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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{Short description\|Verse letter from Guru Gobind Singh Sahib to Aurangzeb Mughal Emperor in India}} {{Other uses\|Zafarnama (disambiguation){{!}}Zafarnama}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2021}} {{Refimprove\|date=July 2021}} {{Infobox poem \| name = Zafarnamah <br> ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ <br>{{Nastaliq\|ظفرنامه}} \| author = [[Guru Gobind Singh]] \| image = File:Zafarnama.jpg \| caption = Folios of the copy prepared by Bhai Daya Singh of the original work \| country = [[Mughal Empire]] (present day [[India]]) \| written = 1705 \| language = [[Persian language\|Persian]] \| genre = Religion, Letter \| subject = War, religion, morality, and justice \| meter = Chantt \| original_title = Zafarnāmāh \| couplets = 111 \| lines = 111 verses<ref>{{cite book \|last1='Makin' \|first1=Gursharan Singh \|title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory \|publisher=Lahore Book Shop \|isbn=8176471798 \|pages=13 \|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Singha \|first1=H.S. \|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) \|date=2000 \|publisher=Hemkunt Press \|isbn=9788170103011 \|pages=54}}</ref> \| preceded_by = [[Sri Charitropakhyan\|Charitropakhyan]] \| followed_by = [[Hikaaitaan\|Hikayats]] }} {{Dasam Granth sidebar}} The '''''Zafarnāma''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ; {{lang-fa\|{{nastaliq\|ظفرنامہ}}\|lit=Epistle of Victory\|translit=Zafarnameh}}) was a spiritual victory letter sent by Guru [[Gobind Singh]] in 1705 to the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] Emperor of India, [[Aurangzeb]], after the [[Battle of Chamkaur (1704)\|Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=Grewal \|first=J. S. \|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2019 \|edition=1st \|chapter=Appendix 9A: Perspectives on the Zafarnama}}</ref> == Background == In the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chamkaur\|second battle of Chamkaur]], the Guru wanted to write a letter of condemnation to the Mughal emperor for breaking his oath swore upon the [[Quran]] by attacking the Sikhs who were evacuating the fort of Anandpur after a long siege when they were promised safe passage by Aurangzeb.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book \|last=Nārā \|first=Īshara Siṅgha \|title=Safarnama and Zafarnama: Being an Account of the Travels of Guru Gobind Singh and the Epistle of Moral Victory Written by Him to Emperor Aurangzeb \|publisher=Nara Publications \|year=1985 \|pages=129–130 \|translator-last=Singh \|translator-first=Joginder}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The Guru did not rely upon the Mughal couriers to deliver the letter as he did not trust them to do so and he wanted to know how the emperor would react to its contents so he decided to send [[Daya Singh]] and [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)\|Dharam Singh]] to deliver the letter personally.<ref name=":2" /> Daya Singh had previously delivered a letter from the Guru addressed to the emperor from Ghulal on 26 December 1704.<ref name=":2" /> Guru Gobind Singh sent 5 Singhs including Daya Singh,<ref name=":2" /> Dharam Singh<ref name=":2" /> and Sambhal Singh with the help of Naib Subedar Haji Sardar Shah to deliver the Zafarnama to Emperor Aurangzeb in Ahmednagar on 5 January 1707, the last day of Ramadaan that year.{{Cn\|date=June 2023}} The letter was written at Kangar village in modern-day Bathinda district and dispatched from the same place, or from the nearby village of Dina in modern-day Moga district.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Harbans \|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism \|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala \|volume=I: A-D \|pages=484–485}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book \|last=Fenech \|first=Louis E. \|title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=9780199931439 \|pages=24–25}}</ref> According to Sikh tradition, the village of Dina located near the district's border with the neighbouring [[Bathinda district]] is where [[Guru Gobind Singh]] rested for a few days after the [[Battle of Chamkaur\|Second Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":02" /> Scholar Louis E. Fenech states the Guru rested at Dina at the house (specifically an upper story room called a ''chubārā'') of a local Sikh named Bhai Desu Tarkhan after sending the Zafarnama from Kangar village, entrusted in the hands of Bhai Dharam Singh and Bhai Daya Singh.<ref name=":12" /> A gurdwara, ''Zafarnama Gurdwara Lohgarh Sahib Pind Dina Patishahi Dasvin'', commemorates his stay at Dina, Moga, and a sign there claims the Guru stayed at the location for 3 months and 13 days.<ref name=":12" /> [[Harbans Singh]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'' states the Guru only stayed at Dina for a few days conversely to the claims of the Gurdwara.<ref name=":02" /> He further states that he stayed with two local Sikhs named Chaudhry Shamir and Lakhmir, the grandsons of a local cheiftain named Rai Jodh, whom had served the sixth Sikh guru, Hargobind, and fought and died at the [[Battle of Lahira\|Battle of Mehraj]].<ref name=":02" /> Guru Gobind Singh gathered an army of hundreds of locals from Dina and the surrounding area and continued on his journey.<ref name=":02" /> == Content == [[Christopher Shackle]] divides the work into five parts:<ref name=":1" /> # the invocation of God # the loss of Anandpur # the battle of Chamkaur # the address to Aurangzeb # the conclusion In this letter, [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji\|Guru Gobind Singh]] reminds [[Aurangzeb]] how he and his soldiers had broken their oaths sworn upon the [[Quran\|Qur'an]] when they promised safe passage to the Guru but launched a hidden attack of an army described as much larger, on forty famished Sikh soldiers. He tells Aurangzeb this was not a battle, it was a slaughter. As such, in spite of losing most of his Sikhs in this attack, he had won a moral victory over the Emperor who had broken his vows to Allah. He also states that despite sending a huge army to capture or kill the Guru, the Mughal forces did not succeed in their mission. In the 111 verses of this notice, Guru Gobind Singh rebukes Aurangzeb for his weaknesses as a human being and for his excesses as a leader. [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji\|Guru Gobind Singh]] also confirms his confidence and his unflinching faith in the Almighty even after suffering extreme personal loss of his father, mother, all four of his sons, and many fellow Sikhs to Aurangzeb's tyranny. Guru Gobind Singh then invites Aurangzeb to meet him in Kangar village near Bathinda (Punjab) and assures him the Brar tribe will not harm him (Aurangzeb) as they are under his command. "On the way there will be no danger to your life, for, the whole tribe of Brars accepts my command." Of the 111 or 112<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Gandhi \|first=Surjit Singh \|title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh \|publisher=Singh Bros. \|year=2004 \|isbn=9788172053062 \|pages=293}}</ref> verses, the maximum numbers of 34 verses are to praise God; 32 deal with Aurangzeb’s invitation for the Guru to meet him and the Guru's refusal to meet the Emperor – instead the Guru asks Aurangzeb to visit him; 24 verses detail the events in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]], which took place on 22 December 1704; 15 verses reprove [[Aurangzeb]] for breaking promise given by him and by his agents to the Guru; In verses 78 and 79, Guru Gobind Singh had also warned Aurangzeb about the resolve of the [[Khalsa]] not to rest till the Mughal Empire is destroyed; 6 verses praise Aurangzeb. In the work, the criteria for invoking [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)\|dharamyudh]] is listed:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|last=Deol \|first=Taran \|date=7 October 2019 \|title=Zafarnama, the ‘Victory Letter’ That Guru Gobind Singh Wrote to Aurangzeb \|work=The Print \|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/zafarnama-victory-letter-guru-gobind-singh-wrote-aurangzeb/301792/}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> {{Blockquote\|text=All modes of redressing the wrong having failed, raising of sword is pious and just\|author=Guru Gobind Singh\|title=''Zafarnama''}}The work is sometimes considered to be the first of the ''[[Hikaaitaan\|Hikayats]]'', with the remaining 11 works following it in the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":1" /> == Language == The letter is written in [[Persian language\|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace \|isbn=9380213646}}</ref> However, in one recension there are four verses in [[Braj Bhasha\|Braj]].<ref name=":3" /> It was originally written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script rather than in [[Gurmukhi]].<ref name="hss54">{{cite book \|last=Singha \|first=H. S. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C \|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) \|publisher=Hemkunt Press \|year=2000 \|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}, pp. 53–54</ref> The version currently in circulation found in the Dasam Granth, the compilation of Guru Gobind Singh’s poetry, is in Gurmukhi script and Persian verse. Copies printed and sold today are usually in Gurmukhi script.<ref name=":1" /> == Manuscripts == [[File:Opening folio of a copy prepared by Bhai Daya Singh of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition.jpg\|thumb\|Opening folio of a copy prepared by [[Daya Singh\|Bhai Daya Singh]] (one of the inaugural/original quintet of Panj Piare) of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition. Digitized by [[Panjab Digital Library]].]] A still-extant copy of the original document is said to have been prepared by [[Daya Singh\|Bhai Daya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Sharma \|first=Sarika \|date=23 April 2023 \|title=20 Years of Panjab Digital Library: 6.5 Crore Manuscripts & Counting \|work=The Tribune \|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/20-years-of-panjab-digital-library-6-5-crore-manuscripts-counting-500128}}</ref> == Authenticity == Academics Anil Chander Banerjee and Christopher Shackle believe the extant work is not the authentic one as originally written by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Banerjee, the current text is unsuited for [[Diplomacy\|political correspondence]] and the original letter may have been written in [[prose]] which was later transformed into a [[Poetry\|poetic]] piece, which is the present composition that has been handed down.<ref name=":3" /> A similar position was held by Shackle, who thought the original work was in prose but was later rewritten in a poetic style, emulated upon the epic [[Metre (poetry)\|metres]] of the [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh\|Shahnama]]'', effectively borrowing elements of Islamicate literature to have a more powerful effect of undercutting the "moral authority" of the recipient, Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim.<ref name=":1" /> One view is that the original prose of the authentic letter by the Guru was transformed into poetry by [[Bhai Nand Lal]], but Banerjee finds holes in this theory as the text is incorporated as part of the Dasam Granth, presented as the Guru's writings alongside other works of his.<ref name=":3" /> Nand Lal was also not present with the Guru during the time of authorship of the text. The ''Zafarnama'' is similar to the ''[[Fatehnama]]'', another purported work ascribed to the tenth Guru.<ref name=":3" /> The Fatehnama survives as a work of complete couplets and one incomplete couplet.<ref name=":3" /> == Translations == The work was first translated into [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]].<ref name=":0" /> It has been translated into [[English language\|English]] by [[Navtej Sarna]].<ref name=":0" /> == See also == * [[Sikh scriptures]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://archimedespress.co.uk/books Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib] [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=369&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched= Manuscripts of Zafarnama] [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=15911&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= Download English Translation of Zafarnama] [http://www.sikhs.org/transl5.htm English Translation of Zafarnama] [http://www.zafarnama.com/Pages/Download.html Zafarnama in Gurmukhi, Perso-Arabic and Latin script with English translations] [http://www.5abi.com/itihasak/zafarnama-h1.htm: Epistle of Victory] [https://web.archive.org/web/20050301110822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_612147,0011000100070003.htm Hindustan Times, The Zafarnama] *[http://www.dhansikhi.com/category/images/zafarnama/ Zafarnama Quotes by DHANSIKHI] {{Dasam Granth}} {{Sikhism}} [[Category:Dasam Granth]] [[Category:History of Sikhism]] [[Category:Persian-language literature]] [[Category:Indian literature]] [[Category:Indian religious texts]] [[Category:Indian manuscripts]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'Hg == Background == In the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chamkaur\|second battle of Chamkaur]], the Guru wanted to write a letter of condemnation to the Mughal emperor for breaking his oath swore upon the [[Quran]] by attacking the Sikhs who were evacuating the fort of Anandpur after a long siege when they were promised safe passage by Aurangzeb.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book \|last=Nārā \|first=Īshara Siṅgha \|title=Safarnama and Zafarnama: Being an Account of the Travels of Guru Gobind Singh and the Epistle of Moral Victory Written by Him to Emperor Aurangzeb \|publisher=Nara Publications \|year=1985 \|pages=129–130 \|translator-last=Singh \|translator-first=Joginder}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The Guru did not rely upon the Mughal couriers to deliver the letter as he did not trust them to do so and he wanted to know how the emperor would react to its contents so he decided to send [[Daya Singh]] and [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)\|Dharam Singh]] to deliver the letter personally.<ref name=":2" /> Daya Singh had previously delivered a letter from the Guru addressed to the emperor from Ghulal on 26 December 1704.<ref name=":2" /> Guru Gobind Singh sent 5 Singhs including Daya Singh,<ref name=":2" /> Dharam Singh<ref name=":2" /> and Sambhal Singh with the help of Naib Subedar Haji Sardar Shah to deliver the Zafarnama to Emperor Aurangzeb in Ahmednagar on 5 January 1707, the last day of Ramadaan that year.{{Cn\|date=June 2023}} The letter was written at Kangar village in modern-day Bathinda district and dispatched from the same place, or from the nearby village of Dina in modern-day Moga district.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book \|last=Singh \|first=Harbans \|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism \|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala \|volume=I: A-D \|pages=484–485}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book \|last=Fenech \|first=Louis E. \|title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2013 \|isbn=9780199931439 \|pages=24–25}}</ref> According to Sikh tradition, the village of Dina located near the district's border with the neighbouring [[Bathinda district]] is where [[Guru Gobind Singh]] rested for a few days after the [[Battle of Chamkaur\|Second Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":02" /> Scholar Louis E. Fenech states the Guru rested at Dina at the house (specifically an upper story room called a ''chubārā'') of a local Sikh named Bhai Desu Tarkhan after sending the Zafarnama from Kangar village, entrusted in the hands of Bhai Dharam Singh and Bhai Daya Singh.<ref name=":12" /> A gurdwara, ''Zafarnama Gurdwara Lohgarh Sahib Pind Dina Patishahi Dasvin'', commemorates his stay at Dina, Moga, and a sign there claims the Guru stayed at the location for 3 months and 13 days.<ref name=":12" /> [[Harbans Singh]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'' states the Guru only stayed at Dina for a few days conversely to the claims of the Gurdwara.<ref name=":02" /> He further states that he stayed with two local Sikhs named Chaudhry Shamir and Lakhmir, the grandsons of a local cheiftain named Rai Jodh, whom had served the sixth Sikh guru, Hargobind, and fought and died at the [[Battle of Lahira\|Battle of Mehraj]].<ref name=":02" /> Guru Gobind Singh gathered an army of hundreds of locals from Dina and the surrounding area and continued on his journey.<ref name=":02" /> == Content == [[Christopher Shackle]] divides the work into five parts:<ref name=":1" /> # the invocation of God # the loss of Anandpur # the battle of Chamkaur # the address to Aurangzeb # the conclusion In this letter, [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji\|Guru Gobind Singh]] reminds [[Aurangzeb]] how he and his soldiers had broken their oaths sworn upon the [[Quran\|Qur'an]] when they promised safe passage to the Guru but launched a hidden attack of an army described as much larger, on forty famished Sikh soldiers. He tells Aurangzeb this was not a battle, it was a slaughter. As such, in spite of losing most of his Sikhs in this attack, he had won a moral victory over the Emperor who had broken his vows to Allah. He also states that despite sending a huge army to capture or kill the Guru, the Mughal forces did not succeed in their mission. In the 111 verses of this notice, Guru Gobind Singh rebukes Aurangzeb for his weaknesses as a human being and for his excesses as a leader. [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji\|Guru Gobind Singh]] also confirms his confidence and his unflinching faith in the Almighty even after suffering extreme personal loss of his father, mother, all four of his sons, and many fellow Sikhs to Aurangzeb's tyranny. Guru Gobind Singh then invites Aurangzeb to meet him in Kangar village near Bathinda (Punjab) and assures him the Brar tribe will not harm him (Aurangzeb) as they are under his command. "On the way there will be no danger to your life, for, the whole tribe of Brars accepts my command." Of the 111 or 112<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last=Gandhi \|first=Surjit Singh \|title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh \|publisher=Singh Bros. \|year=2004 \|isbn=9788172053062 \|pages=293}}</ref> verses, the maximum numbers of 34 verses are to praise God; 32 deal with Aurangzeb’s invitation for the Guru to meet him and the Guru's refusal to meet the Emperor – instead the Guru asks Aurangzeb to visit him; 24 verses detail the events in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]], which took place on 22 December 1704; 15 verses reprove [[Aurangzeb]] for breaking promise given by him and by his agents to the Guru; In verses 78 and 79, Guru Gobind Singh had also warned Aurangzeb about the resolve of the [[Khalsa]] not to rest till the Mughal Empire is destroyed; 6 verses praise Aurangzeb. In the work, the criteria for invoking [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)\|dharamyudh]] is listed:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|last=Deol \|first=Taran \|date=7 October 2019 \|title=Zafarnama, the ‘Victory Letter’ That Guru Gobind Singh Wrote to Aurangzeb \|work=The Print \|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/zafarnama-victory-letter-guru-gobind-singh-wrote-aurangzeb/301792/}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> {{Blockquote\|text=All modes of redressing the wrong having failed, raising of sword is pious and just\|author=Guru Gobind Singh\|title=''Zafarnama''}}The work is sometimes considered to be the first of the ''[[Hikaaitaan\|Hikayats]]'', with the remaining 11 works following it in the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":1" /> == Language == The letter is written in [[Persian language\|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace \|isbn=9380213646}}</ref> However, in one recension there are four verses in [[Braj Bhasha\|Braj]].<ref name=":3" /> It was originally written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script rather than in [[Gurmukhi]].<ref name="hss54">{{cite book \|last=Singha \|first=H. S. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C \|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) \|publisher=Hemkunt Press \|year=2000 \|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}, pp. 53–54</ref> The version currently in circulation found in the Dasam Granth, the compilation of Guru Gobind Singh’s poetry, is in Gurmukhi script and Persian verse. Copies printed and sold today are usually in Gurmukhi script.<ref name=":1" /> == Manuscripts == [[File:Opening folio of a copy prepared by Bhai Daya Singh of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition.jpg\|thumb\|Opening folio of a copy prepared by [[Daya Singh\|Bhai Daya Singh]] (one of the inaugural/original quintet of Panj Piare) of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition. Digitized by [[Panjab Digital Library]].]] A still-extant copy of the original document is said to have been prepared by [[Daya Singh\|Bhai Daya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Sharma \|first=Sarika \|date=23 April 2023 \|title=20 Years of Panjab Digital Library: 6.5 Crore Manuscripts & Counting \|work=The Tribune \|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/20-years-of-panjab-digital-library-6-5-crore-manuscripts-counting-500128}}</ref> == Authenticity == Academics Anil Chander Banerjee and Christopher Shackle believe the extant work is not the authentic one as originally written by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Banerjee, the current text is unsuited for [[Diplomacy\|political correspondence]] and the original letter may have been written in [[prose]] which was later transformed into a [[Poetry\|poetic]] piece, which is the present composition that has been handed down.<ref name=":3" /> A similar position was held by Shackle, who thought the original work was in prose but was later rewritten in a poetic style, emulated upon the epic [[Metre (poetry)\|metres]] of the [[Ferdowsi]]'s ''[[Shahnameh\|Shahnama]]'', effectively borrowing elements of Islamicate literature to have a more powerful effect of undercutting the "moral authority" of the recipient, Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim.<ref name=":1" /> One view is that the original prose of the authentic letter by the Guru was transformed into poetry by [[Bhai Nand Lal]], but Banerjee finds holes in this theory as the text is incorporated as part of the Dasam Granth, presented as the Guru's writings alongside other works of his.<ref name=":3" /> Nand Lal was also not present with the Guru during the time of authorship of the text. The ''Zafarnama'' is similar to the ''[[Fatehnama]]'', another purported work ascribed to the tenth Guru.<ref name=":3" /> The Fatehnama survives as a work of complete couplets and one incomplete couplet.<ref name=":3" /> == Translations == The work was first translated into [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]].<ref name=":0" /> It has been translated into [[English language\|English]] by [[Navtej Sarna]].<ref name=":0" /> == See also == * [[Sikh scriptures]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://archimedespress.co.uk/books Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib] [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=369&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched= Manuscripts of Zafarnama] [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=15911&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= Download English Translation of Zafarnama] [http://www.sikhs.org/transl5.htm English Translation of Zafarnama] [http://www.zafarnama.com/Pages/Download.html Zafarnama in Gurmukhi, Perso-Arabic and Latin script with English translations] [http://www.5abi.com/itihasak/zafarnama-h1.htm: Epistle of Victory] [https://web.archive.org/web/20050301110822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_612147,0011000100070003.htm Hindustan Times, The Zafarnama] *[http://www.dhansikhi.com/category/images/zafarnama/ Zafarnama Quotes by DHANSIKHI] {{Dasam Granth}} {{Sikhism}} [[Category:Dasam Granth]] [[Category:History of Sikhism]] [[Category:Persian-language literature]] [[Category:Indian literature]] [[Category:Indian religious texts]] [[Category:Indian manuscripts]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -1,26 +1,3 @@ -{{Short description\|Verse letter from Guru Gobind Singh Sahib to Aurangzeb Mughal Emperor in India}} -{{Other uses\|Zafarnama (disambiguation){{!}}Zafarnama}} -{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2021}} -{{Refimprove\|date=July 2021}} -{{Infobox poem -\| name = Zafarnamah <br> ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ <br>{{Nastaliq\|ظفرنامه}} -\| author = [[Guru Gobind Singh]] -\| image = File:Zafarnama.jpg -\| caption = Folios of the copy prepared by Bhai Daya Singh of the original work -\| country = [[Mughal Empire]] (present day [[India]]) -\| written = 1705 -\| language = [[Persian language\|Persian]] -\| genre = Religion, Letter -\| subject = War, religion, morality, and justice -\| meter = Chantt -\| original_title = Zafarnāmāh -\| couplets = 111 -\| lines = 111 verses<ref>{{cite book \|last1='Makin' \|first1=Gursharan Singh \|title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory \|publisher=Lahore Book Shop \|isbn=8176471798 \|pages=13 \|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Singha \|first1=H.S. \|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) \|date=2000 \|publisher=Hemkunt Press \|isbn=9788170103011 \|pages=54}}</ref> -\| preceded_by = [[Sri Charitropakhyan\|Charitropakhyan]] -\| followed_by = [[Hikaaitaan\|Hikayats]] -}} -{{Dasam Granth sidebar}} - -The '''''Zafarnāma''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ; {{lang-fa\|{{nastaliq\|ظفرنامہ}}\|lit=Epistle of Victory\|translit=Zafarnameh}}) was a spiritual victory letter sent by Guru [[Gobind Singh]] in 1705 to the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] Emperor of India, [[Aurangzeb]], after the [[Battle of Chamkaur (1704)\|Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=Grewal \|first=J. S. \|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2019 \|edition=1st \|chapter=Appendix 9A: Perspectives on the Zafarnama}}</ref> +Hg == Background == '
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Hg </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Content"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Content</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Manuscripts"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Manuscripts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Authenticity"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Authenticity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Translations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Translations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur" title="Battle of Chamkaur">second battle of Chamkaur</a>, the Guru wanted to write a letter of condemnation to the Mughal emperor for breaking his oath swore upon the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> by attacking the Sikhs who were evacuating the fort of Anandpur after a long siege when they were promised safe passage by Aurangzeb.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guru did not rely upon the Mughal couriers to deliver the letter as he did not trust them to do so and he wanted to know how the emperor would react to its contents so he decided to send <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daya_Singh" title="Daya Singh">Daya Singh</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharam_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharam Singh (Sikhism)">Dharam Singh</a> to deliver the letter personally.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daya Singh had previously delivered a letter from the Guru addressed to the emperor from Ghulal on 26 December 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru Gobind Singh sent 5 Singhs including Daya Singh,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharam Singh<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sambhal Singh with the help of Naib Subedar Haji Sardar Shah to deliver the Zafarnama to Emperor Aurangzeb in Ahmednagar on 5 January 1707, the last day of Ramadaan that year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The letter was written at Kangar village in modern-day Bathinda district and dispatched from the same place, or from the nearby village of Dina in modern-day Moga district.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sikh tradition, the village of Dina located near the district's border with the neighbouring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda district</a> is where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> rested for a few days after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur" title="Battle of Chamkaur">Second Battle of Chamkaur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Louis E. Fenech states the Guru rested at Dina at the house (specifically an upper story room called a <i>chubārā</i>) of a local Sikh named Bhai Desu Tarkhan after sending the Zafarnama from Kangar village, entrusted in the hands of Bhai Dharam Singh and Bhai Daya Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gurdwara, <i>Zafarnama Gurdwara Lohgarh Sahib Pind Dina Patishahi Dasvin</i>, commemorates his stay at Dina, Moga, and a sign there claims the Guru stayed at the location for 3 months and 13 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harbans_Singh" title="Harbans Singh">Harbans Singh</a> in <i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i> states the Guru only stayed at Dina for a few days conversely to the claims of the Gurdwara.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further states that he stayed with two local Sikhs named Chaudhry Shamir and Lakhmir, the grandsons of a local cheiftain named Rai Jodh, whom had served the sixth Sikh guru, Hargobind, and fought and died at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lahira" title="Battle of Lahira">Battle of Mehraj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru Gobind Singh gathered an army of hundreds of locals from Dina and the surrounding area and continued on his journey.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=2"title="Edit section: Content" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Shackle" title="Christopher Shackle">Christopher Shackle</a> divides the work into five parts:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the invocation of God</li> <li>the loss of Anandpur</li> <li>the battle of Chamkaur</li> <li>the address to Aurangzeb</li> <li>the conclusion</li></ol> <p>In this letter, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Gobind Singh Ji">Guru Gobind Singh</a> reminds <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> how he and his soldiers had broken their oaths sworn upon the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> when they promised safe passage to the Guru but launched a hidden attack of an army described as much larger, on forty famished Sikh soldiers. He tells Aurangzeb this was not a battle, it was a slaughter. As such, in spite of losing most of his Sikhs in this attack, he had won a moral victory over the Emperor who had broken his vows to Allah. He also states that despite sending a huge army to capture or kill the Guru, the Mughal forces did not succeed in their mission. </p><p>In the 111 verses of this notice, Guru Gobind Singh rebukes Aurangzeb for his weaknesses as a human being and for his excesses as a leader. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Guru_Gobind_Singh_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji">Guru Gobind Singh</a> also confirms his confidence and his unflinching faith in the Almighty even after suffering extreme personal loss of his father, mother, all four of his sons, and many fellow Sikhs to Aurangzeb's tyranny. Guru Gobind Singh then invites Aurangzeb to meet him in Kangar village near Bathinda (Punjab) and assures him the Brar tribe will not harm him (Aurangzeb) as they are under his command. </p><p>"On the way there will be no danger to your life, for, the whole tribe of Brars accepts my command." </p><p>Of the 111 or 112<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verses, the maximum numbers of 34 verses are to praise God; 32 deal with Aurangzeb’s invitation for the Guru to meet him and the Guru's refusal to meet the Emperor – instead the Guru asks Aurangzeb to visit him; 24 verses detail the events in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur" title="Battle of Chamkaur">Battle of Chamkaur</a>, which took place on 22 December 1704; 15 verses reprove <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> for breaking promise given by him and by his agents to the Guru; In verses 78 and 79, Guru Gobind Singh had also warned Aurangzeb about the resolve of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> not to rest till the Mughal Empire is destroyed; 6 verses praise Aurangzeb. </p><p>In the work, the criteria for invoking <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">dharamyudh</a> is listed:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All modes of redressing the wrong having failed, raising of sword is pious and just</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Gobind Singh, <i>Zafarnama</i></cite></div></blockquote><p>The work is sometimes considered to be the first of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikaaitaan" title="Hikaaitaan">Hikayats</a></i>, with the remaining 11 works following it in the Dasam Granth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=3"title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The letter is written in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in one recension there are four verses in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally written in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> script rather than in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hss54_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hss54-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version currently in circulation found in the Dasam Granth, the compilation of Guru Gobind Singh’s poetry, is in Gurmukhi script and Persian verse. Copies printed and sold today are usually in Gurmukhi script.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=4"title="Edit section: Manuscripts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg/220px-Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg/330px-Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg/440px-Opening_folio_of_a_copy_prepared_by_Bhai_Daya_Singh_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh%27s_Zafarnama_composition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Opening folio of a copy prepared by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daya_Singh" title="Daya Singh">Bhai Daya Singh</a> (one of the inaugural/original quintet of Panj Piare) of Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnama composition. Digitized by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A still-extant copy of the original document is said to have been prepared by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daya_Singh" title="Daya Singh">Bhai Daya Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authenticity">Authenticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=5"title="Edit section: Authenticity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Academics Anil Chander Banerjee and Christopher Shackle believe the extant work is not the authentic one as originally written by Guru Gobind Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Banerjee, the current text is unsuited for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">political correspondence</a> and the original letter may have been written in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> which was later transformed into a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetic</a> piece, which is the present composition that has been handed down.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar position was held by Shackle, who thought the original work was in prose but was later rewritten in a poetic style, emulated upon the epic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metres</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnama</a></i>, effectively borrowing elements of Islamicate literature to have a more powerful effect of undercutting the "moral authority" of the recipient, Aurangzeb, a devout Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One view is that the original prose of the authentic letter by the Guru was transformed into poetry by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhai_Nand_Lal" title="Bhai Nand Lal">Bhai Nand Lal</a>, but Banerjee finds holes in this theory as the text is incorporated as part of the Dasam Granth, presented as the Guru's writings alongside other works of his.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nand Lal was also not present with the Guru during the time of authorship of the text. </p><p>The <i>Zafarnama</i> is similar to the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatehnama" title="Fatehnama">Fatehnama</a></i>, another purported work ascribed to the tenth Guru.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatehnama survives as a work of complete couplets and one incomplete couplet.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=6"title="Edit section: Translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The work was first translated into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been translated into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navtej_Sarna" title="Navtej Sarna">Navtej Sarna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=7"title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=8"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNārā1985" class="citation book cs1">Nārā, Īshara Siṅgha (1985). <i>Safarnama and Zafarnama: Being an Account of the Travels of Guru Gobind Singh and the Epistle of Moral Victory Written by Him to Emperor Aurangzeb</i>. Translated by Singh, Joginder. Nara Publications. pp. 129–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safarnama+and+Zafarnama%3A+Being+an+Account+of+the+Travels+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh+and+the+Epistle+of+Moral+Victory+Written+by+Him+to+Emperor+Aurangzeb&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=Nara+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=N%C4%81r%C4%81&rft.aufirst=%C4%AAshara+Si%E1%B9%85gha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:1</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Singh, Harbans. <i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i>. Vol. I: A-D. Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 484–485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=484-485&rft.pub=Punjabi+University%2C+Patiala&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2013). <i>The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–25. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199931439" title="Special:BookSources/9780199931439"><bdi>9780199931439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Zafar-namah+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Discursive+Blade+in+the+Heart+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199931439&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2004" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2004). <i>A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh</i>. Singh Bros. p. 293. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172053062" title="Special:BookSources/9788172053062"><bdi>9788172053062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historian%27s+Approach+to+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Singh+Bros.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788172053062&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeol2019" class="citation news cs1">Deol, Taran (7 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/zafarnama-victory-letter-guru-gobind-singh-wrote-aurangzeb/301792/">"Zafarnama, the 'Victory Letter' That Guru Gobind Singh Wrote to Aurangzeb"</a>. <i>The Print</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Zafarnama%2C+the+%E2%80%98Victory+Letter%E2%80%99+That+Guru+Gobind+Singh+Wrote+to+Aurangzeb&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Deol&rft.aufirst=Taran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-profile%2Fzafarnama-victory-letter-guru-gobind-singh-wrote-aurangzeb%2F301792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9380213646" title="Special:BookSources/9380213646"><bdi>9380213646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gobind+Singh%3A+Prophet+of+peace&rft.isbn=9380213646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hss54-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hss54_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha2000" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C"><i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+%28over+1000+Entries%29&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2023" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Sarika (23 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/20-years-of-panjab-digital-library-6-5-crore-manuscripts-counting-500128">"20 Years of Panjab Digital Library: 6.5 Crore Manuscripts & Counting"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=20+Years+of+Panjab+Digital+Library%3A+6.5+Crore+Manuscripts+%26+Counting&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sarika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F20-years-of-panjab-digital-library-6-5-crore-manuscripts-counting-500128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZafarnama+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zafarnama_(letter)&action=edit&section=9"title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archimedespress.co.uk/books">Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=369&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched=">Manuscripts of Zafarnama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=15911&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=">Download English Translation of Zafarnama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/transl5.htm">English Translation of Zafarnama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zafarnama.com/Pages/Download.html">Zafarnama in Gurmukhi, Perso-Arabic and Latin script with English translations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.5abi.com/itihasak/zafarnama-h1.htm:">Epistle of Victory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050301110822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_612147,0011000100070003.htm">Hindustan Times, The Zafarnama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhansikhi.com/category/images/zafarnama/">Zafarnama Quotes by DHANSIKHI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="33 Swayyae">33 Swayyae</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalsa_Mahima" title="Khalsa Mahima">Khalsa Mahima</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shastar_Nam_Mala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shastar Nam Mala (page does not exist)">Shastar Nam Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charitropakhyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitropakhyan">Charitropakhyan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zafarnamah</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikaaitaan" title="Hikaaitaan">Hikayats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1724950970'