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{{expand French|topic=bio|Jean-Luc Mélenchon|date=April 2023}}
{{update|date=July 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jean-Luc Mélenchon
| honorific-suffix = <!-- [[Member of Parliament (France)|MP]] -->
| image = Jean-Luc Mélenchon 2022 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mélenchon in 2022
| office = {{NA MP}}
| constituency = [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]'s [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency|4th]]
| term_start = 21 June 2017
| term_end = 21 June 2022
| predecessor = [[Patrick Mennucci]]
| successor = [[Manuel Bompard]]
| office2 = President of the [[La France Insoumise group|LFI Group]] at the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 27 June 2017
| term_end2 = 12 October 2021
| constituency2 = [[15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic]]
| predecessor2 = ''Group creation''
| vicepresident2 = [[Mathilde Panot]]
| successor2 = [[Mathilde Panot]]
| office3 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start3 = 14 July 2009
| term_end3 = 18 June 2017
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[South-West France (European Parliament constituency)|South-West France]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister delegate for Vocational Education]]
| primeminister6 = [[Lionel Jospin]]
| term_start6 = 27 March 2000
| term_end6 = 6 May 2002
| predecessor6 = [[Claude Allègre]]
| successor6 = [[Luc Ferry]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
| term_start4 = 1 October 2004
| term_end4 = 7 January 2010
| constituency4 = [[Essonne]]
| term_start5 = 2 October 1986
| term_end5 = 27 April 2000
| constituency5 = [[Essonne]]
| birth_name = Jean-Luc Antoine Pierre Mélenchon
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|8|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tangier]], [[Tangier International Zone]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[La France Insoumise]] (since 2016)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Internationalist Communist Organisation]] (1972–1976)|[[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (1976–2008)|[[Left Front (France)|Left Front]] (2008–2016)|[[Left Party (France)|Left Party]] (since 2009)}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Franche-Comté]]
| website = {{url|melenchon.fr|Official website}}<br />{{url|europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|European Party website}}
}}
'''Jean-Luc Mélenchon''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ lyk melɑ̃ʃɔ̃|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Fabricio Cardenas (Culex)-Jean-Luc Mélenchon.wav}}; born 19 August 1951) is a French politician who was a member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] for [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency]] from 2017 to 2022. He led the [[La France Insoumise group]] in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2021. Mélenchon was elected as a [[member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) in 2009 and reelected in 2014. He has run for [[president of France]] three times (in 2012, 2017, and 2022). In 2022, he came within 1.2 percentage points of reaching the second round in France's two-round voting system.
After joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS) in 1976, Mélenchon was successively elected a [[Municipal council (France)|municipal councillor]] of [[Massy, Essonne|Massy]] (1983) and [[Departmental council (France)|general councillor]] of [[Essonne]] (1985). In 1986, he entered the [[Senate (France)|Senate]], to which he was reelected in 1995 and 2004. He also served as Minister for Vocational Education between 2000 and 2002 under Minister of National Education [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]] in the [[Cohabitation (government)|cohabitation government]] of [[Lionel Jospin]]. He was part of the left-wing of the PS until the [[Reims Congress]] of November 2008, when he left the party to found the [[Left Party (France)|Left Party]] with [[Marc Dolez]], a member of the National Assembly. Mélenchon first served as party president before becoming party co-president alongside [[Martine Billard]], a position he held until 2014. As co-president of the Left Party, he joined the [[electoral coalition]] of the [[Left Front (France)|Left Front]] before the [[2009 European Parliament election in France]]; he was elected as a MEP in the [[South-West France (European Parliament constituency)|South-West France constituency]] and reelected in 2014. He became the Left Front's candidate in the [[2012 French presidential election]], in which he came in fourth, receiving 11.1% of the first-round vote.
In February 2016, Mélenchon founded the party [[La France Insoumise]] (LFI or FI). He stood as a candidate in the [[2017 French presidential election]], again coming in fourth, with 19.6% of the first-round vote. He became a member of the National Assembly for LFI following the [[2017 French legislative election]], receiving 59.9% in the second round in the 4th constituency of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], located in [[Marseille]] (France's second-largest city). Mélenchon stood again under the LFI banner in the [[2022 French presidential election]], coming in third with 21.95% of the vote, just over one point short of qualifying for the second round. After this, he led the newly formed [[New Ecological and Social People's Union]] (NUPES) alliance of parties to a second-place performance in the [[2022 French legislative election]]. LFI was confirmed as the largest party of the [[French left]] in the [[2024 French legislative election]], where the left-wing [[New Popular Front]] (NFP) achieved a plurality of seats and LFI was confirmed as the largest [[left-wing]] group in the National Assembly.
{{TOC limit}}
== Biography ==
=== Early life, education, and early politics (1951–1976) ===
Mélenchon was born in [[Tangier]] ([[Tangier International Zone]]), Morocco.<ref name="Damiani 2017">{{cite web |last=Damiani |first=Marco |date=22 April 2017 |title=The transformation of Jean-Luc Mélenchon: From radical outsider to populist leader |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/04/22/the-transformation-of-jean-luc-melenchon/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=LSE Blogs}}</ref> His father, Georges, was a [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|postmaster]] of [[Spanish people|Spanish descent]], and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and [[Sicilian people|Sicilian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|title=Décryptages | Atlantico.fr|website=atlantico.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140924/https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Morocco]], until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the [[Lycée Pierre-Corneille]], a state secondary school in [[Rouen]], Normandy.<ref name="LyCo6">{{cite web |url=http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |title=Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen: History |publisher=lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr |date=19 April 1944 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094205/http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated in 1972.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> With a degree in philosophy from the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in Besançon and having gained a [[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES]], he became a teacher before entering politics.<ref name="LyCo6"/> He was originally a follower of [[Pierre Lambert]] and a member of the [[Trotskyist]] movement before supporting [[François Mitterrand]] and joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS).<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>
=== Socialist Mitterrandist leader (1976–1986) ===
Mélenchon left [[Besançon]] to enter professional life in [[Lons-le-Saunier]] ([[Jura (department)|Jura]]), and joined the PS in September 1976.<ref>Lilian Alemagna and Stéphane Alliès, ''Mélenchon le plébéien'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-2-221-12646-2}}), p.55</ref> He was part of the [[democratic socialist]] and left-wing of the PS. Mélenchon did not join the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) because of the latter's refusal to condemn the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968]] to end the [[Prague Spring]], an event that he said had significantly affected him in political terms, even more than the [[protests of 1968]], which occurred when he was still a university student and he became leader of the [[student movement]] at the [[University of Besançon]],<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> and was one of the causes of his joining in 1972 the [[Internationalist Communist Organisation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Doucet |first=David |date=Winter 2016 |title=C'était un vrai bonheur de travailler avec le vieux comme chef de meute |work=Charles |page=38 |language=fr |issue=16 |issn=2258-7616}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Samama |first=Laurent-David |title=Les petits matins rouges. Récit d'une trahison |date=2019 |language=fr |chapter=Logique(s) de l'entrisme}}</ref> As a member of the PS, he soon assumed local and [[Departments of France|departmental]] responsibilities (deputy section secretary of [[Montaigu, Jura|Montaigu]]), and developed a federal newspaper that fought for a union between the PS and the PCF. It was at this time that the latter broke the agreements of the [[Union of the Left (France)|union of the left]] on a joint program of government. He then came to the attention of Claude Germon, mayor of [[Massy, Essonne|Massy]] ([[Essonne]]) and member of the executive office of the PS responsible for the business section. Without stable work after his application was rejected at the ''Croix du Jura'' newspaper,<ref>Lilian Alemagna and Stéphane Alliès, ''Mélenchon le plébéien'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-2-221-12646-2}}), p. 63</ref> he was hired by Claude Germon to become his [[private secretary]].<ref>Lilian Alemagna and Stéphane Alliès, ''Mélenchon le plébéien'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-2-221-12646-2}}), p.64</ref>
Mélenchon became one of the leading Mitterrandist leaders of the Essonne federation, which led him to the position of first secretary of this federation at the [[Valence Congress]] in 1981; he remained in this position until 1986. He positioned himself both against the "Second left" of [[Michel Rocard]] and the Centre of Socialist Studies, Research, and Education (CERES) of [[Jean-Pierre Chevènement]]. He was elected senator during the senatorials of 1986,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2012/08/12/01002-20120812ARTFIG00159-quand-melenchon-est-devenu-le-benjamin-du-senat.php|title=Quand Mélenchon est devenu le benjamin du Sénat|first=Sophie de|last=Ravinel|date=12 August 2012|work=Le Figaro|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205824/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2012/08/12/01002-20120812ARTFIG00159-quand-melenchon-est-devenu-le-benjamin-du-senat.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and again in 1995 and 2004.<ref>[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210701182953/https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=kG-6m23wBcAC&q=violente%23v=snippet&q=violente&f=false "Mélenchon le plébéien"]. Review of {{cite book|last1 = Alemagna|first1 = Lilian |last2 = Alliès |first2 = Stéphane |title = Mélenchon le plébéien |trans-title = Mélenchon the pebeian |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kG-6m23wBcAC |language = fr | publisher = Robert Laffont/bouquins/segher |date = 2012 |isbn = 9782221128411|access-date = 2019-03-02}}"Cette toute première biographie, sans concession ni caricature, permet enfin de connaître la vie de ce natif de Tanger, révélé à la politique en Mai 68, dans son lycée de Lons-le-Saunier. Rythmé d'anecdotes savoureuses, truffé de révélations pas toujours tendres, le récit nous emmène à Besançon avec 'Mémé', l'étudiant lambertiste de la très secrète 'Organisation communiste internationale' (OCI), puis avec 'Jean-Louis Mula', journaliste socialiste dans le Jura parti ensuite 'faire de la politique' à Massy et devenir un jeune fidèle de Mitterrand, dont Mélenchon se rêve aujourd'hui en héritier."</ref> A supporter of Mitterrand and left-wing [[reformist socialism]], Mélenchon presented two lectures about Mitterrand's presidency, "1981: The Revolution Suspended" and "A Complete Balance Sheet of François Mitterand's presidency". He saw Mitterand's win in 1981 as the end of a political process of which the main accelerator was "the ten million workers on strike" in the protests of 1968. He argued that the reforms introduced by Mitterrand were more wide-ranging than often recognised, citing the [[nationalisation]] of dozens of banks electricity companies, engineering companies, and motorways, the doubling of the budget of the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]], and increased taxes for the rich, and against the perceived betrayal on the part of Mitterrand and the other left-wing leaders. According to Mélenchon, the blame for the turn to [[austerity]] rest on a lack of political courage, a lack of strategy on the left of the left, and a lack of mass mobilisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullen |first=John |date=6 April 2024 |title=How Useful is Jean-Luc Mélenchon (part two): Taming the Capitalist State? |url=https://www.theleftberlin.com/how-useful-is-jean-luc-melenchon-part-two-taming-the-capitalist-state/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=The Left Berlin}}</ref>
=== Socialist Party (1986–2008) ===
{{expand section|date=August 2024}}
=== Departure from the Socialists and foundation of the Left Party (2008–2012) ===
[[File:Jean-Luc Melenchon - Huma 2008, 6396.jpg|thumb|Mélenchon in 2008]]
At the [[Reims Congress]] in September 2008, the political current ''Trait d'union'', created after the victory of the "No" in the [[2005 French European Constitution referendum]], Mélenchon made a new contribution. On the eve of the filing of the motions, an agreement was reached between the seven contributions of the left wing of the PS, and Mélenchon was one of the signatories of Motion C entitled "A world ahead", led by [[Benoît Hamon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/congres-ps-hamon-emmanuelli-lienemann-et-filoche-presentent-une-motion-19-09-2008-238094.php|title=Congrès PS: Hamon, Emmanuelli, Lienemann et Filoche présentent une motion|date=23 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200443/http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/congres-ps-hamon-emmanuelli-lienemann-et-filoche-presentent-une-motion-19-09-2008-238094.php|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first time, this motion brought together all the sensibilities of the left wing of the PS, with emblematic personalities like Gérard Filoche, [[Marie-Noëlle Lienemann]], and [[Paul Quilès]]. He described this gathering as a "historic event".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/melenchon-qualifie-d-evenement-historique-l-unite-de-l-aile-gauche-du-ps-23-09-2008-249271.php|title=Mélenchon qualifie "d'événement historique" l'unité de l'aile gauche du PS|date=23 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012603/http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/melenchon-qualifie-d-evenement-historique-l-unite-de-l-aile-gauche-du-ps-23-09-2008-249271.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 6 November 2008, the Socialist militants voted to decide between six motions. The motion supported by [[Ségolène Royal]] led with about 29% of the votes cast, while the one led by Benoît Hamon came in fourth with 18.5%. For Mélenchon, this was a victory of the outgoing majority, which carried 80% of the votes (with the first three motions) including the motion advocating the alliance in the centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://didier-hacquart.over-blog.com/article-24508375.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon et Marc Dolez quittent le PS – Le blog politique de Didier HACQUART, Adjoint PS de Vitrolles (13) entre 2002 et 2008|first=Didier|last=HACQUART|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012037/http://didier-hacquart.over-blog.com/article-24508375.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Believing themselves too far from this trend to the point that it would not be useful to take part in the congress, Mélenchon, alongside [[Marc Dolez]],<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2008/11/07/ca-suffit-comme-ca/|title= » Ça suffit comme ça !|access-date= 10 June 2021|archive-date= 10 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143232/http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2008/11/07/ca-suffit-comme-ca/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.lepartidegauche.fr/vie-du-parti/50-interventions-lors-du-meeting-de-lancement-du-pg/156-jean-luc-melenchon-senateur-de-lessonne|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721010500/http://www.lepartidegauche.fr/vie-du-parti/50-interventions-lors-du-meeting-de-lancement-du-pg/156-jean-luc-melenchon-senateur-de-lessonne|url-status= dead|title= Speech by Jean-Luc Mélenchon at the formation congress of the Left Party|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> announced on 7 November their decision, "out of fidelity to their commitments", and for their independence of action, to leave the PS, and to create a new movement "without concession facing the right".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2008/11/07/01011-20081107FILWWW00341-jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps.php|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon quitte le PS|last=lefigaro.fr|date=7 November 2008|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715035719/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2008/11/07/01011-20081107FILWWW00341-jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
They announced "the construction of a new left-wing party", simply called the [[Left Party (France)|Left Party]] (on the German model of [[Die Linke]]), and called for "the constitution of a left-wing front for the European elections".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/11/07/jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps_1115955_823448.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon quitte le PS|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=7 November 2008|via=Le Monde|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417015740/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/11/07/jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps_1115955_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 November, in a meeting with the PCF, the two parties announced their alliance in the form of a "partnership", within the framework of a "left front for another democratic and social Europe, against the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon and the current European Treaties". The launch meeting of the Left Party was held on 29 November in Saint-Ouen, in the presence of Die Linke's co-chairman [[Oskar Lafontaine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2008/12/01/jean-luc-melenchon-lance-son-parti-de-gauche_260740/|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon lance son Parti de gauche|website=Libération|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143230/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2008/12/01/jean-luc-melenchon-lance-son-parti-de-gauche_260740/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon became the party president. Until 2014, he was also co-president alongside [[Martine Billard]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sulzer |first=Alexandre |date=24 August 2014 |title=Quelle mouche a piqué Jean‑Luc Mélenchon? |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/quelle-mouche-a-pique-jean-luc-melenchon_1569845.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029030457/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/quelle-mouche-a-pique-jean-luc-melenchon_1569845.html |archive-date=29 October 2015 |work=L'Express |location=Paris |language=fr |issn=0245-9949 |quote=Décidément, Jean‑Luc Mélenchon aime les subtilités. Celui dont on connaissait le 'vague à l'âme' depuis une interview pour le site Hexagones.fr fin juillet a confirmé vendredi qu'il quittait la co‑présidence du Parti de Gauche (PG) avec Martine Billard. |mode=cs1}}</ref>
=== First presidential candidacy (2012) ===
A political outsider,<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> Mélenchon was the candidate representing the [[Left Front (France)|Left Front]] ([[Communist Party of France]], Left Party, [[Unitary Left]]) in the [[2012 French presidential election]].<ref>[http://www.latribune.fr/actualites/economie/france/20120319trib000689126/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-jacques-cheminade-a-ses-500-signatures-pas-corinne-lepage.html Candidates officially endorsed by Conseil constitutionnel for the 2012 presidential elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422090132/http://www.latribune.fr/actualites/economie/france/20120319trib000689126/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-jacques-cheminade-a-ses-500-signatures-pas-corinne-lepage.html |date=22 April 2012 }}, ''[[La Tribune]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref><ref name="delaBaumeErlanger2012">{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/europe/in-french-elections-sound-and-fury-from-the-lefts-melenchon.html |title=In French Vote, Sound and Fury From the Left |work=New York Times |date=10 April 2012 |page=A6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929030137/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/europe/in-french-elections-sound-and-fury-from-the-lefts-melenchon.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |last1=De la Baume |first1=Maïa |last2=Erlanger |first2=Steven |edition=New York |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> He took fourth place and achieved 11.10% of the vote, trailing behind [[François Hollande]], [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], and [[Marine Le Pen]] and their respective parties (the PS, the [[Union for a Popular Movement]], and the [[National Front (France)|National Front]]). In comparison, the winner, Hollande, received 28.63% of the vote.{{refn|For the results, see {{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/election-resultats |title=Elections Législatives – Results |publisher=France 24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506074514/http://www.france24.com/en/election-resultats |archive-date= 6 May 2012|access-date=15 July 2024 }}|group=nb}} It was the first time the non-socialist left had registered a double figure result since [[Georges Marchais]] in 1981.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>
In the [[2012 French legislative election]], Mélenchon represented the Left Front in the [[Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency]] against his rival Marine Le Pen, where she had over 31% in the presidential election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politiquemania.com/election-presidentielle-2012-tour1-circonscriptions.html |title=Election présidentielle 2012 – Résultats du 1er tour par circonscription |publisher=Politiquemania |language=fr |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075954/http://www.politiquemania.com/election-presidentielle-2012-tour1-circonscriptions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He received third place with 21.46% of the vote, narrowly edged out for second by Socialist Party member Phillip Kemel. Mélenchon decided not to stand in the second round of the election after this result.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/french-far-left-leader-jean-luc-melenchon-admits-defeat-by-far-rights-le-pen/story-e6freuyi-1226390732088 |title=French far‑left leader Jean‑Luc Melenchon admits defeat by far‑right's Le Pen |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025148/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/french-far-left-leader-jean-luc-melenchon-admits-defeat-by-far-rights-le-pen/story-e6freuyi-1226390732088 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live |location=Sydney |agency=AFP |quote=Mr{{not a typo| }}Melenchon said he would not stand in next Sunday's second round after coming third, instead leaving his Socialist rival to battle Ms{{not a typo| }}Le Pen. . . . Mr{{not a typo| }}Melenchon won 11 per cent of votes in the April‑May presidential vote that was won by Socialist Francois Hollande, while Ms{{not a typo| }}Le Pen won almost 18 per cent of votes.}}</ref>
=== Second presidential candidacy (2017) ===
During the presidency of Hollande, Mélenchon became one of the most critical voices in the left against his centrist free-market policy, which he considered a betrayal of the culture and ideas of the [[French left]]. During an interview on the French television channel [[TF1]] on 10 February 2016, Melenchon launched the left-wing political platform [[La France Insoumise]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/02/10/jean-luc-melenchon-annonce-qu-il-est-candidat-a-l-election-presidentielle_4862996_823448.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon annonce sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle|date=10 February 2016|work=Le Monde|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401072218/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/02/10/jean-luc-melenchon-annonce-qu-il-est-candidat-a-l-election-presidentielle_4862996_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Both the [[Ministry of the Interior (France)|Ministry of the Interior]] and the [[French Council of State]], the most important body for French administrative justice, consider La France Insoumise to be left-wing.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Le Conseil d'État rejette la demande du Rassemblement national de ne pas être classé à « l'extrême droite » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/le-conseil-detat-rejette-la-demande-du-rassemblement-national-de-ne-pas-etre-classe-a-lextreme-droite-11-03-2024-O3ASK6SDRBCJXBMGYQLHEEBVK4.php |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Vidéo. La France insoumise est-elle d'extrême gauche ? Comprendre en trois minutes |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/comprendre-en-3-minutes/video/2024/06/21/la-france-insoumise-est-elle-d-extreme-gauche-comprendre-en-trois-minutes_6241916_6176282.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Faure |first=Justine |date=2 July 2024 |title=Est-il juste de classer le Rassemblement national et La France insoumise parmi les 'extrêmes' ? |url=https://www.tf1info.fr/elections/est-il-juste-de-classer-le-rassemblement-national-et-la-france-insoumise-parmi-les-extremes-2306778.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=TF1 INFO |language=fr}}</ref> La France Insoumise is often translated in English as "France in Revolt", "Unsubmissive France",<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> and "Unbowed France".<ref name="Mullen 2022">{{cite web |last=Mullen |first=John |date=2 March 2022 |title=Elections and Class Struggle in France: How useful is Jean-Luc Mélenchon? (Part One) |url=https://www.theleftberlin.com/elections-and-class-struggle-in-france-how-useful-is-jean-luc-melenchon-part-one/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=The Left Berlin}}</ref>|group=nb}} without any expectation of victory.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> La France Insoumise was subsequently endorsed by several parties, such as the Left Party and French Communist Party, in addition to members of the [[Europe Ecology – The Greens]] like [[Sergio Coronado]], an assembly member for the [[Second constituency for French residents overseas|2nd Overseas Constituency]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/021216/le-choix-de-l-insoumission|title=Le choix de l'insoumission|work=Club de Mediapart|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318123014/https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/021216/le-choix-de-l-insoumission|url-status=live}}</ref> and the mayor of Grenoble, [[Éric Piolle]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/article/2017/04/14/eric-piolle-je-voterai-melenchon-pour-encourager-le-rassemblement-de-la-gauche_5111523_4854003.html|title=Eric Piolle : " Je voterai Mélenchon pour encourager le rassemblement de la gauche "|last=Beuve-Méry|first=Alain|date=14 April 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409120300/https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/article/2017/04/14/eric-piolle-je-voterai-melenchon-pour-encourager-le-rassemblement-de-la-gauche_5111523_4854003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to political scientist Christopher Bickerton, La France Insoumise was comparable to [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] in Spain, and ''[[Le Baron Noir]]'' character Michel Vidal is based on Mélenchon.<ref name="Bickerton 2022">{{cite web |last=Bickerton |first=Christopher |date=15 June 2022 |title=The long march of the French Left |url=https://unherd.com/2022/06/the-long-march-of-the-french-left/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> La France Insoumise's broad range meant it ran, in the words of Bickerton, "from the remnants of the PCF's industrial working class votes to the vast majority of the country's Muslim population, as well as urbanised intellectuals and France’s many neo-ruralist converts".<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/> According to Bickerton, La France Insoumise is "a flexible organisation, in tune with the individualism of the present", with "no membership as such" and much of its activism being "self-financed and self-organised", and where "Mélenchon gives his approval to initiatives after the fact rather than issuing orders or instructions."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
On 12 January 2017, Mélenchon secured the 500 elected sponsors required to be validated by the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]]. After Benoît Hamon won the nomination for the Parti Socialiste on a left-wing platform, beating former Prime Minister, [[Manuel Valls]], 58–41,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesprimairescitoyennes.fr/|title=Résultats du second tour - Les Primaires citoyennes de la Gauche - 22 et 29 janvier 2017|website=Les Primaires citoyennes de la Gauche - 22 et 29 janvier 2017|language=fr-FR|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402152843/http://www.lesprimairescitoyennes.fr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamon announced on TF1 on 27 February that he and Melenchon had been in talks to form an alliance but their stances on the European Union separated them, as Melenchon's platform was to renegotiate EU treaties or hold a referendum. France 24 reported: "Adding their scores would place a candidate in first or second place."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20170227-france-prensidential-election-left-wing-candidates-hamon-melenchon-no-alliance|title=French left-wing candidates fail to forge alliance in presidential race - France 24|date=27 February 2017|publisher=France 24|access-date=29 April 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414090040/http://www.france24.com/en/20170227-france-prensidential-election-left-wing-candidates-hamon-melenchon-no-alliance|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon, who saw himself as "outside the frame of political parties",<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=France's 2017 Presidential Election: In Brief |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44815.pdf |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=FAS Project on Government Secrecy |page=3}}</ref> held at a consistent 12% for most of the campaign, until a late upwards surge which put him just behind third place [[François Fillon]] at 18%. This late surge is mainly due to Mélenchon's performance within the second presidential debate hosted by [[BFM TV]] and [[CNews]], where, according to an Elabe poll, he was found the most convincing candidate by 25%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://elabe.fr/a-ete-plus-convaincant/|title=Qui a été le plus convaincant ?|date=5 April 2017|work=ELABE|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407035928/http://elabe.fr/a-ete-plus-convaincant/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, he did not qualify for the second round of voting, winning 19.6% of the vote in the first round, placing fourth. With seven million votes, La France Insoumise had achieved the biggest vote in France for the radical left since 1945; it achieved 24% among blue-collar voters, 22% among low-paid white-collar voters, and 30% among 18–24 year-olds.<ref name="Mullen 2022"/>
After the first round, Mélenchon refused to endorse Macron and told his voters that "no vote should go to the National Front", as he had done in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lelab.europe1.fr/video-en-2002-melenchon-navait-pas-hesite-a-appeler-a-voter-pour-chirac-contre-le-pen-3309899|title=VIDÉO - En 2002, Mélenchon n'avait pas hésité à appeler à voter pour Chirac contre Le Pen - Le Lab Europe 1|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427143102/http://lelab.europe1.fr/video-en-2002-melenchon-navait-pas-hesite-a-appeler-a-voter-pour-chirac-contre-le-pen-3309899|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lelab.europe1.fr/presidentielle-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-fait-pas-de-difference-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen-3309248|title=Présidentielle : Jean-Luc Mélenchon ne fait pas de différence entre Emmanuel Macron et Marine Le Pen - Le Lab Europe 1|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827091703/http://lelab.europe1.fr/presidentielle-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-fait-pas-de-difference-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen-3309248|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following constant criticism for this choice, Mélenchon invited members of La France Insoumise to vote on who he will endorse with the choices being "Vote for Emmanuel Macron", "Blank Vote", or "Abstain", with the result being announced on 2 May. 36.12% submitted a blank vote, 34.83% chose to endorse Macron, and 29.05% abstained.<ref>{{Citation|title=Présidentielle 2017 : Jean-Luc Mélenchon ne donne pas de consigne de vote pour le second tour|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/video/2017/04/23/presidentielle-2017-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-donne-pas-de-consigne-de-vote-pour-le-second-tour_5116065_4854003.html|publisher=Le Monde|language=fr-FR|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424025330/http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/video/2017/04/23/presidentielle-2017-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-donne-pas-de-consigne-de-vote-pour-le-second-tour_5116065_4854003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His campaign positions included the intent to establish a [[French Sixth Republic|Sixth Republic]] and preserve the environment. According to the NGOs for the development aid [[Action Against Hunger]], Action santé mondiale, [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE]] France, and [[ONE Campaign]], Mélenchon was the candidate in the presidential election who is the most engaged regarding international solidarity. Together with other French intellectuals, he vigorously denounces free trade between France and the United States as an example of global exploitation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/02/01/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-evalues-par-les-ong-d-aide-au-developpement_5072744_3234.html|title=Les candidats à la présidentielle évalués par les ONG d'aide au développement|first=Marie de|last=Vergès|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=1 February 2017|via=Le Monde|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325095648/http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/02/01/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-evalues-par-les-ong-d-aide-au-developpement_5072744_3234.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Member of the National Assembly (2017–2022) ===
[[File:Eric Coquerel et Jean-Luc Melenchon 3.jpg|thumb|Mélenchon with fellow parliamentarian [[Éric Coquerel]] in 2017]]
In June 2017, Mélenchon became a member of the National Assembly for La France Insoumise following his win in the [[2017 French legislative election|legislative election]] in the [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency|4th constituency]] of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], which covers parts of the centre of [[Marseille]]. He won 59.9% of the vote in the second round against [[En Marche!]] candidate Corrine Versini. He defeated sitting member [[Patrick Mennucci]] in the first round, a notable member of the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] in Marseille.{{refn|For the results, see {{cite web|url=http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2017/013/01304.html|url-status=live|title=Élections législatives de 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619132448/http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2017/013/01304.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|website=Ministère de l'Intérieur et des Outre-mer|language=fr|access-date=15 July 2024}}|group=nb}} The collapse of the Socialist Party meant that La France Insoumise had become the ''de facto'' opposition to [[Emmanuel Macron]] in the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]].<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
His election to the National Assembly drew national media attention.<ref>Raphaëlle Besse Desmoulières (20 June 2017). [http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-legislatives-2017/article/2017/06/20/l-insoumis-melenchon-fait-une-rentree-remarquee-a-l-assemblee-nationale_5148226_5076653.html "L’« insoumis » Mélenchon fait une rentrée remarquée à l’Assemblée nationale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821171658/http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-legislatives-2017/article/2017/06/20/l-insoumis-melenchon-fait-une-rentree-remarquee-a-l-assemblee-nationale_5148226_5076653.html |date=21 August 2017 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'' (In French).</ref> During the examination of the 2017 Labour Law bill, he was remarked in the National Assembly for his multiple interventions, defending the Labour Code ''status quo'' along with fellow La France Insoumise members, arguing that flexibilisation would be harmful to workers.<ref>Jannick Alimi (18 July 2017). [http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/ordonnances-insoumis-et-socialistes-vont-ils-saisir-le-conseil-constitutionnel-ensemble-18-07-2017-7142187.php "Code du travail : Insoumis et socialistes unis pour saisir le Conseil constitutionnel ?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821171329/http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/ordonnances-insoumis-et-socialistes-vont-ils-saisir-le-conseil-constitutionnel-ensemble-18-07-2017-7142187.php |date=21 August 2017 }}, ''[[Le Parisien]]'' (in French).</ref> He drew attention from the media once more when he came in Parliament with a five-euros food shopping bag to denounce a student benefits cut planned by the government.<ref>[http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/APL-Melenchon-vide-son-sac-de-courses-a-5-euros-a-l-Assemblee-1317983 "APL : Mélenchon vide son sac de courses à 5 euros à l'Assemblée"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821175729/http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/APL-Melenchon-vide-son-sac-de-courses-a-5-euros-a-l-Assemblee-1317983 |date=21 August 2017 }}, ''[[Paris Match]]'' (in French). 26 July 2017.</ref> In December 2019, Mélenchon received a suspended prison sentence of three months for rebellion and provocation following an altercation with police officers who had come to serve a warrant at the La France Insoumise headquarters in Paris.<ref>Timothée Boutry (9 December 2019). [https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-a-trois-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-pour-rebellion-et-provocation-09-12-2019-8212674.php "Jean-Luc Mélenchon condamné à trois mois de prison avec sursis pour rébellion et provocation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004445/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-a-trois-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-pour-rebellion-et-provocation-09-12-2019-8212674.php |date=11 May 2021 }}, ''[[Le Parisien]]'' (in French).</ref>
=== Third presidential candidacy and NUPES (2022–2023) ===
[[File:2022_French_Presidential_Election_First_Round_Map.svg|thumb|Map of the first round of the [[2022 French presidential election]]. Mélenchon was the most voted candidate in the red departments and territories]]
Mélenchon was again a candidate in the [[2022 French presidential election]]. He was one of three candidates placed without their consent on the ballot for the [[2022 French People's Primary]], a non-official vote for a common left-wing candidate; he came third out of seven, behind [[Christiane Taubira]] and [[Yannick Jadot]].<ref>{{cite news |title='People's primary' backs Christiane Taubira as unity candidate of French left |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/30/peoples-primary-backs-as-taubira-as-unity-candidate-of-french-left |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409084623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/30/peoples-primary-backs-as-taubira-as-unity-candidate-of-french-left |url-status=live }}</ref> Taubira withdrew in March, and endorsed Mélenchon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christiane Taubira annonce qu'elle votera pour Jean-Luc Mélenchon " dès le premier tour " afin de " barrer la route " à l'extrême droite |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2022/article/2022/04/08/christiane-taubira-annonce-qu-elle-votera-jean-luc-melenchon-des-le-premier-tour-pour-barrer-la-route-a-l-extreme-droite_6121189_6059010.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=Le Monde |date=8 April 2022 |language=French |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410104203/https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2022/article/2022/04/08/christiane-taubira-annonce-qu-elle-votera-jean-luc-melenchon-des-le-premier-tour-pour-barrer-la-route-a-l-extreme-droite_6121189_6059010.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mélenchon's polling numbers surged in the final weeks of campaigning, putting him within chance of making the second round.<ref>{{cite news |title=Late surge gives leftist firebrand shot at French vote run-off |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220323-late-surge-gives-leftist-firebrand-shot-at-french-vote-run-off |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=France 24 |date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410173159/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220323-late-surge-gives-leftist-firebrand-shot-at-french-vote-run-off |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, 21.4% had been enough to gain access to the second round.<ref name="Mullen 2022"/>
For the first round of the 2022 presidential election, Mélenchon's strategy was to unite the other left-wing [[anti-neoliberal]] parties against [[Emmanuel Macron]], who attempted to play down his [[neoliberalism]] in the second round in order to appeal to Mélenchon voters while presenting [[Marine Le Pen]] as a dangerous nationalist. This dynamic flipped in the [[2022 French legislative election]] as Mélenchon and La France Insoumise had become part of the [[New Ecological and Social People's Union]] (NUPES), a broad anti-neoliberal coalition.<ref name="Behrent & Chabal 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Behrent |first1=Michael C.|last2=Chabal |first2=Emile |date=2 October 2022 |title=Between neo-liberalism and the nation: France's political landscape in 2022 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09639489.2022.2134327 |journal=Modern & Contemporary France |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=517–533 |doi=10.1080/09639489.2022.2134327 |issn=0963-9489|hdl=20.500.11820/67e58b7d-d049-401f-a747-8c1f44029696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{refn|About NUPES, political scientist Christopher Bickerton stated that "it would be a mistake to see La France Insoumise as a 21st century reincarnation of the PCF; the ideological and organisational differences are too stark. It would also be wrong to think of NUPES as a present-day version of the 1972 Common Programme, which briefly united the communists and socialists around an agreed set of policies. NUPES is not another step in the long march of the French Left; it is the expression of a much wider unravelling of French politics, which has been playing out on the Right and the Left for the last 30 years."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>|group=nb}} In turn, Macron denounced Mélenchon and the anti-neoliberal NUPES coalition as delusional anti-capitalists.<ref name="Behrent & Chabal 2022"/> Mélenchon urged his supporters "not to give a single vote to Mrs Le Pen".<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Christopher |date=25 April 2022 |title=Why Macron is invincible |url=https://unherd.com/2022/04/why-macron-seems-invincible/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> According to political scientist Christopher Bickerton, observers commented that "the LFI's electoral offer was the most sophisticated of all the parties — a total of 694 proposals, from a sixth republic to 'rational' anti-terrorist legislation, to a commitment to the demilitarisation of space."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
In the first round of voting in France's [[two round voting system]], Mélenchon came in third place with 22% of the vote, behind Macron (28%) and Le Pen (23%). Only the top two finishers continue on to the second round, so Mélenchon was eliminated after the results of the first round were certified.{{refn|For the results, see {{cite web |url=https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/presidentielle-2022/FE.html |title=Election présidentielle 2022 |website=Ministère de l'Intérieur et des Outre-mer |language=fr|access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410234004/https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/presidentielle-2022/FE.html |url-status=live}}|group=nb}} Mélenchon advised his voters not to vote for Le Pen in the second round but did not endorse Macron. His 7.7 million first-round voters became a key demographic for the second round. He was the most popular candidate for voters aged 24–35,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=Macron and Le Pen restart campaigns with Mélenchon a potential 'kingmaker' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/french-presidential-election-macron-le-pen-melenchon |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104454/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/french-presidential-election-macron-le-pen-melenchon |url-status=live }}</ref> and in the overseas departments of [[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], obtaining majorities in several of these jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Présidentielle. Dans les Antilles, Jean-Luc Mélenchon obtient plus de 50 % |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/elections/presidentielle/presidentielle-dans-les-antilles-jean-luc-melenchon-obtient-plus-de-50-d232d460-b919-11ec-bd14-a849d20f46a4 |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=Ouest-France |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428201641/https://www.ouest-france.fr/elections/presidentielle/presidentielle-dans-les-antilles-jean-luc-melenchon-obtient-plus-de-50-d232d460-b919-11ec-bd14-a849d20f46a4 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also finished first in [[Île-de-France]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faure |first1=Mélanie |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon s'impose en Île-de-France, Emmanuel Macron en tête à Paris |url=https://www.europe1.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-simpose-en-ile-de-france-emmanuel-macron-en-tete-a-paris-4104956 |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Europe 1 |date=11 April 2022 |language=French |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411061652/https://www.europe1.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-simpose-en-ile-de-france-emmanuel-macron-en-tete-a-paris-4104956 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mélenchon did not run for re-election in [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency]], instead giving his candidacy to [[Manuel Bompard]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Capital avec |date=2022-05-12 |title=Législatives 2022 : Jean-Luc Mélenchon ne se représentera pas et laisse sa place à Manuel Bompard |url=https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/legislatives-2022-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-se-representera-pas-et-laisse-sa-place-a-manuel-bompard-1436329 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Capital.fr |language=fr |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615235541/https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/legislatives-2022-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-se-representera-pas-et-laisse-sa-place-a-manuel-bompard-1436329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mélenchon led the NUPES coalition since May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Can the 'Nupes' revive the French left's fortunes? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/05/30/can-the-nupes-revive-the-french-lefts-fortunes/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=EUROPP |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610181219/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/05/30/can-the-nupes-revive-the-french-lefts-fortunes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2022 legislative election, NUPES won 131 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Emmanuel Macron's coalition level with new leftwing group in French elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/emmanuel-macrons-coalition-level-with-new-leftwing-group-in-french-elections |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628051734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/emmanuel-macrons-coalition-level-with-new-leftwing-group-in-french-elections |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=French legislative elections: The second round, by the numbers |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220617-french-legislative-elections-the-second-round-by-the-numbers |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620164618/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220617-french-legislative-elections-the-second-round-by-the-numbers |url-status=live }}</ref> Amid divisions, NUPES dissolved in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jacobin.com/2024/06/france-nouveau-front-populaire-clemence-guette | title=France's New Popular Front Can Stop the Far Right }}</ref>
== Political positions ==
Mélenchon is a [[socialist]] republican, inspired primarily by the founder of French republican socialism [[Jean Jaurès]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Poesy |first=Emma |date=23 June 2022 |title=La France insoumise est-elle vraiment un parti d'extrême gauche ? |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20220623.OBS60092/la-france-insoumise-est-elle-vraiment-un-parti-d-extreme-gauche.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Le Nouvel Obs |language=fr}}</ref> During his political career, Mélenchon crossed various tendencies of the [[French left]], from [[Trotskyism]] in his youth to more moderate socialism, as he was in the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] for almost thirty years, occupying a place on the left wing of the party, before he began a companionship with the [[French Communist Party]] after his departure from the Socialist Party in 2008.<ref name="Martelli 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Martelli |first=Roger |date=2012-02-28 |title=Front de gauche, aube ou crépuscule ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-mouvements-2012-1-page-101.htm |journal=Mouvements |language=fr |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=101–108 |doi=10.3917/mouv.069.0101 |issn=1291-6412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-21 |title=Le billet de Pascal Perrineau – Jean-Luc Mélenchon, "premier candidat de gauche" ? |url=https://www.emilemagazine.fr/article/2016/12/20/le-billet-de-pascal-perrineau-jean-luc-mlenchon-premier-candidat-de-gauche- |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Émile Magazine |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Ducange 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Ducange |first=Jean-Numa |date=2018-09-19 |title=Les adieux à la gauche de Jean-Luc Mélenchon |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-du-crieur-2018-1-page-48.htm |journal=Revue du Crieur |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3917/crieu.009.0048 |issn=2428-4068}}</ref> He rejects the labels of "radical left" or "far left" that the press has sometimes ascribed to his political positions.<ref name="Ducange 2018"/> According to historian Jean-Numa Ducange, Mélenchon became for many the main representative of the historical French left during the 2017 presidential election, scoring 20%, far ahead of the Socialist Party candidate [[Benoît Hamon]], and was not a radical leftist, having unconditionally supported the [[Plural Left]] that was in power between 1997 and 2002, and having himself been a minister in this government between 2000 and 2002.<ref name="Ducange 2018"/> According to historian Roger Martelli, Mélenchon's long Socialist Party past contradicts the restricted image of "left of the left" and gives him a "traditional anchoring".<ref name="Martelli 2012"/> Historian [[Sudhir Hazareesingh]] described Mélenchon as a "democratic socialist candidate [who] symbolises France's hunger for social, political, and environmental reform, as well as the popular frustration with the nation’s established elites", and as "a middle-class champion of the working people, a former senator turned radical reformer, a transformative visionary driven by memories of past glories, a digital geek steeped in classical learning, an inveterate critic of presidentialism who is himself a charismatic leader, and a 70-year-old veteran who counts the young among his primary constituencies".<ref name="The Observer 2022">{{cite news |date=5 June 2022 |title=The future of France: can Macron's centre hold? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/05/the-future-of-france-can-macron-centre-hold |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The Observer |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> According to sociologist Paolo Gerbaudo, Mélenchon supports [[social-democratic]] and [[reformist socialist]] policies, having softened his "revolutionary and radical image". During the 2022 presidential campaign, Mélenchon shifted towards a more pragmatic approach, instead of a philosophical and theoretical one, while campaigning in favour of bread-and-butter issues.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerbaudo |first=Paolo |date=2022-06-15 |title=Mélenchon's lesson to the left: less socialism, more social democracy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/15/melenchon-france-new-left-bernie-sanders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113349/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/15/melenchon-france-new-left-bernie-sanders |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> According to political scientist Christopher Bickerton, among the reasons for "Mélenchon's high score in the 2022 presidential election was that he supplemented his earlier populism with an extensive and comprehensive legislative programme."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
Mélenchon's radicalism is linked to his criticism of [[neoliberalism]].{{refn|According to Aurélien Dubuisson, an associate researcher at the [[Sciences Po]] Historical Centre and author of ''The Far Left in France'' published by the Blaise Pascal University Press, labelling Mélenchon or La France Insoumise as far left is "a mistake that has been made in recent years, especially by the right wing of the political spectrum". Dubuisson cites Mitterrand's programme from 1981, which he said would be considered "the worst extremist of the moment. But in 1981, the political context was different, it was permeated by left-wing themes."<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Elise |date=14 June 2024 |title=Pourquoi c'est faux de dire que LFI est un parti d'extrême gauche ? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4096310-20240614-elections-legislatives-2024-pourquoi-faux-dire-lfi-parti-extreme-gauche |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=20minutes.fr |language=fr}}</ref> According to political scientist Rémi Lefebvre, "Jean-Luc Mélenchon is not in favour of the abolition of capitalism, but he proposes its regulation by the state, a high level of public spending, high taxation."<ref name="Desseauve 2024">{{cite web |last=Desseauve |first=Rodolphe |date=13 June 2024 |title=LFI est-il vraiment un parti d'extrême gauche, comme le dit Emmanuel Macron ? |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/lfi-est-il-vraiment-un-parti-dextreme-gauche-comme-le-dit-emmanuel-macron-123403998.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Yahoo News |language=fr}}</ref> According to Lefebvre, it is a programme of part of a socialism that is "very interventionist, very reformist, which believes in the essential role of public services, in ecological planning, in redistribution", and that what it questions is "more ultraliberalism than capitalism itself".<ref name="Desseauve 2024"/> Lefebvre shares Dubuisson's view that the programme is no more radical than Mitterand's,<ref>{{cite web |last=Otter |first=Margaux |date=13 June 2024 |title=Législatives 2024 {{!}} La France insoumise (LFI) de Jean-Luc Mélenchon est-il un parti d'extrême gauche comme le dit Emmanuel Macron ? |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20240613.OBS89734/la-france-insoumise-est-il-un-parti-d-extreme-gauche.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Le Nouvel Obs |language=fr}}</ref> saying that "it is not revolutionary, but reformist ... It is difficult to compare, as the level of public spending varies greatly from one era to another. However, Mélenchon's programme, like Mitterrand's, is based on state interventionism and in this it is no more radical than the common program of the time."<ref name="Desseauve 2024"/> In contrast to far-left parties, in the words of Olivier Favier, Mélenchon "plays fully the game of the ballot box and does not plan to take power through the Revolution. This last feature remains, for the institutions of the Republic, as for the community of historians and political scientists, an essential criterion of definition."<ref>{{cite web |last=Favier |first=Olivier |date=5 July 2024 |title=Extrême gauche, extrême droite, extrême centre: de quoi parle-t-on? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/connaissances/20240705-extr%C3%AAme-gauche-extr%C3%AAme-droite-extr%C3%AAme-centre-de-quoi-parle-t-on |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref>|group=nb}} According to the Belgian public media [[RTBF]], his radical appearance is linked to his [[criticism of neoliberalism]], international treaties, and the functioning of the [[European Union]] (EU), as well as his tax reform. Mélenchon does not support [[Marxist]] ideas of "[[proletarian revolution]]", as is the case with the [[New Anticapitalist Party]] and [[Lutte Ouvrière]], and his tax reform is more moderate than that of the far-left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Comment expliquer la montée de Jean-Luc Mélenchon? Pourquoi fait-il peur? Cinq éléments de réponse |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/comment-expliquer-la-montee-de-jean-luc-melenchon-pourquoi-fait-il-peur-cinq-elements-de-reponse-9578928 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> On the political spectrum, Mélenchon is placed on the [[political left]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chrisp |first1=Joe |chapter=Neither Left nor Right |date=2023 |title=The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income |pages=547–563 |editor-last=Torry |editor-first=Malcolm |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41001-7_27 |access-date=2024-07-12 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-41001-7_27 |isbn=978-3-031-41001-7 |last2=Martinelli |first2=Luke}}</ref> including by international news outlets like [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clement |first=Megan |date=7 April 2022 |title=Analysis: What's at stake for women in the French election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/europe/macron-french-presidential-election-gender-equality-as-equals-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CNN}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynn |first1=Matthew |date=6 June 2022 |title=The French far-Left is the biggest threat to the euro |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/06/06/french-far-left-biggest-threat-euro/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> ''[[Der Spiegel]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandberg |first=Britta |date=2022-04-25 |title=Can Emmanuel Macron Unite a Deeply Divided France? |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/back-to-work-can-macron-unite-a-deeply-divided-france-a-dabbb75d-1fb8-4dfa-9a1f-29442c4eecf0 |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=Der Spiegel |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> [[Deutsche Welle]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Picnicking with Melenchon – DW – 04/18/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/picnicking-with-frances-left-wing-presidential-candidate-melenchon/a-38474961 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Deutsche Welle }}</ref> [[NBC News]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=French presidential race tightens, with far-right challenger nipping at Macron's heels |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/french-presidential-race-tightens-far-right-challenger-nipping-macrons-rcna23004 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=NBC News }}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |date=2022-04-14 |title=Will Macron's Centrism Defeat France's Growing Right Wing? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/will-macrons-centrism-defeat-frances-growing-right-wing |access-date=2024-07-12 |magazine=The New Yorker |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Macron MP fights to prove he isn't Beijing's man |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-candidate-buon-tan-reject-china-communist-party-connection/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Politico }}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Old passions stir around autonomy in Corsica ahead of French elections |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/20002073.old-passions-stir-around-autonomy-corsica-ahead-frances-presidential-elections/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The National }}</ref> ''[[The Spectator]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mortimer |first=Gavin |date=2022-04-13 |title=The French elite are playing into Le Pen's hands |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-french-elite-are-playing-into-le-pen-s-hands/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Spectator }}</ref> and ''[[The Times]]'';<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bremner |first=Charles |date=2024-07-12 |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon's surge in polls raises left's hopes of a showdown with Macron |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/jean-luc-melenchons-surge-in-polls-raises-lefts-hopes-of-a-showdown-with-macron-pprfn3nxw |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Times }}</ref> he is often also classified as [[far left]], or [[left-wing populist]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-24 |title=France's left-wing Mélenchon admits defeat despite late surge |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170424-france-leftist-wing-populist-melenchon-defeat-election-president |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=France 24 }}</ref> by Anglo-Saxon news outlets (the [[Associated Press]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-16 |title=French far-left presidential hopeful woos voters with jobs |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-france-elections-campaigns-jean-luc-melenchon-b75570eb595d3e05fab2cbd4f3dfb828 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=AP News }}</ref> ''[[BBC News]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-15 |title=French elections: Who is Mélenchon and what does his Nupes alliance want? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61737537 |access-date=2022-06-20 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113349/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61737537 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bloomberg News]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-21 |title=Far-Left Melenchon Rises Again as French Election Nears |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-21/far-left-melenchon-rises-again-as-france-election-nears |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ''[[The Conversation]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Paul |date=2017-04-19 |title=Profile: Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the far-left candidate shaking up the French election |url=http://theconversation.com/profile-jean-luc-melenchon-the-far-left-candidate-shaking-up-the-french-election-76384 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2022 |title=Emmanuel Macron on course to lose majority in French assembly |url=https://www.ft.com/content/822d003c-028e-4a6b-9e10-97f809ca4f7b |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-19 |title=The radical outsider for the French presidency who wants to leave Nato and bring in a 32-hour working week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/france-far-left-jean-luc-melenchon-france-insoumise-presidential-candidate-a7638386.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Independent |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113349/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/france-far-left-jean-luc-melenchon-france-insoumise-presidential-candidate-a7638386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabkhiro |first=Juliette |date=5 April 2022 |title=Far-left Melenchon makes last push to reach French presidential run-off |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/far-left-melenchon-makes-last-push-reach-french-presidential-run-off-2022-04-05/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Walt |first=Vivienne |date=2017-04-13 |title=In France's Election, a Far-Left Populist Finds an Eager Audience |url=https://time.com/4737928/france-election-jean-luc-melenchon-far-left/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |magazine=Time}}</ref> and ''[[The Washington Post]]''),<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2024 |title=Analysis {{!}} Political Gridlock In France Is Risk for Europe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/political-gridlock-in-france-isrisk-for-europe/2022/06/20/1d58bb6e-f068-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html |access-date=12 July 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> as well as by the French media whose audience is international ([[Euronews]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Far-left Melenchon emerges as third competitor in French election poll |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/03/10/uk-france-election-melenchon |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Euronews}}</ref> [[France 24]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=French far-left candidate Mélenchon rallies on lower retirement age, framing self as the anti-Macron |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220321-french-far-left-candidate-m%C3%A9lenchon-rallies-on-lower-retirement-age-framing-self-as-the-anti-macron |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=France 24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=Mélenchon's far-left party: five years of opposition at the National Assembly |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220604-a-look-at-opposition-group-la-france-insoumise-s-past-five-years-in-parliament |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=France 24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2022 |title=Mélenchon's far-left party: five years of opposition at the National Assembly |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220604-a-look-at-opposition-group-la-france-insoumise-s-past-five-years-in-parliament |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=France 24 }}</ref> and [[Radio France Internationale]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=French far-left leader Mélenchon 'proposes' 2022 bid for presidency |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20201109-french-far-left-leader-m%C3%A9lenchon-announces-2022-bid-for-presidency-election-slammed-selfish-divide-left-socialist-greens-communist |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=RFI }}</ref> He is described as a "firebrand leader of the left".<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2022 |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the rabble-rouser leading the new French left |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/jean-luc-melenchon-rabble-rouser-leader-new-france-left/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nossiter |first=Adam |date=2024-07-09 |title=France's Far-Left Firebrand: Ready to Govern? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/09/world/europe/france-election-left-melenchon.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Mélenchon is a proponent of increased [[labour rights]] and the expansion of French [[Social protection in France|welfare programmes]].<ref name="Revolt1">{{cite book|last1=Pr'ncipe|first1=Catarina|last2=Sunkara|first2=Bhaskar|title=Europe in Revolt: Mapping the New European Left|date=July 2016|pages=91–92|publisher=Haymarket Books|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1-60846-593-4}}</ref> He has also called for the mass [[redistribution of wealth]] to rectify existing [[socioeconomic inequality|socioeconomic inequalities]].<ref name="Revolt1" /> Domestic policies proposed by Mélenchon include a 100% income tax on earnings over €360,000 a year, 100% inheritance tax on sums beyond €12 million,<ref>{{cite news |title='France's Corbyn' plans to freeze food prices in €300bn giveaway |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/08/profile-jean-luc-mlenchon-france-jeremy-corbyn/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=8 July 2024 |last1=Samuel |first1=Henry }}</ref> full state reimbursement for health care costs, a reduction in presidential powers in favour of the legislature, and the easing of immigration laws.<ref name="Fenby">{{cite book|last=Fenby|first=Jonathan|title=France: A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror|date=November 2016|pages=448–449|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-250-09683-8}}</ref> Mélenchon supports [[same-sex marriage]] and women's right to abortion. He also supports the [[legalisation of cannabis]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/04/french-presidential-election-how-the-candidates-compare French presidential election: how the candidates compare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414101450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/04/french-presidential-election-how-the-candidates-compare |date=14 April 2022 }} The Guardian. Author – Angelique Chrisafis. Published 4 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> Mélenchon believes in the "créolisation" of French culture and society, a term coined by the [[Martinican]] poet [[Édouard Glissant]], who defines it as "a blend of cultures that creates something new", that "belongs to none of the cultures that comprise it".<ref name="Creolisation">{{Cite web |last1=McNicoll |first1=Tracy |last2=Mazoue |first2=Aude |date=2 March 2022 |title='Créolisation': Candidates clash on immigration, assimilation and identity |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220215-cr%C3%A9olisation-as-right-wingers-tout-assimilation-m%C3%A9lenchon-levies-creole-counterpunch |website=[[France 24]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110549/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220215-cr%C3%A9olisation-as-right-wingers-tout-assimilation-m%C3%A9lenchon-levies-creole-counterpunch |url-status=live }}</ref> During a campaign rally in December 2021, Mélenchon told his supporters: "Whatever one's gender, colour or religion, we are called upon to love one another, and so we pool together our tastes and our cultures. That's créolisation. Créolisation is the future of humanity."<ref name="Creolisation" /> Hazareesingh argued that Mélenchon "mobilised support in deprived inner-city areas, and was the only major candidate who unambiguously denounced racism and Islamophobia, and defended a multicultural vision of Frenchness which, borrowing from the poet Édouard Glissant, he labelled 'créolisation'."<ref name="The Observer 2022"/>
[[File:Besancenot, Bové, Mélenchon - gare Saint-Lazare, mai 2005.jpeg|thumb|Mélenchon (right) with [[Olivier Besancenot]] (left) and [[José Bové]] (centre) at a meeting to rally support for the "No" vote in the [[2005 French European Constitution referendum]]]]
Mélenchon is an outspoken critic of the EU, which he views as having been corrupted through neoliberalism.<ref name="Bank1">{{cite web|title=Euroscepticism gaining currency? Implications of the EU elections for economic policy|last1=Heinen|first1=Nicolaus|last2=Hartleb|first2=Florian|url=https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000332443/Euroscepticism+gaining+currency%3F+Implications+of+the+EU+elections+for+economic+policy.pdf|location=Frankfurt, Germany|publisher=Deutsche Bank AG|year=2014|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701101525/http://dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000332443/Euroscepticism%2Bgaining%2Bcurrency%3F%2BImplications%2Bof%2Bthe%2BEU%2Belections%2Bfor%2Beconomic%2Bpolicy.pdf|archive-date= 1 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his 2012 campaign, Mélenchon positioned himself against the trend towards economic [[globalisation]], which he denounced as disproportionately profiting the financial industry and "high income earners" at the expense of the poor.<ref name="Bank1" /> He insisted international organisations such as the EU threatened to "strangle the voice of the people".<ref name="French241">{{cite news|title=French left rally behind anti-NATO Mélenchon |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-french-far-left-rally-behind-anti-nato-melenchon-toulouse-hollande-sarkozy-election |work=France Médias Monde (France 24) |location=Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris |date=6 April 2014 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926203654/http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-french-far-left-rally-behind-anti-nato-melenchon-toulouse-hollande-sarkozy-election |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He supports a renegotiation of European treaties.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Focraud|first1=Arnaud|title=Le Pen, Mélenchon, Dupont-Aignan… A chaque eurosceptique son 'Frexit'|trans-title=Le Pen, Mélenchon, Dupont-Aignan... To each eurosceptic their own 'Frexit'|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Le-Pen-Melenchon-Dupont-Aignan-A-chaque-eurosceptique-son-Frexit-792219|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[Le Journal du Dimanche]]|date=21 June 2016|language=fr|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528151743/https://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Le-Pen-Melenchon-Dupont-Aignan-A-chaque-eurosceptique-son-Frexit-792219|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon opposes the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), which he perceives as an affront to France's national sovereignty.<ref name="French241" /> He has repeatedly called for France to withdraw from NATO.<ref name="French241" /> Mélenchon has voiced his support for [[Rattachism]].<ref name="lefigaro">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Belgique : chronique d'une implosion annoncée |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/monde/2014/08/04/31002-20140804ARTFIG00073-belgique-chronique-d-une-implosion-annoncee.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729190610/http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/monde/2014/08/04/31002-20140804ARTFIG00073-belgique-chronique-d-une-implosion-annoncee.php |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=LEFIGARO}}</ref>
Mélenchon has been labelled a [[populist]] by numerous diverse people,{{refn|According to political scientist Philippe Marlière, Mélenchon could be described as a populist leader as early as 2010, when he declared himself to be one. In the 2010 interview, Mélenchon stated: "I don't want to defend myself anymore against the accusation of populism. People are disgusted by the elites. Do they deserve anything better? They should all quit! I'm calling upon the energy of the many against the arrogance of the privileged classes. Am I a populist? Yes I am!"<ref name="Marlière 2019">{{cite book |last=Marlière |first=Philippe |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315180823/populist-radical-left-europe?refId=66f1bb5b-e117-4ae2-8ddc-1f5055e1293c&context=ubx |editor-last1=Katsambekis|editor-first1=Giorgos|editor-last2=Kioupkiolis|editor-first2=Alexandros|title=The Populist Radical Left in Europe |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315180823 |edition=1st |location=London |chapter=Jean-Luc Mélenchon and France Insoumise: the manufacturing of populism |doi=10.4324/9781315180823 |chapter-url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10053910/1/P.%20Marliere-France%20Insoumise.pdf}}</ref> Of populism, Marlière summarised: "From Napoleon III to Charles de Gaulle, in recent times, populism has characterised right-wing or extreme-right regimes or leaderships. It has helped label demagogic policies and the art of exploiting people's fears and frustration. Given the near-exclusive association of populism with the far-right, the diagnosis of populism often extends to 'demonisation'. Conversely, the left in France has always supported collegial forms of leadership and put the emphasis on collective endeavours. For communists and socialists, populism neglects class struggles because it focusses on an undefined 'people'. Consequently, 'populism' and 'left' are arguably incompatible notions because a proper populist strategy can only appeal to far-right voters."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/>|group=nb}} with the Socialist Party senator [[Luc Carvounas]] saying he goes to "the summits of demagoguery and populism", and the magazine ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' stating that Mélenchon's rhetoric is "shocking" and implying his entire political life is based around pleasing the people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.fr/story/70687/melenchon-populisme-vintage|title=Le populisme "vintage" de Jean-Luc Mélenchon, trop élaboré pour être efficace|work=Slate.fr|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024143706/http://www.slate.fr/story/70687/melenchon-populisme-vintage|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been compared to Le Pen in terms of debating style;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-pen-melenchon-la-mode-est-au-langage-populiste_1237437.html|title=Le Pen-Mélenchon: la mode est au langage populiste|date=5 April 2013|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr|archive-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014153331/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-pen-melenchon-la-mode-est-au-langage-populiste_1237437.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/2011/06/24/actualite/entre-le-fn-et-le-front-de-gauche-la-frontiere-est-elle-poreuse-1113433/|title=Les Inrocks - Entre le FN et le Front de gauche, la frontière est-elle poreuse?|last=Mourgue|first=Marion|date=24 June 2011|website=Les Inrocks|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802213215/http://www.lesinrocks.com/2011/06/24/actualite/entre-le-fn-et-le-front-de-gauche-la-frontiere-est-elle-poreuse-1113433/|url-status=live}}</ref> political scientist [[Dominique Reynié]] even went as far as to say he "flirts with xenophobia when it helps him".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/dominique-reynie/jean-luc-melenchon-nest-pas-raciste-mais_b_4367111.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon n'est pas raciste mais...|work=Le Huffington Post|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424210324/http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/dominique-reynie/jean-luc-melenchon-nest-pas-raciste-mais_b_4367111.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Bickerton, "LFI's starting point is not Marxist dialectics or class conflict, but ''le peuple''".<ref>{{cite web |last=Bickerton |first=Christopher |date=15 June 2022 |title=The long march of the French Left |url=https://unherd.com/2022/06/the-long-march-of-the-french-left/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> Political scientist Chloe Morin described Mélenchon as "the principal asset of La France Insoumise. He is also their principal handicap. He is a great orator, a matchless tactician but also a deeply divisive figure."<ref>{{cite web |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=10 May 2022 |title=Can Mélenchon unite the French Left? |url=https://unherd.com/2022/05/can-melenchon-unite-the-french-left/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> Mélenchon has himself his vision of populism, which he sees as positive if it comes with left-wing politics, and believes it is possible to bring about a "citizens' revolution" to usher in "the epoch of the people".<ref name="Mullen 2022"/> He is inspired by the philosopher [[Chantal Mouffe]], who sought to theorise and rehabilitate the term "[[left populism]]". This theory argues that neoliberalism and [[austerity]] only made the far-right stronger and that the populist concept of "the people" has to be reintroduced into the political sphere in a civic sense rather than an ethnic way (creating a "[[right populism]]" to fight).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.fr/story/138602/chantal-mouffe|title=Qui est Chantal Mouffe, la penseuse qui inspire Hamon et Mélenchon?|first=Gaël|last=Brustier|date=27 March 2017|website=Slate.fr|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821174331/http://www.slate.fr/story/138602/chantal-mouffe|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|In the run-up to the [[2017 French presidential election]], Mélenchon launched a populist strategy, in what Marlière described it as "a radical break with the collective forms of leadership and action on the French left", and added: "In true populist fashion, the FI leader wants to federate 'the people', and not simply left-wing voters. He has ceased to use the notion of left altogether."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> According to Marlière, populism is not part of the French left, which historically rejected populist movements, ideas, and leaders, citing as "a clear refutation of leader-centric populism" the original version of "[[The Internationale]]", where [[Eugène Pottier]] wrote: "There are no supreme saviours, neither God, nor Caesar, nor eloquent speakers, producers, let's save ourselves."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> In the words of Marlière, that of Mélenchon was "an attempt to organise the masses along the lines of an agonistic cleavage between 'the people' and 'the elite', and this was also a radical break with the collective forms of leadership and action on the French left. The gamble paid off as Mélenchon received significant support from segments of left-wing voters in the first round of the presidential election."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> According to Marlière, "Mélenchon's style, strategy and politics have energised fragments of the left-wing electorate (the young and working-class voters notably) but they have also created tensions with other parties of the left. Those organisations fear that Mélenchon's 'populist moment' may be detrimental to the future of left-wing politics in France altogether."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> In regards to the types of populism, Marlière wrote: "What defines FI's populism is the role and the centrality of the leader. One may wonder whether populism is the best strategy to broaden the left's electorate as left-wing and right-wing populisms do not tap in the same culture and do not express the same feelings. On the left, the anger is directed at free market economics. On the far right, the hatred of foreigners and immigrants is the main motivation. Both feelings and mindsets are incompatible: the former has a positive mindset whereas the latter is based on resentment."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/>|group=nb}}
=== Sixth Republic and French Constitution ===
Mélenchon advocates for the holding of a [[Constituent assembly|constitutional convention]] to create a [[Sixth French Republic]]. In the 2017 party manifesto titled ''L'Avenir en commun'', it states in the first chapter: "The new constitution that France needs must be radically different."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://laec.fr/|title=LAEC.fr – Le programme de Jean-Luc Mélenchon en ligne – L'Avenir En Commun|website=LAEC.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227152816/https://laec.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 September 2014, Mélenchon wrote in ''[[Le Monde]]'' that "France must protect itself from the powers of finance. They devour the real economy. ... To this end, the definition of the constitutional rights of private ownership of capital should change. ... Again, it is inclusion in the Constitution that will fix this and make it a common rule."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/victorayoli/blog/091014/la-6eme-republique-selon-melenchon|title=La 6ème république selon Mélenchon.|work=Club de Mediapart|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802013949/https://blogs.mediapart.fr/victorayoli/blog/091014/la-6eme-republique-selon-melenchon|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mélenchon is endorsed by the Movement for the 6th Republic, and has spoken positively of them before. A spokesman for ''La France Insoumise'' affirmed that Mélenchon was very welcoming of a Sixth Republic run by the people that welcomes democracy, ecology, and challenges social issues.<ref name=":1" /> The constitutional convention members must not have ever been elected representatives, and they would not be able to present themselves thereafter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.m6r.fr/2017/04/candidats-a-presidentielle-repondent-mouvement-6e-republique/|title=Les candidats à la présidentielle répondent au Mouvement 6e République ! - Mouvement pour la 6e République|date=16 April 2017|work=Mouvement pour la 6e République|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
=== Agriculture and animal treatment ===
The association [[L214]], which is a non-profit for animal protection, stated that he was the only candidate "for animals" during its evaluation of the candidates' programmes, giving him a score of 15.7/20, placing him at the head of 11 candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politique-animaux.fr/presidentielle-2017|title=Présidentielle 2017 : que feront-ils pour les animaux ?|website=www.politique-animaux.fr|language=fr|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418163831/https://www.politique-animaux.fr/presidentielle-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== European Parliament ===
Mélenchon's attendance before the 2012 presidential election was at 63%,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/04/16/les-astuces-de-m-melenchon-pour-paraitre-assidu-au-parlement-europeen_4402075_4355770.html|title=Les astuces de Mélenchon pour paraître assidu au Parlement européen|last=Léchenet|first=Samuel Laurent et Alexandre|date=16 April 2014|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328110221/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/04/16/les-astuces-de-m-melenchon-pour-paraitre-assidu-au-parlement-europeen_4402075_4355770.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and after this, his average is often compiled with pre-2012, so it is compiled at 71.40%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.votewatch.eu/en/jean-luc-melenchon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429004258/http://www.votewatch.eu/en/jean-luc-melenchon.html |url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|title=VoteWatch Europe: European Parliament, Council of the EU|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> Mélenchon justified his relatively low attendance with how active he is within France itself, and has posted a list of other reasons on his blog.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon, pour refonder l'Europe|website=europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427002304/http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/ma-facon-detre-depute/absences-dois-je-mexcuser/|title=Un seul être vous manque et tout est dépeuplé|website=europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001923/http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/ma-facon-detre-depute/absences-dois-je-mexcuser/|url-status=live}}</ref> He increased his attendance after that, with the website ''votewatch.eu'' reporting it in 2017 at 85.1%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.votewatch.eu/en/term8-jean-luc-melenchon-2.html|title=Jean-Luc MÉLENCHON|website=VoteWatch Europe|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502230611/http://www.votewatch.eu/en/term8-jean-luc-melenchon-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Foreign policy ===
==== Germany ====
Mélenchon is critical of German economic policies. After writing a pamphlet against German policies in May 2015, Mélenchon declared: "But I'm not being [[Anti-German sentiment|anti-German]]. My aim is to rid my readers of any fascination with the so-called '[[German model]]'. What a 'model', indeed! It is a mockery, a fake paradise, whose population suffers from increasing impoverishment and social violence. The fantasy of the 'German model' is the opium of the rich!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://melenchon.fr/le-hareng-de-bismarck-les-bonus-du-livre/|title=Le Hareng de Bismarck - Les bonus du livre|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134444/https://melenchon.fr/le-hareng-de-bismarck-les-bonus-du-livre/|url-status=live}}</ref>
After the German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] described reform efforts so far in France and Italy as "insufficient" in December 2014, Mélenchon replied through Twitter in German and French: "Maul zu, Frau #Merkel ! Frankreich ist frei. Occupez-vous de vos pauvres et de vos équipements en ruines !" ("Shut your mouth, Mrs. Merkel! France is free. Take care of your poor and your ruined equipment.")<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/europa/frankreich-unlustige-deutsche-12216734.html|title=Frankreich: Unlustige Deutsche|first=Michaela|last=Wiegel|date=10 June 2013|newspaper=FAZ.NET|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809020932/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/europa/frankreich-unlustige-deutsche-12216734.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/JLMelenchon/status/541613491267059712|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130234548/https://twitter.com/JLMelenchon/status/541613491267059712|url-status=live}}</ref> In reaction to the [[2015 Greek bailout referendum]] on the [[Greek sovereign debt crisis]] in early July 2015, he said that the "right-wing German government" was primarily responsible for the aggravation of the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/schuldenkrise-griechenland-kann-keine-gegenleistung-mehr.694.de.html?dram:article_id=324801|title=Schuldenkrise - "Griechenland kann keine Gegenleistung mehr erbringen"|website=Deutschlandfunk|date=8 July 2015 |access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143230/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/schuldenkrise-griechenland-kann-keine-gegenleistung-mehr.694.de.html?dram:article_id=324801|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Ukraine ====
In 2014 Mélenchon considered the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] to be "absolutely predictable", stating that "Crimean ports [were considered by Russia as] vital for Russia's security", and that Russia was taking "protective measures against an adventurous putschist power", also alleging that Ukraine was influenced by [[neo-Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/melenchon-denonce-un-nouveau-pouvoir-putschiste-aventurier-a-kiev-01-03-2014-1796804_20.php|title=Mélenchon dénonce un nouveau "pouvoir putschiste aventurier" à Kiev|date=1 March 2014|website=lepoint.fr|publisher=[[Le Point]]|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084102/https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/melenchon-denonce-un-nouveau-pouvoir-putschiste-aventurier-a-kiev-01-03-2014-1796804_20.php|url-status=live}}</ref> He further opposed imposing sanctions on Russia, and as a member of the European Parliament, voted against all forms of cooperation with Ukraine, including on science.<ref name="Paris">{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html|title=Mélenchon surges in the polls despite fiery remarks on Ukraine in the past|last=Paris|first=Gilles|date=8 March 2022|website=lemonde.fr|publisher=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412152730/https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Mélenchon referred to Ukraine as a country "struggling to be one".<ref name="Paris"/> During the [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]], he said that Russia "...must not cross Ukraine's borders", while stating that the United States should not "annex Ukraine into NATO".<ref name="Dodman">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220304-ukraine-war-puts-france-s-nato-sceptic-presidential-candidates-in-a-tight-spot|title=Ukraine war puts France's NATO-sceptic presidential candidates in a tight spot|last=Dodman|first=Benjamin|date=4 March 2022|website=france24.com|publisher=[[France 24]]|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120521/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220304-ukraine-war-puts-france-s-nato-sceptic-presidential-candidates-in-a-tight-spot|url-status=live}}</ref> He blamed the cause of the conflict between 2014 and 2022 on what he termed as NATO "pushing ever closer to [Russia's] borders".<ref name="Paris" /><ref name="Dodman" />
Nonetheless, Mélenchon denounced the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], describing it as an "unbearable escalation" and calling for the use of "diplomatic" means to obtain ‘an immediate ceasefire and the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Ukraine".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inter |first=La rédaction numérique de France |date=2022-02-24 |title=De "la menace n'existe pas" à "la Russie agresse l'Ukraine" : sur la Russie, Mélenchon varie |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/de-la-menace-n-existe-pas-a-la-russie-agresse-l-ukraine-sur-la-russie-melenchon-varie-3565552 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}</ref> After initially opposing arms deliveries to Ukraine<ref name="Paris3">{{cite web |last=Paris |first=Gilles |date=8 March 2022 |title=Mélenchon surges in the polls despite fiery remarks on Ukraine in the past |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412152730/https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=lemonde.fr |publisher=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref>, Mélenchon endorsed arms deliveries in June 2022 with the justification that "Ukraine has the right and the duty to defend itself", but opposed further French involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marianne |date=2024-06-26 |title=Guerre en Ukraine : Mélenchon soutient l'envoi d'armes mais veut éviter "à tout prix" l'escalade |url=https://www.marianne.net/politique/melenchon/guerre-en-ukraine-melenchon-soutient-l-envoi-d-armes-mais-veut-eviter-a-tout-prix-l-escalade |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.marianne.net |language=fr}}</ref>
==== Russia ====
Some commentators claimed Mélenchon "supported Russia" and was sympathetic towards [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref name="Sénécat" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/02/22/melenchon-prouve-son-amour-pour-vladimir-poutine_1435136|title=Mélenchon prouve son amour pour Vladimir Poutine|work=Libération.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428071919/http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/02/22/melenchon-prouve-son-amour-pour-vladimir-poutine_1435136|url-status=live}}</ref> Notably, the journalist [[Nicolas Hénin]] said that Mélenchon is "on the left of the political spectrum, but is an advocate for the Kremlin leader", with Hénin quoting how Mélenchon is the "political victim number one" after the murder of the Russian opposition leader [[Boris Nemtsov]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=La France russe : enquête sur les réseaux de Poutine|last=Hénin|first=Nicolas|publisher=Fayard|year=2016|location=France|pages=324}}</ref> [[Cécile Vaissié]], author of ''The Kremlin Networks'', considers Mélenchon as "one of those that approve of Putin",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20160422-france-russie-reseaux-vaissie-medias-politique-etc-comment-le-kremlin-tisse-toile-fra|title=Comment le Kremlin tisse sa toile en France|date=22 April 2016|work=RFI|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724231335/http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20160422-france-russie-reseaux-vaissie-medias-politique-etc-comment-le-kremlin-tisse-toile-fra|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Yannick Jadot]] of [[The Greens (France)|EELV]] said that the "pro-Russia" stance is "contrary to any environment thinking".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/debat-primaire-eelv-yannick-jadot-tacle-jean-luc-melenchon-1500705|title=Débat primaire EELV : Yannick Jadot tacle Jean-Luc Mélenchon|date=27 September 2016|work=Public Senat|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005629/https://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/debat-primaire-eelv-yannick-jadot-tacle-jean-luc-melenchon-1500705|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mélenchon mocked accusations of support for Putin, saying that it is unlikely that an "eco-socialist" would support Putin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2015/03/12/veillee-de-futur/|title=Veillée de futur|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427032232/http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2015/03/12/veillee-de-futur/|url-status=live}}</ref> and when attacked by [[Benoît Hamon]] on the topic of Putin, he stated: "I am not bound in any way to Mr. Putin. I am absolutely fighting his policy, and if I were Russian, I would not vote for his party, but for the [[Left Front (Russia)|Russian Left Front]] whose leader is in prison."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marianne.net/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-ce-qu-il-vraiment-dit-sur-la-russie-poutine-et-la-syrie|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon : ce qu'il a vraiment dit sur la Russie, Poutine et la Syrie|date=4 April 2017|work=Marianne|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233944/https://www.marianne.net/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-ce-qu-il-vraiment-dit-sur-la-russie-poutine-et-la-syrie|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon declared opposition to Putin's domestic policy and notes his friend of the Russian Left Front, [[Sergey Udaltsov]], is imprisoned in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8Xo-Iz6aVc|title=LA RUSSIE EST UN PARTENAIRE, PAS UN ADVERSAIRE - Mélenchon|date=22 February 2018|work=Youtube Mélenchon|access-date=13 December 2018|language=fr|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529215932/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8Xo-Iz6aVc&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ddBjxW9uk0|title=Entretien entre Jean Luc Mélenchon et Sergeï Oudaltsov - YouTube|date=10 May 2018|work=Youtube Mélenchon|access-date=13 December 2018|language=fr|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513182257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ddBjxW9uk0&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-Je-deviens-central-817324|title=Mélenchon : "Je deviens central"|last=JDD|first=Le|website=www.lejdd.fr|date=16 October 2016 |language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802125420/http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-Je-deviens-central-817324|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, Mélenchon condemned Putin's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine war serves as backdrop to France's presidential elections |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/8/what-impact-has-the-ukraine-war-had-on-the-french-elections |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410180603/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/8/what-impact-has-the-ukraine-war-had-on-the-french-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> After Sergey Udaltsov expressed support for the invasion of Ukraine, Mélenchon cut his political ties with him and condemned his stance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pezet |first=Jacques |title=Est-il vrai que les «alliés russes» de Jean-Luc Mélenchon s'opposent à la guerre en Ukraine? |url=https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/est-il-vrai-que-les-allies-russes-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sopposent-a-la-guerre-en-ukraine-20220405_E3TTI6WBYNACPKFEYGIPWDTR2A/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref>. In October 2022 he hosted three Russian opponents to Putin, Alexey Sakhnin, Andreï Roudoï and Elizabeta Smirnova, members of the "coalition of Russian socialists against the war".<ref>{{Cite web |title=À l'Assemblée, des députés insoumis et Mélenchon accueillent trois opposants russes à Poutine |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/a-l-assemblee-des-deputes-insoumis-et-melenchon-accueillent-trois-opposants-russes-a-poutine_AD-202210250801.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BFMTV |language=fr}}</ref>
==== Syria ====
Mélenchon favoured a [[United Nations]]-led intervention in Syria featuring all nations on the [[UN Security Council]]. He opposes intervention without international cooperation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/12/15/alep-en-france-les-pro-poutine-a-demi-mot_1535651#link_time=1481836241|title=Alep: en France, les pro-Poutine à demi-mot|work=Libération.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503202641/http://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/12/15/alep-en-france-les-pro-poutine-a-demi-mot_1535651#link_time=1481836241|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Ghouta chemical attack|chemical attack in Ghouta]], he said that a strike on Syria "would be an enormous mistake" leading to escalation and called instead for a "political solution".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-pg-frapper-la-syrie-serait-une-erreur-gigantesque-27-08-2013-1718106_20.php|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon (PG) : frapper la Syrie serait "une erreur gigantesque"|date=27 August 2013|work=Le Point|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730230104/http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-pg-frapper-la-syrie-serait-une-erreur-gigantesque-27-08-2013-1718106_20.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mélenchon has compared an intervention in Syria to Iraq,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/11/17/actualite/jean-luc-melenchon-il-faut-dabord-lutter-contre-la-panique-11788306/|title=Les Inrocks - Jean-Luc Mélenchon : "Il faut d'abord lutter contre la panique"|last=Doucet|first=David|date=17 November 2015|website=Les Inrocks|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730231505/http://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/11/17/actualite/jean-luc-melenchon-il-faut-dabord-lutter-contre-la-panique-11788306/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has approved of Russia's intervention in Syria, saying that he believes Vladimir Putin will resolve the [[Islamic State|ISIS]] problem in Syria, noting "It was the Russians who cut off the lines of supply that [[Daesh]] used to smuggle oil to Turkey".<ref name="Sénécat">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/12/16/les-ambiguites-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sur-la-russie-et-la-guerre-en-syrie_5050147_4355770.html|title=Les ambiguïtés de Jean-Luc Mélenchon sur la Russie et la guerre en Syrie|last=Sénécat|first=Adrien|date=16 December 2016|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422040536/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/12/16/les-ambiguites-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sur-la-russie-et-la-guerre-en-syrie_5050147_4355770.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|title=VIDEO. Mélenchon "félicite" Poutine pour ce que fait la Russie en Syrie|date=2016-02-21|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2018-11-22|language=fr-FR|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215833/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He said many times that he believed Putin could not be left to solve the problem in Syria alone, saying: "The UN will solve the problem ... it's time for an international coalition".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|title=VIDEO. Mélenchon "félicite" Poutine pour ce que fait la Russie en Syrie|date=21 February 2016|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428105210/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In response to the [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria]] against the [[Kurds in Syria|Kurdish]]-led [[Syrian Democratic Forces]], Melenchon tweeted: "If Turkish footballers do the military salute, they must expect to be treated as the soldiers of an enemy army. So we do not play football against them. The basics of sportsmanship are no longer there!"<ref>CNN Sports, "[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/14/football/french-politicians-france-turkey-uefa-football-military-salute-spt-intl/index.html 'Soldiers of an enemy army': French politicians call for football match against Turkey to be canceled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012057/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/14/football/french-politicians-france-turkey-uefa-football-military-salute-spt-intl/index.html |date=12 November 2020 }}, by Matias Grez, October 14, 2019."</ref><ref>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/world/middleeast/turkey-syria.html "The Syrian War: Today's Top Developments"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117233313/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/world/middleeast/turkey-syria.html |date=17 November 2020 }}, Oct. 14, 2019.</ref>
==== Saudi Arabia ====
During a [[European Parliament]] session on 8 June 2016 concerning [[Venezuela]], Mélenchon criticised what he called European hypocrisy, comparing European tolerance of [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian rule]] and intolerance of Venezuelan rule.<ref>{{cite news |title=El discurso de Mélenchon sobre Venezuela que triunfa en las redes |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/08/06/el-discurso-de-melenchon-sobre-venezuela-que-triunfa-en-las-rede_a_23067109/ |access-date=17 July 2018 |agency=Huffington Post |date=6 August 2017 |quote=El dirigente izquierdista aseguró que esta resolución no servía "para nada" y criticó lo que consideraba doble rasero de Europa respecto a otros países como Arabia Saudí, con los que guarda "un silencio cómplice". |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027105308/https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/08/06/el-discurso-de-melenchon-sobre-venezuela-que-triunfa-en-las-rede_a_23067109/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2016, Mélenchon criticized the [[Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war]] and the Macron government's [[Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|support]] for the war effort of Saudi Arabia and the [[United Arab Emirates]], which contributed to the [[Timeline of the Yemeni humanitarian crisis|humanitarian crisis in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pourquoi la France entre-t-elle en guerre au Yémen ? |url=https://melenchon.fr/2018/06/16/pourquoi-la-france-entre-t-elle-en-guerre-au-yemen/ |work=Jean-Luc Mélenchon |date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
==== Venezuela ====
In 2018, Mélenchon described the countries that denounced the [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]] were "puppets of the United States". He said that the date of the election was agreed upon with the approval of former Spanish Prime Minister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] and that some of the opposition had decided to boycott it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mélenchon: Quiens cuestionan elecciones venezolanas son "títeres" de EE. UU. |url=http://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/melenchon-quienes-cuestionan-elecciones-venezolanas-son-titeres-de-ee-uu |access-date=17 July 2018 |agency=NTN24 |date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027111314/https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/melenchon-quienes-cuestionan-elecciones-venezolanas-son-titeres-de-ee-uu |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Iran ====
Following the [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike]] that resulted in the killing of major general [[Qasem Soleimani]], Mélenchon tweeted: "We must equally condemn the USA and Iran as warmongers. My condemnation of the USA does not exempt Iran from the fact that it is a theocracy that wants to destroy the State of Israel."<ref>{{cite tweet|user=JLMelenchon|number=1218956295904075776|date=19 January 2020|title=Nous devons condamner également les USA et l'Iran comme des fauteurs de guerre. Ma condamnation des USA n'exempte pas l'Iran du fait qu'il s'agit d'une théocratie et non-qui veut détruire l'État d'Israël. La France doit être non-alignée. #EnTouteFranchise|trans-title=We must also condemn the USA and Iran as war-mongers. My condemnation of the USA does not exempt Iran from the fact that it is a theocracy and not that wants to destroy the State of Israel. France must be non-aligned. #EnTouteFranchise}}</ref> On [[La Chaîne Info|French news channel LCI]], he declared: "the current government of Iran claims it wants to destroy the State of Israel. This is an intolerable project which in itself creates incredible tension in the region, and obviously favors extremes on either side."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/ce-qua-dit-melenchon-sur-la-destruction-disrael-par-liran/|title=Ce qu'a dit Mélenchon sur la destruction d'Israël par l'Iran|work=The Times of Israel|date=20 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027101819/https://fr.timesofisrael.com/ce-qua-dit-melenchon-sur-la-destruction-disrael-par-liran/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Israel and Palestine ====
Mélenchon is a strong supporter of [[Palestinian statehood]] and is a harsh critic of [[Israel]], which he regards [[Zionism as settler colonialism|as a colonial state]].<ref>https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 |date=15 November 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.inn.co.il/news/344588 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | title=אנטישמיות וקונספירציות: ה"קורבין" של הפוליטיקה הצרפתית | ישראל היום | date=10 June 2021 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Jeremy Corbyn]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] lost the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], he claimed that the election results were influenced by the Israeli [[Likud Party]].<ref name="Liphshiz #3">{{cite web |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | title=French far-left leader blames Likud for Jeremy Corbyn's defeat | date=17 December 2019 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2024, Mélenchon condemned Israel's military operations in the [[Gaza Strip]] as “[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]” and supported [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon: We Should All Be Thanking South Africa |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In snap election, many French Jews reluctantly endorse far right over dreaded far left |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
=== Defence ===
In 2017, Mélenchon called for French withdrawal from the [[Relations between France and NATO|integrated command of NATO]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marianne.net/blogsecretdefense/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-souhaite-le-retrait-total-de-la-France-de-l-Otan_a567.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon souhaite le retrait total de la France de l'Otan|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190316/http://www.marianne.net/blogsecretdefense/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-souhaite-le-retrait-total-de-la-France-de-l-Otan_a567.html|archive-date=30 November 2016|website=Secret Defense Blog|publisher=Marianne|last=Merchet |first=Jean-Dominique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://melenchon.fr/2016/01/22/communique-sur-otan/|title=Communiqué sur l'OTAN|date=22 January 2016|website=Jean-Luc Mélenchon|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427113634/https://melenchon.fr/2016/01/22/communique-sur-otan/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{fv|date=July 2024}} and in 2022 advocated for France assuring its own defence.<ref>{{cite web |author=Collectif Discord Insoumis |website=L'avenir en commun (political program 2022 presidential election) |title=Construire une defense independante republicaine et populaire |url=https://laec.fr/section/72/construire-une-defense-independante-republicaine-et-populaire}}</ref>
=== Regionalism ===
Mélenchon comes from a left-wing tradition that emphasises the unity of the French Republic and is suspicious of regionalism. Nevertheless, Mélenchon has no fixed position on regionalism, but has stated that he supports the teaching of regional languages, especially [[Breton language|Breton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/seances/s200801/s20080129/s20080129013.html|title=Séance du 29 janvier 2008 (compte rendu intégral des débats)|website=www.senat.fr|language=fr|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=21 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221190907/http://www.senat.fr/seances/s200801/s20080129/s20080129013.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He supports state funding for the teaching of the Breton language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mélenchon |first=Jean-Luc |url=http://www.hucault.com/CmC/effort/effort20011215.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154205/http://www.hucault.com/CmC/effort/effort20011215.htm |url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2008|title=Diwan, une école contraire à l'idéal laïque|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> He has gone against autonomy for [[Brittany]], even criticising socialists from the region for promoting "autonomy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.letelegramme.fr/gratuit/generales/regions/finistere/langues-regionales-tension-entre-elus-socialistes-20080520-3085596_1330651.php|title=Langues régionales. Tension entre élus socialistes|work=Le Telegramme|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709114735/http://www.letelegramme.fr/gratuit/generales/regions/finistere/langues-regionales-tension-entre-elus-socialistes-20080520-3085596_1330651.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2018, Mélenchon was asked a question about an anti-corruption investigation by a journalist from [[Toulouse]], Véronique Gaurel. He responded by mocking her accent, accusing her of "talking nonsense" and then asking "has anyone got a question in more or less comprehensible French?". Video of the exchange was circulated widely on social media and sparked a debate about whether discrimination based on regional accents should be made illegal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-accents/french-lawmaker-proposes-bill-to-outlaw-mockery-of-accents-idUSKCN1MT2BU|title=French lawmaker proposes bill to outlaw mockery of accents|work=Reuters|date=19 October 2018|access-date=2 November 2018|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107061940/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-accents/french-lawmaker-proposes-bill-to-outlaw-mockery-of-accents-idUSKCN1MT2BU|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon apologised for his comment, claiming he thought the journalist was mocking him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/melenchon-presente-ses-excuses-a-la-journaliste-dont-il-a-imite-l-accent-1548222.html|title=Mélenchon présente ses excuses à la journaliste dont il a imité l'accent|agency=Reuters|date=19 October 2018|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323125838/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/melenchon-presente-ses-excuses-a-la-journaliste-dont-il-a-imite-l-accent-1548222.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Controversies ==
=== Interactions with the media ===
Mélenchon is often highly critical of the media, and has asked his supporters to monitor and film journalists, especially of ''[[Le Monde]]'' and ''[[Libération]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/melenchon-appelle-ses-militants-a-surveiller-les-journalistes-du-monde-et-de-libe_1535827.html|title=Mélenchon appelle ses militants à "surveiller" les journalistes du Monde et de Libé|date=5 May 2014|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807072309/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/melenchon-appelle-ses-militants-a-surveiller-les-journalistes-du-monde-et-de-libe_1535827.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon has insulted numerous journalists. He labelled Renaud Revel of ''[[L'Express]]'' a "dirty little spy" and called the magazine "fascist".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2012/05/30/melenchon-a-un-journaliste-petit-espion-travaillant-pour-un-journal-fasciste-729367-5209.php|title=Mélenchon à un journaliste : "petit espion" travaillant pour un "journal fasciste"|website=SudOuest.fr|date=30 May 2012|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522230824/http://www.sudouest.fr/2012/05/30/melenchon-a-un-journaliste-petit-espion-travaillant-pour-un-journal-fasciste-729367-5209.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 he was found guilty of public defamation after calling a ''Le Monde'' journalist a reformed assassin and a CIA muse on his blog in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-pour-diffamation-envers-un-ex-journaliste-du-monde-20210924_CWV57DESMVC3ZOF3E5JK2UT374/|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon condamné pour diffamation envers un ex-journaliste du "Monde"|work=Libération|access-date=2022-03-19|date=2021-09-24|language=fr-FR|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323204329/https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-pour-diffamation-envers-un-ex-journaliste-du-monde-20210924_CWV57DESMVC3ZOF3E5JK2UT374/|url-status=live}}</ref> He frequently criticises Germany and German policy, leading to spats with German newsmagazine [[Der Spiegel]], which has run articles calling him a "demagogue" and "a hater of Germany."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/jean-luc-melenchon-dieser-linksradikale-will-premierminister-von-frankreich-werden-a-0c281f36-5565-483f-8447-2b5802d8591f | title=(S+) Jean-Luc Mélenchon: Dieser Linksradikale will Premierminister von Frankreich werden | newspaper=Der Spiegel | date=13 May 2022 | last1=Sandberg | first1=Britta | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=15 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515081728/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/jean-luc-melenchon-dieser-linksradikale-will-premierminister-von-frankreich-werden-a-0c281f36-5565-483f-8447-2b5802d8591f | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/frankreichs-linken-chef-melenchon-laestert-ueber-deutschland-a-904847.html | title=Frankreichs Linken-Chef Mélenchon lästert über Deutschland | newspaper=Der Spiegel | date=10 June 2013 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=15 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515081726/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/frankreichs-linken-chef-melenchon-laestert-ueber-deutschland-a-904847.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Accusations of antisemitism ===
In 2013, Mélenchon referred to French Finance Minister [[Pierre Moscovici]] as "one of those 17 Eurogroup bastards [finance ministers]" putting pressure on Cyprus as it urgently sought a bail-out solution to its debt crisis. He said that "Moscovici behaves like someone who has stopped thinking in French, like someone who thinks only in the language of international finance." [[Harlem Désir]] stated that "Mélenchon should immediately withdraw these unacceptable comments that he made using the vocabulary of the 1930s". Mélenchon responded that he "had no idea of Pierre Moscovici’s religion and [had] no intention of making an issue of it in the future".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20130325-melenchon-anti-semitism-france-jews-mascovici-socialist|title=French far-left leader accused of anti-Semitism|date=25 March 2013|website=France 24|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610142108/https://www.france24.com/en/20130325-melenchon-anti-semitism-france-jews-mascovici-socialist|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2014, during a speech in Grenoble, Mélenchon criticised the [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France|Representative Council of Jews of France]] (CRIF), a coalition of organisations representing French Jewry, saying "We’ve had enough of CRIF. France is the opposite of aggressive communities that lecture to the rest of country." He also stated "We do not believe that any people is superior to another", which was viewed by his critics as an allusion to the Torah's designation of Jews as the "[[Jews as the chosen people|chosen people]]".<ref name="Liphshiz">{{cite news|last=Liphshiz|first=Cnaan|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jews-put-off-by-le-pen-now-worry-about-another-presidential-candidate/|title=French Jews put off by Le Pen now worry about another presidential candidate|work=The Times of Israel|agency=JTA|date=21 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217113318/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jews-put-off-by-le-pen-now-worry-about-another-presidential-candidate/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cnaan Liphshiz]] said that Mélenchon's comments came in the wake of a series of protests in France against Israel's [[2014 Gaza War]]. While antisemitic attacks had also been reported in France within the previous month,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/pro-palestinians-rally-across-france-1.5256027|title=Anti-Israel Protesters Rally Across France, Defying Ban Imposed After Synagogue Clash|work=The Haaretz|date=19 July 2014|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126001804/https://www.haaretz.com/pro-palestinians-rally-across-france-1.5256027|url-status=live}}</ref> Liphshiz wrote that Mélenchon was referring instead to French Jews "rally[ing] in front of the embassy of a foreign country or serv[ing] its flag, weapon in hand."<ref name="Liphshiz #2">{{cite news |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jta.org/2017/04/20/global/french-jews-are-worried-about-le-pen-now-another-presidential-candidate-scares-them-too|title=French Jews are worried about Le Pen. Now another presidential candidate scares them, too|work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609215203/https://www.jta.org/2017/04/20/global/french-jews-are-worried-about-le-pen-now-another-presidential-candidate-scares-them-too|url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2017, Mélenchon maintained that Republican France bears no guilt in [[the Holocaust]], and criticised [[Emmanuel Macron]] for admitting at a gathering in Paris remembering the ''[[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]]'' that [[Vichy France]] was the legal French government at the time, thus conceding the French State's responsibility in the deportation of the Jews. Mélenchon's comments were echoing those of [[François Mitterrand]], a former president, who declared in 1994 that the round-up and deportation of Jews to death camps during the war was the work of the country's [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi occupiers]] and "[[Vichy France]]", an illegitimate entity distinct from France. ''[[Haaretz]]'' noted that Marine Le Pen had made comments similar to Mélenchon's three months earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/melenchon-slams-macron-for-accepting-french-complicity-in-holocaust-1.5431187|title=Far-left French Leader Slams Macron for Accepting French Complicity in Holocaust|work=Haaretz|date=17 July 2017|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216194826/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/melenchon-slams-macron-for-accepting-french-complicity-in-holocaust-1.5431187|url-status=live}}</ref>
Following the murder in March 2018 in Paris of [[Mireille Knoll]], an elderly Jewish woman who survived the events at ''Vel d'Hiv'' and the Holocaust, CRIF leadership requested Mélenchon stay away from a march in her memory; Mireille's son, Daniel, said that "everyone without exception" could attend, and that, "CRIF is being political, I’m opening my heart to all those who have a mother".<ref>{{cite news|last=Willsher|first=Kim|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/mireille-knoll-marches-held-in-france-after-suspected-antisemitic-killing|title=Mireille Knoll: marches held in France after suspected antisemitic killing|work=The Guardian|date=28 March 2018|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221030357/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/mireille-knoll-marches-held-in-france-after-suspected-antisemitic-killing|url-status=live}}</ref> As with Marine Le Pen, who made the same choice to be present, despite the appeal, he was booed and abused by a group of angry protesters.<ref name="Berman">{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Paul|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/274662/american-left-1|title=The Left and the Jews: A Tale of Three Countries|work=Tablet|date=11 November 2018|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217125927/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/274662/american-left-1|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, Mélenchon further accused CRIF of practising "blatant, violent, and aggressive sectarianism, namely against me", after it asked him not to attend the memorial ceremony for Knoll more than 18 months earlier. No physical violence occurred at the march; police accompanied Mélenchon and his team away from the proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Far-left French leader says Jews promote 'violent sectarianism' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-left-french-leader-says-jews-promote-violent-sectarianism/ |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110083801/https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-left-french-leader-says-jews-promote-violent-sectarianism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2019, Mélenchon deplored that [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leader [[Jeremy Corbyn]] gave in to the accusations of [[Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party|antisemitism in his party]], saying Corbyn "had to endure, unaided, churlish anti-Semitism claims from England's chief rabbi and various influence networks linked to [[Likud]]. Instead of riposting, he spent his time apologising and making pledges ... It showed a weakness that troubled the popular sectors [of the electorate]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://melenchon.fr/2019/12/13/corbyn-la-synthese-mene-au-desastre/|title=Corbyn: la synthèse mène au désastre|language=fr|first=Jean-Luc|last=Mélenchon|date=13 December 2019|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126002140/https://melenchon.fr/2019/12/13/corbyn-la-synthese-mene-au-desastre/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/15/jeremy-corbyn-should-never-have-apologised-anti-semitism-claims/|title=Jeremy Corbyn should never have apologised over anti-Semitism claims, says French far-Left ally|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Henry|last=Samuel|date=15 December 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216024909/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/15/jeremy-corbyn-should-never-have-apologised-anti-semitism-claims/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:2019-06-22 14-40-42 manif-Belfort (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Mélenchon in 2019]]
In 2020, while interviewed about the French police, Mélenchon said: "I don't know if Jesus was on a cross, but he was apparently put there by his own people." This declaration was condemned by the [[Wiesenthal Center]], who said that it was spreading belief in [[Jewish deicide]]; they noted that this allegation was condemned by the [[Second Vatican Council]]'s declaration [[Nostra Aetate]], and noted that "its imagery fuelled violence across Europe, culminating in the Nazi Holocaust".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-far-left-leader-accuses-jews-of-responsibility-for-jesuss-death/|title=French far-left leader accuses Jews of responsibility for Jesus's death|work=The Times of Israel|first=Marcy|last=Oster|date=20 July 2020|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409131933/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-far-left-leader-accuses-jews-of-responsibility-for-jesuss-death/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2021, Mélenchon was again accused of antisemitism, after he claimed [[Jewish culture|Jewish tradition]] was opposed to assimilation, and that far-right [[Éric Zemmour]]'s position on immigration was rooted in this opposition. His remark was condemned as antisemitic by political figures across the political spectrum, such as [[Christophe Castaner]] ([[LREM]]), [[Gilbert Collard]] ([[National Rally|RN]]), and [[Pierre Moscovici]] ([[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/propos-sur-zemmour-et-les-juifs-accuse-de-sombrer-dans-l-antisemitisme-melenchon-admet-qu-il-s-est-mal-exprime-20211029|title=Propos sur Zemmour et les juifs : accusé de «sombrer dans l'antisémitisme», Mélenchon admet qu'il s'est «mal exprimé»|date=29 October 2021|language=fr|first=John|last=Timsit|website=Le Figaro|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104224705/https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/propos-sur-zemmour-et-les-juifs-accuse-de-sombrer-dans-l-antisemitisme-melenchon-admet-qu-il-s-est-mal-exprime-20211029|url-status=live}}</ref>
In early June 2024, Mélenchon wrote in a blog post that antisemitism was "residual" and "absent" from [[Israel–Hamas war protests|pro-Palestinian demonstrations]]. [[Éric Dupond-Moretti]] disagreed with this characterisation and accusations were levied that Mélenchon was minimising the increase of [[Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war#France|antisemitic acts]] since the beginning of the [[Israel–Hamas war|Gaza War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=French PM lashes out at leftist leader Mélenchon after antisemitic assault |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-gabriel-attal-jean-luc-melenchon-antisemitic-assault-france-left/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621100935/https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-gabriel-attal-jean-luc-melenchon-antisemitic-assault-france-left/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Accusations of promoting conspiracy theories ===
In 2011, journalist {{illm|Rudy Reichstadt|fr}}, director of {{illm|Conspiracy Watch|fr}}, commented that while it would be "quite unfair" to call Mélenchon a conspiracy theorist, he did sometimes abet antisemitic [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] by downplaying them or making excuses for those who promulgate them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-27|title=''Complot'', ''théorie du complot''… et si on s'arrêtait deux minutes ?|url=https://www.conspiracywatch.info/complot-theorie-du-complot-et-si-on-s-arretait-deux-minutes_a678.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Conspiracy Watch {{!}} L'Observatoire du conspirationnisme|language=fr-FR|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925142544/https://www.conspiracywatch.info/complot-theorie-du-complot-et-si-on-s-arretait-deux-minutes_a678.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In June 2021, Mélenchon predicted that, in the last week of the 2022 presidential campaign, there would be a "grave incident or murder" that would be used to "point the finger at the Muslims and to invent a civil war". He cited the attack on retiree Paul Voise in 2002 shortly before the 1st round of the presidential election, the Jihadist attack against a Jewish school in Toulouse by [[Mohammed Merah]] a few months before the presidential election of 2012, and the [[April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack|terrorist attack in Paris]] a few days before the first round of the 2017 presidential election. His statements were supported by his own party and condemned by other political parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210607-vague-d-indignation-apr%C3%A8s-des-propos-de-jean-luc-m%C3%A9lenchon-jug%C3%A9s-complotistes|title=Vague d'indignation après des propos de Jean-Luc Mélenchon jugés complotistes|date=7 June 2021|website=France 24|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608194946/https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210607-vague-d-indignation-apr%C3%A8s-des-propos-de-jean-luc-m%C3%A9lenchon-jug%C3%A9s-complotistes|url-status=live}}</ref> He later clarified that he was referring to "murderers [who] are waiting for the best time to get people talking about them" and the politicians who use these events for electoral purposes. Reichstadt described Mélenchon's statement as "ambiguous" and quite close to conspiracy beliefs. He claimed that Mélenchon has been promoting conspiracy theories for several years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/lfi/rudy-reichstadt-melenchon-verse-dans-le-complotisme-depuis-plusieurs-annees_2152399.html|title=Rudy Reichstadt : "Mélenchon verse dans le complotisme depuis plusieurs années"|date=7 June 2021|website=LExpress.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610103111/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/lfi/rudy-reichstadt-melenchon-verse-dans-le-complotisme-depuis-plusieurs-annees_2152399.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Political career offices ==
; Governmental functions
* Minister of Vocational Education, 2000–2002
; Electoral mandates
* [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
** [[Member of Parliament (France)|Member]] for [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency]], 2017–2022
* [[European Parliament]]
* [[Member of the European Parliament]], 2009–2017
* [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
* Senator of [[Essonne]], 1986–2000 (became minister in 2000), 2004–2010 (resignation, elected in European Parliament in 2009). Elected in 1986, re-elected in 1995 and 2004. At the age of 35, he was the youngest member of the Senate when he was initially elected to it.
* General Council
** Vice-president of the General Council of Essonne, 1998–2001
** General councillor of Essonne, 1985–1992, 1998–2004. Re-elected in 1998.
* [[Municipal council (France)|Municipal Council]]
** Deputy-mayor of Massy, Essonne, 1983–1995
** Municipal councillor of Massy, Essonne, 1983–2001. Re-elected in 1989 and 1995.
; Political function
* Co-president of the [[Left Party (France)|Left Party]], 2008–2014
== Publications ==
Mélenchon's published works include:
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | author-last2= Amar | author-first2= Cécile|title= De la vertu |publisher= Editions de l'Observatoire |date=22 March 2017| isbn=979-1-03-290059-8|language=fr }}
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | title= L'avenir en commun : Le programme de la France insoumise et son candidat | url= https://archive.org/details/lavenirencommunl0000mele | url-access= registration |publisher= [[Éditions du Seuil|Seuil]] |date=1 December 2016| isbn=978-2021317510|language=fr }}
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | title= Le hareng de Bismarck: Le poison allemand |publisher= [[Groupe Flammarion|J'ai lu]] |date=16 November 2016 | isbn=978-2290127940|language=fr| edition= paperback }}
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | title= L'ère du peuple |publisher= [[Fayard]] |date=8 October 2014 | isbn=978-2213685755|language=fr }}
== Distinctions ==
* Grand Officer of the [[Order of May]] ([[Argentina]], 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon, 40 ans de lutte pour les droits humains - #JLMDésintox |url=https://lafranceinsoumise.fr/2017/04/18/jlm-droits-humains/ |website=lafranceinsoumise|date=18 April 2017 }}</ref>
* Named "Politician of the Year" 2012 by [[GQ]] France<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luchini, Riner et... Mélenchon, "Hommes de l'année" selon GQ |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/people/luchini-riner-et-melenchon-hommes-de-l-annee-selon-gq-17-01-2013-1615978_2116.php |website=le point|date=17 January 2013 }}</ref>
* Honorary Professor at the [[National University of Lanús|Universidad Nacional de Lanús]] (Argentina) in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean Luc Mélenchon a été nommé professeur honoraire |url=https://www.unla.edu.ar/novedades/jean-luc-melenchon-fue-designado-profesor-honorario |website=unla}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|1=www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|2=Official blog}}
* [http://www.senat.fr/senfic/melenchon_jean_luc86039k.html Page on the French Senate website]
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/politicalBodies/view.do;jsessionid=ED833155531FE7AB5D063DB14E57672C.node1?group=2954&partNumber=1&language=EN&id=96742 MEP webpage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007172948/http://franc-tireur.fr/11345-jean-luc-melenchon.php/ CV]
* {{C-SPAN|106777}}
{{candidates in the 2022 French presidential election}}
{{candidates in the 2017 French presidential election}}
{{candidates in the 2012 French presidential election}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Melenchon, Jean-Luc}}
[[Category:Jean-Luc Mélenchon| ]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2017 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2022 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:Eco-socialists]]
[[Category:French anti-Zionists]]
[[Category:French atheists]]
[[Category:French people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:French politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:French senators of the Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:French socialists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of France]]
[[Category:Internationalist Communist Organisation politicians]]
[[Category:La France Insoumise politicians]]
[[Category:Left Party (France) MEPs]]
[[Category:Left Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:Left-wing populists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Bouches-du-Rhône]]
[[Category:MEPs for South-West France 2009–2014]]
[[Category:MEPs for South-West France 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Tangier]]
[[Category:Senators of Essonne]]
[[Category:Socialist Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:University of Franche-Comté alumni]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|French politician (born 1951)}}
{{expand French|topic=bio|Jean-Luc Mélenchon|date=April 2023}}
{{update|date=July 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jean-Luc Mélenchon
| honorific-suffix = <!-- [[Member of Parliament (France)|MP]] -->
| image = Jean-Luc Mélenchon 2022 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mélenchon in 2022
| office = {{NA MP}}
| constituency = [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]'s [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency|4th]]
| term_start = 21 June 2017
| term_end = 21 June 2022
| predecessor = [[Patrick Mennucci]]
| successor = [[Manuel Bompard]]
| office2 = President of the [La France Maçonnerie] at the [[National Assembly (Grand Orient France)|National Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 27 June 2017
| term_end2 = 12 October 2021
| constituency2 = [[15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic]]
| predecessor2 = ''Group creation''
| vicepresident2 = [[Mathilde Panot]]
| successor2 = [[Mathilde Panot]]
| office3 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start3 = 14 July 2009
| term_end3 = 18 June 2017
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[South-West France (European Parliament constituency)|South-West France]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister delegate for Vocational Education]]
| primeminister6 = [[Lionel Jospin]]
| term_start6 = 27 March 2000
| term_end6 = 6 May 2002
| predecessor6 = [[Claude Allègre]]
| successor6 = [[Luc Ferry]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
| term_start4 = 1 October 2004
| term_end4 = 7 January 2010
| constituency4 = [[Essonne]]
| term_start5 = 2 October 1986
| term_end5 = 27 April 2000
| constituency5 = [[Essonne]]
| birth_name = Jean-Luc Antoine Pierre Mélenchon
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|8|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tangier]], [[Tangier International Zone]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[La France Insoumise]] (since 2016)
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Internationalist Communist Organisation]] (1972–1976)|[[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (1976–2008)|[[Left Front (France)|Left Front]] (2008–2016)|[[Left Party (France)|Left Party]] (since 2009)}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Franche-Comté]]
| website = {{url|melenchon.fr|Official website}}<br />{{url|europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|European Party website}}
}}
'''Jean-Luc Mélenchon''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ lyk melɑ̃ʃɔ̃|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Fabricio Cardenas (Culex)-Jean-Luc Mélenchon.wav}}; born 19 August 1951) is a French politician who was a member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] for [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency]] from 2017 to 2022. He led the [[La France Insoumise group]] in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2021. Mélenchon was elected as a [[member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) in 2009 and reelected in 2014. He has run for [[president of France]] three times (in 2012, 2017, and 2022). In 2022, he came within 1.2 percentage points of reaching the second round in France's two-round voting system.
After joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS) in 1976, Mélenchon was successively elected a [[Municipal council (France)|municipal councillor]] of [[Massy, Essonne|Massy]] (1983) and [[Departmental council (France)|general councillor]] of [[Essonne]] (1985). In 1986, he entered the [[Senate (France)|Senate]], to which he was reelected in 1995 and 2004. He also served as Minister for Vocational Education between 2000 and 2002 under Minister of National Education [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]] in the [[Cohabitation (government)|cohabitation government]] of [[Lionel Jospin]]. He was part of the left-wing of the PS until the [[Reims Congress]] of November 2008, when he left the party to found the [[Left Party (France)|Left Party]] with [[Marc Dolez]], a member of the National Assembly. Mélenchon first served as party president before becoming party co-president alongside [[Martine Billard]], a position he held until 2014. As co-president of the Left Party, he joined the [[electoral coalition]] of the [[Left Front (France)|Left Front]] before the [[2009 European Parliament election in France]]; he was elected as a MEP in the [[South-West France (European Parliament constituency)|South-West France constituency]] and reelected in 2014. He became the Left Front's candidate in the [[2012 French presidential election]], in which he came in fourth, receiving 11.1% of the first-round vote.
In February 2016, Mélenchon founded the party [[La France Insoumise]] (LFI or FI). He stood as a candidate in the [[2017 French presidential election]], again coming in fourth, with 19.6% of the first-round vote. He became a member of the National Assembly for LFI following the [[2017 French legislative election]], receiving 59.9% in the second round in the 4th constituency of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], located in [[Marseille]] (France's second-largest city). Mélenchon stood again under the LFI banner in the [[2022 French presidential election]], coming in third with 21.95% of the vote, just over one point short of qualifying for the second round. After this, he led the newly formed [[New Ecological and Social People's Union]] (NUPES) alliance of parties to a second-place performance in the [[2022 French legislative election]]. LFI was confirmed as the largest party of the [[French left]] in the [[2024 French legislative election]], where the left-wing [[New Popular Front]] (NFP) achieved a plurality of seats and LFI was confirmed as the largest [[left-wing]] group in the National Assembly.
{{TOC limit}}
== Biography ==
=== Early life, education, and early politics (1951–1976) ===
Mélenchon was born in [[Tangier]] ([[Tangier International Zone]]), Dumbass City.<ref name="Damiani 2017">{{cite web |last=Damiani |first=Marco |date=22 April 2017 |title=The transformation of Jean-Luc Mélenchon: From radical outsider to populist leader |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/04/22/the-transformation-of-jean-luc-melenchon/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=LSE Blogs}}</ref> His father, Georges, was a [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|postmaster]] of [[Spanish people|Spanish descent]], and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and [[Sicilian people|Sicilian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|title=Décryptages | Atlantico.fr|website=atlantico.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140924/https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Morocco]], until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the [[Lycée Pierre-Corneille]], a state secondary school in [[Rouen]], Normandy.<ref name="LyCo6">{{cite web |url=http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |title=Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen: History |publisher=lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr |date=19 April 1944 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094205/http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated in 1972.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> With a degree in philosophy from the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in Besançon and having gained a [[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES]], he became a teacher before entering politics.<ref name="LyCo6"/> He was originally a follower of [[Pierre Lambert]] and a member of the [[Trotskyist]] movement before supporting [[François Mitterrand]] and joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS).<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>
=== Socialist Mitterrandist leader (1976–1986) ===
Mélenchon left [[Besançon]] to enter professional life in [[Lons-le-Saunier]] ([[Jura (department)|Jura]]), and joined the PS in September 1976.<ref>Lilian Alemagna and Stéphane Alliès, ''Mélenchon le plébéien'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-2-221-12646-2}}), p.55</ref> He was part of the [[democratic socialist]] and left-wing of the PS. Mélenchon did not join the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) because of the latter's refusal to condemn the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968]] to end the [[Prague Spring]], an event that he said had significantly affected him in political terms, even more than the [[protests of 1968]], which occurred when he was still a university student and he became leader of the [[student movement]] at the [[University of Besançon]],<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> and was one of the causes of his joining in 1972 the [[Internationalist Communist Organisation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Doucet |first=David |date=Winter 2016 |title=C'était un vrai bonheur de travailler avec le vieux comme chef de meute |work=Charles |page=38 |language=fr |issue=16 |issn=2258-7616}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Samama |first=Laurent-David |title=Les petits matins rouges. Récit d'une trahison |date=2019 |language=fr |chapter=Logique(s) de l'entrisme}}</ref> As a member of the PS, he soon assumed local and [[Departments of France|departmental]] responsibilities (deputy section secretary of [[Montaigu, Jura|Montaigu]]), and developed a federal newspaper that fought for a union between the PS and the PCF. It was at this time that the latter broke the agreements of the [[Union of the Left (France)|union of the left]] on a joint program of government. He then came to the attention of Claude Germon, mayor of [[Massy, Essonne|Massy]] ([[Essonne]]) and member of the executive office of the PS responsible for the business section. Without stable work after his application was rejected at the ''Croix du Jura'' newspaper,<ref>Lilian Alemagna and Stéphane Alliès, ''Mélenchon le plébéien'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-2-221-12646-2}}), p. 63</ref> he was hired by Claude Germon to become his [[private secretary]].<ref>Lilian Alemagna and Stéphane Alliès, ''Mélenchon le plébéien'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012 ({{ISBN|978-2-221-12646-2}}), p.64</ref>
Mélenchon became one of the leading Mitterrandist leaders of the Essonne federation, which led him to the position of first secretary of this federation at the [[Valence Congress]] in 1981; he remained in this position until 1986. He positioned himself both against the "Second left" of [[Michel Rocard]] and the Centre of Socialist Studies, Research, and Education (CERES) of [[Jean-Pierre Chevènement]]. He was elected senator during the senatorials of 1986,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2012/08/12/01002-20120812ARTFIG00159-quand-melenchon-est-devenu-le-benjamin-du-senat.php|title=Quand Mélenchon est devenu le benjamin du Sénat|first=Sophie de|last=Ravinel|date=12 August 2012|work=Le Figaro|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205824/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2012/08/12/01002-20120812ARTFIG00159-quand-melenchon-est-devenu-le-benjamin-du-senat.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and again in 1995 and 2004.<ref>[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210701182953/https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&id=kG-6m23wBcAC&q=violente%23v=snippet&q=violente&f=false "Mélenchon le plébéien"]. Review of {{cite book|last1 = Alemagna|first1 = Lilian |last2 = Alliès |first2 = Stéphane |title = Mélenchon le plébéien |trans-title = Mélenchon the pebeian |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kG-6m23wBcAC |language = fr | publisher = Robert Laffont/bouquins/segher |date = 2012 |isbn = 9782221128411|access-date = 2019-03-02}}"Cette toute première biographie, sans concession ni caricature, permet enfin de connaître la vie de ce natif de Tanger, révélé à la politique en Mai 68, dans son lycée de Lons-le-Saunier. Rythmé d'anecdotes savoureuses, truffé de révélations pas toujours tendres, le récit nous emmène à Besançon avec 'Mémé', l'étudiant lambertiste de la très secrète 'Organisation communiste internationale' (OCI), puis avec 'Jean-Louis Mula', journaliste socialiste dans le Jura parti ensuite 'faire de la politique' à Massy et devenir un jeune fidèle de Mitterrand, dont Mélenchon se rêve aujourd'hui en héritier."</ref> A supporter of Mitterrand and left-wing [[reformist socialism]], Mélenchon presented two lectures about Mitterrand's presidency, "1981: The Revolution Suspended" and "A Complete Balance Sheet of François Mitterand's presidency". He saw Mitterand's win in 1981 as the end of a political process of which the main accelerator was "the ten million workers on strike" in the protests of 1968. He argued that the reforms introduced by Mitterrand were more wide-ranging than often recognised, citing the [[nationalisation]] of dozens of banks electricity companies, engineering companies, and motorways, the doubling of the budget of the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]], and increased taxes for the rich, and against the perceived betrayal on the part of Mitterrand and the other left-wing leaders. According to Mélenchon, the blame for the turn to [[austerity]] rest on a lack of political courage, a lack of strategy on the left of the left, and a lack of mass mobilisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullen |first=John |date=6 April 2024 |title=How Useful is Jean-Luc Mélenchon (part two): Taming the Capitalist State? |url=https://www.theleftberlin.com/how-useful-is-jean-luc-melenchon-part-two-taming-the-capitalist-state/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=The Left Berlin}}</ref>
=== Socialist Party (1986–2008) ===
{{expand section|date=August 2024}}
=== Departure from the Socialists and foundation of the Left Party (2008–2012) ===
[[File:Jean-Luc Melenchon - Huma 2008, 6396.jpg|thumb|Mélenchon in 2008]]
At the [[Reims Congress]] in September 2008, the political current ''Trait d'union'', created after the victory of the "No" in the [[2005 French European Constitution referendum]], Mélenchon made a new contribution. On the eve of the filing of the motions, an agreement was reached between the seven contributions of the left wing of the PS, and Mélenchon was one of the signatories of Motion C entitled "A world ahead", led by [[Benoît Hamon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/congres-ps-hamon-emmanuelli-lienemann-et-filoche-presentent-une-motion-19-09-2008-238094.php|title=Congrès PS: Hamon, Emmanuelli, Lienemann et Filoche présentent une motion|date=23 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200443/http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/congres-ps-hamon-emmanuelli-lienemann-et-filoche-presentent-une-motion-19-09-2008-238094.php|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first time, this motion brought together all the sensibilities of the left wing of the PS, with emblematic personalities like Gérard Filoche, [[Marie-Noëlle Lienemann]], and [[Paul Quilès]]. He described this gathering as a "historic event".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/melenchon-qualifie-d-evenement-historique-l-unite-de-l-aile-gauche-du-ps-23-09-2008-249271.php|title=Mélenchon qualifie "d'événement historique" l'unité de l'aile gauche du PS|date=23 April 2017|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012603/http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/melenchon-qualifie-d-evenement-historique-l-unite-de-l-aile-gauche-du-ps-23-09-2008-249271.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 6 November 2008, the Socialist militants voted to decide between six motions. The motion supported by [[Ségolène Royal]] led with about 29% of the votes cast, while the one led by Benoît Hamon came in fourth with 18.5%. For Mélenchon, this was a victory of the outgoing majority, which carried 80% of the votes (with the first three motions) including the motion advocating the alliance in the centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://didier-hacquart.over-blog.com/article-24508375.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon et Marc Dolez quittent le PS – Le blog politique de Didier HACQUART, Adjoint PS de Vitrolles (13) entre 2002 et 2008|first=Didier|last=HACQUART|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012037/http://didier-hacquart.over-blog.com/article-24508375.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Believing themselves too far from this trend to the point that it would not be useful to take part in the congress, Mélenchon, alongside [[Marc Dolez]],<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2008/11/07/ca-suffit-comme-ca/|title= » Ça suffit comme ça !|access-date= 10 June 2021|archive-date= 10 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143232/http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2008/11/07/ca-suffit-comme-ca/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.lepartidegauche.fr/vie-du-parti/50-interventions-lors-du-meeting-de-lancement-du-pg/156-jean-luc-melenchon-senateur-de-lessonne|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721010500/http://www.lepartidegauche.fr/vie-du-parti/50-interventions-lors-du-meeting-de-lancement-du-pg/156-jean-luc-melenchon-senateur-de-lessonne|url-status= dead|title= Speech by Jean-Luc Mélenchon at the formation congress of the Left Party|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> announced on 7 November their decision, "out of fidelity to their commitments", and for their independence of action, to leave the PS, and to create a new movement "without concession facing the right".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2008/11/07/01011-20081107FILWWW00341-jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps.php|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon quitte le PS|last=lefigaro.fr|date=7 November 2008|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715035719/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2008/11/07/01011-20081107FILWWW00341-jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
They announced "the construction of a new left-wing party", simply called the [[Left Party (France)|Left Party]] (on the German model of [[Die Linke]]), and called for "the constitution of a left-wing front for the European elections".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/11/07/jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps_1115955_823448.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon quitte le PS|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=7 November 2008|via=Le Monde|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417015740/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/11/07/jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps_1115955_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 November, in a meeting with the PCF, the two parties announced their alliance in the form of a "partnership", within the framework of a "left front for another democratic and social Europe, against the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon and the current European Treaties". The launch meeting of the Left Party was held on 29 November in Saint-Ouen, in the presence of Die Linke's co-chairman [[Oskar Lafontaine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2008/12/01/jean-luc-melenchon-lance-son-parti-de-gauche_260740/|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon lance son Parti de gauche|website=Libération|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143230/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2008/12/01/jean-luc-melenchon-lance-son-parti-de-gauche_260740/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon became the party president. Until 2014, he was also co-president alongside [[Martine Billard]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sulzer |first=Alexandre |date=24 August 2014 |title=Quelle mouche a piqué Jean‑Luc Mélenchon? |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/quelle-mouche-a-pique-jean-luc-melenchon_1569845.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029030457/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/quelle-mouche-a-pique-jean-luc-melenchon_1569845.html |archive-date=29 October 2015 |work=L'Express |location=Paris |language=fr |issn=0245-9949 |quote=Décidément, Jean‑Luc Mélenchon aime les subtilités. Celui dont on connaissait le 'vague à l'âme' depuis une interview pour le site Hexagones.fr fin juillet a confirmé vendredi qu'il quittait la co‑présidence du Parti de Gauche (PG) avec Martine Billard. |mode=cs1}}</ref>
=== First presidential candidacy (2012) ===
A political outsider,<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> Mélenchon was the candidate representing the [[Left Front (France)|Left Front]] ([[Communist Party of France]], Left Party, [[Unitary Left]]) in the [[2012 French presidential election]].<ref>[http://www.latribune.fr/actualites/economie/france/20120319trib000689126/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-jacques-cheminade-a-ses-500-signatures-pas-corinne-lepage.html Candidates officially endorsed by Conseil constitutionnel for the 2012 presidential elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422090132/http://www.latribune.fr/actualites/economie/france/20120319trib000689126/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-jacques-cheminade-a-ses-500-signatures-pas-corinne-lepage.html |date=22 April 2012 }}, ''[[La Tribune]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref><ref name="delaBaumeErlanger2012">{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/europe/in-french-elections-sound-and-fury-from-the-lefts-melenchon.html |title=In French Vote, Sound and Fury From the Left |work=New York Times |date=10 April 2012 |page=A6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929030137/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/europe/in-french-elections-sound-and-fury-from-the-lefts-melenchon.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |last1=De la Baume |first1=Maïa |last2=Erlanger |first2=Steven |edition=New York |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> He took fourth place and achieved 11.10% of the vote, trailing behind [[François Hollande]], [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], and [[Marine Le Pen]] and their respective parties (the PS, the [[Union for a Popular Movement]], and the [[National Front (France)|National Front]]). In comparison, the winner, Hollande, received 28.63% of the vote.{{refn|For the results, see {{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/election-resultats |title=Elections Législatives – Results |publisher=France 24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506074514/http://www.france24.com/en/election-resultats |archive-date= 6 May 2012|access-date=15 July 2024 }}|group=nb}} It was the first time the non-socialist left had registered a double figure result since [[Georges Marchais]] in 1981.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>
In the [[2012 French legislative election]], Mélenchon represented the Left Front in the [[Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency]] against his rival Marine Le Pen, where she had over 31% in the presidential election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politiquemania.com/election-presidentielle-2012-tour1-circonscriptions.html |title=Election présidentielle 2012 – Résultats du 1er tour par circonscription |publisher=Politiquemania |language=fr |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075954/http://www.politiquemania.com/election-presidentielle-2012-tour1-circonscriptions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He received third place with 21.46% of the vote, narrowly edged out for second by Socialist Party member Phillip Kemel. Mélenchon decided not to stand in the second round of the election after this result.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/french-far-left-leader-jean-luc-melenchon-admits-defeat-by-far-rights-le-pen/story-e6freuyi-1226390732088 |title=French far‑left leader Jean‑Luc Melenchon admits defeat by far‑right's Le Pen |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025148/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/french-far-left-leader-jean-luc-melenchon-admits-defeat-by-far-rights-le-pen/story-e6freuyi-1226390732088 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live |location=Sydney |agency=AFP |quote=Mr{{not a typo| }}Melenchon said he would not stand in next Sunday's second round after coming third, instead leaving his Socialist rival to battle Ms{{not a typo| }}Le Pen. . . . Mr{{not a typo| }}Melenchon won 11 per cent of votes in the April‑May presidential vote that was won by Socialist Francois Hollande, while Ms{{not a typo| }}Le Pen won almost 18 per cent of votes.}}</ref>
=== Second presidential candidacy (2017) ===
During the presidency of Hollande, Mélenchon became one of the most critical voices in the left against his centrist free-market policy, which he considered a betrayal of the culture and ideas of the [[French left]]. During an interview on the French television channel [[TF1]] on 10 February 2016, Melenchon launched the left-wing political platform [[La France Insoumise]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/02/10/jean-luc-melenchon-annonce-qu-il-est-candidat-a-l-election-presidentielle_4862996_823448.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon annonce sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle|date=10 February 2016|work=Le Monde|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401072218/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/02/10/jean-luc-melenchon-annonce-qu-il-est-candidat-a-l-election-presidentielle_4862996_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Both the [[Ministry of the Interior (France)|Ministry of the Interior]] and the [[French Council of State]], the most important body for French administrative justice, consider La France Insoumise to be left-wing.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Le Conseil d'État rejette la demande du Rassemblement national de ne pas être classé à « l'extrême droite » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/le-conseil-detat-rejette-la-demande-du-rassemblement-national-de-ne-pas-etre-classe-a-lextreme-droite-11-03-2024-O3ASK6SDRBCJXBMGYQLHEEBVK4.php |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Le Parisien |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Vidéo. La France insoumise est-elle d'extrême gauche ? Comprendre en trois minutes |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/comprendre-en-3-minutes/video/2024/06/21/la-france-insoumise-est-elle-d-extreme-gauche-comprendre-en-trois-minutes_6241916_6176282.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Faure |first=Justine |date=2 July 2024 |title=Est-il juste de classer le Rassemblement national et La France insoumise parmi les 'extrêmes' ? |url=https://www.tf1info.fr/elections/est-il-juste-de-classer-le-rassemblement-national-et-la-france-insoumise-parmi-les-extremes-2306778.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=TF1 INFO |language=fr}}</ref> La France Insoumise is often translated in English as "France in Revolt", "Unsubmissive France",<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> and "Unbowed France".<ref name="Mullen 2022">{{cite web |last=Mullen |first=John |date=2 March 2022 |title=Elections and Class Struggle in France: How useful is Jean-Luc Mélenchon? (Part One) |url=https://www.theleftberlin.com/elections-and-class-struggle-in-france-how-useful-is-jean-luc-melenchon-part-one/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=The Left Berlin}}</ref>|group=nb}} without any expectation of victory.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> La France Insoumise was subsequently endorsed by several parties, such as the Left Party and French Communist Party, in addition to members of the [[Europe Ecology – The Greens]] like [[Sergio Coronado]], an assembly member for the [[Second constituency for French residents overseas|2nd Overseas Constituency]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/021216/le-choix-de-l-insoumission|title=Le choix de l'insoumission|work=Club de Mediapart|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318123014/https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/021216/le-choix-de-l-insoumission|url-status=live}}</ref> and the mayor of Grenoble, [[Éric Piolle]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/article/2017/04/14/eric-piolle-je-voterai-melenchon-pour-encourager-le-rassemblement-de-la-gauche_5111523_4854003.html|title=Eric Piolle : " Je voterai Mélenchon pour encourager le rassemblement de la gauche "|last=Beuve-Méry|first=Alain|date=14 April 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409120300/https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/article/2017/04/14/eric-piolle-je-voterai-melenchon-pour-encourager-le-rassemblement-de-la-gauche_5111523_4854003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to political scientist Christopher Bickerton, La France Insoumise was comparable to [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] in Spain, and ''[[Le Baron Noir]]'' character Michel Vidal is based on Mélenchon.<ref name="Bickerton 2022">{{cite web |last=Bickerton |first=Christopher |date=15 June 2022 |title=The long march of the French Left |url=https://unherd.com/2022/06/the-long-march-of-the-french-left/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> La France Insoumise's broad range meant it ran, in the words of Bickerton, "from the remnants of the PCF's industrial working class votes to the vast majority of the country's Muslim population, as well as urbanised intellectuals and France’s many neo-ruralist converts".<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/> According to Bickerton, La France Insoumise is "a flexible organisation, in tune with the individualism of the present", with "no membership as such" and much of its activism being "self-financed and self-organised", and where "Mélenchon gives his approval to initiatives after the fact rather than issuing orders or instructions."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
On 12 January 2017, Mélenchon secured the 500 elected sponsors required to be validated by the [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]]. After Benoît Hamon won the nomination for the Parti Socialiste on a left-wing platform, beating former Prime Minister, [[Manuel Valls]], 58–41,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesprimairescitoyennes.fr/|title=Résultats du second tour - Les Primaires citoyennes de la Gauche - 22 et 29 janvier 2017|website=Les Primaires citoyennes de la Gauche - 22 et 29 janvier 2017|language=fr-FR|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402152843/http://www.lesprimairescitoyennes.fr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamon announced on TF1 on 27 February that he and Melenchon had been in talks to form an alliance but their stances on the European Union separated them, as Melenchon's platform was to renegotiate EU treaties or hold a referendum. France 24 reported: "Adding their scores would place a candidate in first or second place."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20170227-france-prensidential-election-left-wing-candidates-hamon-melenchon-no-alliance|title=French left-wing candidates fail to forge alliance in presidential race - France 24|date=27 February 2017|publisher=France 24|access-date=29 April 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414090040/http://www.france24.com/en/20170227-france-prensidential-election-left-wing-candidates-hamon-melenchon-no-alliance|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon, who saw himself as "outside the frame of political parties",<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=France's 2017 Presidential Election: In Brief |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44815.pdf |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=FAS Project on Government Secrecy |page=3}}</ref> held at a consistent 12% for most of the campaign, until a late upwards surge which put him just behind third place [[François Fillon]] at 18%. This late surge is mainly due to Mélenchon's performance within the second presidential debate hosted by [[BFM TV]] and [[CNews]], where, according to an Elabe poll, he was found the most convincing candidate by 25%;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://elabe.fr/a-ete-plus-convaincant/|title=Qui a été le plus convaincant ?|date=5 April 2017|work=ELABE|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407035928/http://elabe.fr/a-ete-plus-convaincant/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, he did not qualify for the second round of voting, winning 19.6% of the vote in the first round, placing fourth. With seven million votes, La France Insoumise had achieved the biggest vote in France for the radical left since 1945; it achieved 24% among blue-collar voters, 22% among low-paid white-collar voters, and 30% among 18–24 year-olds.<ref name="Mullen 2022"/>
After the first round, Mélenchon refused to endorse Macron and told his voters that "no vote should go to the National Front", as he had done in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lelab.europe1.fr/video-en-2002-melenchon-navait-pas-hesite-a-appeler-a-voter-pour-chirac-contre-le-pen-3309899|title=VIDÉO - En 2002, Mélenchon n'avait pas hésité à appeler à voter pour Chirac contre Le Pen - Le Lab Europe 1|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427143102/http://lelab.europe1.fr/video-en-2002-melenchon-navait-pas-hesite-a-appeler-a-voter-pour-chirac-contre-le-pen-3309899|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lelab.europe1.fr/presidentielle-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-fait-pas-de-difference-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen-3309248|title=Présidentielle : Jean-Luc Mélenchon ne fait pas de différence entre Emmanuel Macron et Marine Le Pen - Le Lab Europe 1|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827091703/http://lelab.europe1.fr/presidentielle-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-fait-pas-de-difference-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen-3309248|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following constant criticism for this choice, Mélenchon invited members of La France Insoumise to vote on who he will endorse with the choices being "Vote for Emmanuel Macron", "Blank Vote", or "Abstain", with the result being announced on 2 May. 36.12% submitted a blank vote, 34.83% chose to endorse Macron, and 29.05% abstained.<ref>{{Citation|title=Présidentielle 2017 : Jean-Luc Mélenchon ne donne pas de consigne de vote pour le second tour|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/video/2017/04/23/presidentielle-2017-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-donne-pas-de-consigne-de-vote-pour-le-second-tour_5116065_4854003.html|publisher=Le Monde|language=fr-FR|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424025330/http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/video/2017/04/23/presidentielle-2017-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-donne-pas-de-consigne-de-vote-pour-le-second-tour_5116065_4854003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His campaign positions included the intent to establish a [[French Sixth Republic|Sixth Republic]] and preserve the environment. According to the NGOs for the development aid [[Action Against Hunger]], Action santé mondiale, [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE]] France, and [[ONE Campaign]], Mélenchon was the candidate in the presidential election who is the most engaged regarding international solidarity. Together with other French intellectuals, he vigorously denounces free trade between France and the United States as an example of global exploitation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/02/01/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-evalues-par-les-ong-d-aide-au-developpement_5072744_3234.html|title=Les candidats à la présidentielle évalués par les ONG d'aide au développement|first=Marie de|last=Vergès|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=1 February 2017|via=Le Monde|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325095648/http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/02/01/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-evalues-par-les-ong-d-aide-au-developpement_5072744_3234.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Member of the National Assembly (2017–2022) ===
[[File:Eric Coquerel et Jean-Luc Melenchon 3.jpg|thumb|Mélenchon with fellow parliamentarian [[Éric Coquerel]] in 2017]]
In June 2017, Mélenchon became a member of the National Assembly for La France Insoumise following his win in the [[2017 French legislative election|legislative election]] in the [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency|4th constituency]] of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], which covers parts of the centre of [[Marseille]]. He won 59.9% of the vote in the second round against [[En Marche!]] candidate Corrine Versini. He defeated sitting member [[Patrick Mennucci]] in the first round, a notable member of the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] in Marseille.{{refn|For the results, see {{cite web|url=http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2017/013/01304.html|url-status=live|title=Élections législatives de 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619132448/http://elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2017/013/01304.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|website=Ministère de l'Intérieur et des Outre-mer|language=fr|access-date=15 July 2024}}|group=nb}} The collapse of the Socialist Party meant that La France Insoumise had become the ''de facto'' opposition to [[Emmanuel Macron]] in the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]].<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
His election to the National Assembly drew national media attention.<ref>Raphaëlle Besse Desmoulières (20 June 2017). [http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-legislatives-2017/article/2017/06/20/l-insoumis-melenchon-fait-une-rentree-remarquee-a-l-assemblee-nationale_5148226_5076653.html "L’« insoumis » Mélenchon fait une rentrée remarquée à l’Assemblée nationale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821171658/http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-legislatives-2017/article/2017/06/20/l-insoumis-melenchon-fait-une-rentree-remarquee-a-l-assemblee-nationale_5148226_5076653.html |date=21 August 2017 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'' (In French).</ref> During the examination of the 2017 Labour Law bill, he was remarked in the National Assembly for his multiple interventions, defending the Labour Code ''status quo'' along with fellow La France Insoumise members, arguing that flexibilisation would be harmful to workers.<ref>Jannick Alimi (18 July 2017). [http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/ordonnances-insoumis-et-socialistes-vont-ils-saisir-le-conseil-constitutionnel-ensemble-18-07-2017-7142187.php "Code du travail : Insoumis et socialistes unis pour saisir le Conseil constitutionnel ?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821171329/http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/ordonnances-insoumis-et-socialistes-vont-ils-saisir-le-conseil-constitutionnel-ensemble-18-07-2017-7142187.php |date=21 August 2017 }}, ''[[Le Parisien]]'' (in French).</ref> He drew attention from the media once more when he came in Parliament with a five-euros food shopping bag to denounce a student benefits cut planned by the government.<ref>[http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/APL-Melenchon-vide-son-sac-de-courses-a-5-euros-a-l-Assemblee-1317983 "APL : Mélenchon vide son sac de courses à 5 euros à l'Assemblée"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821175729/http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/APL-Melenchon-vide-son-sac-de-courses-a-5-euros-a-l-Assemblee-1317983 |date=21 August 2017 }}, ''[[Paris Match]]'' (in French). 26 July 2017.</ref> In December 2019, Mélenchon received a suspended prison sentence of three months for rebellion and provocation following an altercation with police officers who had come to serve a warrant at the La France Insoumise headquarters in Paris.<ref>Timothée Boutry (9 December 2019). [https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-a-trois-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-pour-rebellion-et-provocation-09-12-2019-8212674.php "Jean-Luc Mélenchon condamné à trois mois de prison avec sursis pour rébellion et provocation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004445/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-a-trois-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-pour-rebellion-et-provocation-09-12-2019-8212674.php |date=11 May 2021 }}, ''[[Le Parisien]]'' (in French).</ref>
=== Third presidential candidacy and NUPES (2022–2023) ===
[[File:2022_French_Presidential_Election_First_Round_Map.svg|thumb|Map of the first round of the [[2022 French presidential election]]. Mélenchon was the most voted candidate in the red departments and territories]]
Mélenchon was again a candidate in the [[2022 French presidential election]]. He was one of three candidates placed without their consent on the ballot for the [[2022 French People's Primary]], a non-official vote for a common left-wing candidate; he came third out of seven, behind [[Christiane Taubira]] and [[Yannick Jadot]].<ref>{{cite news |title='People's primary' backs Christiane Taubira as unity candidate of French left |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/30/peoples-primary-backs-as-taubira-as-unity-candidate-of-french-left |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409084623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/30/peoples-primary-backs-as-taubira-as-unity-candidate-of-french-left |url-status=live }}</ref> Taubira withdrew in March, and endorsed Mélenchon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christiane Taubira annonce qu'elle votera pour Jean-Luc Mélenchon " dès le premier tour " afin de " barrer la route " à l'extrême droite |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2022/article/2022/04/08/christiane-taubira-annonce-qu-elle-votera-jean-luc-melenchon-des-le-premier-tour-pour-barrer-la-route-a-l-extreme-droite_6121189_6059010.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=Le Monde |date=8 April 2022 |language=French |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410104203/https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2022/article/2022/04/08/christiane-taubira-annonce-qu-elle-votera-jean-luc-melenchon-des-le-premier-tour-pour-barrer-la-route-a-l-extreme-droite_6121189_6059010.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mélenchon's polling numbers surged in the final weeks of campaigning, putting him within chance of making the second round.<ref>{{cite news |title=Late surge gives leftist firebrand shot at French vote run-off |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220323-late-surge-gives-leftist-firebrand-shot-at-french-vote-run-off |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=France 24 |date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410173159/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220323-late-surge-gives-leftist-firebrand-shot-at-french-vote-run-off |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, 21.4% had been enough to gain access to the second round.<ref name="Mullen 2022"/>
For the first round of the 2022 presidential election, Mélenchon's strategy was to unite the other left-wing [[anti-neoliberal]] parties against [[Emmanuel Macron]], who attempted to play down his [[neoliberalism]] in the second round in order to appeal to Mélenchon voters while presenting [[Marine Le Pen]] as a dangerous nationalist. This dynamic flipped in the [[2022 French legislative election]] as Mélenchon and La France Insoumise had become part of the [[New Ecological and Social People's Union]] (NUPES), a broad anti-neoliberal coalition.<ref name="Behrent & Chabal 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Behrent |first1=Michael C.|last2=Chabal |first2=Emile |date=2 October 2022 |title=Between neo-liberalism and the nation: France's political landscape in 2022 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09639489.2022.2134327 |journal=Modern & Contemporary France |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=517–533 |doi=10.1080/09639489.2022.2134327 |issn=0963-9489|hdl=20.500.11820/67e58b7d-d049-401f-a747-8c1f44029696 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{refn|About NUPES, political scientist Christopher Bickerton stated that "it would be a mistake to see La France Insoumise as a 21st century reincarnation of the PCF; the ideological and organisational differences are too stark. It would also be wrong to think of NUPES as a present-day version of the 1972 Common Programme, which briefly united the communists and socialists around an agreed set of policies. NUPES is not another step in the long march of the French Left; it is the expression of a much wider unravelling of French politics, which has been playing out on the Right and the Left for the last 30 years."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>|group=nb}} In turn, Macron denounced Mélenchon and the anti-neoliberal NUPES coalition as delusional anti-capitalists.<ref name="Behrent & Chabal 2022"/> Mélenchon urged his supporters "not to give a single vote to Mrs Le Pen".<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Christopher |date=25 April 2022 |title=Why Macron is invincible |url=https://unherd.com/2022/04/why-macron-seems-invincible/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> According to political scientist Christopher Bickerton, observers commented that "the LFI's electoral offer was the most sophisticated of all the parties — a total of 694 proposals, from a sixth republic to 'rational' anti-terrorist legislation, to a commitment to the demilitarisation of space."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
In the first round of voting in France's [[two round voting system]], Mélenchon came in third place with 22% of the vote, behind Macron (28%) and Le Pen (23%). Only the top two finishers continue on to the second round, so Mélenchon was eliminated after the results of the first round were certified.{{refn|For the results, see {{cite web |url=https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/presidentielle-2022/FE.html |title=Election présidentielle 2022 |website=Ministère de l'Intérieur et des Outre-mer |language=fr|access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410234004/https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/presidentielle-2022/FE.html |url-status=live}}|group=nb}} Mélenchon advised his voters not to vote for Le Pen in the second round but did not endorse Macron. His 7.7 million first-round voters became a key demographic for the second round. He was the most popular candidate for voters aged 24–35,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=Macron and Le Pen restart campaigns with Mélenchon a potential 'kingmaker' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/french-presidential-election-macron-le-pen-melenchon |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104454/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/french-presidential-election-macron-le-pen-melenchon |url-status=live }}</ref> and in the overseas departments of [[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], obtaining majorities in several of these jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Présidentielle. Dans les Antilles, Jean-Luc Mélenchon obtient plus de 50 % |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/elections/presidentielle/presidentielle-dans-les-antilles-jean-luc-melenchon-obtient-plus-de-50-d232d460-b919-11ec-bd14-a849d20f46a4 |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=Ouest-France |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428201641/https://www.ouest-france.fr/elections/presidentielle/presidentielle-dans-les-antilles-jean-luc-melenchon-obtient-plus-de-50-d232d460-b919-11ec-bd14-a849d20f46a4 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also finished first in [[Île-de-France]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faure |first1=Mélanie |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon s'impose en Île-de-France, Emmanuel Macron en tête à Paris |url=https://www.europe1.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-simpose-en-ile-de-france-emmanuel-macron-en-tete-a-paris-4104956 |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=Europe 1 |date=11 April 2022 |language=French |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411061652/https://www.europe1.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-simpose-en-ile-de-france-emmanuel-macron-en-tete-a-paris-4104956 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mélenchon did not run for re-election in [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency]], instead giving his candidacy to [[Manuel Bompard]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Capital avec |date=2022-05-12 |title=Législatives 2022 : Jean-Luc Mélenchon ne se représentera pas et laisse sa place à Manuel Bompard |url=https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/legislatives-2022-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-se-representera-pas-et-laisse-sa-place-a-manuel-bompard-1436329 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Capital.fr |language=fr |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615235541/https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/legislatives-2022-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-se-representera-pas-et-laisse-sa-place-a-manuel-bompard-1436329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mélenchon led the NUPES coalition since May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Can the 'Nupes' revive the French left's fortunes? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/05/30/can-the-nupes-revive-the-french-lefts-fortunes/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=EUROPP |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610181219/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/05/30/can-the-nupes-revive-the-french-lefts-fortunes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2022 legislative election, NUPES won 131 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Emmanuel Macron's coalition level with new leftwing group in French elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/emmanuel-macrons-coalition-level-with-new-leftwing-group-in-french-elections |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628051734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/emmanuel-macrons-coalition-level-with-new-leftwing-group-in-french-elections |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=French legislative elections: The second round, by the numbers |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220617-french-legislative-elections-the-second-round-by-the-numbers |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620164618/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220617-french-legislative-elections-the-second-round-by-the-numbers |url-status=live }}</ref> Amid divisions, NUPES dissolved in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jacobin.com/2024/06/france-nouveau-front-populaire-clemence-guette | title=France's New Popular Front Can Stop the Far Right }}</ref>
== Political positions ==
Mélenchon is a [[socialist]] republican, inspired primarily by the founder of French republican socialism [[Jean Jaurès]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Poesy |first=Emma |date=23 June 2022 |title=La France insoumise est-elle vraiment un parti d'extrême gauche ? |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20220623.OBS60092/la-france-insoumise-est-elle-vraiment-un-parti-d-extreme-gauche.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Le Nouvel Obs |language=fr}}</ref> During his political career, Mélenchon crossed various tendencies of the [[French left]], from [[Trotskyism]] in his youth to more moderate socialism, as he was in the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] for almost thirty years, occupying a place on the left wing of the party, before he began a companionship with the [[French Communist Party]] after his departure from the Socialist Party in 2008.<ref name="Martelli 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Martelli |first=Roger |date=2012-02-28 |title=Front de gauche, aube ou crépuscule ? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-mouvements-2012-1-page-101.htm |journal=Mouvements |language=fr |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=101–108 |doi=10.3917/mouv.069.0101 |issn=1291-6412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-21 |title=Le billet de Pascal Perrineau – Jean-Luc Mélenchon, "premier candidat de gauche" ? |url=https://www.emilemagazine.fr/article/2016/12/20/le-billet-de-pascal-perrineau-jean-luc-mlenchon-premier-candidat-de-gauche- |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Émile Magazine |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Ducange 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Ducange |first=Jean-Numa |date=2018-09-19 |title=Les adieux à la gauche de Jean-Luc Mélenchon |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-du-crieur-2018-1-page-48.htm |journal=Revue du Crieur |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3917/crieu.009.0048 |issn=2428-4068}}</ref> He rejects the labels of "radical left" or "far left" that the press has sometimes ascribed to his political positions.<ref name="Ducange 2018"/> According to historian Jean-Numa Ducange, Mélenchon became for many the main representative of the historical French left during the 2017 presidential election, scoring 20%, far ahead of the Socialist Party candidate [[Benoît Hamon]], and was not a radical leftist, having unconditionally supported the [[Plural Left]] that was in power between 1997 and 2002, and having himself been a minister in this government between 2000 and 2002.<ref name="Ducange 2018"/> According to historian Roger Martelli, Mélenchon's long Socialist Party past contradicts the restricted image of "left of the left" and gives him a "traditional anchoring".<ref name="Martelli 2012"/> Historian [[Sudhir Hazareesingh]] described Mélenchon as a "democratic socialist candidate [who] symbolises France's hunger for social, political, and environmental reform, as well as the popular frustration with the nation’s established elites", and as "a middle-class champion of the working people, a former senator turned radical reformer, a transformative visionary driven by memories of past glories, a digital geek steeped in classical learning, an inveterate critic of presidentialism who is himself a charismatic leader, and a 70-year-old veteran who counts the young among his primary constituencies".<ref name="The Observer 2022">{{cite news |date=5 June 2022 |title=The future of France: can Macron's centre hold? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/05/the-future-of-france-can-macron-centre-hold |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=The Observer |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> According to sociologist Paolo Gerbaudo, Mélenchon supports [[social-democratic]] and [[reformist socialist]] policies, having softened his "revolutionary and radical image". During the 2022 presidential campaign, Mélenchon shifted towards a more pragmatic approach, instead of a philosophical and theoretical one, while campaigning in favour of bread-and-butter issues.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerbaudo |first=Paolo |date=2022-06-15 |title=Mélenchon's lesson to the left: less socialism, more social democracy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/15/melenchon-france-new-left-bernie-sanders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113349/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/15/melenchon-france-new-left-bernie-sanders |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> According to political scientist Christopher Bickerton, among the reasons for "Mélenchon's high score in the 2022 presidential election was that he supplemented his earlier populism with an extensive and comprehensive legislative programme."<ref name="Bickerton 2022"/>
Mélenchon's radicalism is linked to his criticism of [[neoliberalism]].{{refn|According to Aurélien Dubuisson, an associate researcher at the [[Sciences Po]] Historical Centre and author of ''The Far Left in France'' published by the Blaise Pascal University Press, labelling Mélenchon or La France Insoumise as far left is "a mistake that has been made in recent years, especially by the right wing of the political spectrum". Dubuisson cites Mitterrand's programme from 1981, which he said would be considered "the worst extremist of the moment. But in 1981, the political context was different, it was permeated by left-wing themes."<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Elise |date=14 June 2024 |title=Pourquoi c'est faux de dire que LFI est un parti d'extrême gauche ? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4096310-20240614-elections-legislatives-2024-pourquoi-faux-dire-lfi-parti-extreme-gauche |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=20minutes.fr |language=fr}}</ref> According to political scientist Rémi Lefebvre, "Jean-Luc Mélenchon is not in favour of the abolition of capitalism, but he proposes its regulation by the state, a high level of public spending, high taxation."<ref name="Desseauve 2024">{{cite web |last=Desseauve |first=Rodolphe |date=13 June 2024 |title=LFI est-il vraiment un parti d'extrême gauche, comme le dit Emmanuel Macron ? |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/lfi-est-il-vraiment-un-parti-dextreme-gauche-comme-le-dit-emmanuel-macron-123403998.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Yahoo News |language=fr}}</ref> According to Lefebvre, it is a programme of part of a socialism that is "very interventionist, very reformist, which believes in the essential role of public services, in ecological planning, in redistribution", and that what it questions is "more ultraliberalism than capitalism itself".<ref name="Desseauve 2024"/> Lefebvre shares Dubuisson's view that the programme is no more radical than Mitterand's,<ref>{{cite web |last=Otter |first=Margaux |date=13 June 2024 |title=Législatives 2024 {{!}} La France insoumise (LFI) de Jean-Luc Mélenchon est-il un parti d'extrême gauche comme le dit Emmanuel Macron ? |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20240613.OBS89734/la-france-insoumise-est-il-un-parti-d-extreme-gauche.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Le Nouvel Obs |language=fr}}</ref> saying that "it is not revolutionary, but reformist ... It is difficult to compare, as the level of public spending varies greatly from one era to another. However, Mélenchon's programme, like Mitterrand's, is based on state interventionism and in this it is no more radical than the common program of the time."<ref name="Desseauve 2024"/> In contrast to far-left parties, in the words of Olivier Favier, Mélenchon "plays fully the game of the ballot box and does not plan to take power through the Revolution. This last feature remains, for the institutions of the Republic, as for the community of historians and political scientists, an essential criterion of definition."<ref>{{cite web |last=Favier |first=Olivier |date=5 July 2024 |title=Extrême gauche, extrême droite, extrême centre: de quoi parle-t-on? |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/connaissances/20240705-extr%C3%AAme-gauche-extr%C3%AAme-droite-extr%C3%AAme-centre-de-quoi-parle-t-on |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref>|group=nb}} According to the Belgian public media [[RTBF]], his radical appearance is linked to his [[criticism of neoliberalism]], international treaties, and the functioning of the [[European Union]] (EU), as well as his tax reform. Mélenchon does not support [[Marxist]] ideas of "[[proletarian revolution]]", as is the case with the [[New Anticapitalist Party]] and [[Lutte Ouvrière]], and his tax reform is more moderate than that of the far-left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Comment expliquer la montée de Jean-Luc Mélenchon? Pourquoi fait-il peur? Cinq éléments de réponse |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/comment-expliquer-la-montee-de-jean-luc-melenchon-pourquoi-fait-il-peur-cinq-elements-de-reponse-9578928 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> On the political spectrum, Mélenchon is placed on the [[political left]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chrisp |first1=Joe |chapter=Neither Left nor Right |date=2023 |title=The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income |pages=547–563 |editor-last=Torry |editor-first=Malcolm |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41001-7_27 |access-date=2024-07-12 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-41001-7_27 |isbn=978-3-031-41001-7 |last2=Martinelli |first2=Luke}}</ref> including by international news outlets like [[CNN]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clement |first=Megan |date=7 April 2022 |title=Analysis: What's at stake for women in the French election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/europe/macron-french-presidential-election-gender-equality-as-equals-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CNN}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynn |first1=Matthew |date=6 June 2022 |title=The French far-Left is the biggest threat to the euro |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/06/06/french-far-left-biggest-threat-euro/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> ''[[Der Spiegel]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandberg |first=Britta |date=2022-04-25 |title=Can Emmanuel Macron Unite a Deeply Divided France? |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/back-to-work-can-macron-unite-a-deeply-divided-france-a-dabbb75d-1fb8-4dfa-9a1f-29442c4eecf0 |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=Der Spiegel |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> [[Deutsche Welle]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2017 |title=Picnicking with Melenchon – DW – 04/18/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/picnicking-with-frances-left-wing-presidential-candidate-melenchon/a-38474961 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Deutsche Welle }}</ref> [[NBC News]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=French presidential race tightens, with far-right challenger nipping at Macron's heels |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/french-presidential-race-tightens-far-right-challenger-nipping-macrons-rcna23004 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=NBC News }}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |date=2022-04-14 |title=Will Macron's Centrism Defeat France's Growing Right Wing? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/will-macrons-centrism-defeat-frances-growing-right-wing |access-date=2024-07-12 |magazine=The New Yorker |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Macron MP fights to prove he isn't Beijing's man |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-candidate-buon-tan-reject-china-communist-party-connection/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Politico }}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Old passions stir around autonomy in Corsica ahead of French elections |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/20002073.old-passions-stir-around-autonomy-corsica-ahead-frances-presidential-elections/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The National }}</ref> ''[[The Spectator]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mortimer |first=Gavin |date=2022-04-13 |title=The French elite are playing into Le Pen's hands |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-french-elite-are-playing-into-le-pen-s-hands/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Spectator }}</ref> and ''[[The Times]]'';<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bremner |first=Charles |date=2024-07-12 |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon's surge in polls raises left's hopes of a showdown with Macron |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/jean-luc-melenchons-surge-in-polls-raises-lefts-hopes-of-a-showdown-with-macron-pprfn3nxw |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Times }}</ref> he is often also classified as [[far left]], or [[left-wing populist]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-24 |title=France's left-wing Mélenchon admits defeat despite late surge |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170424-france-leftist-wing-populist-melenchon-defeat-election-president |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=France 24 }}</ref> by Anglo-Saxon news outlets (the [[Associated Press]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-16 |title=French far-left presidential hopeful woos voters with jobs |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-france-elections-campaigns-jean-luc-melenchon-b75570eb595d3e05fab2cbd4f3dfb828 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=AP News }}</ref> ''[[BBC News]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-15 |title=French elections: Who is Mélenchon and what does his Nupes alliance want? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61737537 |access-date=2022-06-20 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113349/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61737537 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bloomberg News]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-21 |title=Far-Left Melenchon Rises Again as French Election Nears |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-21/far-left-melenchon-rises-again-as-france-election-nears |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ''[[The Conversation]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Paul |date=2017-04-19 |title=Profile: Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the far-left candidate shaking up the French election |url=http://theconversation.com/profile-jean-luc-melenchon-the-far-left-candidate-shaking-up-the-french-election-76384 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2022 |title=Emmanuel Macron on course to lose majority in French assembly |url=https://www.ft.com/content/822d003c-028e-4a6b-9e10-97f809ca4f7b |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-19 |title=The radical outsider for the French presidency who wants to leave Nato and bring in a 32-hour working week |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/france-far-left-jean-luc-melenchon-france-insoumise-presidential-candidate-a7638386.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Independent |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113349/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/france-far-left-jean-luc-melenchon-france-insoumise-presidential-candidate-a7638386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabkhiro |first=Juliette |date=5 April 2022 |title=Far-left Melenchon makes last push to reach French presidential run-off |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/far-left-melenchon-makes-last-push-reach-french-presidential-run-off-2022-04-05/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Walt |first=Vivienne |date=2017-04-13 |title=In France's Election, a Far-Left Populist Finds an Eager Audience |url=https://time.com/4737928/france-election-jean-luc-melenchon-far-left/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |magazine=Time}}</ref> and ''[[The Washington Post]]''),<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2024 |title=Analysis {{!}} Political Gridlock In France Is Risk for Europe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/political-gridlock-in-france-isrisk-for-europe/2022/06/20/1d58bb6e-f068-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html |access-date=12 July 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> as well as by the French media whose audience is international ([[Euronews]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Far-left Melenchon emerges as third competitor in French election poll |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/03/10/uk-france-election-melenchon |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Euronews}}</ref> [[France 24]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=French far-left candidate Mélenchon rallies on lower retirement age, framing self as the anti-Macron |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220321-french-far-left-candidate-m%C3%A9lenchon-rallies-on-lower-retirement-age-framing-self-as-the-anti-macron |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=France 24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=Mélenchon's far-left party: five years of opposition at the National Assembly |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220604-a-look-at-opposition-group-la-france-insoumise-s-past-five-years-in-parliament |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=France 24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2022 |title=Mélenchon's far-left party: five years of opposition at the National Assembly |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220604-a-look-at-opposition-group-la-france-insoumise-s-past-five-years-in-parliament |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=France 24 }}</ref> and [[Radio France Internationale]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=French far-left leader Mélenchon 'proposes' 2022 bid for presidency |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20201109-french-far-left-leader-m%C3%A9lenchon-announces-2022-bid-for-presidency-election-slammed-selfish-divide-left-socialist-greens-communist |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=RFI }}</ref> He is described as a "firebrand leader of the left".<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2022 |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the rabble-rouser leading the new French left |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/jean-luc-melenchon-rabble-rouser-leader-new-france-left/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nossiter |first=Adam |date=2024-07-09 |title=France's Far-Left Firebrand: Ready to Govern? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/09/world/europe/france-election-left-melenchon.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Mélenchon is a proponent of increased [[labour rights]] and the expansion of French [[Social protection in France|welfare programmes]].<ref name="Revolt1">{{cite book|last1=Pr'ncipe|first1=Catarina|last2=Sunkara|first2=Bhaskar|title=Europe in Revolt: Mapping the New European Left|date=July 2016|pages=91–92|publisher=Haymarket Books|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1-60846-593-4}}</ref> He has also called for the mass [[redistribution of wealth]] to rectify existing [[socioeconomic inequality|socioeconomic inequalities]].<ref name="Revolt1" /> Domestic policies proposed by Mélenchon include a 100% income tax on earnings over €360,000 a year, 100% inheritance tax on sums beyond €12 million,<ref>{{cite news |title='France's Corbyn' plans to freeze food prices in €300bn giveaway |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/08/profile-jean-luc-mlenchon-france-jeremy-corbyn/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=8 July 2024 |last1=Samuel |first1=Henry }}</ref> full state reimbursement for health care costs, a reduction in presidential powers in favour of the legislature, and the easing of immigration laws.<ref name="Fenby">{{cite book|last=Fenby|first=Jonathan|title=France: A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror|date=November 2016|pages=448–449|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-250-09683-8}}</ref> Mélenchon supports [[same-sex marriage]] and women's right to abortion. He also supports the [[legalisation of cannabis]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/04/french-presidential-election-how-the-candidates-compare French presidential election: how the candidates compare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414101450/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/04/french-presidential-election-how-the-candidates-compare |date=14 April 2022 }} The Guardian. Author – Angelique Chrisafis. Published 4 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> Mélenchon believes in the "créolisation" of French culture and society, a term coined by the [[Martinican]] poet [[Édouard Glissant]], who defines it as "a blend of cultures that creates something new", that "belongs to none of the cultures that comprise it".<ref name="Creolisation">{{Cite web |last1=McNicoll |first1=Tracy |last2=Mazoue |first2=Aude |date=2 March 2022 |title='Créolisation': Candidates clash on immigration, assimilation and identity |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220215-cr%C3%A9olisation-as-right-wingers-tout-assimilation-m%C3%A9lenchon-levies-creole-counterpunch |website=[[France 24]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110549/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220215-cr%C3%A9olisation-as-right-wingers-tout-assimilation-m%C3%A9lenchon-levies-creole-counterpunch |url-status=live }}</ref> During a campaign rally in December 2021, Mélenchon told his supporters: "Whatever one's gender, colour or religion, we are called upon to love one another, and so we pool together our tastes and our cultures. That's créolisation. Créolisation is the future of humanity."<ref name="Creolisation" /> Hazareesingh argued that Mélenchon "mobilised support in deprived inner-city areas, and was the only major candidate who unambiguously denounced racism and Islamophobia, and defended a multicultural vision of Frenchness which, borrowing from the poet Édouard Glissant, he labelled 'créolisation'."<ref name="The Observer 2022"/>
[[File:Besancenot, Bové, Mélenchon - gare Saint-Lazare, mai 2005.jpeg|thumb|Mélenchon (right) with [[Olivier Besancenot]] (left) and [[José Bové]] (centre) at a meeting to rally support for the "No" vote in the [[2005 French European Constitution referendum]]]]
Mélenchon is an outspoken critic of the EU, which he views as having been corrupted through neoliberalism.<ref name="Bank1">{{cite web|title=Euroscepticism gaining currency? Implications of the EU elections for economic policy|last1=Heinen|first1=Nicolaus|last2=Hartleb|first2=Florian|url=https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000332443/Euroscepticism+gaining+currency%3F+Implications+of+the+EU+elections+for+economic+policy.pdf|location=Frankfurt, Germany|publisher=Deutsche Bank AG|year=2014|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701101525/http://dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000332443/Euroscepticism%2Bgaining%2Bcurrency%3F%2BImplications%2Bof%2Bthe%2BEU%2Belections%2Bfor%2Beconomic%2Bpolicy.pdf|archive-date= 1 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his 2012 campaign, Mélenchon positioned himself against the trend towards economic [[globalisation]], which he denounced as disproportionately profiting the financial industry and "high income earners" at the expense of the poor.<ref name="Bank1" /> He insisted international organisations such as the EU threatened to "strangle the voice of the people".<ref name="French241">{{cite news|title=French left rally behind anti-NATO Mélenchon |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-french-far-left-rally-behind-anti-nato-melenchon-toulouse-hollande-sarkozy-election |work=France Médias Monde (France 24) |location=Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris |date=6 April 2014 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926203654/http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-french-far-left-rally-behind-anti-nato-melenchon-toulouse-hollande-sarkozy-election |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He supports a renegotiation of European treaties.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Focraud|first1=Arnaud|title=Le Pen, Mélenchon, Dupont-Aignan… A chaque eurosceptique son 'Frexit'|trans-title=Le Pen, Mélenchon, Dupont-Aignan... To each eurosceptic their own 'Frexit'|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Le-Pen-Melenchon-Dupont-Aignan-A-chaque-eurosceptique-son-Frexit-792219|access-date=30 June 2016|work=[[Le Journal du Dimanche]]|date=21 June 2016|language=fr|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528151743/https://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Le-Pen-Melenchon-Dupont-Aignan-A-chaque-eurosceptique-son-Frexit-792219|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon opposes the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), which he perceives as an affront to France's national sovereignty.<ref name="French241" /> He has repeatedly called for France to withdraw from NATO.<ref name="French241" /> Mélenchon has voiced his support for [[Rattachism]].<ref name="lefigaro">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Belgique : chronique d'une implosion annoncée |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/monde/2014/08/04/31002-20140804ARTFIG00073-belgique-chronique-d-une-implosion-annoncee.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729190610/http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/monde/2014/08/04/31002-20140804ARTFIG00073-belgique-chronique-d-une-implosion-annoncee.php |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=LEFIGARO}}</ref>
Mélenchon has been labelled a [[populist]] by numerous diverse people,{{refn|According to political scientist Philippe Marlière, Mélenchon could be described as a populist leader as early as 2010, when he declared himself to be one. In the 2010 interview, Mélenchon stated: "I don't want to defend myself anymore against the accusation of populism. People are disgusted by the elites. Do they deserve anything better? They should all quit! I'm calling upon the energy of the many against the arrogance of the privileged classes. Am I a populist? Yes I am!"<ref name="Marlière 2019">{{cite book |last=Marlière |first=Philippe |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315180823/populist-radical-left-europe?refId=66f1bb5b-e117-4ae2-8ddc-1f5055e1293c&context=ubx |editor-last1=Katsambekis|editor-first1=Giorgos|editor-last2=Kioupkiolis|editor-first2=Alexandros|title=The Populist Radical Left in Europe |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315180823 |edition=1st |location=London |chapter=Jean-Luc Mélenchon and France Insoumise: the manufacturing of populism |doi=10.4324/9781315180823 |chapter-url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10053910/1/P.%20Marliere-France%20Insoumise.pdf}}</ref> Of populism, Marlière summarised: "From Napoleon III to Charles de Gaulle, in recent times, populism has characterised right-wing or extreme-right regimes or leaderships. It has helped label demagogic policies and the art of exploiting people's fears and frustration. Given the near-exclusive association of populism with the far-right, the diagnosis of populism often extends to 'demonisation'. Conversely, the left in France has always supported collegial forms of leadership and put the emphasis on collective endeavours. For communists and socialists, populism neglects class struggles because it focusses on an undefined 'people'. Consequently, 'populism' and 'left' are arguably incompatible notions because a proper populist strategy can only appeal to far-right voters."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/>|group=nb}} with the Socialist Party senator [[Luc Carvounas]] saying he goes to "the summits of demagoguery and populism", and the magazine ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' stating that Mélenchon's rhetoric is "shocking" and implying his entire political life is based around pleasing the people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.fr/story/70687/melenchon-populisme-vintage|title=Le populisme "vintage" de Jean-Luc Mélenchon, trop élaboré pour être efficace|work=Slate.fr|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024143706/http://www.slate.fr/story/70687/melenchon-populisme-vintage|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been compared to Le Pen in terms of debating style;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-pen-melenchon-la-mode-est-au-langage-populiste_1237437.html|title=Le Pen-Mélenchon: la mode est au langage populiste|date=5 April 2013|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=29 April 2017|language=fr|archive-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014153331/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/le-pen-melenchon-la-mode-est-au-langage-populiste_1237437.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/2011/06/24/actualite/entre-le-fn-et-le-front-de-gauche-la-frontiere-est-elle-poreuse-1113433/|title=Les Inrocks - Entre le FN et le Front de gauche, la frontière est-elle poreuse?|last=Mourgue|first=Marion|date=24 June 2011|website=Les Inrocks|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802213215/http://www.lesinrocks.com/2011/06/24/actualite/entre-le-fn-et-le-front-de-gauche-la-frontiere-est-elle-poreuse-1113433/|url-status=live}}</ref> political scientist [[Dominique Reynié]] even went as far as to say he "flirts with xenophobia when it helps him".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/dominique-reynie/jean-luc-melenchon-nest-pas-raciste-mais_b_4367111.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon n'est pas raciste mais...|work=Le Huffington Post|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424210324/http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/dominique-reynie/jean-luc-melenchon-nest-pas-raciste-mais_b_4367111.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Bickerton, "LFI's starting point is not Marxist dialectics or class conflict, but ''le peuple''".<ref>{{cite web |last=Bickerton |first=Christopher |date=15 June 2022 |title=The long march of the French Left |url=https://unherd.com/2022/06/the-long-march-of-the-french-left/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> Political scientist Chloe Morin described Mélenchon as "the principal asset of La France Insoumise. He is also their principal handicap. He is a great orator, a matchless tactician but also a deeply divisive figure."<ref>{{cite web |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=10 May 2022 |title=Can Mélenchon unite the French Left? |url=https://unherd.com/2022/05/can-melenchon-unite-the-french-left/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=UnHerd}}</ref> Mélenchon has himself his vision of populism, which he sees as positive if it comes with left-wing politics, and believes it is possible to bring about a "citizens' revolution" to usher in "the epoch of the people".<ref name="Mullen 2022"/> He is inspired by the philosopher [[Chantal Mouffe]], who sought to theorise and rehabilitate the term "[[left populism]]". This theory argues that neoliberalism and [[austerity]] only made the far-right stronger and that the populist concept of "the people" has to be reintroduced into the political sphere in a civic sense rather than an ethnic way (creating a "[[right populism]]" to fight).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.fr/story/138602/chantal-mouffe|title=Qui est Chantal Mouffe, la penseuse qui inspire Hamon et Mélenchon?|first=Gaël|last=Brustier|date=27 March 2017|website=Slate.fr|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821174331/http://www.slate.fr/story/138602/chantal-mouffe|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|In the run-up to the [[2017 French presidential election]], Mélenchon launched a populist strategy, in what Marlière described it as "a radical break with the collective forms of leadership and action on the French left", and added: "In true populist fashion, the FI leader wants to federate 'the people', and not simply left-wing voters. He has ceased to use the notion of left altogether."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> According to Marlière, populism is not part of the French left, which historically rejected populist movements, ideas, and leaders, citing as "a clear refutation of leader-centric populism" the original version of "[[The Internationale]]", where [[Eugène Pottier]] wrote: "There are no supreme saviours, neither God, nor Caesar, nor eloquent speakers, producers, let's save ourselves."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> In the words of Marlière, that of Mélenchon was "an attempt to organise the masses along the lines of an agonistic cleavage between 'the people' and 'the elite', and this was also a radical break with the collective forms of leadership and action on the French left. The gamble paid off as Mélenchon received significant support from segments of left-wing voters in the first round of the presidential election."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> According to Marlière, "Mélenchon's style, strategy and politics have energised fragments of the left-wing electorate (the young and working-class voters notably) but they have also created tensions with other parties of the left. Those organisations fear that Mélenchon's 'populist moment' may be detrimental to the future of left-wing politics in France altogether."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/> In regards to the types of populism, Marlière wrote: "What defines FI's populism is the role and the centrality of the leader. One may wonder whether populism is the best strategy to broaden the left's electorate as left-wing and right-wing populisms do not tap in the same culture and do not express the same feelings. On the left, the anger is directed at free market economics. On the far right, the hatred of foreigners and immigrants is the main motivation. Both feelings and mindsets are incompatible: the former has a positive mindset whereas the latter is based on resentment."<ref name="Marlière 2019"/>|group=nb}}
=== Sixth Republic and French Constitution ===
Mélenchon advocates for the holding of a [[Constituent assembly|constitutional convention]] to create a [[Sixth French Republic]]. In the 2017 party manifesto titled ''L'Avenir en commun'', it states in the first chapter: "The new constitution that France needs must be radically different."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://laec.fr/|title=LAEC.fr – Le programme de Jean-Luc Mélenchon en ligne – L'Avenir En Commun|website=LAEC.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227152816/https://laec.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 September 2014, Mélenchon wrote in ''[[Le Monde]]'' that "France must protect itself from the powers of finance. They devour the real economy. ... To this end, the definition of the constitutional rights of private ownership of capital should change. ... Again, it is inclusion in the Constitution that will fix this and make it a common rule."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/victorayoli/blog/091014/la-6eme-republique-selon-melenchon|title=La 6ème république selon Mélenchon.|work=Club de Mediapart|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802013949/https://blogs.mediapart.fr/victorayoli/blog/091014/la-6eme-republique-selon-melenchon|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mélenchon is endorsed by the Movement for the 6th Republic, and has spoken positively of them before. A spokesman for ''La France Insoumise'' affirmed that Mélenchon was very welcoming of a Sixth Republic run by the people that welcomes democracy, ecology, and challenges social issues.<ref name=":1" /> The constitutional convention members must not have ever been elected representatives, and they would not be able to present themselves thereafter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.m6r.fr/2017/04/candidats-a-presidentielle-repondent-mouvement-6e-republique/|title=Les candidats à la présidentielle répondent au Mouvement 6e République ! - Mouvement pour la 6e République|date=16 April 2017|work=Mouvement pour la 6e République|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
=== Agriculture and animal treatment ===
The association [[L214]], which is a non-profit for animal protection, stated that he was the only candidate "for animals" during its evaluation of the candidates' programmes, giving him a score of 15.7/20, placing him at the head of 11 candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politique-animaux.fr/presidentielle-2017|title=Présidentielle 2017 : que feront-ils pour les animaux ?|website=www.politique-animaux.fr|language=fr|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418163831/https://www.politique-animaux.fr/presidentielle-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== European Parliament ===
Mélenchon's attendance before the 2012 presidential election was at 63%,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/04/16/les-astuces-de-m-melenchon-pour-paraitre-assidu-au-parlement-europeen_4402075_4355770.html|title=Les astuces de Mélenchon pour paraître assidu au Parlement européen|last=Léchenet|first=Samuel Laurent et Alexandre|date=16 April 2014|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328110221/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/04/16/les-astuces-de-m-melenchon-pour-paraitre-assidu-au-parlement-europeen_4402075_4355770.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and after this, his average is often compiled with pre-2012, so it is compiled at 71.40%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.votewatch.eu/en/jean-luc-melenchon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429004258/http://www.votewatch.eu/en/jean-luc-melenchon.html |url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|title=VoteWatch Europe: European Parliament, Council of the EU|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> Mélenchon justified his relatively low attendance with how active he is within France itself, and has posted a list of other reasons on his blog.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon, pour refonder l'Europe|website=europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427002304/http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/ma-facon-detre-depute/absences-dois-je-mexcuser/|title=Un seul être vous manque et tout est dépeuplé|website=europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001923/http://europe.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/ma-facon-detre-depute/absences-dois-je-mexcuser/|url-status=live}}</ref> He increased his attendance after that, with the website ''votewatch.eu'' reporting it in 2017 at 85.1%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.votewatch.eu/en/term8-jean-luc-melenchon-2.html|title=Jean-Luc MÉLENCHON|website=VoteWatch Europe|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502230611/http://www.votewatch.eu/en/term8-jean-luc-melenchon-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Foreign policy ===
==== Germany ====
Mélenchon is critical of German economic policies. After writing a pamphlet against German policies in May 2015, Mélenchon declared: "But I'm not being [[Anti-German sentiment|anti-German]]. My aim is to rid my readers of any fascination with the so-called '[[German model]]'. What a 'model', indeed! It is a mockery, a fake paradise, whose population suffers from increasing impoverishment and social violence. The fantasy of the 'German model' is the opium of the rich!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://melenchon.fr/le-hareng-de-bismarck-les-bonus-du-livre/|title=Le Hareng de Bismarck - Les bonus du livre|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134444/https://melenchon.fr/le-hareng-de-bismarck-les-bonus-du-livre/|url-status=live}}</ref>
After the German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] described reform efforts so far in France and Italy as "insufficient" in December 2014, Mélenchon replied through Twitter in German and French: "Maul zu, Frau #Merkel ! Frankreich ist frei. Occupez-vous de vos pauvres et de vos équipements en ruines !" ("Shut your mouth, Mrs. Merkel! France is free. Take care of your poor and your ruined equipment.")<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/europa/frankreich-unlustige-deutsche-12216734.html|title=Frankreich: Unlustige Deutsche|first=Michaela|last=Wiegel|date=10 June 2013|newspaper=FAZ.NET|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809020932/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/europa/frankreich-unlustige-deutsche-12216734.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/JLMelenchon/status/541613491267059712|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130234548/https://twitter.com/JLMelenchon/status/541613491267059712|url-status=live}}</ref> In reaction to the [[2015 Greek bailout referendum]] on the [[Greek sovereign debt crisis]] in early July 2015, he said that the "right-wing German government" was primarily responsible for the aggravation of the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/schuldenkrise-griechenland-kann-keine-gegenleistung-mehr.694.de.html?dram:article_id=324801|title=Schuldenkrise - "Griechenland kann keine Gegenleistung mehr erbringen"|website=Deutschlandfunk|date=8 July 2015 |access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143230/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/schuldenkrise-griechenland-kann-keine-gegenleistung-mehr.694.de.html?dram:article_id=324801|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Ukraine ====
In 2014 Mélenchon considered the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] to be "absolutely predictable", stating that "Crimean ports [were considered by Russia as] vital for Russia's security", and that Russia was taking "protective measures against an adventurous putschist power", also alleging that Ukraine was influenced by [[neo-Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/melenchon-denonce-un-nouveau-pouvoir-putschiste-aventurier-a-kiev-01-03-2014-1796804_20.php|title=Mélenchon dénonce un nouveau "pouvoir putschiste aventurier" à Kiev|date=1 March 2014|website=lepoint.fr|publisher=[[Le Point]]|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084102/https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/melenchon-denonce-un-nouveau-pouvoir-putschiste-aventurier-a-kiev-01-03-2014-1796804_20.php|url-status=live}}</ref> He further opposed imposing sanctions on Russia, and as a member of the European Parliament, voted against all forms of cooperation with Ukraine, including on science.<ref name="Paris">{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html|title=Mélenchon surges in the polls despite fiery remarks on Ukraine in the past|last=Paris|first=Gilles|date=8 March 2022|website=lemonde.fr|publisher=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412152730/https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Mélenchon referred to Ukraine as a country "struggling to be one".<ref name="Paris"/> During the [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis]], he said that Russia "...must not cross Ukraine's borders", while stating that the United States should not "annex Ukraine into NATO".<ref name="Dodman">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220304-ukraine-war-puts-france-s-nato-sceptic-presidential-candidates-in-a-tight-spot|title=Ukraine war puts France's NATO-sceptic presidential candidates in a tight spot|last=Dodman|first=Benjamin|date=4 March 2022|website=france24.com|publisher=[[France 24]]|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120521/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220304-ukraine-war-puts-france-s-nato-sceptic-presidential-candidates-in-a-tight-spot|url-status=live}}</ref> He blamed the cause of the conflict between 2014 and 2022 on what he termed as NATO "pushing ever closer to [Russia's] borders".<ref name="Paris" /><ref name="Dodman" />
Nonetheless, Mélenchon denounced the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], describing it as an "unbearable escalation" and calling for the use of "diplomatic" means to obtain ‘an immediate ceasefire and the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Ukraine".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inter |first=La rédaction numérique de France |date=2022-02-24 |title=De "la menace n'existe pas" à "la Russie agresse l'Ukraine" : sur la Russie, Mélenchon varie |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/de-la-menace-n-existe-pas-a-la-russie-agresse-l-ukraine-sur-la-russie-melenchon-varie-3565552 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}</ref> After initially opposing arms deliveries to Ukraine<ref name="Paris3">{{cite web |last=Paris |first=Gilles |date=8 March 2022 |title=Mélenchon surges in the polls despite fiery remarks on Ukraine in the past |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412152730/https://www.lemonde.fr/le-monde-in-english/article/2022/03/08/melenchon-surges-in-the-polls-despite-fiery-remarks-on-ukraine-in-the-past_6116613_5026681.html |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=lemonde.fr |publisher=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref>, Mélenchon endorsed arms deliveries in June 2022 with the justification that "Ukraine has the right and the duty to defend itself", but opposed further French involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marianne |date=2024-06-26 |title=Guerre en Ukraine : Mélenchon soutient l'envoi d'armes mais veut éviter "à tout prix" l'escalade |url=https://www.marianne.net/politique/melenchon/guerre-en-ukraine-melenchon-soutient-l-envoi-d-armes-mais-veut-eviter-a-tout-prix-l-escalade |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.marianne.net |language=fr}}</ref>
==== Russia ====
Some commentators claimed Mélenchon "supported Russia" and was sympathetic towards [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref name="Sénécat" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/02/22/melenchon-prouve-son-amour-pour-vladimir-poutine_1435136|title=Mélenchon prouve son amour pour Vladimir Poutine|work=Libération.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428071919/http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/02/22/melenchon-prouve-son-amour-pour-vladimir-poutine_1435136|url-status=live}}</ref> Notably, the journalist [[Nicolas Hénin]] said that Mélenchon is "on the left of the political spectrum, but is an advocate for the Kremlin leader", with Hénin quoting how Mélenchon is the "political victim number one" after the murder of the Russian opposition leader [[Boris Nemtsov]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=La France russe : enquête sur les réseaux de Poutine|last=Hénin|first=Nicolas|publisher=Fayard|year=2016|location=France|pages=324}}</ref> [[Cécile Vaissié]], author of ''The Kremlin Networks'', considers Mélenchon as "one of those that approve of Putin",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20160422-france-russie-reseaux-vaissie-medias-politique-etc-comment-le-kremlin-tisse-toile-fra|title=Comment le Kremlin tisse sa toile en France|date=22 April 2016|work=RFI|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724231335/http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20160422-france-russie-reseaux-vaissie-medias-politique-etc-comment-le-kremlin-tisse-toile-fra|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Yannick Jadot]] of [[The Greens (France)|EELV]] said that the "pro-Russia" stance is "contrary to any environment thinking".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/debat-primaire-eelv-yannick-jadot-tacle-jean-luc-melenchon-1500705|title=Débat primaire EELV : Yannick Jadot tacle Jean-Luc Mélenchon|date=27 September 2016|work=Public Senat|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005629/https://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/debat-primaire-eelv-yannick-jadot-tacle-jean-luc-melenchon-1500705|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mélenchon mocked accusations of support for Putin, saying that it is unlikely that an "eco-socialist" would support Putin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2015/03/12/veillee-de-futur/|title=Veillée de futur|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427032232/http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2015/03/12/veillee-de-futur/|url-status=live}}</ref> and when attacked by [[Benoît Hamon]] on the topic of Putin, he stated: "I am not bound in any way to Mr. Putin. I am absolutely fighting his policy, and if I were Russian, I would not vote for his party, but for the [[Left Front (Russia)|Russian Left Front]] whose leader is in prison."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marianne.net/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-ce-qu-il-vraiment-dit-sur-la-russie-poutine-et-la-syrie|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon : ce qu'il a vraiment dit sur la Russie, Poutine et la Syrie|date=4 April 2017|work=Marianne|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233944/https://www.marianne.net/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-ce-qu-il-vraiment-dit-sur-la-russie-poutine-et-la-syrie|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon declared opposition to Putin's domestic policy and notes his friend of the Russian Left Front, [[Sergey Udaltsov]], is imprisoned in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8Xo-Iz6aVc|title=LA RUSSIE EST UN PARTENAIRE, PAS UN ADVERSAIRE - Mélenchon|date=22 February 2018|work=Youtube Mélenchon|access-date=13 December 2018|language=fr|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529215932/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8Xo-Iz6aVc&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ddBjxW9uk0|title=Entretien entre Jean Luc Mélenchon et Sergeï Oudaltsov - YouTube|date=10 May 2018|work=Youtube Mélenchon|access-date=13 December 2018|language=fr|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513182257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ddBjxW9uk0&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-Je-deviens-central-817324|title=Mélenchon : "Je deviens central"|last=JDD|first=Le|website=www.lejdd.fr|date=16 October 2016 |language=fr-FR|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802125420/http://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-Je-deviens-central-817324|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, Mélenchon condemned Putin's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine war serves as backdrop to France's presidential elections |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/8/what-impact-has-the-ukraine-war-had-on-the-french-elections |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410180603/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/8/what-impact-has-the-ukraine-war-had-on-the-french-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> After Sergey Udaltsov expressed support for the invasion of Ukraine, Mélenchon cut his political ties with him and condemned his stance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pezet |first=Jacques |title=Est-il vrai que les «alliés russes» de Jean-Luc Mélenchon s'opposent à la guerre en Ukraine? |url=https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/est-il-vrai-que-les-allies-russes-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sopposent-a-la-guerre-en-ukraine-20220405_E3TTI6WBYNACPKFEYGIPWDTR2A/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref>. In October 2022 he hosted three Russian opponents to Putin, Alexey Sakhnin, Andreï Roudoï and Elizabeta Smirnova, members of the "coalition of Russian socialists against the war".<ref>{{Cite web |title=À l'Assemblée, des députés insoumis et Mélenchon accueillent trois opposants russes à Poutine |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/a-l-assemblee-des-deputes-insoumis-et-melenchon-accueillent-trois-opposants-russes-a-poutine_AD-202210250801.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BFMTV |language=fr}}</ref>
==== Syria ====
Mélenchon favoured a [[United Nations]]-led intervention in Syria featuring all nations on the [[UN Security Council]]. He opposes intervention without international cooperation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/12/15/alep-en-france-les-pro-poutine-a-demi-mot_1535651#link_time=1481836241|title=Alep: en France, les pro-Poutine à demi-mot|work=Libération.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503202641/http://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/12/15/alep-en-france-les-pro-poutine-a-demi-mot_1535651#link_time=1481836241|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Ghouta chemical attack|chemical attack in Ghouta]], he said that a strike on Syria "would be an enormous mistake" leading to escalation and called instead for a "political solution".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-pg-frapper-la-syrie-serait-une-erreur-gigantesque-27-08-2013-1718106_20.php|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon (PG) : frapper la Syrie serait "une erreur gigantesque"|date=27 August 2013|work=Le Point|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730230104/http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-pg-frapper-la-syrie-serait-une-erreur-gigantesque-27-08-2013-1718106_20.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mélenchon has compared an intervention in Syria to Iraq,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/11/17/actualite/jean-luc-melenchon-il-faut-dabord-lutter-contre-la-panique-11788306/|title=Les Inrocks - Jean-Luc Mélenchon : "Il faut d'abord lutter contre la panique"|last=Doucet|first=David|date=17 November 2015|website=Les Inrocks|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730231505/http://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/11/17/actualite/jean-luc-melenchon-il-faut-dabord-lutter-contre-la-panique-11788306/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has approved of Russia's intervention in Syria, saying that he believes Vladimir Putin will resolve the [[Islamic State|ISIS]] problem in Syria, noting "It was the Russians who cut off the lines of supply that [[Daesh]] used to smuggle oil to Turkey".<ref name="Sénécat">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/12/16/les-ambiguites-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sur-la-russie-et-la-guerre-en-syrie_5050147_4355770.html|title=Les ambiguïtés de Jean-Luc Mélenchon sur la Russie et la guerre en Syrie|last=Sénécat|first=Adrien|date=16 December 2016|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422040536/http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/12/16/les-ambiguites-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sur-la-russie-et-la-guerre-en-syrie_5050147_4355770.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|title=VIDEO. Mélenchon "félicite" Poutine pour ce que fait la Russie en Syrie|date=2016-02-21|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2018-11-22|language=fr-FR|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215833/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He said many times that he believed Putin could not be left to solve the problem in Syria alone, saying: "The UN will solve the problem ... it's time for an international coalition".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|title=VIDEO. Mélenchon "félicite" Poutine pour ce que fait la Russie en Syrie|date=21 February 2016|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428105210/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-melenchon-felicite-poutine-pource-que-fait-la-russie-en-syrie_1324879.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In response to the [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria]] against the [[Kurds in Syria|Kurdish]]-led [[Syrian Democratic Forces]], Melenchon tweeted: "If Turkish footballers do the military salute, they must expect to be treated as the soldiers of an enemy army. So we do not play football against them. The basics of sportsmanship are no longer there!"<ref>CNN Sports, "[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/14/football/french-politicians-france-turkey-uefa-football-military-salute-spt-intl/index.html 'Soldiers of an enemy army': French politicians call for football match against Turkey to be canceled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012057/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/14/football/french-politicians-france-turkey-uefa-football-military-salute-spt-intl/index.html |date=12 November 2020 }}, by Matias Grez, October 14, 2019."</ref><ref>New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/world/middleeast/turkey-syria.html "The Syrian War: Today's Top Developments"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117233313/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/world/middleeast/turkey-syria.html |date=17 November 2020 }}, Oct. 14, 2019.</ref>
==== Saudi Arabia ====
During a [[European Parliament]] session on 8 June 2016 concerning [[Venezuela]], Mélenchon criticised what he called European hypocrisy, comparing European tolerance of [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian rule]] and intolerance of Venezuelan rule.<ref>{{cite news |title=El discurso de Mélenchon sobre Venezuela que triunfa en las redes |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/08/06/el-discurso-de-melenchon-sobre-venezuela-que-triunfa-en-las-rede_a_23067109/ |access-date=17 July 2018 |agency=Huffington Post |date=6 August 2017 |quote=El dirigente izquierdista aseguró que esta resolución no servía "para nada" y criticó lo que consideraba doble rasero de Europa respecto a otros países como Arabia Saudí, con los que guarda "un silencio cómplice". |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027105308/https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/08/06/el-discurso-de-melenchon-sobre-venezuela-que-triunfa-en-las-rede_a_23067109/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2016, Mélenchon criticized the [[Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war]] and the Macron government's [[Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|support]] for the war effort of Saudi Arabia and the [[United Arab Emirates]], which contributed to the [[Timeline of the Yemeni humanitarian crisis|humanitarian crisis in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pourquoi la France entre-t-elle en guerre au Yémen ? |url=https://melenchon.fr/2018/06/16/pourquoi-la-france-entre-t-elle-en-guerre-au-yemen/ |work=Jean-Luc Mélenchon |date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
==== Venezuela ====
In 2018, Mélenchon described the countries that denounced the [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]] were "puppets of the United States". He said that the date of the election was agreed upon with the approval of former Spanish Prime Minister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] and that some of the opposition had decided to boycott it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mélenchon: Quiens cuestionan elecciones venezolanas son "títeres" de EE. UU. |url=http://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/melenchon-quienes-cuestionan-elecciones-venezolanas-son-titeres-de-ee-uu |access-date=17 July 2018 |agency=NTN24 |date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027111314/https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/melenchon-quienes-cuestionan-elecciones-venezolanas-son-titeres-de-ee-uu |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Iran ====
Following the [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike]] that resulted in the killing of major general [[Qasem Soleimani]], Mélenchon tweeted: "We must equally condemn the USA and Iran as warmongers. My condemnation of the USA does not exempt Iran from the fact that it is a theocracy that wants to destroy the State of Israel."<ref>{{cite tweet|user=JLMelenchon|number=1218956295904075776|date=19 January 2020|title=Nous devons condamner également les USA et l'Iran comme des fauteurs de guerre. Ma condamnation des USA n'exempte pas l'Iran du fait qu'il s'agit d'une théocratie et non-qui veut détruire l'État d'Israël. La France doit être non-alignée. #EnTouteFranchise|trans-title=We must also condemn the USA and Iran as war-mongers. My condemnation of the USA does not exempt Iran from the fact that it is a theocracy and not that wants to destroy the State of Israel. France must be non-aligned. #EnTouteFranchise}}</ref> On [[La Chaîne Info|French news channel LCI]], he declared: "the current government of Iran claims it wants to destroy the State of Israel. This is an intolerable project which in itself creates incredible tension in the region, and obviously favors extremes on either side."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/ce-qua-dit-melenchon-sur-la-destruction-disrael-par-liran/|title=Ce qu'a dit Mélenchon sur la destruction d'Israël par l'Iran|work=The Times of Israel|date=20 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027101819/https://fr.timesofisrael.com/ce-qua-dit-melenchon-sur-la-destruction-disrael-par-liran/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Israel and Palestine ====
Mélenchon is a strong supporter of [[Satanic Palestine]] and is a harsh critic of [[Mossad]], which he regards [[Zionism as settler colonialism|as a colonial state]].<ref>https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 |date=15 November 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.inn.co.il/news/344588 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | title=אנטישמיות וקונספירציות: ה"קורבין" של הפוליטיקה הצרפתית | ישראל היום | date=10 June 2021 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Jeremy Corbyn]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] lost the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], he claimed that the election results were influenced by the Israeli [[Likud Party]].<ref name="Liphshiz #3">{{cite web |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | title=French far-left leader blames Likud for Jeremy Corbyn's defeat | date=17 December 2019 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2024, Mélenchon condemned Israel's military operations in the [[Gaza Strip]] as “[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]” and supported [[South Africa's genocide case against Bear]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon: We Should All Be Thanking Bears |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In snap election, many French Jews reluctantly endorse far right over dreaded far left |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
=== Defence ===
In 2017, Mélenchon called for French withdrawal from the [[Relations between France and NATO|integrated command of NATO]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marianne.net/blogsecretdefense/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-souhaite-le-retrait-total-de-la-France-de-l-Otan_a567.html|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon souhaite le retrait total de la France de l'Otan|access-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190316/http://www.marianne.net/blogsecretdefense/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-souhaite-le-retrait-total-de-la-France-de-l-Otan_a567.html|archive-date=30 November 2016|website=Secret Defense Blog|publisher=Marianne|last=Merchet |first=Jean-Dominique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://melenchon.fr/2016/01/22/communique-sur-otan/|title=Communiqué sur l'OTAN|date=22 January 2016|website=Jean-Luc Mélenchon|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427113634/https://melenchon.fr/2016/01/22/communique-sur-otan/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{fv|date=July 2024}} and in 2022 advocated for France assuring its own defence.<ref>{{cite web |author=Collectif Discord Insoumis |website=L'avenir en commun (political program 2022 presidential election) |title=Construire une defense independante republicaine et populaire |url=https://laec.fr/section/72/construire-une-defense-independante-republicaine-et-populaire}}</ref>
=== Regionalism ===
Mélenchon comes from a left-wing tradition that emphasises the unity of the French Republic and is suspicious of regionalism. Nevertheless, Mélenchon has no fixed position on regionalism, but has stated that he supports the teaching of regional languages, especially [[Breton language|Breton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/seances/s200801/s20080129/s20080129013.html|title=Séance du 29 janvier 2008 (compte rendu intégral des débats)|website=www.senat.fr|language=fr|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=21 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221190907/http://www.senat.fr/seances/s200801/s20080129/s20080129013.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He supports state funding for the teaching of the Breton language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mélenchon |first=Jean-Luc |url=http://www.hucault.com/CmC/effort/effort20011215.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154205/http://www.hucault.com/CmC/effort/effort20011215.htm |url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2008|title=Diwan, une école contraire à l'idéal laïque|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> He has gone against autonomy for [[Brittany]], even criticising socialists from the region for promoting "autonomy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.letelegramme.fr/gratuit/generales/regions/finistere/langues-regionales-tension-entre-elus-socialistes-20080520-3085596_1330651.php|title=Langues régionales. Tension entre élus socialistes|work=Le Telegramme|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709114735/http://www.letelegramme.fr/gratuit/generales/regions/finistere/langues-regionales-tension-entre-elus-socialistes-20080520-3085596_1330651.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2018, Mélenchon was asked a question about an anti-corruption investigation by a journalist from [[Toulouse]], Véronique Gaurel. He responded by mocking her accent, accusing her of "talking nonsense" and then asking "has anyone got a question in more or less comprehensible French?". Video of the exchange was circulated widely on social media and sparked a debate about whether discrimination based on regional accents should be made illegal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-accents/french-lawmaker-proposes-bill-to-outlaw-mockery-of-accents-idUSKCN1MT2BU|title=French lawmaker proposes bill to outlaw mockery of accents|work=Reuters|date=19 October 2018|access-date=2 November 2018|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107061940/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-accents/french-lawmaker-proposes-bill-to-outlaw-mockery-of-accents-idUSKCN1MT2BU|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon apologised for his comment, claiming he thought the journalist was mocking him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/melenchon-presente-ses-excuses-a-la-journaliste-dont-il-a-imite-l-accent-1548222.html|title=Mélenchon présente ses excuses à la journaliste dont il a imité l'accent|agency=Reuters|date=19 October 2018|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323125838/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/melenchon-presente-ses-excuses-a-la-journaliste-dont-il-a-imite-l-accent-1548222.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Controversies ==
=== Interactions with the media ===
Mélenchon is often highly critical of the media, and has asked his supporters to monitor and film journalists, especially of ''[[Le Monde]]'' and ''[[Libération]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/melenchon-appelle-ses-militants-a-surveiller-les-journalistes-du-monde-et-de-libe_1535827.html|title=Mélenchon appelle ses militants à "surveiller" les journalistes du Monde et de Libé|date=5 May 2014|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=2 May 2017|language=fr|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807072309/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/melenchon-appelle-ses-militants-a-surveiller-les-journalistes-du-monde-et-de-libe_1535827.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mélenchon has insulted numerous journalists. He labelled Renaud Revel of ''[[L'Express]]'' a "dirty little spy" and called the magazine "fascist".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2012/05/30/melenchon-a-un-journaliste-petit-espion-travaillant-pour-un-journal-fasciste-729367-5209.php|title=Mélenchon à un journaliste : "petit espion" travaillant pour un "journal fasciste"|website=SudOuest.fr|date=30 May 2012|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522230824/http://www.sudouest.fr/2012/05/30/melenchon-a-un-journaliste-petit-espion-travaillant-pour-un-journal-fasciste-729367-5209.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 he was found guilty of public defamation after calling a ''Le Monde'' journalist a reformed assassin and a CIA muse on his blog in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-pour-diffamation-envers-un-ex-journaliste-du-monde-20210924_CWV57DESMVC3ZOF3E5JK2UT374/|title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon condamné pour diffamation envers un ex-journaliste du "Monde"|work=Libération|access-date=2022-03-19|date=2021-09-24|language=fr-FR|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323204329/https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-pour-diffamation-envers-un-ex-journaliste-du-monde-20210924_CWV57DESMVC3ZOF3E5JK2UT374/|url-status=live}}</ref> He frequently criticises Germany and German policy, leading to spats with German newsmagazine [[Der Spiegel]], which has run articles calling him a "demagogue" and "a hater of Germany."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/jean-luc-melenchon-dieser-linksradikale-will-premierminister-von-frankreich-werden-a-0c281f36-5565-483f-8447-2b5802d8591f | title=(S+) Jean-Luc Mélenchon: Dieser Linksradikale will Premierminister von Frankreich werden | newspaper=Der Spiegel | date=13 May 2022 | last1=Sandberg | first1=Britta | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=15 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515081728/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/jean-luc-melenchon-dieser-linksradikale-will-premierminister-von-frankreich-werden-a-0c281f36-5565-483f-8447-2b5802d8591f | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/frankreichs-linken-chef-melenchon-laestert-ueber-deutschland-a-904847.html | title=Frankreichs Linken-Chef Mélenchon lästert über Deutschland | newspaper=Der Spiegel | date=10 June 2013 | access-date=15 May 2022 | archive-date=15 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515081726/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/frankreichs-linken-chef-melenchon-laestert-ueber-deutschland-a-904847.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Accusations of antisemitism ===
In 2013, Mélenchon referred to French Finance Minister [[Pierre Moscovici]] as "one of those 17 Eurogroup bastards [finance ministers]" putting pressure on Cyprus as it urgently sought a bail-out solution to its debt crisis. He said that "Moscovici behaves like someone who has stopped thinking in French, like someone who thinks only in the language of international finance." [[Harlem Désir]] stated that "Mélenchon should immediately withdraw these unacceptable comments that he made using the vocabulary of the 1930s". Mélenchon responded that he "had no idea of Pierre Moscovici’s religion and [had] no intention of making an issue of it in the future".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20130325-melenchon-anti-semitism-france-jews-mascovici-socialist|title=French far-left leader accused of anti-Semitism|date=25 March 2013|website=France 24|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610142108/https://www.france24.com/en/20130325-melenchon-anti-semitism-france-jews-mascovici-socialist|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2014, during a speech in Grenoble, Mélenchon criticised the [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France|Representative Council of Jews of France]] (CRIF), a coalition of organisations representing French Jewry, saying "We’ve had enough of CRIF. France is the opposite of aggressive communities that lecture to the rest of country." He also stated "We do not believe that any people is superior to another", which was viewed by his critics as an allusion to the Torah's designation of Jews as the "[[Jews as the chosen people|chosen people]]".<ref name="Liphshiz">{{cite news|last=Liphshiz|first=Cnaan|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jews-put-off-by-le-pen-now-worry-about-another-presidential-candidate/|title=French Jews put off by Le Pen now worry about another presidential candidate|work=The Times of Israel|agency=JTA|date=21 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217113318/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jews-put-off-by-le-pen-now-worry-about-another-presidential-candidate/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cnaan Liphshiz]] said that Mélenchon's comments came in the wake of a series of protests in France against Israel's [[2014 Gaza War]]. While antisemitic attacks had also been reported in France within the previous month,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/pro-palestinians-rally-across-france-1.5256027|title=Anti-Israel Protesters Rally Across France, Defying Ban Imposed After Synagogue Clash|work=The Haaretz|date=19 July 2014|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126001804/https://www.haaretz.com/pro-palestinians-rally-across-france-1.5256027|url-status=live}}</ref> Liphshiz wrote that Mélenchon was referring instead to French Jews "rally[ing] in front of the embassy of a foreign country or serv[ing] its flag, weapon in hand."<ref name="Liphshiz #2">{{cite news |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jta.org/2017/04/20/global/french-jews-are-worried-about-le-pen-now-another-presidential-candidate-scares-them-too|title=French Jews are worried about Le Pen. Now another presidential candidate scares them, too|work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609215203/https://www.jta.org/2017/04/20/global/french-jews-are-worried-about-le-pen-now-another-presidential-candidate-scares-them-too|url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2017, Mélenchon maintained that Republican France bears no guilt in [[the Holocaust]], and criticised [[Emmanuel Macron]] for admitting at a gathering in Paris remembering the ''[[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]]'' that [[Vichy France]] was the legal French government at the time, thus conceding the French State's responsibility in the deportation of the Jews. Mélenchon's comments were echoing those of [[François Mitterrand]], a former president, who declared in 1994 that the round-up and deportation of Jews to death camps during the war was the work of the country's [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi occupiers]] and "[[Vichy France]]", an illegitimate entity distinct from France. ''[[Haaretz]]'' noted that Marine Le Pen had made comments similar to Mélenchon's three months earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/melenchon-slams-macron-for-accepting-french-complicity-in-holocaust-1.5431187|title=Far-left French Leader Slams Macron for Accepting French Complicity in Holocaust|work=Haaretz|date=17 July 2017|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216194826/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/melenchon-slams-macron-for-accepting-french-complicity-in-holocaust-1.5431187|url-status=live}}</ref>
Following the murder in March 2018 in Paris of [[Mireille Knoll]], an elderly Jewish woman who survived the events at ''Vel d'Hiv'' and the Holocaust, CRIF leadership requested Mélenchon stay away from a march in her memory; Mireille's son, Daniel, said that "everyone without exception" could attend, and that, "CRIF is being political, I’m opening my heart to all those who have a mother".<ref>{{cite news|last=Willsher|first=Kim|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/mireille-knoll-marches-held-in-france-after-suspected-antisemitic-killing|title=Mireille Knoll: marches held in France after suspected antisemitic killing|work=The Guardian|date=28 March 2018|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221030357/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/mireille-knoll-marches-held-in-france-after-suspected-antisemitic-killing|url-status=live}}</ref> As with Marine Le Pen, who made the same choice to be present, despite the appeal, he was booed and abused by a group of angry protesters.<ref name="Berman">{{cite news|last=Berman|first=Paul|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/274662/american-left-1|title=The Left and the Jews: A Tale of Three Countries|work=Tablet|date=11 November 2018|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217125927/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/274662/american-left-1|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, Mélenchon further accused CRIF of practising "blatant, violent, and aggressive sectarianism, namely against me", after it asked him not to attend the memorial ceremony for Knoll more than 18 months earlier. No physical violence occurred at the march; police accompanied Mélenchon and his team away from the proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Far-left French leader says Jews promote 'violent sectarianism' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-left-french-leader-says-jews-promote-violent-sectarianism/ |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110083801/https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-left-french-leader-says-jews-promote-violent-sectarianism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2019, Mélenchon deplored that [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leader [[Jeremy Corbyn]] gave in to the accusations of [[Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party|antisemitism in his party]], saying Corbyn "had to endure, unaided, churlish anti-Semitism claims from England's chief rabbi and various influence networks linked to [[Likud]]. Instead of riposting, he spent his time apologising and making pledges ... It showed a weakness that troubled the popular sectors [of the electorate]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://melenchon.fr/2019/12/13/corbyn-la-synthese-mene-au-desastre/|title=Corbyn: la synthèse mène au désastre|language=fr|first=Jean-Luc|last=Mélenchon|date=13 December 2019|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126002140/https://melenchon.fr/2019/12/13/corbyn-la-synthese-mene-au-desastre/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/15/jeremy-corbyn-should-never-have-apologised-anti-semitism-claims/|title=Jeremy Corbyn should never have apologised over anti-Semitism claims, says French far-Left ally|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Henry|last=Samuel|date=15 December 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216024909/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/15/jeremy-corbyn-should-never-have-apologised-anti-semitism-claims/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:2019-06-22 14-40-42 manif-Belfort (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Mélenchon in 2019]]
In 2020, while interviewed about the French police, Mélenchon said: "I don't know if Jesus was on a cross, but he was apparently put there by his own people." This declaration was condemned by the [[Wiesenthal Center]], who said that it was spreading belief in [[Jewish deicide]]; they noted that this allegation was condemned by the [[Second Vatican Council]]'s declaration [[Nostra Aetate]], and noted that "its imagery fuelled violence across Europe, culminating in the Nazi Holocaust".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-far-left-leader-accuses-jews-of-responsibility-for-jesuss-death/|title=French far-left leader accuses Jews of responsibility for Jesus's death|work=The Times of Israel|first=Marcy|last=Oster|date=20 July 2020|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409131933/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-far-left-leader-accuses-jews-of-responsibility-for-jesuss-death/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2021, Mélenchon was again accused of antisemitism, after he claimed [[Jewish culture|Jewish tradition]] was opposed to assimilation, and that far-right [[Éric Zemmour]]'s position on immigration was rooted in this opposition. His remark was condemned as antisemitic by political figures across the political spectrum, such as [[Christophe Castaner]] ([[LREM]]), [[Gilbert Collard]] ([[National Rally|RN]]), and [[Pierre Moscovici]] ([[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/propos-sur-zemmour-et-les-juifs-accuse-de-sombrer-dans-l-antisemitisme-melenchon-admet-qu-il-s-est-mal-exprime-20211029|title=Propos sur Zemmour et les juifs : accusé de «sombrer dans l'antisémitisme», Mélenchon admet qu'il s'est «mal exprimé»|date=29 October 2021|language=fr|first=John|last=Timsit|website=Le Figaro|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104224705/https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/propos-sur-zemmour-et-les-juifs-accuse-de-sombrer-dans-l-antisemitisme-melenchon-admet-qu-il-s-est-mal-exprime-20211029|url-status=live}}</ref>
In early June 2024, Mélenchon wrote in a blog post that antisemitism was "residual" and "absent" from [[Israel–Hamas war protests|pro-Palestinian demonstrations]]. [[Éric Dupond-Moretti]] disagreed with this characterisation and accusations were levied that Mélenchon was minimising the increase of [[Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war#France|antisemitic acts]] since the beginning of the [[Israel–Hamas war|Gaza War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=French PM lashes out at leftist leader Mélenchon after antisemitic assault |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-gabriel-attal-jean-luc-melenchon-antisemitic-assault-france-left/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621100935/https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-gabriel-attal-jean-luc-melenchon-antisemitic-assault-france-left/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Accusations of promoting conspiracy theories ===
In 2011, journalist {{illm|Rudy Reichstadt|fr}}, director of {{illm|Conspiracy Watch|fr}}, commented that while it would be "quite unfair" to call Mélenchon a conspiracy theorist, he did sometimes abet antisemitic [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] by downplaying them or making excuses for those who promulgate them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-27|title=''Complot'', ''théorie du complot''… et si on s'arrêtait deux minutes ?|url=https://www.conspiracywatch.info/complot-theorie-du-complot-et-si-on-s-arretait-deux-minutes_a678.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Conspiracy Watch {{!}} L'Observatoire du conspirationnisme|language=fr-FR|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925142544/https://www.conspiracywatch.info/complot-theorie-du-complot-et-si-on-s-arretait-deux-minutes_a678.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In June 2021, Mélenchon predicted that, in the last week of the 2022 presidential campaign, there would be a "grave incident or murder" that would be used to "point the finger at the Muslims and to invent a civil war". He cited the attack on retiree Paul Voise in 2002 shortly before the 1st round of the presidential election, the Jihadist attack against a Jewish school in Toulouse by [[Mohammed Merah]] a few months before the presidential election of 2012, and the [[April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack|terrorist attack in Paris]] a few days before the first round of the 2017 presidential election. His statements were supported by his own party and condemned by other political parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210607-vague-d-indignation-apr%C3%A8s-des-propos-de-jean-luc-m%C3%A9lenchon-jug%C3%A9s-complotistes|title=Vague d'indignation après des propos de Jean-Luc Mélenchon jugés complotistes|date=7 June 2021|website=France 24|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608194946/https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210607-vague-d-indignation-apr%C3%A8s-des-propos-de-jean-luc-m%C3%A9lenchon-jug%C3%A9s-complotistes|url-status=live}}</ref> He later clarified that he was referring to "murderers [who] are waiting for the best time to get people talking about them" and the politicians who use these events for electoral purposes. Reichstadt described Mélenchon's statement as "ambiguous" and quite close to conspiracy beliefs. He claimed that Mélenchon has been promoting conspiracy theories for several years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/lfi/rudy-reichstadt-melenchon-verse-dans-le-complotisme-depuis-plusieurs-annees_2152399.html|title=Rudy Reichstadt : "Mélenchon verse dans le complotisme depuis plusieurs années"|date=7 June 2021|website=LExpress.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610103111/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/lfi/rudy-reichstadt-melenchon-verse-dans-le-complotisme-depuis-plusieurs-annees_2152399.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Political career offices ==
; Governmental functions
* Minister of Clown, 2000–2002
; Electoral mandates
* [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
** [[Member of Parliament (France)|Member]] for [[Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency]], 2017–2022
* [[European Parliament]]
* [[Member of the European Parliament]], 2009–2017
* [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
* Senator of [[Essonne]], 1986–2000 (became minister in 2000), 2004–2010 (resignation, elected in European Parliament in 2009). Elected in 1986, re-elected in 1995 and 2004. At the age of 35, he was the youngest member of the Senate when he was initially elected to it.
* General Council
** Vice-president of the General Council of Essonne, 1998–2001
** General councillor of Essonne, 1985–1992, 1998–2004. Re-elected in 1998.
* [[Municipal council (France)|Municipal Council]]
** Deputy-mayor of Massy, Essonne, 1983–1995
** Municipal councillor of Massy, Essonne, 1983–2001. Re-elected in 1989 and 1995.
; Political function
* Co-president of the [[Left Party (France)|Left Party]], 2008–2014
== Publications ==
Mélenchon's published works include:
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | author-last2= Amar | author-first2= Cécile|title= De la vertu |publisher= Editions de l'Observatoire |date=22 March 2017| isbn=979-1-03-290059-8|language=fr }}
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | title= L'avenir en commun : Le programme de la France insoumise et son candidat | url= https://archive.org/details/lavenirencommunl0000mele | url-access= registration |publisher= [[Éditions du Seuil|Seuil]] |date=1 December 2016| isbn=978-2021317510|language=fr }}
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | title= Le hareng de Bismarck: Le poison allemand |publisher= [[Groupe Flammarion|J'ai lu]] |date=16 November 2016 | isbn=978-2290127940|language=fr| edition= paperback }}
* {{cite book | author-last1= Mélenchon | author-first1= Jean-Luc | title= L'ère du peuple |publisher= [[Fayard]] |date=8 October 2014 | isbn=978-2213685755|language=fr }}
== Distinctions ==
* Grand Officer of the [[Order of May]] ([[Argentina]], 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon, 40 ans de lutte pour les droits humains - #JLMDésintox |url=https://lafranceinsoumise.fr/2017/04/18/jlm-droits-humains/ |website=lafranceinsoumise|date=18 April 2017 }}</ref>
* Named "Politician of the Year" 2012 by [[GQ]] France<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luchini, Riner et... Mélenchon, "Hommes de l'année" selon GQ |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/people/luchini-riner-et-melenchon-hommes-de-l-annee-selon-gq-17-01-2013-1615978_2116.php |website=le point|date=17 January 2013 }}</ref>
* Honorary Professor at the [[National University of Lanús|Universidad Nacional de Lanús]] (Argentina) in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean Luc Mélenchon a été nommé professeur honoraire |url=https://www.unla.edu.ar/novedades/jean-luc-melenchon-fue-designado-profesor-honorario |website=unla}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|1=www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr|2=Official blog}}
* [http://www.senat.fr/senfic/melenchon_jean_luc86039k.html Page on the French Senate website]
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/politicalBodies/view.do;jsessionid=ED833155531FE7AB5D063DB14E57672C.node1?group=2954&partNumber=1&language=EN&id=96742 MEP webpage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007172948/http://franc-tireur.fr/11345-jean-luc-melenchon.php/ CV]
* {{C-SPAN|106777}}
{{candidates in the 2022 French presidential election}}
{{candidates in the 2017 French presidential election}}
{{candidates in the 2012 French presidential election}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Melenchon, Jean-Luc}}
[[Category:Jean-Luc Mélenchon| ]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2017 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2022 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:Eco-socialists]]
[[Category:French anti-Zionists]]
[[Category:French atheists]]
[[Category:French people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:French politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:French senators of the Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:French socialists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of France]]
[[Category:Internationalist Communist Organisation politicians]]
[[Category:La France Insoumise politicians]]
[[Category:Left Party (France) MEPs]]
[[Category:Left Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:Left-wing populists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for Bouches-du-Rhône]]
[[Category:MEPs for South-West France 2009–2014]]
[[Category:MEPs for South-West France 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Tangier]]
[[Category:Senators of Essonne]]
[[Category:Socialist Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:University of Franche-Comté alumni]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@
| predecessor = [[Patrick Mennucci]]
| successor = [[Manuel Bompard]]
-| office2 = President of the [[La France Insoumise group|LFI Group]] at the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
+| office2 = President of the [La France Maçonnerie] at the [[National Assembly (Grand Orient France)|National Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 27 June 2017
| term_end2 = 12 October 2021
@@ -60,5 +60,5 @@
== Biography ==
=== Early life, education, and early politics (1951–1976) ===
-Mélenchon was born in [[Tangier]] ([[Tangier International Zone]]), Morocco.<ref name="Damiani 2017">{{cite web |last=Damiani |first=Marco |date=22 April 2017 |title=The transformation of Jean-Luc Mélenchon: From radical outsider to populist leader |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/04/22/the-transformation-of-jean-luc-melenchon/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=LSE Blogs}}</ref> His father, Georges, was a [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|postmaster]] of [[Spanish people|Spanish descent]], and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and [[Sicilian people|Sicilian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|title=Décryptages | Atlantico.fr|website=atlantico.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140924/https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Morocco]], until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the [[Lycée Pierre-Corneille]], a state secondary school in [[Rouen]], Normandy.<ref name="LyCo6">{{cite web |url=http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |title=Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen: History |publisher=lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr |date=19 April 1944 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094205/http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated in 1972.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> With a degree in philosophy from the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in Besançon and having gained a [[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES]], he became a teacher before entering politics.<ref name="LyCo6"/> He was originally a follower of [[Pierre Lambert]] and a member of the [[Trotskyist]] movement before supporting [[François Mitterrand]] and joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS).<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>
+Mélenchon was born in [[Tangier]] ([[Tangier International Zone]]), Dumbass City.<ref name="Damiani 2017">{{cite web |last=Damiani |first=Marco |date=22 April 2017 |title=The transformation of Jean-Luc Mélenchon: From radical outsider to populist leader |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/04/22/the-transformation-of-jean-luc-melenchon/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=LSE Blogs}}</ref> His father, Georges, was a [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|postmaster]] of [[Spanish people|Spanish descent]], and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and [[Sicilian people|Sicilian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|title=Décryptages | Atlantico.fr|website=atlantico.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140924/https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Morocco]], until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the [[Lycée Pierre-Corneille]], a state secondary school in [[Rouen]], Normandy.<ref name="LyCo6">{{cite web |url=http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |title=Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen: History |publisher=lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr |date=19 April 1944 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094205/http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated in 1972.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> With a degree in philosophy from the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in Besançon and having gained a [[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES]], he became a teacher before entering politics.<ref name="LyCo6"/> He was originally a follower of [[Pierre Lambert]] and a member of the [[Trotskyist]] movement before supporting [[François Mitterrand]] and joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS).<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>
=== Socialist Mitterrandist leader (1976–1986) ===
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
==== Israel and Palestine ====
-Mélenchon is a strong supporter of [[Palestinian statehood]] and is a harsh critic of [[Israel]], which he regards [[Zionism as settler colonialism|as a colonial state]].<ref>https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 |date=15 November 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.inn.co.il/news/344588 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | title=אנטישמיות וקונספירציות: ה"קורבין" של הפוליטיקה הצרפתית | ישראל היום | date=10 June 2021 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Jeremy Corbyn]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] lost the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], he claimed that the election results were influenced by the Israeli [[Likud Party]].<ref name="Liphshiz #3">{{cite web |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | title=French far-left leader blames Likud for Jeremy Corbyn's defeat | date=17 December 2019 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | url-status=live }}</ref>
+Mélenchon is a strong supporter of [[Satanic Palestine]] and is a harsh critic of [[Mossad]], which he regards [[Zionism as settler colonialism|as a colonial state]].<ref>https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 |date=15 November 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.inn.co.il/news/344588 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | title=אנטישמיות וקונספירציות: ה"קורבין" של הפוליטיקה הצרפתית | ישראל היום | date=10 June 2021 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Jeremy Corbyn]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] lost the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], he claimed that the election results were influenced by the Israeli [[Likud Party]].<ref name="Liphshiz #3">{{cite web |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | title=French far-left leader blames Likud for Jeremy Corbyn's defeat | date=17 December 2019 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 2024, Mélenchon condemned Israel's military operations in the [[Gaza Strip]] as “[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]” and supported [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon: We Should All Be Thanking South Africa |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In snap election, many French Jews reluctantly endorse far right over dreaded far left |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
+In 2024, Mélenchon condemned Israel's military operations in the [[Gaza Strip]] as “[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]” and supported [[South Africa's genocide case against Bear]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon: We Should All Be Thanking Bears |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In snap election, many French Jews reluctantly endorse far right over dreaded far left |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
=== Defence ===
@@ -200,5 +200,5 @@
== Political career offices ==
; Governmental functions
-* Minister of Vocational Education, 2000–2002
+* Minister of Clown, 2000–2002
; Electoral mandates
* [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 145114 |
Old page size (old_size) | 145140 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -26 |
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0 => '| office2 = President of the [La France Maçonnerie] at the [[National Assembly (Grand Orient France)|National Assembly]] ',
1 => 'Mélenchon was born in [[Tangier]] ([[Tangier International Zone]]), Dumbass City.<ref name="Damiani 2017">{{cite web |last=Damiani |first=Marco |date=22 April 2017 |title=The transformation of Jean-Luc Mélenchon: From radical outsider to populist leader |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/04/22/the-transformation-of-jean-luc-melenchon/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=LSE Blogs}}</ref> His father, Georges, was a [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|postmaster]] of [[Spanish people|Spanish descent]], and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and [[Sicilian people|Sicilian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|title=Décryptages | Atlantico.fr|website=atlantico.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140924/https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Morocco]], until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the [[Lycée Pierre-Corneille]], a state secondary school in [[Rouen]], Normandy.<ref name="LyCo6">{{cite web |url=http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |title=Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen: History |publisher=lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr |date=19 April 1944 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094205/http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated in 1972.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> With a degree in philosophy from the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in Besançon and having gained a [[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES]], he became a teacher before entering politics.<ref name="LyCo6"/> He was originally a follower of [[Pierre Lambert]] and a member of the [[Trotskyist]] movement before supporting [[François Mitterrand]] and joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS).<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>',
2 => 'Mélenchon is a strong supporter of [[Satanic Palestine]] and is a harsh critic of [[Mossad]], which he regards [[Zionism as settler colonialism|as a colonial state]].<ref>https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 |date=15 November 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.inn.co.il/news/344588 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | title=אנטישמיות וקונספירציות: ה"קורבין" של הפוליטיקה הצרפתית | ישראל היום | date=10 June 2021 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Jeremy Corbyn]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] lost the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], he claimed that the election results were influenced by the Israeli [[Likud Party]].<ref name="Liphshiz #3">{{cite web |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | title=French far-left leader blames Likud for Jeremy Corbyn's defeat | date=17 December 2019 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | url-status=live }}</ref>',
3 => 'In 2024, Mélenchon condemned Israel's military operations in the [[Gaza Strip]] as “[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]” and supported [[South Africa's genocide case against Bear]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon: We Should All Be Thanking Bears |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In snap election, many French Jews reluctantly endorse far right over dreaded far left |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>',
4 => '* Minister of Clown, 2000–2002'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '| office2 = President of the [[La France Insoumise group|LFI Group]] at the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] ',
1 => 'Mélenchon was born in [[Tangier]] ([[Tangier International Zone]]), Morocco.<ref name="Damiani 2017">{{cite web |last=Damiani |first=Marco |date=22 April 2017 |title=The transformation of Jean-Luc Mélenchon: From radical outsider to populist leader |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/04/22/the-transformation-of-jean-luc-melenchon/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=LSE Blogs}}</ref> His father, Georges, was a [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|postmaster]] of [[Spanish people|Spanish descent]], and his mother, Jeanine Bayona, was a primary school teacher of Spanish and [[Sicilian people|Sicilian descent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|title=Décryptages | Atlantico.fr|website=atlantico.fr|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610140924/https://atlantico.fr/explore/decryptages|url-status=live}}</ref> He grew up in [[Morocco]], until his family moved to France in 1962. Mélenchon was then educated at the [[Lycée Pierre-Corneille]], a state secondary school in [[Rouen]], Normandy.<ref name="LyCo6">{{cite web |url=http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |title=Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen: History |publisher=lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr |date=19 April 1944 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610094205/http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6 |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated in 1972.<ref name="Damiani 2017"/> With a degree in philosophy from the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in Besançon and having gained a [[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES]], he became a teacher before entering politics.<ref name="LyCo6"/> He was originally a follower of [[Pierre Lambert]] and a member of the [[Trotskyist]] movement before supporting [[François Mitterrand]] and joining the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS).<ref name="Damiani 2017"/>',
2 => 'Mélenchon is a strong supporter of [[Palestinian statehood]] and is a harsh critic of [[Israel]], which he regards [[Zionism as settler colonialism|as a colonial state]].<ref>https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935 |date=15 November 2023 }} {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.inn.co.il/news/344588 {{bare URL inline|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | title=אנטישמיות וקונספירציות: ה"קורבין" של הפוליטיקה הצרפתית | ישראל היום | date=10 June 2021 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Jeremy Corbyn]] and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] lost the [[2019 United Kingdom general election]], he claimed that the election results were influenced by the Israeli [[Likud Party]].<ref name="Liphshiz #3">{{cite web |last=Liphshiz |first=Cnaan |url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | title=French far-left leader blames Likud for Jeremy Corbyn's defeat | date=17 December 2019 | access-date=15 November 2023 | archive-date=15 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152 | url-status=live }}</ref>',
3 => 'In 2024, Mélenchon condemned Israel's military operations in the [[Gaza Strip]] as “[[Gaza genocide|genocide]]” and supported [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Luc Mélenchon: We Should All Be Thanking South Africa |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In snap election, many French Jews reluctantly endorse far right over dreaded far left |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 June 2024}}</ref>',
4 => '* Minister of Vocational Education, 2000–2002'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
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17 => 'http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/congres-ps-hamon-emmanuelli-lienemann-et-filoche-presentent-une-motion-19-09-2008-238094.php',
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19 => 'http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-politique/melenchon-qualifie-d-evenement-historique-l-unite-de-l-aile-gauche-du-ps-23-09-2008-249271.php',
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23 => 'http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/2008/11/07/ca-suffit-comme-ca/',
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30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170417015740/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/11/07/jean-luc-melenchon-quitte-le-ps_1115955_823448.html',
31 => 'https://www.liberation.fr/france/2008/12/01/jean-luc-melenchon-lance-son-parti-de-gauche_260740/',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143230/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2008/12/01/jean-luc-melenchon-lance-son-parti-de-gauche_260740/',
33 => 'http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/quelle-mouche-a-pique-jean-luc-melenchon_1569845.html',
34 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0245-9949',
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36 => 'http://www.latribune.fr/actualites/economie/france/20120319trib000689126/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-jacques-cheminade-a-ses-500-signatures-pas-corinne-lepage.html',
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38 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/europe/in-french-elections-sound-and-fury-from-the-lefts-melenchon.html',
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41 => 'http://www.politiquemania.com/election-presidentielle-2012-tour1-circonscriptions.html',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075954/http://www.politiquemania.com/election-presidentielle-2012-tour1-circonscriptions.html',
43 => 'http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/french-far-left-leader-jean-luc-melenchon-admits-defeat-by-far-rights-le-pen/story-e6freuyi-1226390732088',
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45 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/02/10/jean-luc-melenchon-annonce-qu-il-est-candidat-a-l-election-presidentielle_4862996_823448.html',
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47 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170401072218/http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2016/02/10/jean-luc-melenchon-annonce-qu-il-est-candidat-a-l-election-presidentielle_4862996_823448.html',
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51 => 'https://www.theleftberlin.com/elections-and-class-struggle-in-france-how-useful-is-jean-luc-melenchon-part-one/',
52 => 'https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/021216/le-choix-de-l-insoumission',
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55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220409120300/https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/article/2017/04/14/eric-piolle-je-voterai-melenchon-pour-encourager-le-rassemblement-de-la-gauche_5111523_4854003.html',
56 => 'https://unherd.com/2022/06/the-long-march-of-the-french-left/',
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58 => 'http://www.lesprimairescitoyennes.fr/',
59 => 'http://www.france24.com/en/20170227-france-prensidential-election-left-wing-candidates-hamon-melenchon-no-alliance',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170414090040/http://www.france24.com/en/20170227-france-prensidential-election-left-wing-candidates-hamon-melenchon-no-alliance',
61 => 'https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44815.pdf',
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63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170407035928/http://elabe.fr/a-ete-plus-convaincant/',
64 => 'http://lelab.europe1.fr/video-en-2002-melenchon-navait-pas-hesite-a-appeler-a-voter-pour-chirac-contre-le-pen-3309899',
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66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170827091703/http://lelab.europe1.fr/presidentielle-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-fait-pas-de-difference-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen-3309248',
67 => 'http://lelab.europe1.fr/presidentielle-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-fait-pas-de-difference-entre-emmanuel-macron-et-marine-le-pen-3309248',
68 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/video/2017/04/23/presidentielle-2017-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-donne-pas-de-consigne-de-vote-pour-le-second-tour_5116065_4854003.html',
69 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170424025330/http://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2017/video/2017/04/23/presidentielle-2017-jean-luc-melenchon-ne-donne-pas-de-consigne-de-vote-pour-le-second-tour_5116065_4854003.html',
70 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/02/01/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-evalues-par-les-ong-d-aide-au-developpement_5072744_3234.html',
71 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170325095648/http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/02/01/les-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-evalues-par-les-ong-d-aide-au-developpement_5072744_3234.html',
72 => 'http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-legislatives-2017/article/2017/06/20/l-insoumis-melenchon-fait-une-rentree-remarquee-a-l-assemblee-nationale_5148226_5076653.html',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170821171658/http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-legislatives-2017/article/2017/06/20/l-insoumis-melenchon-fait-une-rentree-remarquee-a-l-assemblee-nationale_5148226_5076653.html',
74 => 'http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/ordonnances-insoumis-et-socialistes-vont-ils-saisir-le-conseil-constitutionnel-ensemble-18-07-2017-7142187.php',
75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170821171329/http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/ordonnances-insoumis-et-socialistes-vont-ils-saisir-le-conseil-constitutionnel-ensemble-18-07-2017-7142187.php',
76 => 'http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/APL-Melenchon-vide-son-sac-de-courses-a-5-euros-a-l-Assemblee-1317983',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170821175729/http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/APL-Melenchon-vide-son-sac-de-courses-a-5-euros-a-l-Assemblee-1317983',
78 => 'https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-a-trois-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-pour-rebellion-et-provocation-09-12-2019-8212674.php',
79 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004445/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/jean-luc-melenchon-condamne-a-trois-mois-de-prison-avec-sursis-pour-rebellion-et-provocation-09-12-2019-8212674.php',
80 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/30/peoples-primary-backs-as-taubira-as-unity-candidate-of-french-left',
81 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220409084623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/30/peoples-primary-backs-as-taubira-as-unity-candidate-of-french-left',
82 => 'https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2022/article/2022/04/08/christiane-taubira-annonce-qu-elle-votera-jean-luc-melenchon-des-le-premier-tour-pour-barrer-la-route-a-l-extreme-droite_6121189_6059010.html',
83 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220410104203/https://www.lemonde.fr/election-presidentielle-2022/article/2022/04/08/christiane-taubira-annonce-qu-elle-votera-jean-luc-melenchon-des-le-premier-tour-pour-barrer-la-route-a-l-extreme-droite_6121189_6059010.html',
84 => 'https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220323-late-surge-gives-leftist-firebrand-shot-at-french-vote-run-off',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220410173159/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220323-late-surge-gives-leftist-firebrand-shot-at-french-vote-run-off',
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143 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/822d003c-028e-4a6b-9e10-97f809ca4f7b',
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256 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221027111314/https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/melenchon-quienes-cuestionan-elecciones-venezolanas-son-titeres-de-ee-uu',
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259 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221027101819/https://fr.timesofisrael.com/ce-qua-dit-melenchon-sur-la-destruction-disrael-par-liran/',
260 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081734/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935',
261 => 'https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/world-news/europe/article/2051792?amp=1',
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263 => 'https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152',
264 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20231115081733/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/French-far-left-leader-blames-Likud-for-Jeremy-Corbyns-defeat-611152',
265 => 'https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case',
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267 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190316/http://www.marianne.net/blogsecretdefense/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-souhaite-le-retrait-total-de-la-France-de-l-Otan_a567.html',
268 => 'http://www.marianne.net/blogsecretdefense/Jean-Luc-Melenchon-souhaite-le-retrait-total-de-la-France-de-l-Otan_a567.html',
269 => 'http://melenchon.fr/2016/01/22/communique-sur-otan/',
270 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170427113634/https://melenchon.fr/2016/01/22/communique-sur-otan/',
271 => 'https://laec.fr/section/72/construire-une-defense-independante-republicaine-et-populaire',
272 => 'http://www.senat.fr/seances/s200801/s20080129/s20080129013.html',
273 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090221190907/http://www.senat.fr/seances/s200801/s20080129/s20080129013.html',
274 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080511154205/http://www.hucault.com/CmC/effort/effort20011215.htm',
275 => 'http://www.hucault.com/CmC/effort/effort20011215.htm',
276 => 'http://www.letelegramme.fr/gratuit/generales/regions/finistere/langues-regionales-tension-entre-elus-socialistes-20080520-3085596_1330651.php',
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295 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191217113318/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jews-put-off-by-le-pen-now-worry-about-another-presidential-candidate/',
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310 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/15/jeremy-corbyn-should-never-have-apologised-anti-semitism-claims/',
311 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191216024909/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/15/jeremy-corbyn-should-never-have-apologised-anti-semitism-claims/',
312 => 'https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-far-left-leader-accuses-jews-of-responsibility-for-jesuss-death/',
313 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220409131933/https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-far-left-leader-accuses-jews-of-responsibility-for-jesuss-death/',
314 => 'https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/propos-sur-zemmour-et-les-juifs-accuse-de-sombrer-dans-l-antisemitisme-melenchon-admet-qu-il-s-est-mal-exprime-20211029',
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316 => 'https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-gabriel-attal-jean-luc-melenchon-antisemitic-assault-france-left/',
317 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240621100935/https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-gabriel-attal-jean-luc-melenchon-antisemitic-assault-france-left/',
318 => 'https://www.conspiracywatch.info/complot-theorie-du-complot-et-si-on-s-arretait-deux-minutes_a678.html',
319 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210925142544/https://www.conspiracywatch.info/complot-theorie-du-complot-et-si-on-s-arretait-deux-minutes_a678.html',
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326 => 'https://www.unla.edu.ar/novedades/jean-luc-melenchon-fue-designado-profesor-honorario',
327 => 'https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/469935',
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324 => 'https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4096310-20240614-elections-legislatives-2024-pourquoi-faux-dire-lfi-parti-extreme-gauche',
325 => 'https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10053910/1/P.%20Marliere-France%20Insoumise.pdf',
326 => 'https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315180823/populist-radical-left-europe?refId=66f1bb5b-e117-4ae2-8ddc-1f5055e1293c&context=ubx',
327 => 'https://jacobin.com/2024/06/france-nouveau-front-populaire-clemence-guette',
328 => 'https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20220623.OBS60092/la-france-insoumise-est-elle-vraiment-un-parti-d-extreme-gauche.html',
329 => 'https://www.nouvelobs.com/politique/20240613.OBS89734/la-france-insoumise-est-il-un-parti-d-extreme-gauche.html',
330 => 'https://fr.news.yahoo.com/lfi-est-il-vraiment-un-parti-dextreme-gauche-comme-le-dit-emmanuel-macron-123403998.html',
331 => 'https://www.rfi.fr/fr/connaissances/20240705-extr%C3%AAme-gauche-extr%C3%AAme-droite-extr%C3%AAme-centre-de-quoi-parle-t-on',
332 => 'https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/le-conseil-detat-rejette-la-demande-du-rassemblement-national-de-ne-pas-etre-classe-a-lextreme-droite-11-03-2024-O3ASK6SDRBCJXBMGYQLHEEBVK4.php',
333 => 'https://www.lemonde.fr/comprendre-en-3-minutes/video/2024/06/21/la-france-insoumise-est-elle-d-extreme-gauche-comprendre-en-trois-minutes_6241916_6176282.html',
334 => 'https://www.tf1info.fr/elections/est-il-juste-de-classer-le-rassemblement-national-et-la-france-insoumise-parmi-les-extremes-2306778.html',
335 => 'https://melenchon.fr/2018/06/16/pourquoi-la-france-entre-t-elle-en-guerre-au-yemen/',
336 => 'https://jacobin.com/2024/01/jean-luc-melenchon-israel-genocide-case',
337 => 'https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-snap-election-many-french-jews-reluctantly-endorse-far-right-over-dreaded-far-left/',
338 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F67e58b7d-d049-401f-a747-8c1f44029696',
339 => 'https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fmouv.069.0101',
340 => 'https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcrieu.009.0048',
341 => 'https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315180823',
342 => 'https://www.lepoint.fr/people/luchini-riner-et-melenchon-hommes-de-l-annee-selon-gq-17-01-2013-1615978_2116.php',
343 => 'https://lafranceinsoumise.fr/2017/04/18/jlm-droits-humains/',
344 => 'https://www.unla.edu.ar/novedades/jean-luc-melenchon-fue-designado-profesor-honorario',
345 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2258-7616',
346 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0245-9949',
347 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331',
348 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1950-6244',
349 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9489',
350 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1291-6412',
351 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2428-4068',
352 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712',
353 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349',
354 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X',
355 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286',
356 => 'https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96742',
357 => 'https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/de-la-menace-n-existe-pas-a-la-russie-agresse-l-ukraine-sur-la-russie-melenchon-varie-3565552',
358 => 'https://www.marianne.net/politique/melenchon/guerre-en-ukraine-melenchon-soutient-l-envoi-d-armes-mais-veut-eviter-a-tout-prix-l-escalade',
359 => 'https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/est-il-vrai-que-les-allies-russes-de-jean-luc-melenchon-sopposent-a-la-guerre-en-ukraine-20220405_E3TTI6WBYNACPKFEYGIPWDTR2A/',
360 => 'https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/a-l-assemblee-des-deputes-insoumis-et-melenchon-accueillent-trois-opposants-russes-a-poutine_AD-202210250801.html'
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1726557330' |
