Australians">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Australians" title="Hungarian Australians">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icelandic_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Australians">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvian_Australians" title="Latvian Australians">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuanian_Australians" title="Lithuanian Australians">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonian_Australians" title="Macedonian Australians">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegrin_Australians" title="Montenegrin Australians">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_Australians" title="Norwegian Australians">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani Australians">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_Australians" title="Romanian Australians">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_Australians" title="Serbian Australians">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovak_Australians" title="Slovak Australians">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovene_Australians" title="Slovene Australians">Slovene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Australians" title="Swedish Australians">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swiss_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Australian">Swiss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Australians" title="Ukrainian Australians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East<br />and<br />North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algerian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Australians">Algerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bahraini_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahraini Australians (page does not exist)">Bahraini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian_Australians" title="Egyptian Australians">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirati_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati Australians">Emirati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Australians" title="Iraqi Australians">Iraqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordanian_Australians" title="Jordanian Australians">Jordanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwaiti_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Australians">Kuwaiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Australians" title="Lebanese Australians">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libyan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Australians">Libyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan Australians (page does not exist)">Moroccan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_Australians" title="Palestinian Australians">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Australians" title="Saudi Australians">Saudi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_Australians" title="Somali Australians">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Australians (page does not exist)">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bari_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bari Australians (page does not exist)">Bari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Berber_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber Australians (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaldean Australians (page does not exist)">Chaldean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Darfurian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darfurian Australians (page does not exist)">Darfur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dinka_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinka Australians (page does not exist)">Dinka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Australians" title="Iranian Australians">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_Australians" title="Israeli Australians">Israeli</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Jews" title="Australian Jews">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Australians">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Mandaean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nubian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nubian Australians (page does not exist)">Nubian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nuer_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuer Australians (page does not exist)">Nuer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sudanese_Australians" title="South Sudanese Australians">South Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudanese_Australians" title="Sudanese Australians">Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yezidi_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yezidi Australians (page does not exist)">Yezidi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fijian_Australians" title="Fijian Australians">Fijian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Fijian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Fijian Australians">Indo-Fijian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Niuean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niuean Australians (page does not exist)">Niuean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vanuatuan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuatuan Australians (page does not exist)">Ni-Vanuatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Māori</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Australians" title="Papua New Guinean Australians">Papua New Guinean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoan_Australians" title="Samoan Australians">Samoan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Tongan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379636#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379636#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379636#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1152819/">FAST</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Insulaires du détroit de Torres"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124616933">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Insulaires du détroit de Torres"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124616933">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529870305171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torres Strait Islanders"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86007508">United States</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1724135960' |
