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{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
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'''Kartha''' or '''Karthavu''', meaning "Lord" in the [[Malayalam]] language, is an aristocratic title. It was conferred by the Rajas to powerful families, they are [[Desavazhi]] (regional rulers) or [[Naduvazhi]] (feudal chieftains and landlords) status.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurup |first=K. K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra8BAAAAMAAJ&q=kartha+nayar |title=Aspects of Kerala History and Culture |date=1977 |publisher=College Book House |language=en}}</ref>
Like other powerful medieval Kerala Clans Like [[Varma (surname)|Samantha/Varma]], [[Kaimal]], [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Kurup of Travancore|Kurup]], etc, [[Kartha|Kartha's]] also identify themselves as a [[Nair]] subcaste with [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya Varna]]''. All these Nairs rank lies between Nambudiri Brahmins and Nairs.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Only+the+kings+called+Kaimal%22 |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |publisher=University of Kerala. |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=perumal+kaimal |title=Journal of Kerala Studies/ |publisher=University of Kerala. |year=2005}}</ref>'' <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7UCAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kaimal+king&pg=PA48 |title=The Cochin State Manual |publisher=Cochin Govt Press, Year 1911 |year=1911}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaimal+king |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |publisher=Cochin Govt Press, Year 1911 |year=2005}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdtVAAAAYAAJ&q=Kaimal+prince |title=From Biography to History Essays in the History of Portuguese Asia (1500-1800) |publisher=The University of Virginia |year=2005 |isbn=9788189420017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-swV3uZxMoC&q=Kaimal%20princes |title=Madras Christian College Magazine, Page 411 |publisher=Madras Christian College, year 1910 |year=1910}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Kaimal,” the title of a prince of the Nayar caste in Malabar (Dalgado I 172-173). |year=1977 |title=Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 2: India, 1541-1545 |url=https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n91/mode/2up?q=kaimal |publisher=The Jesuits Historical Institute, 1977}}</ref>
[[Meenachil Kartha]] among the Karthaavs stand different in their origins as they are descendants of [[Rajput]] whereas others are [[Kshatriya|Nagar]] or [[Nair]] origin.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Thurston |first=Edgar. O. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston |publisher=Publications |year=1909 |isbn= |pages=286}}</ref>
==Origin==
The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of [[Madurai|Madura]]. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]]. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India" |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
As per historical records, such as the 'International Congress on Kerala Studies', it states that Territorial rulers titled '''Kaimal and Kartha''' ran parallel administrative systems by even challenging Kings( Maha Raja)
<ref>
{{cite book
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SjZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaimal+kartha
| title =International Congress on Kerala Studies
| year =1994
| publisher =the University of Michigan
}}
</ref>
The Karthas, as a community, ruled regional principalities and fiefdoms, served in the royal armies or worked as Tax Collectors for the kings. They also served as military commanders and feudal chieftains. The Kartha surname is still used today, although it is less prominent.
Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as belonging to royal families. ''Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.'' <ref name=":1" />
==Caste system==
Most Karthas belong to the [[Nair|Illam Nair]] subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the [[Kiryathil Nair]] subdivision.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India | first1=Edgar | last1=Thurston|year=1909| volume=5|pages=295}}</ref>
==Social status and culture==
Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land (Jenmi). History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional Ayurveda medicine.
[[File:Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg|thumb|An Age-old [[Hindu]] Devi Temple of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)]]
Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], or the Goddess [[Durga]]. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as [[Vettakkorumakan]], a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.
==See also==
*[[Caste system in Kerala]]
*[[Eshmanan]]
*[[Madampi (Nair title)]]
*[[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]]
*[[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)]]
*[[Samanta Kshatriya]]s
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Auth}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Nair]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Refimprove|date=April 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
'''Kartha''' or '''Karthavu''', meaning "Lord" in the [[Malayalam]] language, is an aristocratic [[Nair]] title which traditionally meant, "One who does." It was conferred by the kings of Kerala to powerful Nair families, and as such, they enjoyed [[Raja]] (regional kings) or [[Naduvazhi]] (feudal chieftains and landlords) status. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=Christopher John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=zamorin|title=The Nayars Today |date=1976-12-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press| journal=Changing Culture Series| isbn=978-0-521-29091-3|language=en}}</ref> Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land ([[Jenmi]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42995 | title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India| last1=Thurston | first1=Edgar| year=1909| publisher=Gutenberg Publications | isbn=978-1113560315}}</ref> History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional [[Ayurveda]] medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mevadathampans.com/|title=Mevada Thampans renowned Thamban Vaidyan Kartha Family|date=2020-04-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427174022/http://www.mevadathampans.com/|archive-date=2020-04-27|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], or the Goddess [[Durga]]. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as [[Vettakkorumakan]], a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.
Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as Samanthan.
''Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.''
<ref>{{cite book |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston |first=Edgar. O. |last=Thurston |publisher=Publications |year=1909 |isbn= |pages=286 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm}}</ref>
[[File:Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha Family-Front.jpg|thumb|An Age-old [[Hindu]] Devi Temple of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)]]
==Social Role==
The Karthas, as a community, ruled regional principalities and fiefdoms, served in the royal armies or worked as Tax Collectors for the kings. They also served as military commanders and feudal chieftains. The Kartha surname is still used today, although it is less prominent.
The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of [[Madurai|Madura]]. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]]. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India" |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
==Caste system ==
Most Karthas belong to the Illam subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the higher [[Kiryathil Nair]] subdivision.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India | first1=Edgar | last1=Thurston|year=1909| volume=5|pages=295}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Caste system in Kerala]]
*[[Eshmanan]]
*[[Madampi (Nair title)]]
*[[Mannadiar]]
*[[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]]
*[[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)]]
*[[Samanta Kshatriya]]s
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Nair]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,38 +1,20 @@
{{Refimprove|date=April 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
-'''Kartha''' or '''Karthavu''', meaning "Lord" in the [[Malayalam]] language, is an aristocratic title. It was conferred by the Rajas to powerful families, they are [[Desavazhi]] (regional rulers) or [[Naduvazhi]] (feudal chieftains and landlords) status.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurup |first=K. K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra8BAAAAMAAJ&q=kartha+nayar |title=Aspects of Kerala History and Culture |date=1977 |publisher=College Book House |language=en}}</ref>
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
+'''Kartha''' or '''Karthavu''', meaning "Lord" in the [[Malayalam]] language, is an aristocratic [[Nair]] title which traditionally meant, "One who does." It was conferred by the kings of Kerala to powerful Nair families, and as such, they enjoyed [[Raja]] (regional kings) or [[Naduvazhi]] (feudal chieftains and landlords) status. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=Christopher John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=zamorin|title=The Nayars Today |date=1976-12-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press| journal=Changing Culture Series| isbn=978-0-521-29091-3|language=en}}</ref> Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land ([[Jenmi]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42995 | title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India| last1=Thurston | first1=Edgar| year=1909| publisher=Gutenberg Publications | isbn=978-1113560315}}</ref> History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional [[Ayurveda]] medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mevadathampans.com/|title=Mevada Thampans renowned Thamban Vaidyan Kartha Family|date=2020-04-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427174022/http://www.mevadathampans.com/|archive-date=2020-04-27|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], or the Goddess [[Durga]]. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as [[Vettakkorumakan]], a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.
-Like other powerful medieval Kerala Clans Like [[Varma (surname)|Samantha/Varma]], [[Kaimal]], [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Kurup of Travancore|Kurup]], etc, [[Kartha|Kartha's]] also identify themselves as a [[Nair]] subcaste with [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya Varna]]''. All these Nairs rank lies between Nambudiri Brahmins and Nairs.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Only+the+kings+called+Kaimal%22 |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |publisher=University of Kerala. |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=perumal+kaimal |title=Journal of Kerala Studies/ |publisher=University of Kerala. |year=2005}}</ref>'' <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7UCAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kaimal+king&pg=PA48 |title=The Cochin State Manual |publisher=Cochin Govt Press, Year 1911 |year=1911}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaimal+king |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |publisher=Cochin Govt Press, Year 1911 |year=2005}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdtVAAAAYAAJ&q=Kaimal+prince |title=From Biography to History Essays in the History of Portuguese Asia (1500-1800) |publisher=The University of Virginia |year=2005 |isbn=9788189420017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-swV3uZxMoC&q=Kaimal%20princes |title=Madras Christian College Magazine, Page 411 |publisher=Madras Christian College, year 1910 |year=1910}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Kaimal,” the title of a prince of the Nayar caste in Malabar (Dalgado I 172-173). |year=1977 |title=Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 2: India, 1541-1545 |url=https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n91/mode/2up?q=kaimal |publisher=The Jesuits Historical Institute, 1977}}</ref>
+Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as Samanthan.
+''Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.''
+<ref>{{cite book |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston |first=Edgar. O. |last=Thurston |publisher=Publications |year=1909 |isbn= |pages=286 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm}}</ref>
-[[Meenachil Kartha]] among the Karthaavs stand different in their origins as they are descendants of [[Rajput]] whereas others are [[Kshatriya|Nagar]] or [[Nair]] origin.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Thurston |first=Edgar. O. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston |publisher=Publications |year=1909 |isbn= |pages=286}}</ref>
+[[File:Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha Family-Front.jpg|thumb|An Age-old [[Hindu]] Devi Temple of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)]]
-==Origin==
-The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of [[Madurai|Madura]]. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]]. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India" |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
-
-As per historical records, such as the 'International Congress on Kerala Studies', it states that Territorial rulers titled '''Kaimal and Kartha''' ran parallel administrative systems by even challenging Kings( Maha Raja)
-<ref>
-
-{{cite book
- | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SjZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaimal+kartha
- | title =International Congress on Kerala Studies
- | year =1994
- | publisher =the University of Michigan
-}}
-
-</ref>
+==Social Role==
The Karthas, as a community, ruled regional principalities and fiefdoms, served in the royal armies or worked as Tax Collectors for the kings. They also served as military commanders and feudal chieftains. The Kartha surname is still used today, although it is less prominent.
-Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as belonging to royal families. ''Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.'' <ref name=":1" />
+The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of [[Madurai|Madura]]. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]]. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India" |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
-==Caste system==
-Most Karthas belong to the [[Nair|Illam Nair]] subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the [[Kiryathil Nair]] subdivision.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India | first1=Edgar | last1=Thurston|year=1909| volume=5|pages=295}}</ref>
-
-==Social status and culture==
-Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land (Jenmi). History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional Ayurveda medicine.
-
-[[File:Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg|thumb|An Age-old [[Hindu]] Devi Temple of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)]]
-
-Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], or the Goddess [[Durga]]. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as [[Vettakkorumakan]], a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.
+==Caste system ==
+Most Karthas belong to the Illam subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the higher [[Kiryathil Nair]] subdivision.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India | first1=Edgar | last1=Thurston|year=1909| volume=5|pages=295}}</ref>
==See also==
@@ -40,4 +22,5 @@
*[[Eshmanan]]
*[[Madampi (Nair title)]]
+*[[Mannadiar]]
*[[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]]
*[[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)]]
@@ -46,7 +29,5 @@
==References==
{{Reflist}}
-
-{{Auth}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Nair]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 4495 |
Old page size (old_size) | 6402 |
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Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}',
1 => ''''Kartha''' or '''Karthavu''', meaning "Lord" in the [[Malayalam]] language, is an aristocratic [[Nair]] title which traditionally meant, "One who does." It was conferred by the kings of Kerala to powerful Nair families, and as such, they enjoyed [[Raja]] (regional kings) or [[Naduvazhi]] (feudal chieftains and landlords) status. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=Christopher John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=zamorin|title=The Nayars Today |date=1976-12-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press| journal=Changing Culture Series| isbn=978-0-521-29091-3|language=en}}</ref> Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land ([[Jenmi]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42995 | title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India| last1=Thurston | first1=Edgar| year=1909| publisher=Gutenberg Publications | isbn=978-1113560315}}</ref> History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional [[Ayurveda]] medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mevadathampans.com/|title=Mevada Thampans renowned Thamban Vaidyan Kartha Family|date=2020-04-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427174022/http://www.mevadathampans.com/|archive-date=2020-04-27|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], or the Goddess [[Durga]]. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as [[Vettakkorumakan]], a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.',
2 => 'Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as Samanthan. ',
3 => '''Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.''',
4 => '<ref>{{cite book |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston |first=Edgar. O. |last=Thurston |publisher=Publications |year=1909 |isbn= |pages=286 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm}}</ref>',
5 => '[[File:Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha Family-Front.jpg|thumb|An Age-old [[Hindu]] Devi Temple of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)]]',
6 => '==Social Role==',
7 => 'The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of [[Madurai|Madura]]. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]]. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India" |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>',
8 => '==Caste system ==',
9 => 'Most Karthas belong to the Illam subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the higher [[Kiryathil Nair]] subdivision.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India | first1=Edgar | last1=Thurston|year=1909| volume=5|pages=295}}</ref>',
10 => '*[[Mannadiar]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}',
1 => ''''Kartha''' or '''Karthavu''', meaning "Lord" in the [[Malayalam]] language, is an aristocratic title. It was conferred by the Rajas to powerful families, they are [[Desavazhi]] (regional rulers) or [[Naduvazhi]] (feudal chieftains and landlords) status.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurup |first=K. K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra8BAAAAMAAJ&q=kartha+nayar |title=Aspects of Kerala History and Culture |date=1977 |publisher=College Book House |language=en}}</ref>',
2 => 'Like other powerful medieval Kerala Clans Like [[Varma (surname)|Samantha/Varma]], [[Kaimal]], [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Kurup of Travancore|Kurup]], etc, [[Kartha|Kartha's]] also identify themselves as a [[Nair]] subcaste with [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya Varna]]''. All these Nairs rank lies between Nambudiri Brahmins and Nairs.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Only+the+kings+called+Kaimal%22 |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |publisher=University of Kerala. |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=perumal+kaimal |title=Journal of Kerala Studies/ |publisher=University of Kerala. |year=2005}}</ref>'' <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7UCAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kaimal+king&pg=PA48 |title=The Cochin State Manual |publisher=Cochin Govt Press, Year 1911 |year=1911}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0DmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaimal+king |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |publisher=Cochin Govt Press, Year 1911 |year=2005}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdtVAAAAYAAJ&q=Kaimal+prince |title=From Biography to History Essays in the History of Portuguese Asia (1500-1800) |publisher=The University of Virginia |year=2005 |isbn=9788189420017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-swV3uZxMoC&q=Kaimal%20princes |title=Madras Christian College Magazine, Page 411 |publisher=Madras Christian College, year 1910 |year=1910}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Kaimal,” the title of a prince of the Nayar caste in Malabar (Dalgado I 172-173). |year=1977 |title=Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 2: India, 1541-1545 |url=https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n91/mode/2up?q=kaimal |publisher=The Jesuits Historical Institute, 1977}}</ref>',
3 => '[[Meenachil Kartha]] among the Karthaavs stand different in their origins as they are descendants of [[Rajput]] whereas others are [[Kshatriya|Nagar]] or [[Nair]] origin.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Thurston |first=Edgar. O. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston |publisher=Publications |year=1909 |isbn= |pages=286}}</ref>',
4 => '==Origin==',
5 => 'The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of [[Madurai|Madura]]. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]]. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India" |access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'As per historical records, such as the 'International Congress on Kerala Studies', it states that Territorial rulers titled '''Kaimal and Kartha''' ran parallel administrative systems by even challenging Kings( Maha Raja)',
8 => '<ref>',
9 => '',
10 => '{{cite book',
11 => ' | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SjZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaimal+kartha',
12 => ' | title =International Congress on Kerala Studies',
13 => ' | year =1994',
14 => ' | publisher =the University of Michigan',
15 => '}}',
16 => '',
17 => '</ref>',
18 => 'Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as belonging to royal families. ''Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.'' <ref name=":1" />',
19 => '==Caste system==',
20 => 'Most Karthas belong to the [[Nair|Illam Nair]] subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the [[Kiryathil Nair]] subdivision.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India | first1=Edgar | last1=Thurston|year=1909| volume=5|pages=295}}</ref>',
21 => '',
22 => '==Social status and culture==',
23 => 'Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land (Jenmi). History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional Ayurveda medicine.',
24 => '',
25 => '[[File:Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg|thumb|An Age-old [[Hindu]] Devi Temple of Goddess [[Bhadrakali]]. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)]]',
26 => '',
27 => 'Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Bhadrakali]], or the Goddess [[Durga]]. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as [[Vettakkorumakan]], a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.',
28 => '',
29 => '{{Auth}}'
] |
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<p>
<b>Kartha</b> or <b>Karthavu</b>, meaning "Lord" in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> language, is an aristocratic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> title which traditionally meant, "One who does." It was conferred by the kings of Kerala to powerful Nair families, and as such, they enjoyed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> (regional kings) or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naduvazhi" title="Naduvazhi">Naduvazhi</a> (feudal chieftains and landlords) status. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartha chieftains were also bestowed with extraordinary rights and authorities by the erstwhile kings and they held a special status within the royal court. They used these privileges to own vast acres of land (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History has it that some members of the Kartha community also used to work as Supreme Commanders in the royal armies of the king, while other Kartha families were renowned for their expertise in traditional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Kartha families have their ancestral tutelary deity as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Goddess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a>, or the Goddess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>. A few families also consider their ancestral deity as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vettakkorumakan" title="Vettakkorumakan">Vettakkorumakan</a>, a Hindu entity worshiped in parts of North Kerala.
</p><p>Kaimal is a closely related Cast/Title Both Kartha and Kaimal are identified as Samanthan.
<i>Those who belong to the old Royal families are styled Rāja or Tamburān (lord), their ladies Tamburāttis, and their houses Kōvilagams or palaces. Some Sāmantans have the caste titles of Kartāvu and Kaimal. But it does not appear that there are really any material differences between the various classes of Sāmantans, other than purely social differences due to their relative wealth and influence.</i>
<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg/220px-Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg/330px-Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg/440px-Pattupurackal_Bhagavathy_Temple-OwnedBy-Kartha_Family-Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3126" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>An Age-old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Devi Temple of Goddess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a>. The temple belongs to Edamana Kartha Family.(Pattupurackal Bhagavathy Temple)</figcaption></figure>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Social_Role"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Social Role</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Caste_system"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Caste system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_Role">Social Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Karthas, as a community, ruled regional principalities and fiefdoms, served in the royal armies or worked as Tax Collectors for the kings. They also served as military commanders and feudal chieftains. The Kartha surname is still used today, although it is less prominent.
</p><p>The title of Kartha ("Lord") appears to have been used as a titular name by some of the rulers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madura</a>. During the Madras Census of 1901, the title of Kartha was returned by the Balijas who claimed to be the descendants of the Nayak kings of Madura and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Tanjore</a>. The Tekkumkur and Vadakkumkur Rajas are said to have first conferred the title of Kartha on certain influential Nair families who were related by blood to the Rajas themselves. In social matters, the authority of the Kartha was supreme. Only on important issues were higher authorities called on to intercede. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caste_system">Caste system</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Most Karthas belong to the Illam subdivision of the Nair caste, while a few were from the higher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiryathil_Nair" title="Kiryathil Nair">Kiryathil Nair</a> subdivision.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caste_system_in_Kerala" title="Caste system in Kerala">Caste system in Kerala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eshmanan" title="Eshmanan">Eshmanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madampi_(Nair_title)" title="Madampi (Nair title)">Madampi (Nair title)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mannadiar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannadiar (page does not exist)">Mannadiar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pillai_(Kerala_title)" title="Pillai (Kerala title)">Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nayanar_(Nair_subcaste)" title="Nayanar (Nair subcaste)">Nayanar (Nair subcaste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanta Kshatriyas</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFuller1976" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John (30 December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=zamorin"><i>The Nayars Today</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29091-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nayars+Today&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29091-3&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQM4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzamorin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1909" class="citation journal cs1">Thurston, Edgar (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42995">"Castes and Tribes of Southern India"</a>. Gutenberg Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1113560315" title="Special:BookSources/978-1113560315"><bdi>978-1113560315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Castes+and+Tribes+of+Southern+India&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-1113560315&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F42995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mevadathampans.com/">"Mevada Thampans renowned Thamban Vaidyan Kartha Family"</a>. 27 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427174022/http://www.mevadathampans.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mevada+Thampans+renowned+Thamban+Vaidyan+Kartha+Family&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mevadathampans.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartha" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1909" class="citation book cs1">Thurston, Edgar. O. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42996/42996-h/42996-h.htm"><i>Castes and Tribes of Southern India, by Edgar Thurston</i></a>. Publications. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castes+and+Tribes+of+Southern+India%2C+by+Edgar+Thurston&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Publications&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Edgar.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F42996%2F42996-h%2F42996-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartha" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso05thuriala/castestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Castes and tribes of southern India"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+%22Castes+and+tribes+of+southern+India%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcastestribesofso05thuriala%2Fcastestribesofso05thuriala_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartha" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1909" class="citation journal cs1">Thurston, Edgar (1909). "Castes and Tribes of Southern India". <b>5</b>: 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Castes+and+Tribes+of+Southern+India&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=295&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1724583442' |
