Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{About|the body of water between Asia and Africa}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Red Sea
| image_bathymetry = Red Sea topographic map-en.jpg
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[North Africa]], [[East Africa]], and [[West Asia]]
| coords = {{Coord|22|N|38|E|region:EG_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Sea]]
| inflow = [[Gulf of Aden]], [[Gulf of Suez]]
| outflow = [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], [[Suez Canal]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = * {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}
* {{flag|Eritrea}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Yemen}}
| length = {{cvt|2250|km|mi}}
| width = {{cvt|355|km|mi}}
| area = {{cvt|438000|km2|sqmi}}
| depth = {{cvt|490|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|3040|m|ft}}
| volume = {{cvt|233000|km3|cumi}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| cities =
}}
{{Contains special characters}}
The '''Red Sea''' is a sea [[inlet]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. To its north lie the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], and the [[Gulf of Suez]]—leading to the [[Suez Canal]]. It is underlain by the [[Red Sea Rift]], which is part of the [[Great Rift Valley]].
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly {{cvt|438,000|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006 |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> is about {{cvt|2250|km|mi}} long, and {{cvt|355|km|mi}} wide at its widest point. It has an average depth of {{cvt|490|m|ft}}, and in the central ''Suakin Trough'' it reaches its maximum depth of {{cvt|3040|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dinwiddie |first=Robert |title=Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed |date=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7566-2205-3 |editor-last=Thomas |editor-first=Louise |location=London |pages=452}}</ref>
Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, and about 25% is less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and [[coral]]s. More than 1,000 [[invertebrate]] species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost [[tropical]] sea, and has been designated a [[Global 200]] ecoregion.
==Extent==
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref>{{blockquote|''On the North.'' The Southern limits of the [[Gulf of Suez|Gulfs of Suez]] [A line running from [[Ras Muhammad National Park|Ràs Muhammed]] (27°43'N) to the South point of [[Shadwan]] Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of [[Africa]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and [[Gulf of Aqaba|Aqaba]] [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ({{coord|27|57|N|34|36|E|display=inline}}) through [[Tiran Island]] to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the [[Sinai Peninsula]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>.
''On the South.'' A line joining [[Hisn Murad|Husn Murad]] ({{coord|12|40|N|43|30|E|display=inline}}) and [[Ras Siyyan]] ({{coord|12|29|N|43|20|E|display=inline}}).}}
==Exclusive economic zone==
[[Exclusive economic zones]] in Red Sea:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us {{!}} Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
! Number
! Country
! Area (Km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| align=center|1 || {{KSA}} || align=center|186,392
|-
| align=center|2 || {{SUD}} || align=center|92,513
|-
| align=center|3 || {{EGY}} || align=center|91,279
|-
| align=center|4 || {{ERI}} || align=center|78,383
|-
| align=center|5 || {{YEM}} || align=center|35,861
|-
| align=center|6 || {{DJI}} || align=center|7,037
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!Total
|'''Red Sea''' || align=center|'''491,465'''
|}
Note: [[Halaib Triangle|Hala'ib Triangle]] disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both.
==Names==
[[File:Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen.jpg|thumb|[[Tihama]] on the Red Sea near Khaukha, [[Yemen]]]]
[[File:Empty Coast in Farasan Island.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast seen from [[Farasan Islands]]]]
Red Sea has names in many languages (Modern {{lang-ar|البحر الأحمر|translit=al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar}}, Medieval {{lang-ar|بحر القلزم|translit=Baḥr al-Qulzum|link=no}}; {{Lang-hbo|יַם-סוּף|translit=[[Yam Suph|Yam Sūp̄]]}} or {{Lang-he|הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם|translit=hayYām hāʾĀḏōm}}; [[Coptic language|Coptic]]: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ''Qeyih Bahri''; {{Lang-so|Badda Cas }}; [[Afar language|Afar]]: "Qasa Bad".
''Red Sea'' is a direct translation of the [[Ancient Greek]] ''Erythra Thalassa'' ({{lang|grc|Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα}}). The sea itself was once referred to as the [[Erythraean Sea]] by Europeans. As well as ''Mare Rubrum'' in [[Latin]] (alternatively ''Sinus Arabicus'', literally "Arabian Gulf"), the Romans called it ''Pontus Herculis'' (Sea of Hercules).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Carl |last2=Villeneuve |first2=François |last3=Facey |first3=William |date=2004 |title=A Latin inscription from South Arabia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223821 |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=34 |pages=239–250 |jstor=41223821 |issn=0308-8421 |via=JSTOR |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143002/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223821 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other designations include the {{lang-ar|البحر الأحمر|Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar}} (alternatively {{lang|ar|بحر القلزم}} ''Baḥr Al-Qulzum'', literally "the Sea of [[Clysma]]"), the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ̀nšari'', [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ Yammāʾ summāqā, [[Somali language|Somali]] ''Badda cas'' and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] ''Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī'' (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured ''[[Trichodesmium|Trichodesmium erythraeum]]'' near the water's surface.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Red Sea {{!}} sea, Middle East |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Some{{Who|date=October 2009}} suggest that it refers to the mineral-rich red [[mountain]]s nearby, which are called Harei Edom (Hebrew: הרי אדום). ''[[Edom]]'', meaning "ruddy complexion", is also an alternative [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name for the red-faced biblical character [[Esau]] (brother of [[Jacob]]), and the nation descended from him, the [[Edomites]], which in turn provides yet another possible origin for ''Red Sea''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} --> A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name ''red'' is referring to the direction south, just as the [[Black Sea]]'s name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some [[Pre-Indo-European languages|Asiatic languages]] used color words to refer to the [[5 cardinal point|cardinal directions]].<ref name="ChiTra">{{Cite web |title=How the Red Sea Got its Name |url=http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131326/https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |date=1996 |title=Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea |journal=Hellas und der griechische Osten |publisher=Saarbrücken |pages=219–224}}</ref>
The name in Hebrew ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{lang-he|ים סוף|lit=Sea of Reeds}}) is of biblical origin.
The name in {{Lang-cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ `ⲛϩⲁϩ}} ''Phiom Enhah'' ("Sea of Hah") is connected to [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] root ''ḥ-ḥ'' which refers to water and sea (for example the names of the [[Ogdoad (Egyptian)|Ogdoad]] gods [[Heh (god)|Heh and Hauhet]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vycichl |first=Werner |title=Dictionnaire Etymologique de La Langue Copte |publisher=Peeters |year=1983 |location=Leuven |pages=320}}</ref>
Historically, it was also known to western geographers as ''Mare Mecca'' (Sea of Mecca), and ''Sinus Arabicus'' (Gulf of Arabia).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |publisher=World Digital Library}}</ref> Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael D. Oblath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |title=The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0 |page=53 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> or Gulf of Arabia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Andrew E. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520943728-073 |title=A survey of the Old Testament |last2=Walton |first2=John H. |date=2009 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-28095-8 |edition=3 |location=Grand Rapids, Mich |pages=32|doi=10.1525/9780520943728-073 |s2cid=242765347 }}</ref>
The association of the Red Sea with the [[Bible|biblical]] account of the Israelites [[crossing the Red Sea]] is ancient, and was made explicit in the [[Septuagint]] translation of the [[Book of Exodus]] from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] to [[Koine|Koine Greek]] in approximately the third century BC. In that version, the ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{lang-he|ים סוף|lit=Sea of Reeds}}) is translated as ''Erythra Thalassa'' (Red Sea).
The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common [[color term]]s – the others being the [[Black Sea]], the [[White Sea]] and the [[Yellow Sea]]. The direct rendition of the Greek ''Erythra thalassa'' in Latin as [[Mare Erythraeum]] refers to the north-western part of the [[Indian Ocean]], and also to a region on [[Mars]].
==History==
===Ancient era===
[[File:C+B-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian expedition to the [[Land of Punt]] on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen [[Hatshepsut]]]]
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by [[ancient Egypt]]ians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by [[Hatshepsut]]). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 24]}}</ref>
The biblical [[Book of Exodus]] tells the account of the [[Israelites]]' [[Crossing the Red Sea|crossing of the sea]], which the Hebrew text calls ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{Lang-he|יַם סוּף}}). ''Yam Suph'' was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi [[Saadia Gaon]] (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the [[Torah|Pentateuch]], identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as ''Baḥar al-Qulzum'', meaning the [[Gulf of Suez]].<ref>''Tafsir'', Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, ''et al''.</ref>
In the 6th century BC, [[Darius the Great]], who was a prominent ruler of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in Persia, undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea area and to identify its various navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darius' Red Sea Canal Stele {{!}} cabinet |url=https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.5|Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the [[spice trade]], as described in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'']]
In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the Nile River to the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor to the modern [[Suez Canal]], which was constructed in the 19th century and continues to be one of the world's most important waterways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colburn |first=Henry |date=2021 |title=King Darius' Red Sea Canal |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |journal=FEZANA Journal |language=en-US |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=27–30 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The construction of the canal during Darius's reign is evidenced by ancient records, including inscriptions. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.
In the late 4th century BC, [[Alexander the Great]] sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the [[Indian Ocean]]. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. [[Agatharchides]] collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' ("[[Periplus of the Red Sea]]"), a [[Greek language|Greek]] [[periplus]] written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 32–33]}}</ref> The Periplus also describes how [[Hippalus]] first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to [[India]].
The Red Sea was favored for [[Roman trade with India]] starting with the reign of [[Augustus]], when the [[Roman Empire]] gained control over the Mediterranean, [[Egypt]], and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from [[China]] were introduced to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the [[Aksumite Empire]] around the 3rd century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=East |first=W. Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 |title=The Geography behind History |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-393-00419-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 174–175]}}</ref>
From antiquity [[slavery in Saudi Arabia|until the 20th-century]], the Red Sea was also a trade route of the [[Red Sea slave trade]] from Africa to the Middle East.<ref>The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.</ref>
===Middle Ages and modern era===
During the [[Middle Ages]], the Red Sea was an important part of the [[spice trade]] route. In 1183, [[Raynald of Châtillon]] launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the Muslim pilgrim convoys to Mecca.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Alex |date=2008 |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=143–144 |jstor=27755928 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |url-status=live }}</ref> The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and Medina caused fury throughout the Muslim world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Alex |date=2008 |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=146–147 |jstor=27755928 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it appears that Reynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the Muslim world that Reynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Alex |date=2008 |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=152–153 |jstor=27755928 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] laid [[Siege of Aden|siege to Aden]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitt |first=M. D. D. |title=A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668 |publisher=New York Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-23979-0 |location=London |page=87}}</ref> but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the [[Bab al-Mandab]], as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to have sailed these waters. Later in 1524 the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the [[Ottoman Empire in World War I|Ottomans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600 |year=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-046-8 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1798, [[France]] ordered General [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] to invade [[Egypt]] and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer [[Jean-Baptiste Lepère]], who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the [[Pharaoh]]s. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present [[Sweet Water Canal]], but none lasted for long. The [[Suez Canal]] was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th-century, the [[Red Sea slave trade]] attracted substantional international condemnation.
After the [[Second World War]], the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the [[Six-Day War]] culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
[[Iran|Iranian]]-backed Yemini [[Houthis]] have [[Red Sea crisis|attacked Western ships, including warships]], during the [[Israel–Hamas war|2023-2024 Israel-Hamas war]]. One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/10/houthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault | title=Houthis call west's bluff with renewed Red Sea drone assault | newspaper=The Guardian | date=10 January 2024 | last1=Sabbagh | first1=Dan }}</ref>
==Oceanography==
[[File:ISS036-E-011050.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm, viewed from the [[International Space Station]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100350/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=4 February 2014 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref>]]
[[File:Day Pass down the Red Sea.ogv|thumb|upright=1.35|This video over the south-eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]] and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.]]
The Red Sea is between arid land, [[desert]] and [[semi-desert]]. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]] via the [[Gulf of Aden]]. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sofianos |first1=Sarantis S. |last2=Johns |first2=William E. |date=2002 |title=An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation, 1. Exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=107 |issue=C11 |page=3196 |bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3196S |doi=10.1029/2001JC001184 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The [[climate]] of the Red Sea is the result of two [[monsoon]] seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about {{cvt|26|C|F|0}} in the north and {{cvt|30|C|F|0|}} in the south, with only about {{cvt|2|C-change}} variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is {{cvt|22|C|F|0|}}. Temperature and visibility remain good to around {{cvt|200|m|ft}}. The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
The [[rainfall]] over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging {{cvt|60|mm|in|2}} per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust [[storm]]s. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as {{cvt|2050|mm|in|0}} per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent{{When|date=June 2023}} underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]]<ref>[[BBC 2]] television program "''Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea''", 8 pm–9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2023}} found surface water temperatures {{cvt|28|C|F|0}} in winter and up to {{cvt|34|C|F|0}} in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of [[coral bleaching]], with only 9% infected by ''[[Thalassomonas loyana]]'', the 'white plague' agent. [[Favia|''Favia favus'']] coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills ''T. loyana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>
Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these coral and their [[commensal]] [[algae]] to see if they can be used to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Sunny |date=8 April 2020 |title=The super-corals of the Red Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=[[BBC Future]]}}</ref>
===Salinity===
The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the [[Gulf of Aden]], an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Por |first=F. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |title=The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-0937-3 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[salinity]] ranges from between ~36 [[per mil|‰]] in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the [[Gulf of Suez]], with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's [[seawater]] is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanauer |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |title=The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide |date=1988 |publisher=Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-922769-04-9 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Tidal range===
In general, tide ranges between {{cvt|0.6|m|ft|1}} in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and {{cvt|0.9|m|ft|1}} in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between {{cvt|0.20|m|ft|2}} and {{cvt|0.30|m|ft|2}} away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal [[sabkha]]s as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the [[sabkha]]s through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the [[Shoiaba]] area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as {{cvt|3|km|mi|0}}, whereas north of [[Jeddah]] in the [[Al-Kharrar]] area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as {{cvt|2|km|mi|1}}. The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}} higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed {{cvt|1–2|m/s|0}}. Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>
===Current===
Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}}{{clarify|what does this mean?|date=October 2021}} and are governed all by wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of {{cvt|15–20|cm/s|0}}, whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is {{cvt|50–60|cm/s|0}} with a maximum of {{cvt|1|m/s|ft/s|1}} at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is {{cvt|8–29|cm/s|0}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Wind regime===
The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west [[winds]], with speeds ranging between {{cvt|7|km/h|mph|1}} and {{cvt|12|km/h|mph|1}}. The rest of the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aden]] are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind [[regime]] is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in [[speed]] and [[direction (geometry, geography)|direction]] with average speed generally increasing northward.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patzert |first=William C. |date=1 February 1974 |title=Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471%2874%2990068-0 |journal=Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0 |bibcode=1974DSRA...21..109P |issn=0011-7471}}</ref>
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current [[measurement]] is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morcos |first=S. A. |date=1970 |title=Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review}}</ref>
==Geology==
[[File:Dust red sea.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dust storm]] over the Red Sea]]
The Red Sea was formed by the [[Arabian Peninsula]] being split from the [[Horn of Africa]] by movement of the [[Red Sea Rift]]. This split started in the [[Eocene]] and accelerated during the [[Oligocene]]. The sea is still widening (in 2005, following a three-week period of [[tectonic]] activity it had grown by {{cvt|8|m|ft|disp=sqbr}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Paul |title=Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world |last2=Laking |first2=Anne |publisher=BBC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84-607505-6 |location=London}}</ref> and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of [[John Tuzo Wilson]]). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot [[brine]]s in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, {{cvt|60|C|F}}, saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor [[Rift (geology)|rift]]. [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Asal]] in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.<ref name="Boschetti-1">{{Cite journal |last1=Boschetti |first1=Tiziano |last2=Awaleh |first2=Mohamed Osman |last3=Barbieri |first3=Maurizio |date=2018 |title=Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines |journal=Water |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1700 |doi=10.3390/w10111700 |doi-access=free|hdl=11573/1202448 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.<ref name="Boschetti-1" /> The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |title=Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea |date=1969 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-27120-9 |editor-last=Degens |editor-first=Egon T. |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |editor-last2=Ross |editor-first2=David A. |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162858/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2023}}
Sometime during the [[Tertiary]] period, the [[Bab el Mandeb]] closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been:
*A "race" between the Red Sea widening and [[Perim Island]] [[volcano|erupting]] filling the Bab el Mandeb with [[lava]].
*The lowering of world [[sea level]] during the [[Ice age|Ice Age]]s because of much water being locked up in the [[ice cap]]s.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, [[Jabal al-Tair island]] in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the [[Zubair Group|Zubair Archipelago]], a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2011 |title=MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45807839 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45807839 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Brett |date=28 December 2011 |title=New Island Rises in the Red Sea |url=http://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081422/https://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=LiveScience.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Oskin |first1=Becky |last2=SPACE.com |date=30 May 2015 |title=Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803072542/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands/ |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, with about 25% less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=Red Sea {{!}} Map, Middle East, Shipping, Marine Ecosystems, & Geology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Oil and gas===
Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at 5,041 MMBO. Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at 112,349 BCFG. Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at 3,077 MMBNGL.<ref>Schenk, Christopher. ''World Petroleum Resources Project Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and ...'' https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs//2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107220429/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf |date=7 January 2023 }} .</ref> Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dolson |first1=John C. |last2=Shann |first2=Mark V. |last3=Matbouly |first3=Sayed I. |last4=Hammouda |first4=Hussein |last5=Rashed |first5=Rashed M. |year=2001 |title=Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends |journal=GeoArabia |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=211–230 |bibcode=2001GeoAr...6..211D |doi=10.2113/geoarabia0602211 |s2cid=221322448|doi-access=free }}</ref> Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin. These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the [[Middle Miocene]].
Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick [[Middle Miocene]] Maqna [[formation (geology)|Formation]] is an oil source rock in the basin. [[Oil seep]]s occur near the [[Farasan Islands]], the [[Dahlak Archipelago]], along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindquist |first=Sandra |title=The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A |date=1998 |publisher=US Dept. of the Interior |pages=6–7, 9}}</ref>
===Mineral resources===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Red sea stony beach taba egypt.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast in [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]], [[Egypt]]]]
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
*Biogenic constituents:
:Nanofossils, [[foraminifera]], [[pteropod]]s, siliceous fossils
*[[Volcanogenic lake|Volcanogenic]] constituents:
:[[Tuff]]ites, [[volcanic ash]], [[montmorillonite]], [[cristobalite]], [[zeolite]]s
*Terrigenous constituents:
:[[Quartz]], [[feldspar]]s, rock fragments, [[mica]], heavy minerals, [[clay minerals]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2015-10-07 |title=Sudan, Saudi Arabia discuss minerals exploration in the Red Sea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article55069/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Authigenic minerals:
:[[Sulfide mineral]]s, [[aragonite]], [[calcite]], protodolomite, [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], quartz, [[chalcedony]].
*Evaporite minerals:
:[[Magnesite]], [[gypsum]], [[anhydrite]], [[halite]], [[polyhalite]]
*Brine precipitate:
:Fe-montmorillonite, [[goethite]], [[hematite]], [[siderite]], [[rhodochrosite]], [[pyrite]], [[sphalerite]], anhydrite.
==Ecosystem==
[[File:Hawksbill turtle at Elphinstone Reef, Red Sea, Egypt (35150034493).jpg|thumb|[[Hawksbill sea turtle]] in the [[Elphinstone Reef]]]]
[[File:Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud.JPG|thumb|upright|Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud]]
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |last1=Froese |first1=Rainer |last2=Pauly, Daniel |year=2009 |title=FishBase |url=http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref>, of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else <ref>{{Cite book |last=Siliotti |first=A. |title=Fishes of the red sea |year=2002 |publisher=Geodia Edizioni Internazionali |isbn=978-88-87177-42-8 |editor-last=Verona, Geodia}}</ref>.
Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea — from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fishes — have migrated northward and settled in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the [[Mediterranean Science Commission]].<ref>Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.[https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021]</ref>
[[File:Red sea coral reef.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coral and marine fish]]
The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the {{cvt|2000|km|mi|-1}} of [[coral reef]] extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony [[acropora]] and [[porites]] corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the [[Blue Hole (Red Sea)]] at [[Dahab]]).
The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of [[nudibranch]], many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.<ref name="SAW Yonow">{{Cite magazine |last=Yonow |first=Nathalie |year=2012 |title=Nature's Best-Dressed |url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |url-status=live |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |publisher=Aramco Services Company |volume=63 |pages=2–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220045032/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |number=4}}</ref>. Other coastal Red Sea habitats include [[sea grass]] beds, [[Dry lake|salt pans]], [[mangroves|mangrove]] and [[salt marshes|salt marsh]]. Furthermore the deep Red Sea [[brine pools]] have been extensively studied with regard to their microbial life, characterized by its diversity and adaptation to extreme environments.
The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the [[Ras Mohammed|Ras Mohammed National Park]] in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts who should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans.<ref name="Lieske-1">{{Cite book |last1=Lieske |first1=Ewald |title=Coral reef guide: Red Sea to Gulf of Aden, South Oman |last2=Myers |first2=Robert F. |last3=Fiedler |first3=Klaus E. |publisher=Collins |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-00-715986-4 |location=London}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2023}}
== Desalination plants ==
There is extensive demand for [[Desalination|desalinated]] water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm [[brine]] and treatment chemicals ([[chlorine]] and [[Anti-fouling agent|anti-scalants]]) that [[Coral bleaching|bleach]] and kill [[coral]]s and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mabrook |first=Badr |date=1 August 1994 |title=Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, Egypt |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164%2894%2900108-1 |journal=Desalination |series=Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC World Conference On Desalination and Water Treatment |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(94)00108-1 |bibcode=1994Desal..97..453M |issn=0011-9164 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162814/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0011916494001081?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Trade==
The Red Sea serves an important role in the [[global economy]], with cargo vessels traveling between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea every year, thus shortening the path between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] almost by half (as compared to traveling around Africa via the Atlantic Ocean).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigue |first=Jean-Paul |date=1 November 2017 |title=Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals |url=https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Hofstra University |language=en-US |publication-place=New York |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204437/https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.<ref name="rsce">{{cite news |last=Yerushalmy |first=Jonathan |date=20 December 2023 |title=Red Sea crisis explained: what is happening and what does it mean for global trade? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/red-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> This includes 30% of global [[Container ship|container]] traffic.<ref name="rsce"/>
===Tourism===
[[File:Elath Eilat Israel Strand Hotel datafox.jpg|thumb|Hotels in [[Eilat]], [[Israel]]]]
The sea is known for its [[recreational diving]] sites, such as [[Ras Mohammed]], [[SS Thistlegorm]] (shipwreck), [[Elphinstone Reef]], [[The Brothers, Egypt|The Brothers]], [[Daedalus Reef]], [[St. John's Reef]], [[Rocky Island (Egypt)|Rocky Island]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scuba Diving in Egypt – Red Sea – Dive The World Vacations |url=http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214316/http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013 |website=www.dive-the-world.com}}</ref> and less known sites in [[Sudan]] such as [[Sanganeb]], [[Abington, Sudan|Abington]], [[Angarosh]] and [[Shaab Rumi]].
The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of [[Hans Hass]] in the 1950s, and later by [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]].<ref name="Cousteau">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |title=Jacques Cousteau's underworld village in the Red Sea |date=23 April 2010 |publisher=BBC Earth |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627162343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |archive-date=27 June 2018 |url-status=live |people=Philippe Cousteau Jnr}}</ref> Popular tourist resorts include [[El Gouna]], [[Hurghada]], [[Safaga]], [[Marsa Alam]], on the west shore of the Red Sea, and [[Sharm-el-Sheikh]], [[Dahab]], and [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]] on the [[Egypt]]ian side of [[Sinaï]], as well as [[Aqaba]] in [[Jordan]] and [[Eilat]] in [[Israel]] in an area known as the [[Red Sea Riviera]].
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious [[2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks|shark attacks]], including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coast line in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Saudi Arabia's 'The Red Sea Project' breaks ground on coastal village |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>
{{see also|2016 Hurghada attack|2017 Hurghada attack|2006 Dahab bombings|2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings|2004 Sinai bombings|Metrojet Flight 9268}}
Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.<ref name="WalshKaraszDeath">{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Karasz |first2=Palko |date=24 August 2018 |title=Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="RegevCriticalBlow">{{Cite news |last=Regev |first=Dana |date=15 July 2017 |title=Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow |publisher=DW |url=http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |archive-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>
===Security===
{{See also|Red Sea crisis}}
The Red Sea is part of the [[sea road]]s between [[Europe]], the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[East Asia]], and as such has heavy [[shipping|shipping traffic]]. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the [[Port Said Port Authority]], [[Suez Canal Authority]] and [[Red Sea Ports Authority]] of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan Maritime Authority]], [[Israel Port Authority]], [[Saudi Ports Authority]] and [[Sea Ports Corporation, Sudan|Sea Ports Corporation]] of [[Sudan]].
[[Houthi]] rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war on [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]]. <ref name="rsce" /> In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes have dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Middle East faces economic chaos |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos |access-date=2024-01-21 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]].<ref name="rsce" /> In January 2024, US and British forces undertook dozens of air and sea strikes on Houthi targets in Yemen. US President Joe Biden reportedly authorized strikes, despite not having congressional approval. <ref name="ikp">{{cite news |last=Fazeli |first=Yaghoub |date=16 January 2024 |title=Iran's Khamenei praises Houthis' Red Sea attacks, hopes they will continue |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/16/Iran-s-Khamenei-praises-Houthis-Red-Sea-attacks-hopes-they-will-continue |work=Alarabiya News |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
==Bordering countries==
[[File:Red Sea map.svg|thumb|A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries]]
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
*Eastern shore:
**[[Saudi Arabia]]
**[[Yemen]]
*Western shore:
**[[Egypt]]
**[[Sudan]]
**[[Eritrea]]
**[[Djibouti]]
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, [[Israel]], [[Jordan]] and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as [[Somalia]] are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.<ref name="Barth">{{Cite book |last=Barth |first=Hans-Jörg |title=Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2 |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6 |page=148}}</ref><ref name="Makinda">{{Cite book |last=Makinda |first=Samuel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cYOAAAAQAAJ |title=Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7099-4662-5 |page=37}}</ref>
==Towns and cities==
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ain Sokhna]], Egypt (العين السخنة)
*[[Al Hudaydah]], Yemen (الحديدة)
*[[Al Lith]], Saudi Arabia (الليِّث)
*[[Al Qunfudhah]], Saudi Arabia (القنفذة)
*[[Al-Qusayr, Egypt|Al-Qusair]], Egypt (القصير)
*[[Al Wajh]], Saudi Arabia (الوجه)
*[[Aqaba]], Jordan (العقبة)
*[[Asseb]], Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب)
*[[Dahab]], Egypt (دهب)
*[[Duba, Saudi Arabia|Duba]], Saudi Arabia (ضباء)
*[[Eilat]], Israel (אילת)
*[[El Gouna]], Egypt (الجونة)
*[[El Tor, Egypt|El Tor]], Egypt (الطور)
*[[Suez]], Egypt (السويس)
*[[Hala'ib]], Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed)
*[[Haql]], Saudi Arabia (حقل)
*[[Hirgigo]], Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو)
*[[Hurghada]], Egypt (الغردقة)
*[[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia (جدة)
*[[Jizan|Jazan]], Saudi Arabia (جازان)
*[[Marsa Alam]], Egypt (مرسى علم)
*[[Massawa]], Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع)
*[[Mokha]], Yemen (المُخا)
*[[Moulhoule]], Djibouti (مول هولة)
*[[Nuweiba]], Egypt (نويبع)
*[[Port Sudan]], Sudan (بورت سودان)
*[[Rabigh]], Saudi Arabia (رابغ)
*[[Safaga]], Egypt (سفاجا)
*[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt (شرم الشيخ)
*[[Soma Bay]], Egypt (سوما باي)
*[[Suakin]], Sudan (سواكن)
*[[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]], Egypt (طابا)
*[[Thuwal]], Saudi Arabia (ثول)
*[[Yanbu]], Saudi Arabia (ينبع)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Ocean|Water|Asia|Africa}}
*[[Benjamin Kahn]]
*{{MS|al-Salam Boccaccio 98}} ferry disaster
*[[Crossing the Red Sea]], a Biblical tale from the [[Book of Exodus]]
*[[Red Sea Dam]]
*[[Robert Moresby]]
*[[The Red Sea Project]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Red Sea | volume= 22 |last1= Dickson |first1= Henry Newton |author1-link= Henry Newton Dickson | pages = 970–971 |short=1}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=W. Kenneth |title=Earth's Dynamic Systems |last2=Christiansen |first2=Eric H. |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-13-745373-3 |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River |name-list-style=amp}}
*Miran, Jonathan. (2018). "The Red Sea," in David Armitage, Alison Bashford and [[Sujit Sivasundaram]] (eds.), ''Oceanic Histories'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 156–181.
==External links==
{{sister project links}}
*[http://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs.html Red Sea Coral Reefs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html Red Sea Photography]
*{{Cite web |last1=Potts |first1=D.T. |last2=Gillies |first2=Sean |last3=Scalfano |first3=Perry |last4=Talbert |first4=R. |last5=Elliott |first5=Tom |last6=Becker |first6=Jeffrey |date=2 March 2021 |title=Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare) |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Pleiades}}
{{List of African seas}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Countries bordering the Red Sea}}
{{Corals}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Red Sea| ]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egypt–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Eritrea–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Marine ecoregions]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabia–Yemen border]]
[[Category:Suez Canal]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Gulfs of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Geography of East Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Horn of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Egypt]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Israel]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Jordan]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Sudan]]
[[Category:Seas of Yemen]]
[[Category:Inlets of Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Confusing|date=June 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{About|the body of water between Asia and Africa}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Red Sea<br>gugugaga de president van turkijke is een pedo
| image_bathymetry = Red Sea topographic map-en.jpg
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[North Africa]], [[East Africa]], and [[West Asia]]
| coords = {{Coord|22|N|38|E|region:EG_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Sea]]
| inflow = [[Gulf of Aden]], [[Gulf of Suez]]
| outflow = [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], [[Suez Canal]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = * {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}
* {{flag|Eritrea}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Yemen}}
| length = {{cvt|2250|km|mi}}
| width = {{cvt|355|km|mi}}
| area = {{cvt|438000|km2|sqmi}}
| depth = {{cvt|490|m|ft}}
| max-depth = {{cvt|3040|m|ft}}
| volume = {{cvt|233000|km3|cumi}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| cities =
}}
{{Contains special characters}}
The '''Red Sea''' is a sea [[inlet]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. To its north lie the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gulf of Aqaba]], and the [[Gulf of Suez]]—leading to the [[Suez Canal]]. It is underlain by the [[Red Sea Rift]], which is part of the [[Great Rift Valley]].
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly {{cvt|438,000|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006 |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> is about {{cvt|2250|km|mi}} long, and {{cvt|355|km|mi}} wide at its widest point. It has an average depth of {{cvt|490|m|ft}}, and in the central ''Suakin Trough'' it reaches its maximum depth of {{cvt|3040|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dinwiddie |first=Robert |title=Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed |date=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7566-2205-3 |editor-last=Thomas |editor-first=Louise |location=London |pages=452}}</ref>
Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, and about 25% is less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and [[coral]]s. More than 1,000 [[invertebrate]] species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost [[tropical]] sea, and has been designated a [[Global 200]] ecoregion.
==Extent==
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref>{{blockquote|''On the North.'' The Southern limits of the [[Gulf of Suez|Gulfs of Suez]] [A line running from [[Ras Muhammad National Park|Ràs Muhammed]] (27°43'N) to the South point of [[Shadwan]] Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of [[Africa]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and [[Gulf of Aqaba|Aqaba]] [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ({{coord|27|57|N|34|36|E|display=inline}}) through [[Tiran Island]] to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the [[Sinai Peninsula]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>.
''On the South.'' A line joining [[Hisn Murad|Husn Murad]] ({{coord|12|40|N|43|30|E|display=inline}}) and [[Ras Siyyan]] ({{coord|12|29|N|43|20|E|display=inline}}).}}
==Exclusive economic zone==
[[Exclusive economic zones]] in Red Sea:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us {{!}} Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
! Number
! Country
! Area (Km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| align=center|1 || {{KSA}} || align=center|186,392
|-
| align=center|2 || {{SUD}} || align=center|92,513
|-
| align=center|3 || {{EGY}} || align=center|91,279
|-
| align=center|4 || {{ERI}} || align=center|78,383
|-
| align=center|5 || {{YEM}} || align=center|35,861
|-
| align=center|6 || {{DJI}} || align=center|7,037
|- style="background:#9acdff;"
!Total
|'''Red Sea''' || align=center|'''491,465'''
|}
Note: [[Halaib Triangle|Hala'ib Triangle]] disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both.
==Names==
[[File:Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen.jpg|thumb|[[Tihama]] on the Red Sea near Khaukha, [[Yemen]]]]
[[File:Empty Coast in Farasan Island.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast seen from [[Farasan Islands]]]]
Red Sea has names in many languages (Modern {{lang-ar|البحر الأحمر|translit=al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar}}, Medieval {{lang-ar|بحر القلزم|translit=Baḥr al-Qulzum|link=no}}; {{Lang-hbo|יַם-סוּף|translit=[[Yam Suph|Yam Sūp̄]]}} or {{Lang-he|הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם|translit=hayYām hāʾĀḏōm}}; [[Coptic language|Coptic]]: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ''Qeyih Bahri''; {{Lang-so|Badda Cas }}; [[Afar language|Afar]]: "Qasa Bad".
''Red Sea'' is a direct translation of the [[Ancient Greek]] ''Erythra Thalassa'' ({{lang|grc|Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα}}). The sea itself was once referred to as the [[Erythraean Sea]] by Europeans. As well as ''Mare Rubrum'' in [[Latin]] (alternatively ''Sinus Arabicus'', literally "Arabian Gulf"), the Romans called it ''Pontus Herculis'' (Sea of Hercules).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Carl |last2=Villeneuve |first2=François |last3=Facey |first3=William |date=2004 |title=A Latin inscription from South Arabia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223821 |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=34 |pages=239–250 |jstor=41223821 |issn=0308-8421 |via=JSTOR |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143002/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223821 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other designations include the {{lang-ar|البحر الأحمر|Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar}} (alternatively {{lang|ar|بحر القلزم}} ''Baḥr Al-Qulzum'', literally "the Sea of [[Clysma]]"), the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ̀nšari'', [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ Yammāʾ summāqā, [[Somali language|Somali]] ''Badda cas'' and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] ''Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī'' (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured ''[[Trichodesmium|Trichodesmium erythraeum]]'' near the water's surface.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Red Sea {{!}} sea, Middle East |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Some{{Who|date=October 2009}} suggest that it refers to the mineral-rich red [[mountain]]s nearby, which are called Harei Edom (Hebrew: הרי אדום). ''[[Edom]]'', meaning "ruddy complexion", is also an alternative [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name for the red-faced biblical character [[Esau]] (brother of [[Jacob]]), and the nation descended from him, the [[Edomites]], which in turn provides yet another possible origin for ''Red Sea''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} --> A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name ''red'' is referring to the direction south, just as the [[Black Sea]]'s name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some [[Pre-Indo-European languages|Asiatic languages]] used color words to refer to the [[5 cardinal point|cardinal directions]].<ref name="ChiTra">{{Cite web |title=How the Red Sea Got its Name |url=http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131326/https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |date=1996 |title=Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea |journal=Hellas und der griechische Osten |publisher=Saarbrücken |pages=219–224}}</ref>
The name in Hebrew ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{lang-he|ים סוף|lit=Sea of Reeds}}) is of biblical origin.
The name in {{Lang-cop|ⲫⲓⲟⲙ `ⲛϩⲁϩ}} ''Phiom Enhah'' ("Sea of Hah") is connected to [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] root ''ḥ-ḥ'' which refers to water and sea (for example the names of the [[Ogdoad (Egyptian)|Ogdoad]] gods [[Heh (god)|Heh and Hauhet]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vycichl |first=Werner |title=Dictionnaire Etymologique de La Langue Copte |publisher=Peeters |year=1983 |location=Leuven |pages=320}}</ref>
Historically, it was also known to western geographers as ''Mare Mecca'' (Sea of Mecca), and ''Sinus Arabicus'' (Gulf of Arabia).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/ |archive-date=5 June 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |publisher=World Digital Library}}</ref> Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael D. Oblath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |title=The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0 |page=53 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> or Gulf of Arabia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Andrew E. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520943728-073 |title=A survey of the Old Testament |last2=Walton |first2=John H. |date=2009 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0-310-28095-8 |edition=3 |location=Grand Rapids, Mich |pages=32|doi=10.1525/9780520943728-073 |s2cid=242765347 }}</ref>
The association of the Red Sea with the [[Bible|biblical]] account of the Israelites [[crossing the Red Sea]] is ancient, and was made explicit in the [[Septuagint]] translation of the [[Book of Exodus]] from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] to [[Koine|Koine Greek]] in approximately the third century BC. In that version, the ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{lang-he|ים סוף|lit=Sea of Reeds}}) is translated as ''Erythra Thalassa'' (Red Sea).
The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common [[color term]]s – the others being the [[Black Sea]], the [[White Sea]] and the [[Yellow Sea]]. The direct rendition of the Greek ''Erythra thalassa'' in Latin as [[Mare Erythraeum]] refers to the north-western part of the [[Indian Ocean]], and also to a region on [[Mars]].
==History==
===Ancient era===
[[File:C+B-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian expedition to the [[Land of Punt]] on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen [[Hatshepsut]]]]
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by [[ancient Egypt]]ians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by [[Hatshepsut]]). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24 24]}}</ref>
The biblical [[Book of Exodus]] tells the account of the [[Israelites]]' [[Crossing the Red Sea|crossing of the sea]], which the Hebrew text calls ''[[Yam Suph]]'' ({{Lang-he|יַם סוּף}}). ''Yam Suph'' was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi [[Saadia Gaon]] (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the [[Torah|Pentateuch]], identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as ''Baḥar al-Qulzum'', meaning the [[Gulf of Suez]].<ref>''Tafsir'', Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, ''et al''.</ref>
In the 6th century BC, [[Darius the Great]], who was a prominent ruler of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in Persia, undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea area and to identify its various navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darius' Red Sea Canal Stele {{!}} cabinet |url=https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.5|Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the [[spice trade]], as described in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'']]
In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the Nile River to the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor to the modern [[Suez Canal]], which was constructed in the 19th century and continues to be one of the world's most important waterways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colburn |first=Henry |date=2021 |title=King Darius' Red Sea Canal |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |journal=FEZANA Journal |language=en-US |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=27–30 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The construction of the canal during Darius's reign is evidenced by ancient records, including inscriptions. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.
In the late 4th century BC, [[Alexander the Great]] sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the [[Indian Ocean]]. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. [[Agatharchides]] collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' ("[[Periplus of the Red Sea]]"), a [[Greek language|Greek]] [[periplus]] written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandez-Armesto |first=Felipe |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 32–33]}}</ref> The Periplus also describes how [[Hippalus]] first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to [[India]].
The Red Sea was favored for [[Roman trade with India]] starting with the reign of [[Augustus]], when the [[Roman Empire]] gained control over the Mediterranean, [[Egypt]], and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from [[China]] were introduced to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the [[Aksumite Empire]] around the 3rd century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=East |first=W. Gordon |url=https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 |title=The Geography behind History |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-393-00419-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 174–175]}}</ref>
From antiquity [[slavery in Saudi Arabia|until the 20th-century]], the Red Sea was also a trade route of the [[Red Sea slave trade]] from Africa to the Middle East.<ref>The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.</ref>
===Middle Ages and modern era===
During the [[Middle Ages]], the Red Sea was an important part of the [[spice trade]] route. In 1183, [[Raynald of Châtillon]] launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the Muslim pilgrim convoys to Mecca.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Alex |date=2008 |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=143–144 |jstor=27755928 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |url-status=live }}</ref> The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and Medina caused fury throughout the Muslim world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Alex |date=2008 |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=146–147 |jstor=27755928 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it appears that Reynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the Muslim world that Reynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallett |first=Alex |date=2008 |title=A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=152–153 |jstor=27755928 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] laid [[Siege of Aden|siege to Aden]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitt |first=M. D. D. |title=A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668 |publisher=New York Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-23979-0 |location=London |page=87}}</ref> but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the [[Bab al-Mandab]], as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to have sailed these waters. Later in 1524 the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the [[Ottoman Empire in World War I|Ottomans]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600 |year=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-046-8 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1798, [[France]] ordered General [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] to invade [[Egypt]] and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer [[Jean-Baptiste Lepère]], who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the [[Pharaoh]]s. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present [[Sweet Water Canal]], but none lasted for long. The [[Suez Canal]] was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th-century, the [[Red Sea slave trade]] attracted substantional international condemnation.
After the [[Second World War]], the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the [[Six-Day War]] culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
[[Iran|Iranian]]-backed Yemini [[Houthis]] have [[Red Sea crisis|attacked Western ships, including warships]], during the [[Israel–Hamas war|2023-2024 Israel-Hamas war]]. One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/10/houthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault | title=Houthis call west's bluff with renewed Red Sea drone assault | newspaper=The Guardian | date=10 January 2024 | last1=Sabbagh | first1=Dan }}</ref>
==Oceanography==
[[File:ISS036-E-011050.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm, viewed from the [[International Space Station]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100350/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=4 February 2014 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref>]]
[[File:Day Pass down the Red Sea.ogv|thumb|upright=1.35|This video over the south-eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]] and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.]]
The Red Sea is between arid land, [[desert]] and [[semi-desert]]. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]] via the [[Gulf of Aden]]. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sofianos |first1=Sarantis S. |last2=Johns |first2=William E. |date=2002 |title=An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation, 1. Exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=107 |issue=C11 |page=3196 |bibcode=2002JGRC..107.3196S |doi=10.1029/2001JC001184 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The [[climate]] of the Red Sea is the result of two [[monsoon]] seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about {{cvt|26|C|F|0}} in the north and {{cvt|30|C|F|0|}} in the south, with only about {{cvt|2|C-change}} variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is {{cvt|22|C|F|0|}}. Temperature and visibility remain good to around {{cvt|200|m|ft}}. The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
The [[rainfall]] over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging {{cvt|60|mm|in|2}} per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust [[storm]]s. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as {{cvt|2050|mm|in|0}} per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent{{When|date=June 2023}} underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]]<ref>[[BBC 2]] television program "''Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea''", 8 pm–9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2023}} found surface water temperatures {{cvt|28|C|F|0}} in winter and up to {{cvt|34|C|F|0}} in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of [[coral bleaching]], with only 9% infected by ''[[Thalassomonas loyana]]'', the 'white plague' agent. [[Favia|''Favia favus'']] coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills ''T. loyana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>
Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these coral and their [[commensal]] [[algae]] to see if they can be used to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Sunny |date=8 April 2020 |title=The super-corals of the Red Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=[[BBC Future]]}}</ref>
===Salinity===
The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the [[Gulf of Aden]], an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Por |first=F. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |title=The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-0937-3 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[salinity]] ranges from between ~36 [[per mil|‰]] in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the [[Gulf of Suez]], with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's [[seawater]] is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanauer |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |title=The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide |date=1988 |publisher=Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0-922769-04-9 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Tidal range===
In general, tide ranges between {{cvt|0.6|m|ft|1}} in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and {{cvt|0.9|m|ft|1}} in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between {{cvt|0.20|m|ft|2}} and {{cvt|0.30|m|ft|2}} away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal [[sabkha]]s as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the [[sabkha]]s through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the [[Shoiaba]] area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as {{cvt|3|km|mi|0}}, whereas north of [[Jeddah]] in the [[Al-Kharrar]] area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as {{cvt|2|km|mi|1}}. The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}} higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed {{cvt|1–2|m/s|0}}. Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>
===Current===
Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}}{{clarify|what does this mean?|date=October 2021}} and are governed all by wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of {{cvt|15–20|cm/s|0}}, whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is {{cvt|50–60|cm/s|0}} with a maximum of {{cvt|1|m/s|ft/s|1}} at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is {{cvt|8–29|cm/s|0}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
===Wind regime===
The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west [[winds]], with speeds ranging between {{cvt|7|km/h|mph|1}} and {{cvt|12|km/h|mph|1}}. The rest of the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aden]] are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind [[regime]] is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in [[speed]] and [[direction (geometry, geography)|direction]] with average speed generally increasing northward.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patzert |first=William C. |date=1 February 1974 |title=Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471%2874%2990068-0 |journal=Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0 |bibcode=1974DSRA...21..109P |issn=0011-7471}}</ref>
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current [[measurement]] is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morcos |first=S. A. |date=1970 |title=Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review}}</ref>
==Geology==
[[File:Dust red sea.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dust storm]] over the Red Sea]]
The Red Sea was formed by the [[Arabian Peninsula]] being split from the [[Horn of Africa]] by movement of the [[Red Sea Rift]]. This split started in the [[Eocene]] and accelerated during the [[Oligocene]]. The sea is still widening (in 2005, following a three-week period of [[tectonic]] activity it had grown by {{cvt|8|m|ft|disp=sqbr}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Paul |title=Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world |last2=Laking |first2=Anne |publisher=BBC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84-607505-6 |location=London}}</ref> and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of [[John Tuzo Wilson]]). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot [[brine]]s in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, {{cvt|60|C|F}}, saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor [[Rift (geology)|rift]]. [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Asal]] in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.<ref name="Boschetti-1">{{Cite journal |last1=Boschetti |first1=Tiziano |last2=Awaleh |first2=Mohamed Osman |last3=Barbieri |first3=Maurizio |date=2018 |title=Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines |journal=Water |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1700 |doi=10.3390/w10111700 |doi-access=free|hdl=11573/1202448 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.<ref name="Boschetti-1" /> The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |title=Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea |date=1969 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-27120-9 |editor-last=Degens |editor-first=Egon T. |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |editor-last2=Ross |editor-first2=David A. |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162858/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2023}}
Sometime during the [[Tertiary]] period, the [[Bab el Mandeb]] closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been:
*A "race" between the Red Sea widening and [[Perim Island]] [[volcano|erupting]] filling the Bab el Mandeb with [[lava]].
*The lowering of world [[sea level]] during the [[Ice age|Ice Age]]s because of much water being locked up in the [[ice cap]]s.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, [[Jabal al-Tair island]] in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the [[Zubair Group|Zubair Archipelago]], a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2011 |title=MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45807839 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45807839 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Brett |date=28 December 2011 |title=New Island Rises in the Red Sea |url=http://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081422/https://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=LiveScience.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Oskin |first1=Becky |last2=SPACE.com |date=30 May 2015 |title=Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803072542/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands/ |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than {{cvt|100|m|ft}} deep, with about 25% less than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=Red Sea {{!}} Map, Middle East, Shipping, Marine Ecosystems, & Geology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Oil and gas===
Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at 5,041 MMBO. Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at 112,349 BCFG. Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at 3,077 MMBNGL.<ref>Schenk, Christopher. ''World Petroleum Resources Project Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and ...'' https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs//2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107220429/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf |date=7 January 2023 }} .</ref> Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dolson |first1=John C. |last2=Shann |first2=Mark V. |last3=Matbouly |first3=Sayed I. |last4=Hammouda |first4=Hussein |last5=Rashed |first5=Rashed M. |year=2001 |title=Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends |journal=GeoArabia |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=211–230 |bibcode=2001GeoAr...6..211D |doi=10.2113/geoarabia0602211 |s2cid=221322448|doi-access=free }}</ref> Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin. These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the [[Middle Miocene]].
Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick [[Middle Miocene]] Maqna [[formation (geology)|Formation]] is an oil source rock in the basin. [[Oil seep]]s occur near the [[Farasan Islands]], the [[Dahlak Archipelago]], along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindquist |first=Sandra |title=The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A |date=1998 |publisher=US Dept. of the Interior |pages=6–7, 9}}</ref>
===Mineral resources===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Red sea stony beach taba egypt.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coast in [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]], [[Egypt]]]]
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
*Biogenic constituents:
:Nanofossils, [[foraminifera]], [[pteropod]]s, siliceous fossils
*[[Volcanogenic lake|Volcanogenic]] constituents:
:[[Tuff]]ites, [[volcanic ash]], [[montmorillonite]], [[cristobalite]], [[zeolite]]s
*Terrigenous constituents:
:[[Quartz]], [[feldspar]]s, rock fragments, [[mica]], heavy minerals, [[clay minerals]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2015-10-07 |title=Sudan, Saudi Arabia discuss minerals exploration in the Red Sea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article55069/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Authigenic minerals:
:[[Sulfide mineral]]s, [[aragonite]], [[calcite]], protodolomite, [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], quartz, [[chalcedony]].
*Evaporite minerals:
:[[Magnesite]], [[gypsum]], [[anhydrite]], [[halite]], [[polyhalite]]
*Brine precipitate:
:Fe-montmorillonite, [[goethite]], [[hematite]], [[siderite]], [[rhodochrosite]], [[pyrite]], [[sphalerite]], anhydrite.
==Ecosystem==
[[File:Hawksbill turtle at Elphinstone Reef, Red Sea, Egypt (35150034493).jpg|thumb|[[Hawksbill sea turtle]] in the [[Elphinstone Reef]]]]
[[File:Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud.JPG|thumb|upright|Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud]]
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea <ref name="fishbase">{{Cite web |last1=Froese |first1=Rainer |last2=Pauly, Daniel |year=2009 |title=FishBase |url=http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref>, of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else <ref>{{Cite book |last=Siliotti |first=A. |title=Fishes of the red sea |year=2002 |publisher=Geodia Edizioni Internazionali |isbn=978-88-87177-42-8 |editor-last=Verona, Geodia}}</ref>.
Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea — from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fishes — have migrated northward and settled in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the [[Mediterranean Science Commission]].<ref>Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.[https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021]</ref>
[[File:Red sea coral reef.jpg|thumb|Red Sea coral and marine fish]]
The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the {{cvt|2000|km|mi|-1}} of [[coral reef]] extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony [[acropora]] and [[porites]] corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the [[Blue Hole (Red Sea)]] at [[Dahab]]).
The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of [[nudibranch]], many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.<ref name="SAW Yonow">{{Cite magazine |last=Yonow |first=Nathalie |year=2012 |title=Nature's Best-Dressed |url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |url-status=live |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |publisher=Aramco Services Company |volume=63 |pages=2–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220045032/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |number=4}}</ref>. Other coastal Red Sea habitats include [[sea grass]] beds, [[Dry lake|salt pans]], [[mangroves|mangrove]] and [[salt marshes|salt marsh]]. Furthermore the deep Red Sea [[brine pools]] have been extensively studied with regard to their microbial life, characterized by its diversity and adaptation to extreme environments.
The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the [[Ras Mohammed|Ras Mohammed National Park]] in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts who should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans.<ref name="Lieske-1">{{Cite book |last1=Lieske |first1=Ewald |title=Coral reef guide: Red Sea to Gulf of Aden, South Oman |last2=Myers |first2=Robert F. |last3=Fiedler |first3=Klaus E. |publisher=Collins |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-00-715986-4 |location=London}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2023}}
== Desalination plants ==
There is extensive demand for [[Desalination|desalinated]] water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm [[brine]] and treatment chemicals ([[chlorine]] and [[Anti-fouling agent|anti-scalants]]) that [[Coral bleaching|bleach]] and kill [[coral]]s and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mabrook |first=Badr |date=1 August 1994 |title=Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, Egypt |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164%2894%2900108-1 |journal=Desalination |series=Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC World Conference On Desalination and Water Treatment |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(94)00108-1 |bibcode=1994Desal..97..453M |issn=0011-9164 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162814/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0011916494001081?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Trade==
The Red Sea serves an important role in the [[global economy]], with cargo vessels traveling between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea every year, thus shortening the path between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] almost by half (as compared to traveling around Africa via the Atlantic Ocean).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigue |first=Jean-Paul |date=1 November 2017 |title=Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals |url=https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |publisher=Hofstra University |language=en-US |publication-place=New York |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204437/https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.<ref name="rsce">{{cite news |last=Yerushalmy |first=Jonathan |date=20 December 2023 |title=Red Sea crisis explained: what is happening and what does it mean for global trade? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/red-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> This includes 30% of global [[Container ship|container]] traffic.<ref name="rsce"/>
===Tourism===
[[File:Elath Eilat Israel Strand Hotel datafox.jpg|thumb|Hotels in [[Eilat]], [[Israel]]]]
The sea is known for its [[recreational diving]] sites, such as [[Ras Mohammed]], [[SS Thistlegorm]] (shipwreck), [[Elphinstone Reef]], [[The Brothers, Egypt|The Brothers]], [[Daedalus Reef]], [[St. John's Reef]], [[Rocky Island (Egypt)|Rocky Island]] in [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scuba Diving in Egypt – Red Sea – Dive The World Vacations |url=http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214316/http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013 |website=www.dive-the-world.com}}</ref> and less known sites in [[Sudan]] such as [[Sanganeb]], [[Abington, Sudan|Abington]], [[Angarosh]] and [[Shaab Rumi]].
The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of [[Hans Hass]] in the 1950s, and later by [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]].<ref name="Cousteau">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |title=Jacques Cousteau's underworld village in the Red Sea |date=23 April 2010 |publisher=BBC Earth |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627162343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro |archive-date=27 June 2018 |url-status=live |people=Philippe Cousteau Jnr}}</ref> Popular tourist resorts include [[El Gouna]], [[Hurghada]], [[Safaga]], [[Marsa Alam]], on the west shore of the Red Sea, and [[Sharm-el-Sheikh]], [[Dahab]], and [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]] on the [[Egypt]]ian side of [[Sinaï]], as well as [[Aqaba]] in [[Jordan]] and [[Eilat]] in [[Israel]] in an area known as the [[Red Sea Riviera]].
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious [[2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks|shark attacks]], including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coast line in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Saudi Arabia's 'The Red Sea Project' breaks ground on coastal village |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>
{{see also|2016 Hurghada attack|2017 Hurghada attack|2006 Dahab bombings|2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings|2004 Sinai bombings|Metrojet Flight 9268}}
Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.<ref name="WalshKaraszDeath">{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Karasz |first2=Palko |date=24 August 2018 |title=Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="RegevCriticalBlow">{{Cite news |last=Regev |first=Dana |date=15 July 2017 |title=Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow |publisher=DW |url=http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321 |archive-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>
===Security===
{{See also|Red Sea crisis}}
The Red Sea is part of the [[sea road]]s between [[Europe]], the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[East Asia]], and as such has heavy [[shipping|shipping traffic]]. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the [[Port Said Port Authority]], [[Suez Canal Authority]] and [[Red Sea Ports Authority]] of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan Maritime Authority]], [[Israel Port Authority]], [[Saudi Ports Authority]] and [[Sea Ports Corporation, Sudan|Sea Ports Corporation]] of [[Sudan]].
[[Houthi]] rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war on [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]]. <ref name="rsce" /> In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes have dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Middle East faces economic chaos |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos |access-date=2024-01-21 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]].<ref name="rsce" /> In January 2024, US and British forces undertook dozens of air and sea strikes on Houthi targets in Yemen. US President Joe Biden reportedly authorized strikes, despite not having congressional approval. <ref name="ikp">{{cite news |last=Fazeli |first=Yaghoub |date=16 January 2024 |title=Iran's Khamenei praises Houthis' Red Sea attacks, hopes they will continue |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/16/Iran-s-Khamenei-praises-Houthis-Red-Sea-attacks-hopes-they-will-continue |work=Alarabiya News |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
==Bordering countries==
[[File:Red Sea map.svg|thumb|A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries]]
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
*Eastern shore:
**[[Saudi Arabia]]
**[[Yemen]]
*Western shore:
**[[Egypt]]
**[[Sudan]]
**[[Eritrea]]
**[[Djibouti]]
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, [[Israel]], [[Jordan]] and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as [[Somalia]] are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.<ref name="Barth">{{Cite book |last=Barth |first=Hans-Jörg |title=Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2 |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6 |page=148}}</ref><ref name="Makinda">{{Cite book |last=Makinda |first=Samuel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cYOAAAAQAAJ |title=Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7099-4662-5 |page=37}}</ref>
==Towns and cities==
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ain Sokhna]], Egypt (العين السخنة)
*[[Al Hudaydah]], Yemen (الحديدة)
*[[Al Lith]], Saudi Arabia (الليِّث)
*[[Al Qunfudhah]], Saudi Arabia (القنفذة)
*[[Al-Qusayr, Egypt|Al-Qusair]], Egypt (القصير)
*[[Al Wajh]], Saudi Arabia (الوجه)
*[[Aqaba]], Jordan (العقبة)
*[[Asseb]], Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب)
*[[Dahab]], Egypt (دهب)
*[[Duba, Saudi Arabia|Duba]], Saudi Arabia (ضباء)
*[[Eilat]], Israel (אילת)
*[[El Gouna]], Egypt (الجونة)
*[[El Tor, Egypt|El Tor]], Egypt (الطور)
*[[Suez]], Egypt (السويس)
*[[Hala'ib]], Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed)
*[[Haql]], Saudi Arabia (حقل)
*[[Hirgigo]], Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو)
*[[Hurghada]], Egypt (الغردقة)
*[[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia (جدة)
*[[Jizan|Jazan]], Saudi Arabia (جازان)
*[[Marsa Alam]], Egypt (مرسى علم)
*[[Massawa]], Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع)
*[[Mokha]], Yemen (المُخا)
*[[Moulhoule]], Djibouti (مول هولة)
*[[Nuweiba]], Egypt (نويبع)
*[[Port Sudan]], Sudan (بورت سودان)
*[[Rabigh]], Saudi Arabia (رابغ)
*[[Safaga]], Egypt (سفاجا)
*[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt (شرم الشيخ)
*[[Soma Bay]], Egypt (سوما باي)
*[[Suakin]], Sudan (سواكن)
*[[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]], Egypt (طابا)
*[[Thuwal]], Saudi Arabia (ثول)
*[[Yanbu]], Saudi Arabia (ينبع)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Ocean|Water|Asia|Africa}}
*[[Benjamin Kahn]]
*{{MS|al-Salam Boccaccio 98}} ferry disaster
*[[Crossing the Red Sea]], a Biblical tale from the [[Book of Exodus]]
*[[Red Sea Dam]]
*[[Robert Moresby]]
*[[The Red Sea Project]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Red Sea | volume= 22 |last1= Dickson |first1= Henry Newton |author1-link= Henry Newton Dickson | pages = 970–971 |short=1}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=W. Kenneth |title=Earth's Dynamic Systems |last2=Christiansen |first2=Eric H. |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-13-745373-3 |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River |name-list-style=amp}}
*Miran, Jonathan. (2018). "The Red Sea," in David Armitage, Alison Bashford and [[Sujit Sivasundaram]] (eds.), ''Oceanic Histories'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 156–181.
==External links==
{{sister project links}}
*[http://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs.html Red Sea Coral Reefs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html Red Sea Photography]
*{{Cite web |last1=Potts |first1=D.T. |last2=Gillies |first2=Sean |last3=Scalfano |first3=Perry |last4=Talbert |first4=R. |last5=Elliott |first5=Tom |last6=Becker |first6=Jeffrey |date=2 March 2021 |title=Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare) |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Pleiades}}
{{List of African seas}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Countries bordering the Red Sea}}
{{Corals}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Red Sea| ]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egypt–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Eritrea–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Marine ecoregions]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabia–Yemen border]]
[[Category:Suez Canal]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Gulfs of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Geography of East Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Horn of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Africa]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Egypt]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Israel]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Jordan]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Sudan]]
[[Category:Seas of Yemen]]
[[Category:Inlets of Asia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the body of water between Asia and Africa. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red Sea (disambiguation)">Red Sea (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Red Sea<br />gugugaga de president van turkijke is een pedo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg/256px-Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg/384px-Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg/512px-Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2705" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=22_N_38_E_region:EG_type:adm1st_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°N</span> <span class="longitude">38°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22°N 38°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22; 38</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,250 km (1,400 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">355 km (221 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">438,000 km<sup>2</sup> (169,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">490 m (1,610 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">3,040 m (9,970 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">233,000 km<sup>3</sup> (56,000 cu mi)</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>The <b>Red Sea</b> is a sea <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlet</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a> strait and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. To its north lie the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>—leading to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. It is underlain by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a>, which is part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>.
</p><p>The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km<sup>2</sup> (169,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is about 2,250 km (1,400 mi) long, and 355 km (221 mi) wide at its widest point. It has an average depth of 490 m (1,610 ft), and in the central <i>Suakin Trough</i> it reaches its maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than 100 m (330 ft) deep, and about 25% is less than 50 m (160 ft) deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>. More than 1,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> sea, and has been designated a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a> ecoregion.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Extent"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Extent</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Exclusive_economic_zone"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Exclusive economic zone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ancient_era"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Middle_Ages_and_modern_era"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages and modern era</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Oceanography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Oceanography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Salinity"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Salinity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Tidal_range"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tidal range</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Current"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Current</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Wind_regime"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Wind regime</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Geology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Geology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Oil_and_gas"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oil and gas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mineral_resources"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mineral resources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ecosystem"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Ecosystem</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Desalination_plants"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Desalination plants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Trade"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Trade</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Security"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Security</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bordering_countries"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bordering countries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Towns_and_cities"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Towns and cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p>
The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>On the North.</i> The Southern limits of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulfs of Suez</a> [A line running from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park" title="Ras Muhammad National Park">Ràs Muhammed</a> (27°43'N) to the South point of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shadwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadwan">Shadwan</a> Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>] and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Aqaba</a> [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=27_57_N_34_36_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.950°N 34.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.950; 34.600</span></span></span></a></span></span>) through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiran_Island" title="Tiran Island">Tiran Island</a> to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>].
<i>On the South.</i> A line joining <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hisn_Murad" title="Hisn Murad">Husn Murad</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=12_40_N_43_30_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.667°N 43.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.667; 43.500</span></span></span></a></span></span>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ras_Siyyan" title="Ras Siyyan">Ras Siyyan</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=12_29_N_43_20_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°29′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°20′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.483°N 43.333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.483; 43.333</span></span></span></a></span></span>).</p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclusive_economic_zone">Exclusive economic zone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exclusive economic zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive economic zones">Exclusive economic zones</a> in Red Sea:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Number
</th>
<th>Country
</th>
<th>Area (Km<sup>2</sup>)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">1</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td>
<td align="center">186,392
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">2</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td>
<td align="center">92,513
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">3</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td>
<td align="center">91,279
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">4</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td>
<td align="center">78,383
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">5</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td>
<td align="center">35,861
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td>
<td align="center">7,037
</td></tr>
<tr style="background:#9acdff;">
<th>Total
</th>
<td><b>Red Sea</b></td>
<td align="center"><b>491,465</b>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Note: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a> disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha,_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha%2C_Yemen.jpg/220px-Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha%2C_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha%2C_Yemen.jpg/330px-Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha%2C_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha%2C_Yemen.jpg/440px-Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha%2C_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tihama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihama">Tihama</a> on the Red Sea near Khaukha, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg/220px-Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg/330px-Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg/440px-Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3075" /></a><figcaption>Red Sea coast seen from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farasan_Islands" title="Farasan Islands">Farasan Islands</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Red Sea has names in many languages (Modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحر الأحمر</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar</i></span>, Medieval Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر القلزم</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Baḥr al-Qulzum</i></span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">יַם-סוּף</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Sūp̄</a></i></span> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hayYām hāʾĀḏōm</i></span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ <i>Phiom Enhah</i> or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ <i>Phiom ǹšari</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: ቀይሕ ባሕሪ <i>Qeyih Bahri</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Badda Cas</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: "Qasa Bad".
<i>Red Sea</i> is a direct translation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>Erythra Thalassa</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα</span></span>). The sea itself was once referred to as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erythraean_Sea" title="Erythraean Sea">Erythraean Sea</a> by Europeans. As well as <i>Mare Rubrum</i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (alternatively <i>Sinus Arabicus</i>, literally "Arabian Gulf"), the Romans called it <i>Pontus Herculis</i> (Sea of Hercules).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other designations include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحر الأحمر</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar</i></span> (alternatively <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر القلزم</span></span> <i>Baḥr Al-Qulzum</i>, literally "the Sea of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clysma" title="Clysma">Clysma</a>"), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ <i>Phiom ̀nšari</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ Yammāʾ summāqā, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> <i>Badda cas</i> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> <i>Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī</i> (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trichodesmium" title="Trichodesmium">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> near the water's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name <i>red</i> is referring to the direction south, just as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>'s name may refer to north. The basis of this theory is that some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Asiatic languages</a> used color words to refer to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/5_cardinal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="5 cardinal point">cardinal directions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChiTra_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChiTra-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The name in Hebrew <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ים סוף</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Sea of Reeds') is of biblical origin.
The name in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲫⲓⲟⲙ `ⲛϩⲁϩ</span> <i>Phiom Enhah</i> ("Sea of Hah") is connected to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a> root <i>ḥ-ḥ</i> which refers to water and sea (for example the names of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a> gods <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Historically, it was also known to western geographers as <i>Mare Mecca</i> (Sea of Mecca), and <i>Sinus Arabicus</i> (Gulf of Arabia).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Gulf of Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The association of the Red Sea with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> account of the Israelites <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">crossing the Red Sea</a> is ancient, and was made explicit in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koine" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine">Koine Greek</a> in approximately the third century BC. In that version, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ים סוף</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Sea of Reeds') is translated as <i>Erythra Thalassa</i> (Red Sea).
</p><p>The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">color terms</a> – the others being the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. The direct rendition of the Greek <i>Erythra thalassa</i> in Latin as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mare_Erythraeum" title="Mare Erythraeum">Mare Erythraeum</a> refers to the north-western part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and also to a region on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG/310px-C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG/465px-C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG/620px-C%2BB-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> expedition to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Punt</a>. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The biblical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> tells the account of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">crossing of the sea</a>, which the Hebrew text calls <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יַם סוּף</span>). <i>Yam Suph</i> was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a>, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as <i>Baḥar al-Qulzum</i>, meaning the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the 6th century BC, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, who was a prominent ruler of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in Persia, undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea area and to identify its various navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/330px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/495px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/660px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, as described in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the Nile River to the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor to the modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, which was constructed in the 19th century and continues to be one of the world's most important waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The construction of the canal during Darius's reign is evidenced by ancient records, including inscriptions. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.
</p><p>In the late 4th century BC, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agatharchides" title="Agatharchides">Agatharchides</a> collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> ("<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplus of the Red Sea">Periplus of the Red Sea</a>"), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">periplus</a> written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Periplus also describes how <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a> first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.
</p><p>The Red Sea was favored for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman trade with India">Roman trade with India</a> starting with the reign of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> gained control over the Mediterranean, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> were introduced to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksumite Empire">Aksumite Empire</a> around the 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
From antiquity <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">until the 20th-century</a>, the Red Sea was also a trade route of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> from Africa to the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_modern_era">Middle Ages and modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Red Sea was an important part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> route. In 1183, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a> launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the Muslim pilgrim convoys to Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and Medina caused fury throughout the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it appears that Reynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the Muslim world that Reynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> laid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Aden" title="Siege of Aden">siege to Aden</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bab_al-Mandab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Mandab">Bab al-Mandab</a>, as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to have sailed these waters. Later in 1524 the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
In 1798, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> ordered General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> to invade <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lep%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Baptiste Lepère">Jean-Baptiste Lepère</a>, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a>. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweet_Water_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet Water Canal">Sweet Water Canal</a>, but none lasted for long. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th-century, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> attracted substantional international condemnation.
</p><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>-backed Yemini <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">attacked Western ships, including warships</a>, during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">2023-2024 Israel-Hamas war</a>. One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oceanography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ISS036-E-011050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/290px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/435px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/580px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm, viewed from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv/300px--Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="199" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="722" data-height="480" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="840" data-height="558" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="176" data-height="116" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="362" data-height="240" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="542" data-height="360" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv/Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="542" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>This video over the south-eastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Red Sea is between arid land, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-desert">semi-desert</a>. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> via the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the Red Sea is the result of two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (660 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 60 mm (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</a>. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 2,050 mm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> found surface water temperatures 28 °C (82 °F) in winter and up to 34 °C (93 °F) in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a>, with only 9% infected by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thalassomonas_loyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassomonas loyana">Thalassomonas loyana</a></i>, the 'white plague' agent. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Favia" title="Favia"><i>Favia favus</i></a> coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills <i>T. loyana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these coral and their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commensal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commensal">commensal</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> to see if they can be used to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinity">Salinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> ranges from between ~36 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Per_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Per mil">‰</a> in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_range">Tidal range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tidal range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In general, tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkhas</a> as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabkha" title="Sabkha">sabkhas</a> through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shoiaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoiaba (page does not exist)">Shoiaba</a> area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas north of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Kharrar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Kharrar (page does not exist)">Al-Kharrar</a> area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–7 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and are governed all by wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is 50–60 cm/s (20–24 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11 in/s).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_regime">Wind regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wind regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Winds">winds</a>, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph). The rest of the Red Sea and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Direction_(geometry,_geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction (geometry, geography)">direction</a> with average speed generally increasing northward.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a> is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dust_red_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dust_red_sea.jpg/170px-Dust_red_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dust_red_sea.jpg/255px-Dust_red_sea.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dust_red_sea.jpg/340px-Dust_red_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> over the Red Sea</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Red Sea was formed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> being split from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> by movement of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a>. This split started in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> and accelerated during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>. The sea is still widening (in 2005, following a three-week period of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> activity it had grown by 8 m [26 ft]),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Tuzo_Wilson" title="John Tuzo Wilson">John Tuzo Wilson</a>). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brines</a> in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rift_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rift (geology)">rift</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)" title="Lake Assal (Djibouti)">Lake Asal</a> in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Boschetti-1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boschetti-1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-Boschetti-1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boschetti-1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Sometime during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> period, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bab_el_Mandeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab el Mandeb">Bab el Mandeb</a> closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been:
</p>
<ul><li>A "race" between the Red Sea widening and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perim_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Perim Island">Perim Island</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">erupting</a> filling the Bab el Mandeb with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>.</li>
<li>The lowering of world <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice Ages</a> because of much water being locked up in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a>.</li></ul>
<p>A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jabal_al-Tair_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Tair island">Jabal al-Tair island</a> in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zubair_Group" title="Zubair Group">Zubair Archipelago</a>, a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than 100 m (330 ft) deep, with about 25% less than 50 m (160 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oil and gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at 5,041 MMBO. Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at 112,349 BCFG. Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at 3,077 MMBNGL.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin. These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>.
</p><p>Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> Maqna <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">Formation</a> is an oil source rock in the basin. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oil_seep" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil seep">Oil seeps</a> occur near the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farasan_Islands" title="Farasan Islands">Farasan Islands</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a>, along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_resources">Mineral resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mineral resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236091366"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Red Sea">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg/220px-Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg/330px-Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg/440px-Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Red Sea coast in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
</p>
<ul><li>Biogenic constituents:</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Nanofossils, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pteropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropod">pteropods</a>, siliceous fossils</dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanogenic_lake" title="Volcanogenic lake">Volcanogenic</a> constituents:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuffites</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">montmorillonite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Terrigenous constituents:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, rock fragments, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, heavy minerals, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">clay minerals</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Authigenic minerals:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">Sulfide minerals</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, protodolomite, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, quartz, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Evaporite minerals:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">Magnesite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyhalite" title="Polyhalite">polyhalite</a></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Brine precipitate:</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Fe-montmorillonite, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">goethite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siderite" title="Siderite">siderite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodochrosite" title="Rhodochrosite">rhodochrosite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a>, anhydrite.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef,_Red_Sea,_Egypt_(35150034493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_%2835150034493%29.jpg/220px-Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_%2835150034493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_%2835150034493%29.jpg/330px-Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_%2835150034493%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_%2835150034493%29.jpg/440px-Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef%2C_Red_Sea%2C_Egypt_%2835150034493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Hawksbill sea turtle</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elphinstone_Reef" title="Elphinstone Reef">Elphinstone Reef</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG/170px-Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG/255px-Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG/340px-Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea <sup id="cite_ref-fishbase_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishbase-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea — from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fishes — have migrated northward and settled in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Science_Commission" title="Mediterranean Science Commission">Mediterranean Science Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg/220px-Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg/330px-Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg/440px-Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Red Sea coral and marine fish</figcaption></figure>
<p>The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">acropora</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porites" title="Porites">porites</a> corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)" title="Blue Hole (Red Sea)">Blue Hole (Red Sea)</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>).
</p><p>The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranch</a>, many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-SAW_Yonow_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAW_Yonow-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Other coastal Red Sea habitats include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea grass">sea grass</a> beds, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">salt pans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangrove</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt marshes">salt marsh</a>. Furthermore the deep Red Sea <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brine_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Brine pools">brine pools</a> have been extensively studied with regard to their microbial life, characterized by its diversity and adaptation to extreme environments.
</p><p>The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ras_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Mohammed">Ras Mohammed National Park</a> in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts who should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieske-1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieske-1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desalination_plants">Desalination plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Desalination plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>There is extensive demand for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinated</a> water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
</p><p>There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> and treatment chemicals (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-fouling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fouling agent">anti-scalants</a>) that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">bleach</a> and kill <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Red Sea serves an important role in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a>, with cargo vessels traveling between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea every year, thus shortening the path between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> almost by half (as compared to traveling around Africa via the Atlantic Ocean).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-rsce_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsce-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes 30% of global <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container</a> traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-rsce_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsce-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Elath_Eilat_Israel_Strand_Hotel_datafox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Elath_Eilat_Israel_Strand_Hotel_datafox.jpg/220px-Elath_Eilat_Israel_Strand_Hotel_datafox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Elath_Eilat_Israel_Strand_Hotel_datafox.jpg/330px-Elath_Eilat_Israel_Strand_Hotel_datafox.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Elath_Eilat_Israel_Strand_Hotel_datafox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Hotels in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The sea is known for its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a> sites, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ras_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Mohammed">Ras Mohammed</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SS_Thistlegorm" title="SS Thistlegorm">SS Thistlegorm</a> (shipwreck), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elphinstone_Reef" title="Elphinstone Reef">Elphinstone Reef</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Brothers,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brothers, Egypt">The Brothers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daedalus_Reef" title="Daedalus Reef">Daedalus Reef</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=St._John%27s_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. John's Reef (page does not exist)">St. John's Reef</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocky_Island_(Egypt)" title="Rocky Island (Egypt)">Rocky Island</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and less known sites in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> such as <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sanganeb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanganeb (page does not exist)">Sanganeb</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abington,_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abington, Sudan (page does not exist)">Abington</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Angarosh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angarosh (page does not exist)">Angarosh</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shaab_Rumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaab Rumi (page does not exist)">Shaab Rumi</a>.
</p><p>The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a> in the 1950s, and later by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cousteau_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cousteau-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular tourist resorts include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Gouna" title="El Gouna">El Gouna</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a>, on the west shore of the Red Sea, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharm-el-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm-el-Sheikh">Sharm-el-Sheikh</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> side of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sina%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaï">Sinaï</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in an area known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a>.
</p><p>The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Sharm_El_Sheikh_shark_attacks" title="2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks">shark attacks</a>, including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coast line in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack" title="2016 Hurghada attack">2016 Hurghada attack</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack" title="2017 Hurghada attack">2017 Hurghada attack</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_Dahab_bombings" title="2006 Dahab bombings">2006 Dahab bombings</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2005_Sharm_El_Sheikh_bombings" title="2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings">2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2004_Sinai_bombings" title="2004 Sinai bombings">2004 Sinai bombings</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></div>
<p>Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.<sup id="cite_ref-WalshKaraszDeath_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalshKaraszDeath-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RegevCriticalBlow_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RegevCriticalBlow-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></div>
<p>The Red Sea is part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_road" title="Sea road">sea roads</a> between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, and as such has heavy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping traffic</a>. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Said_Port_Authority" title="Port Said Port Authority">Port Said Port Authority</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez_Canal_Authority" title="Suez Canal Authority">Suez Canal Authority</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_Ports_Authority" title="Red Sea Ports Authority">Red Sea Ports Authority</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan_Maritime_Authority" title="Jordan Maritime Authority">Jordan Maritime Authority</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel_Port_Authority" title="Israel Port Authority">Israel Port Authority</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Ports_Authority" title="Saudi Ports Authority">Saudi Ports Authority</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Ports_Corporation,_Sudan" title="Sea Ports Corporation, Sudan">Sea Ports Corporation</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-rsce_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsce-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes have dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rsce_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsce-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, US and British forces undertook dozens of air and sea strikes on Houthi targets in Yemen. US President Joe Biden reportedly authorized strikes, despite not having congressional approval. <sup id="cite_ref-ikp_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikp-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bordering_countries">Bordering countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bordering countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Red_Sea_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Sea_map.svg/220px-Red_Sea_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Sea_map.svg/330px-Red_Sea_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Red_Sea_map.svg/440px-Red_Sea_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
</p>
<ul><li>Eastern shore:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Western shore:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<p>The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and Saudi Arabia.
</p><p>In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Makinda_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makinda-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towns_and_cities">Towns and cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Towns and cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ain_Sokhna" title="Ain Sokhna">Ain Sokhna</a>, Egypt (العين السخنة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Hudaydah" title="Al Hudaydah">Al Hudaydah</a>, Yemen (الحديدة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Lith" title="Al Lith">Al Lith</a>, Saudi Arabia (الليِّث)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah" title="Al Qunfudhah">Al Qunfudhah</a>, Saudi Arabia (القنفذة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qusayr, Egypt">Al-Qusair</a>, Egypt (القصير)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Wajh" title="Al Wajh">Al Wajh</a>, Saudi Arabia (الوجه)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, Jordan (العقبة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asseb" class="mw-redirect" title="Asseb">Asseb</a>, Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>, Egypt (دهب)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duba,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Duba, Saudi Arabia">Duba</a>, Saudi Arabia (ضباء)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, Israel (אילת)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Gouna" title="El Gouna">El Gouna</a>, Egypt (الجونة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Tor,_Egypt" title="El Tor, Egypt">El Tor</a>, Egypt (الطور)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, Egypt (السويس)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hala%27ib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala'ib">Hala'ib</a>, Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haql" title="Haql">Haql</a>, Saudi Arabia (حقل)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hirgigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirgigo">Hirgigo</a>, Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>, Egypt (الغردقة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia (جدة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jazan</a>, Saudi Arabia (جازان)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a>, Egypt (مرسى علم)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>, Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mokha" title="Mokha">Mokha</a>, Yemen (المُخا)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moulhoule" title="Moulhoule">Moulhoule</a>, Djibouti (مول هولة)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a>, Egypt (نويبع)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>, Sudan (بورت سودان)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a>, Saudi Arabia (رابغ)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a>, Egypt (سفاجا)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a>, Egypt (شرم الشيخ)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soma_Bay" title="Soma Bay">Soma Bay</a>, Egypt (سوما باي)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a>, Sudan (سواكن)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taba (Egypt)">Taba</a>, Egypt (طابا)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thuwal" title="Thuwal">Thuwal</a>, Saudi Arabia (ثول)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a>, Saudi Arabia (ينبع)</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Kahn" title="Benjamin Kahn">Benjamin Kahn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MS_al-Salam_Boccaccio_98" title="MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98">MS <i>al-Salam Boccaccio 98</i></a> ferry disaster</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a>, a Biblical tale from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Sea_Dam" title="Red Sea Dam">Red Sea Dam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Moresby" title="Robert Moresby">Robert Moresby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Project" title="The Red Sea Project">The Red Sea Project</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;">
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<li id="cite_note-ChiTra-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChiTra_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131326/https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/">"How the Red Sea Got its Name"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/">the original</a> on 26 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Red+Sea+Got+its+Name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianjourneys.org%2Fblog%2Fhow-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/">"Arabia"</a>. World Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Oblath2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael D. Oblath (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53"><i>The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 53. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6716-0"><bdi>978-0-8204-6716-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exodus+itinerary+sites%3A+their+locations+from+the+perspective+of+the+biblical+sources&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0&rft.au=Michael+D.+Oblath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5ya9QVCpIkC%26q%3DRed%2Bsea%2Bas%2BArabian%2Bgulf%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillWalton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Andrew E.; Walton, John H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520943728-073"><i>A survey of the Old Testament</i></a> (3 ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan. p. 32. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520943728-073">10.1525/9780520943728-073</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28095-8"><bdi>978-0-310-28095-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242765347">242765347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+survey+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242765347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520943728-073&rft.isbn=978-0-310-28095-8&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.au=Walton%2C+John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1525%2F9780520943728-073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24"><i>Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tafsir</i>, Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, <i>et al</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele">"Darius' Red Sea Canal Stele | cabinet"</a>. <i>www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Darius%27+Red+Sea+Canal+Stele+%7C+cabinet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinet.ox.ac.uk%2Fdarius-red-sea-canal-stele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColburn2021" class="citation journal cs1">Colburn, Henry (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/">"King Darius' Red Sea Canal"</a>. <i>FEZANA Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 27–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEZANA+Journal&rft.atitle=King+Darius%27+Red+Sea+Canal&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Colburn&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A44609%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32"><i>Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32">32–33</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEast1965" class="citation book cs1">East, W. Gordon (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174"><i>The Geography behind History</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174">174–175</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00419-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00419-9"><bdi>978-0-393-00419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+behind+History&rft.pages=174-175&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00419-9&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=W.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographybehindh0000east_z8c9%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mallett, Alex (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">"A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 143–144. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">27755928</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Trip+down+the+Red+Sea+with+Reynald+of+Ch%C3%A2tillon&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mallett, Alex (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">"A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 146–147. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">27755928</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Trip+down+the+Red+Sea+with+Reynald+of+Ch%C3%A2tillon&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-147&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mallett, Alex (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">"A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 152–153. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">27755928</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602143004/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Trip+down+the+Red+Sea+with+Reynald+of+Ch%C3%A2tillon&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-153&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, M. D. D. (2005). <i>A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668</i>. London: New York Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23979-0"><bdi>978-0-415-23979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Portuguese+overseas+expansion%2C+1400%E2%80%931668&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=New+York+Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23979-0&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=M.+D.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew1988" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, K. M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136"><i>History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-046-8"><bdi>978-81-7099-046-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Portuguese+Navigation+in+India%2C+1497%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-046-8&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl3IR3RJTIEC%26q%3DHeitor%2Bda%2BSilveira%2BAden%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbagh2024" class="citation news cs1">Sabbagh, Dan (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/10/houthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault">"Houthis call west's bluff with renewed Red Sea drone assault"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Houthis+call+west%27s+bluff+with+renewed+Red+Sea+drone+assault&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fjan%2F10%2Fhouthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566">"Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea"</a>. <i>earthobservatory.nasa.gov</i>. 8 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100350/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Dust+Plume%2C+Red+Sea&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D81566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofianosJohns2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sofianos, Sarantis S.; Johns, William E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JC001184">"An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation, 1. Exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</i>. <b>107</b> (C11): 3196. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRC..107.3196S">2002JGRC..107.3196S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JC001184">10.1029/2001JC001184</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Oceans&rft.atitle=An+Oceanic+General+Circulation+Model+%28OGCM%29+investigation+of+the+Red+Sea+circulation%2C+1.+Exchange+between+the+Red+Sea+and+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=C11&rft.pages=3196&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JC001184&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRC..107.3196S&rft.aulast=Sofianos&rft.aufirst=Sarantis+S.&rft.au=Johns%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2001JC001184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC 2">BBC 2</a> television program "<i>Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea</i>", 8 pm–9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/">"Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Virus+power+harnessed+to+protect+Red+Sea+coral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2020" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Sunny (8 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change">"The super-corals of the Red Sea"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Future">BBC Future</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+super-corals+of+the+Red+Sea&rft.pub=BBC+Future&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Sunny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPor2012" class="citation book cs1">Por, F. D. (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65"><i>The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0937-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0937-3"><bdi>978-94-009-0937-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tethys%3A+An+Aquatic+Biogeography+of+the+Levant&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-0937-3&rft.aulast=Por&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsyn0CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsalinity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSea%2Bis%2Bgreater%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Baverage%2C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanauer1988" class="citation book cs1">Hanauer, Eric (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67"><i>The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide</i></a>. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922769-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922769-04-9"><bdi>978-0-922769-04-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Red+Sea%3A+A+Diver%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Aqua+Quest+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-922769-04-9&rft.aulast=Hanauer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duh6mcZC8yWIC%26q%3Dsalinity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSea%2Bis%2Bgreater%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Baverage%2C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/">"Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Coral+Reefs+of+the+Gulf+of+Aqaba+and+the+Red+Sea+in+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatzert1974" class="citation journal cs1">Patzert, William C. (1 February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471%2874%2990068-0">"Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation"</a>. <i>Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 109–121. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974DSRA...21..109P">1974DSRA...21..109P</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0011-7471%2874%2990068-0">10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-7471">0011-7471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+and+Oceanographic+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Wind-induced+reversal+in+Red+Sea+circulation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-121&rft.date=1974-02-01&rft.issn=0011-7471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0011-7471%2874%2990068-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974DSRA...21..109P&rft.aulast=Patzert&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0011-7471%252874%252990068-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorcos1970" class="citation journal cs1">Morcos, S. A. (1970). "Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea". <i>Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanography+and+Marine+Biology+Annual+Review&rft.atitle=Physical+and+chemical+oceanography+of+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Morcos&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseLaking2008" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Paul; Laking, Anne (2008). <i>Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world</i>. London: BBC Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-607505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-607505-6"><bdi>978-1-84-607505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceans%3A+Exploring+the+hidden+depths+of+the+underwater+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84-607505-6&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Laking%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Boschetti-1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boschetti-1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boschetti-1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoschettiAwalehBarbieri2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boschetti, Tiziano; Awaleh, Mohamed Osman; Barbieri, Maurizio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw10111700">"Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines"</a>. <i>Water</i>. <b>10</b> (11): 1700. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw10111700">10.3390/w10111700</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1202448">11573/1202448</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water&rft.atitle=Waters+from+the+Djiboutian+Afar%3A+a+review+of+strontium+isotopic+composition+and+a+comparison+with+Ethiopian+waters+and+Red+Sea+brines&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1700&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1202448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fw10111700&rft.aulast=Boschetti&rft.aufirst=Tiziano&rft.au=Awaleh%2C+Mohamed+Osman&rft.au=Barbieri%2C+Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fw10111700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegensRoss1969" class="citation book cs1">Degens, Egon T.; Ross, David A., eds. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6"><i>Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea</i></a>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-28603-6">10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-27120-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-27120-9"><bdi>978-3-662-27120-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162858/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot+Brines+and+Recent+Heavy+Metal+Deposits+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-28603-6&rft.isbn=978-3-662-27120-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-28603-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45807839">"MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 28 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45807839">the original</a> on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=MSN+%E2%80%93+Outlook%2C+Office%2C+Skype%2C+Bing%2C+Breaking+News%2C+and+Latest+Videos&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45807839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2011" class="citation web cs1">Israel, Brett (28 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html">"New Island Rises in the Red Sea"</a>. <i>LiveScience.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081422/https://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience.com&rft.atitle=New+Island+Rises+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOskinSPACE.com2015" class="citation web cs1">Oskin, Becky; SPACE.com (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands">"Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803072542/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+Parts+for+2+New+Islands&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft.aulast=Oskin&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft.au=SPACE.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fred-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea">"Red Sea | Map, Middle East, Shipping, Marine Ecosystems, & Geology | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 15 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+%7C+Map%2C+Middle+East%2C+Shipping%2C+Marine+Ecosystems%2C+%26+Geology+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRed-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schenk, Christopher. <i>World Petroleum Resources Project Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and ...</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs//2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf">https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs//2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107220429/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3119/pdf/FS10-3119.pdf">Archived</a> 7 January 2023 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> .</span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolsonShannMatboulyHammouda2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dolson, John C.; Shann, Mark V.; Matbouly, Sayed I.; Hammouda, Hussein; Rashed, Rashed M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgeoarabia0602211">"Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends"</a>. <i>GeoArabia</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 211–230. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeoAr...6..211D">2001GeoAr...6..211D</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgeoarabia0602211">10.2113/geoarabia0602211</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221322448">221322448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoArabia&rft.atitle=Egypt+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Petroleum+Potential+in+Offshore+Trends&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-230&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221322448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgeoarabia0602211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GeoAr...6..211D&rft.aulast=Dolson&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Shann%2C+Mark+V.&rft.au=Matbouly%2C+Sayed+I.&rft.au=Hammouda%2C+Hussein&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Rashed+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2113%252Fgeoarabia0602211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindquist1998" class="citation book cs1">Lindquist, Sandra (1998). <i>The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A</i>. US Dept. of the Interior. pp. 6–7, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Sea+Province%3A+Sudr-Nubia%28%21%29+and+Maqna%28%21%29+Petroleum+Systems%2C+USGS+Open+File+Report+99-50-A&rft.pages=6-7%2C+9&rft.pub=US+Dept.+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lindquist&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudanTribune2015" class="citation web cs1">SudanTribune (7 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article55069/">"Sudan, Saudi Arabia discuss minerals exploration in the Red Sea"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sudan%2C+Saudi+Arabia+discuss+minerals+exploration+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.au=SudanTribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle55069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fishbase-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fishbase_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly,_Daniel2009" class="citation web cs1">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5">"FishBase"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FishBase&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2FTrophicEco%2FFishEcoList.php%3Fve_code%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiliotti2002" class="citation book cs1">Siliotti, A. (2002). Verona, Geodia (ed.). <i>Fishes of the red sea</i>. Geodia Edizioni Internazionali. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8"><bdi>978-88-87177-42-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+red+sea&rft.pub=Geodia+Edizioni+Internazionali&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-87177-42-8&rft.aulast=Siliotti&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021">[1]</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SAW_Yonow-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAW_Yonow_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonow2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Yonow, Nathalie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm">"Nature's Best-Dressed"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. Vol. 63, no. 4. Aramco Services Company. pp. 2–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220045032/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Nature%27s+Best-Dressed&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-9&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yonow&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201204%2Fnature.s.best-dressed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lieske-1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieske-1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieskeMyersFiedler2004" class="citation book cs1">Lieske, Ewald; Myers, Robert F.; Fiedler, Klaus E. (2004). <i>Coral reef guide: Red Sea to Gulf of Aden, South Oman</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715986-4"><bdi>978-0-00-715986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coral+reef+guide%3A+Red+Sea+to+Gulf+of+Aden%2C+South+Oman&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-715986-4&rft.aulast=Lieske&rft.aufirst=Ewald&rft.au=Myers%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Fiedler%2C+Klaus+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabrook1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mabrook, Badr (1 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164%2894%2900108-1">"Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, Egypt"</a>. <i>Desalination</i>. Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC World Conference On Desalination and Water Treatment. <b>97</b> (1): 453–465. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Desal..97..453M">1994Desal..97..453M</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0011-9164%2894%2900108-1">10.1016/0011-9164(94)00108-1</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-9164">0011-9164</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101162814/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0011916494001081?via%3Dihub">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desalination&rft.atitle=Environmental+impact+of+waste+brine+disposal+of+desalination+plants%2C+Red+Sea%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=453-465&rft.date=1994-08-01&rft.issn=0011-9164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0011-9164%2894%2900108-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Desal..97..453M&rft.aulast=Mabrook&rft.aufirst=Badr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0011-9164%252894%252900108-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigue2017" class="citation web cs1">Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/">"Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals"</a>. New York: Hofstra University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204437/https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographical+Impacts+of+the+Suez+and+Panama+Canals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hofstra+University&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Rodrigue&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransportgeography.org%2Fcontents%2Fchapter1%2Femergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems%2Fsuez-panama-canal-geography-impacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rsce-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsce_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsce_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsce_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsce_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerushalmy2023" class="citation news cs1">Yerushalmy, Jonathan (20 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/red-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade">"Red Sea crisis explained: what is happening and what does it mean for global trade?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+crisis+explained%3A+what+is+happening+and+what+does+it+mean+for+global+trade%3F&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft.aulast=Yerushalmy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2Fdec%2F19%2Fred-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php">"Scuba Diving in Egypt – Red Sea – Dive The World Vacations"</a>. <i>www.dive-the-world.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214316/http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dive-the-world.com&rft.atitle=Scuba+Diving+in+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Red+Sea+%E2%80%93+Dive+The+World+Vacations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dive-the-world.com%2Fdiving-sites-red-sea.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cousteau-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cousteau_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Philippe Cousteau Jnr (23 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro"><i>Jacques Cousteau's underworld village in the Red Sea</i></a>. BBC Earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627162343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+Cousteau%27s+underworld+village+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.pub=BBC+Earth&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0mTCj-DUHro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village">"Saudi Arabia's 'The Red Sea Project' breaks ground on coastal village"</a>. <i>Al Arabiya English</i>. 20 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+%27The+Red+Sea+Project%27+breaks+ground+on+coastal+village&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Flife-style%2Ftravel-and-tourism%2F2020%2F04%2F20%2FSaudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WalshKaraszDeath-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalshKaraszDeath_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshKarasz2018" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan; Karasz, Palko (24 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html">"Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Tourists+Evacuated+From+Hotel+in+Egypt+After+Britons%27+Sudden+Death&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft.au=Karasz%2C+Palko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RegevCriticalBlow-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RegevCriticalBlow_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegev2017" class="citation news cs1">Regev, Dana (15 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321">"Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow"</a>. DW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+tourism+industry+suffers+a+critical+blow&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.aulast=Regev&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fegypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow%2Fa-39705321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos">"The Middle East faces economic chaos"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East+faces+economic+chaos&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2024%2F01%2F18%2Fthe-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ikp-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ikp_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazeli2024" class="citation news cs1">Fazeli, Yaghoub (16 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/16/Iran-s-Khamenei-praises-Houthis-Red-Sea-attacks-hopes-they-will-continue">"Iran's Khamenei praises Houthis' Red Sea attacks, hopes they will continue"</a>. <i>Alarabiya News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alarabiya+News&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Khamenei+praises+Houthis%27+Red+Sea+attacks%2C+hopes+they+will+continue&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft.aulast=Fazeli&rft.aufirst=Yaghoub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2024%2F01%2F16%2FIran-s-Khamenei-praises-Houthis-Red-Sea-attacks-hopes-they-will-continue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Barth-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barth_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2002" class="citation book cs1">Barth, Hans-Jörg (2002). <i>Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2</i>. Springer. p. 148. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-0504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabkha+ecosystems%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Hans-J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Makinda-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makinda_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakinda1987" class="citation book cs1">Makinda, Samuel M. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cYOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4662-5"><bdi>978-0-7099-4662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superpower+diplomacy+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-4662-5&rft.aulast=Makinda&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cYOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson" title="Henry Newton Dickson">Dickson, Henry Newton</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Red Sea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Red_Sea">"Red Sea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 970–971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=970-971&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblinChristiansen1998" class="citation book cs1">Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). <i>Earth's Dynamic Systems</i> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745373-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745373-3"><bdi>978-0-13-745373-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Dynamic+Systems&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-745373-3&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=W.+Kenneth&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Miran, Jonathan. (2018). "The Red Sea," in David Armitage, Alison Bashford and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sujit_Sivasundaram" title="Sujit Sivasundaram">Sujit Sivasundaram</a> (eds.), <i>Oceanic Histories</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 156–181.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<b>Red Sea</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Red Sea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="c:Red Sea">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Red Sea">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Red Sea">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Red Sea">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Red Sea">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Red Sea">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs.html">Red Sea Coral Reefs</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html">Red Sea Photography</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottsGilliesScalfanoTalbert2021" class="citation web cs1">Potts, D.T.; Gillies, Sean; Scalfano, Perry; Talbert, R.; Elliott, Tom; Becker, Jeffrey (2 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290">"Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+39290+%28Arabicus+Sinus%2FErythr%28ae%29um%2FRubrum+Mare%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rft.au=Gillies%2C+Sean&rft.au=Scalfano%2C+Perry&rft.au=Talbert%2C+R.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Tom&rft.au=Becker%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F39290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:African_seas" title="Template:African seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:African_seas" title="Template talk:African seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African seas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceans<br />and seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulfs<br />and bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Qir_Bay" title="Abu Qir Bay">Abu Qir Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ache%C3%AFl_Dakhlet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acheïl Dakhlet (page does not exist)">Acheïl Dakhlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al_Hoceima_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Hoceima Bay (page does not exist)">Al Hoceima Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Algiers_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers Bay (page does not exist)">Algiers Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algoa_Bay" title="Algoa Bay">Algoa Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambas_Bay" title="Ambas Bay">Ambas Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ana_Chaves_Bay" title="Ana Chaves Bay">Ana Chaves Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Angra_de_Cintra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angra de Cintra (page does not exist)">Angra de Cintra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antongil_Bay" title="Antongil Bay">Antongil Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antsiranana_Bay" title="Antsiranana Bay">Antsiranana Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab%27s_Gulf" title="Arab's Gulf">Arab's Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_Almeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía Almeida (page does not exist)">Baía Almeida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_da_Cond%C3%BAcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía da Condúcia (page does not exist)">Baía da Condúcia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_da_Corimba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía da Corimba (page does not exist)">Baía da Corimba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_de_Mocambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía de Mocambo (page does not exist)">Baía de Mocambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_de_Mossuril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía de Mossuril (page does not exist)">Baía de Mossuril</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baia_de_Porto_Amboim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baia de Porto Amboim (page does not exist)">Baia de Porto Amboim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_Santa_Marta" title="Baía de Santa Marta">Baía de Santa Marta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_de_Sucujaque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía de Sucujaque (page does not exist)">Baía de Sucujaque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_de_Tombua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía de Tombua (page does not exist)">Baía de Tombua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_Ambriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Ambriz (page does not exist)">Baía do Ambriz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_Bengo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Bengo (page does not exist)">Baía do Bengo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_Dande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Dande (page does not exist)">Baía do Dande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_Govuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Govuro (page does not exist)">Baía do Govuro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_L%C3%BArio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Lúrio (page does not exist)">Baía do Lúrio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_Nzeto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Nzeto (page does not exist)">Baía do Nzeto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%ADa_do_Suto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baía do Suto (page does not exist)">Baía do Suto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baie_de_Gor%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baie de Gorée (page does not exist)">Baie de Gorée</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baie_de_Sangareya" title="Baie de Sangareya">Baie de Sangareya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baie_de_Yof" class="mw-redirect" title="Baie de Yof">Baie de Yof</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bandombaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandombaai (page does not exist)">Bandombaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Anfile" title="Bay of Anfile">Bay of Anfile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Arguin" title="Bay of Arguin">Bay of Arguin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Aseb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay of Aseb (page does not exist)">Bay of Aseb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Arzew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay of Arzew (page does not exist)">Bay of Arzew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Beylul" title="Bay of Beylul">Bay of Beylul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Edd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay of Edd (page does not exist)">Bay of Edd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Hawakil" title="Bay of Hawakil">Bay of Hawakil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Langarano" title="Bay of Langarano">Bay of Langarano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Saint-Augustin" title="Bay of Saint-Augustin">Bay of Saint-Augustin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Tangier" title="Bay of Tangier">Bay of Tangier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Benguela_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benguela Bay (page does not exist)">Benguela Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bera%E2%80%99esoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bera’esoli (page does not exist)">Bera’esoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Betty%E2%80%99s_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty’s Bay (page does not exist)">Betty’s Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bocock%E2%80%99s_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocock’s Bay (page does not exist)">Bocock’s Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bombetoka_Bay" title="Bombetoka Bay">Bombetoka Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bootbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bootbaai (page does not exist)">Bootbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bosluisbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosluisbaai (page does not exist)">Bosluisbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cabinda_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinda Bay (page does not exist)">Cabinda Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Cross_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Cross Bay (page does not exist)">Cape Cross Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cape_Negro_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Negro Bay (page does not exist)">Cape Negro Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chake-Chake_Bay" title="Chake-Chake Bay">Chake-Chake Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chameis_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chameis Bay (page does not exist)">Chameis Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chwaka_Bay" title="Chwaka Bay">Chwaka Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conception_Bay_(Namibia)" title="Conception Bay (Namibia)">Conception Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cuio_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuio Bay (page does not exist)">Cuio Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakhlet_Nouadhibou" title="Dakhlet Nouadhibou">Dakhlet Nouadhibou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dalwakteah_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalwakteah Bay (page does not exist)">Dalwakteah Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deurloopbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deurloopbaai (page does not exist)">Deurloopbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doringbaai" title="Doringbaai">Doringbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dungonab_Bay" title="Dungonab Bay">Dungonab Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Durissa_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durissa Bay (page does not exist)">Durissa Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elands_Bay" title="Elands Bay">Elands Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_das_Pombas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada das Pombas (page does not exist)">Enseada das Pombas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_de_S%C3%A3o_Braz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada de São Braz (page does not exist)">Enseada de São Braz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_do_Catumbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada do Catumbo (page does not exist)">Enseada do Catumbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_do_Chalungo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada do Chalungo (page does not exist)">Enseada do Chalungo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_do_Quicombo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada do Quicombo (page does not exist)">Enseada do Quicombo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_do_Quitungo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada do Quitungo (page does not exist)">Enseada do Quitungo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Enseada_dos_Tr%C3%AAs_Irm%C3%A3os&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enseada dos Três Irmãos (page does not exist)">Enseada dos Três Irmãos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equimina_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equimina Bay (page does not exist)">Equimina Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Farta_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farta Bay (page does not exist)">Farta Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernao_Veloso_Bay" title="Fernao Veloso Bay">Fernao Veloso Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foul_Bay" title="Foul Bay">Foul Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Frederik_se_Baai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederik se Baai (page does not exist)">Frederik se Baai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grosse_Bucht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grosse Bucht (page does not exist)">Grosse Bucht</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_%27Agig" title="Gulf of 'Agig">Gulf of 'Agig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gulf of Gabès">Gulf of Gabès</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Hammamet" title="Gulf of Hammamet">Gulf of Hammamet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Sirte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sirte">Gulf of Sirte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Tunis" title="Gulf of Tunis">Gulf of Tunis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Zula" title="Gulf of Zula">Gulf of Zula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghoubbet-el-Kharab" title="Ghoubbet-el-Kharab">Ghoubbet-el-Kharab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hafun_Bay_South&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafun Bay South (page does not exist)">Hafun Bay South</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hann_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hann Bay">Hann Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Harrison_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrison Cove (page does not exist)">Harrison Cove</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henties_Bay" title="Henties Bay">Henties Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hirgh%C4%ABgo_Bahir_Selat%E2%80%99%C4%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)">Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Horingbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horingbaai (page does not exist)">Horingbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hottentotsbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hottentotsbaai (page does not exist)">Hottentotsbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hurdiyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurdiyo (page does not exist)">Hurdiyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydra_Bay" title="Hydra Bay">Hydra Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Inhambane_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhambane Bay (page does not exist)">Inhambane Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jammer_Bucht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jammer Bucht (page does not exist)">Jammer Bucht</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Owen_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Owen Bay (page does not exist)">John Owen Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalawy_Bay" title="Kalawy Bay">Kalawy Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kiwaiyu_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiwaiyu Bay (page does not exist)">Kiwaiyu Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert Bay (page does not exist)">Lambert Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lamu_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamu Bay (page does not exist)">Lamu Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Langbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langbaai (page does not exist)">Langbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Loango_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loango Bay (page does not exist)">Loango Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lobito_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobito Bay">Lobito Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luanda_Bay" title="Luanda Bay">Luanda Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz_Bay" title="Lüderitz Bay">Lüderitz Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=McDougall_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDougall Bay (page does not exist)">McDougall Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manza_Bay" title="Manza Bay">Manza Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maputo_Bay" title="Maputo Bay">Maputo Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Markusbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markusbaai (page does not exist)">Markusbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memba_Bay" title="Memba Bay">Memba Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menai_Bay" title="Menai Bay">Menai Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Meob_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meob Bay (page does not exist)">Meob Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mietjie_Frans_se_Baai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mietjie Frans se Baai (page does not exist)">Mietjie Frans se Baai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Moraha_Bahir_Selat%E2%80%99%C4%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moraha Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)">Moraha Bahir Selat’ē</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay">Mossel Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6webaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Möwebaai (page does not exist)">Möwebaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_Namibe" title="Baía de Namibe">Namibe Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Noopbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noopbaai (page does not exist)">Noopbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oran_Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oran Gulf (page does not exist)">Oran Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pemba_Bay" title="Pemba Bay">Pemba Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pipas_Bay" title="Pipas Bay">Pipas Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Platbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platbaai (page does not exist)">Platbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Plaatjieskraalbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaatjieskraalbaai (page does not exist)">Plaatjieskraalbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Plettenbergbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plettenbergbaai (page does not exist)">Plettenbergbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pointe-Noire_Bay" title="Pointe-Noire Bay">Pointe-Noire Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porto_Alexandre,_Angola" title="Porto Alexandre, Angola">Porto Alexandre, Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Prinzen_Bucht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinzen Bucht (page does not exist)">Prinzen Bucht</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADo_de_Oro_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Río de Oro Bay (page does not exist)">Río de Oro Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rock_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Bay (page does not exist)">Rock Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Roode_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roode Bay (page does not exist)">Roode Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rooiwalbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rooiwalbaai (page does not exist)">Rooiwalbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Francis_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Francis Bay (page does not exist)">Saint Francis Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Francis_Bay_(Eastern_Cape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape) (page does not exist)">Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_Helena_Bay" title="St Helena Bay">St Helena Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint_Sebastian_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Sebastian Bay (page does not exist)">Saint Sebastian Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saldanha_Bay" title="Saldanha Bay">Saldanha Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandwich_Harbour" title="Sandwich Harbour">Sandwich Harbour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Bay (page does not exist)">Sierra Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Skoonbergbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skoonbergbaai (page does not exist)">Skoonbergbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Skurfbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skurfbaai (page does not exist)">Skurfbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Slangbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slangbaai (page does not exist)">Slangbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodwana_Bay" title="Sodwana Bay">Sodwana Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofala_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofala Bay">Sofala Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Somnaasbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somnaasbaai (page does not exist)">Somnaasbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Spencer_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spencer Bay (page does not exist)">Spencer Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Struisbaai" title="Struisbaai">Struisbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Spoegrivierbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoegrivierbaai (page does not exist)">Spoegrivierbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swartstraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartstraat (page does not exist)">Swartstraat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_Bay" title="Table Bay">Table Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Thysbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thysbaai (page does not exist)">Thysbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tietiesbaai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tietiesbaai (page does not exist)">Tietiesbaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ungama_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ungama Bay (page does not exist)">Ungama Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walker_Bay" title="Walker Bay">Walker Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Walvis_Bay_(bay)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walvis Bay (bay) (page does not exist)">Walvis Bay (bay)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawri_Bay" title="Yawri Bay">Yawri Bay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Straits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bab_Iskender" title="Bab Iskender">Bab Iskender</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canal_de_Bolama" title="Canal de Bolama">Canal de Bolama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canal_de_Bolola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal de Bolola (page does not exist)">Canal de Bolola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canal_de_Cai%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal de Caió (page does not exist)">Canal de Caió</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canal_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Canal de São Vicente">Canal de São Vicente</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Canal_do_Meio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal do Meio (page does not exist)">Canal do Meio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mafia_Channel" title="Mafia Channel">Mafia Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Massawa_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massawa Channel (page does not exist)">Massawa Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tigres_Strait" title="Tigres Strait">Tigres Strait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pemba_Channel" title="Pemba Channel">Pemba Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shubuk_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubuk Channel (page does not exist)">Shubuk Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zanzibar_Channel" title="Zanzibar Channel">Zanzibar Channel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aethiopian_Sea" title="Aethiopian Sea">Aethiopian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erythraean_Sea" title="Erythraean Sea">Erythraean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_Zanj" title="Sea of Zanj">Sea of Zanj</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a>
<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Sirte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sirte">Gulf of Sidra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corals_and_coral_reefs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Corals" title="Template:Corals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Corals" title="Template talk:Corals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corals_and_coral_reefs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Corals</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hexacorallia" title="Hexacorallia">Hexacorallia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brain_coral" title="Brain coral">Brain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalaphyllia" title="Catalaphyllia">Elegance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermatypic_coral" title="Hermatypic coral">Hermatypic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pectiniidae" title="Pectiniidae">Chalice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pillar_coral" title="Pillar coral">Pillar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">Table</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elkhorn_coral" title="Elkhorn coral">Elkhorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staghorn_coral" title="Staghorn coral">Staghorn</a></li></ul></li>
<li>†<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugosa" title="Rugosa">Rugose</a></li>
<li>†<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabulata" title="Tabulata">Tabulate</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/140px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/210px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FFS_Table_bottom.jpg/280px-FFS_Table_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octocorallia" title="Octocorallia">Octocorallia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamboo_coral" title="Bamboo coral">Bamboo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_coral" title="Blue coral">Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organ_pipe_coral" title="Organ pipe coral">Organ pipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcyonacea" title="Alcyonacea">Sea fans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">Sea pens</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">Cay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesophotic_coral_reef" title="Mesophotic coral reef">mesophotic coral reef</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">Fringing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microatoll" title="Microatoll">Microatoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Census_of_Coral_Reefs" title="Census of Coral Reefs">Census of Coral Reefs</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catlin_Seaview_Survey" title="Catlin Seaview Survey">Catlin Seaview Survey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spur_and_groove_formation" title="Spur and groove formation">Spur and groove formation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef#Distribution" title="Coral reef">Coral regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_reefs" title="List of reefs">List of reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_coral_reefs" title="African coral reefs">African coral reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_Reef" title="Amazon Reef">Amazon Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros, Bahamas">Andros, Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apo_Reef" title="Apo Reef">Apo Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_wildlife_of_Baa_Atoll" title="Marine wildlife of Baa Atoll">Baa Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belize_Barrier_Reef" title="Belize Barrier Reef">Belize Barrier Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_African_coral_coast" title="East African coral coast">East African coral coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reefs_in_India" title="Coral reefs in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Jamaica" title="Coral reefs of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Kiribati" title="Coral reefs of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Maldives" title="Wildlife of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerican_Barrier_Reef_System" title="Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System">Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Caledonian_barrier_reef" title="New Caledonian barrier reef">New Caledonia barrier reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ningaloo_Coast" title="Ningaloo Coast">Ningaloo Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_in_non-tropical_regions" title="Coral in non-tropical regions">Non-tropical regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulley_Ridge" title="Pulley Ridge">Pulley Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Coral reefs of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Archipelago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asian_coral_reefs" title="Southeast Asian coral reefs">Southeast Asian coral reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Tuvalu" title="Coral reefs of Tuvalu">Tuvalu Archipelago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yabiji" title="Yabiji">Yabiji</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coral diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_band_disease" title="Black band disease">Black band disease</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skeletal_eroding_band" title="Skeletal eroding band">Skeletal eroding band</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stony_coral_tissue_loss_disease" title="Stony coral tissue loss disease">Stony coral tissue loss disease</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_band_disease" title="White band disease">White band disease</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_pox_disease" title="White pox disease">White pox disease</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Environmental issues with coral reefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef_protection" title="Coral reef protection">Coral reef protection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef_restoration" title="Coral reef restoration">Coral reef restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resilience_of_coral_reefs" title="Resilience of coral reefs">Reef resilience</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef_organizations" title="Coral reef organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Coral_Reef_Society" title="International Coral Reef Society">International Coral Reef Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">Project AWARE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reef_Ball_Foundation" title="Reef Ball Foundation">Reef Ball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbiotic algae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zooxanthellae" title="Zooxanthellae">Zooxanthellae</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amphidinium" title="Amphidinium">Amphidinium</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_coral" title="Aquaculture of coral">Aquaculture of coral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_dermatitis" title="Coral dermatitis">Coral dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious coral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_rag" title="Coral rag">Coral rag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_sand" title="Coral sand">Coral sand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coralline_algae" title="Coralline algae">Coralline algae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_coral" title="Fire coral">Fire coral</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23406#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211535/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155944421">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050664-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565862505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81007733">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00634145">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rudé moře"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134461&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046247">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kizildeniz">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
