Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnocultural group}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Sylhetis
| image = Sylheti speaking zone.png
| image_caption = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] speaking zone in the Indian subcontinent
| population = {{circa}} 10.3 million<ref name=eth>{{e22|syl|Sylheti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/ |title=Ranked: The 100 Most Spoken Languages Around the World |publisher=Visual Capitalist |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
| popplace = '''Bangladesh''' ([[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]])<br/>'''India''' ([[Barak Valley]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[North Tripura]], [[Shillong]])<br/>'''Middle East''' ([[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC countries]])<br/>'''Western world''' ([[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Canada]])
| regions =
| langs = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] ([[First language|L1]])<br />[[Bengali language|Bengali]] ([[Second language|L2]])
| religions = '''Majority:'''<br />[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]<br />'''Minorities:'''<br />{{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]}}
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Dhakaiyas]]|Other [[Bengalis]]}}
}}
The '''Sylheti''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɛ|t|i}}) or '''Sylhetis''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnocultural group<ref>Shahela Hamid (2011). '' Language Use and Identity: The Sylheti Bangladeshis in Leeds''. pp.''Preface''. Verlag Peter Lang. Retrieved on 4 December 2020.</ref> that are associated with the Sylhet region ([[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Karimganj district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]]). There are strong diasporic communities in [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]], India,<ref name="barak-diaspora"/><ref name=eth/>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=59–67}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wouters |first1=Jelle J. P. |last2=Subba |first2=Tanka B. |title=The Routledge Companion to Northeast India |date=30 September 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-63699-4 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&dq=karimganj&pg=PT61}}</ref><ref>Glanville Price (2000). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. pp. 91–92.</ref> [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]],<ref name=eth>{{e22|syl|Sylheti}}</ref> as well as in rest of Bangladesh and [[northeast India]]. They speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], an Eastern [[Indo-Aryan language]] that is considered "a distinct language by many and a dialect of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by some others".<ref name="mahanta-gope-variety">"Along the linguistic continuum of eastern Indic languages, Sylheti occupies an ambiguous position, where it is considered a distinct language by many and also as a dialect of Bengali or Bangla by some others."{{harvcol|Mahanta|Gope|2018|p=81}}</ref>
Sylheti identity is associated mainly with regional culture and language, while accompanied with an ethnic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simard |first1=Candide |last2=Dopierala |first2=Sarah M |last3=Thaut |first3=E Marie |year=2020 |title=Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project |url= http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/18/ldd18_01.pdf |journal=Language Documentation and Description |volume=18 |pages=5 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=59–67}}
==History==
In September 1874, the [[British East India Company]] made Sylhet district a part of the [[non-regulation province|non-regulation]] [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam|Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province)]] for commercial development.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=53–54}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=260 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=To make (the Province) financially viable, and to accede to demands from professional groups, (the colonial administration) decided in September 1874 to annex the Bengali-speaking and populous district of Sylhet.}}</ref> The transfer led to the natives of Sylhet protesting against the British viceroy [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]] as they viewed themselves as a part of the [[Bengali people]], and distinct from the [[Assamese people|Assamese]]. Leaders of both the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities submitted a memorandum to Northbrook on 10 August 1874.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=261 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X|s2cid=145546471 }}</ref> Northbrook was eventually able to convince the people of Sylhet by assuring them that education and justice will still be administered under Bengal,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=262 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=It was also decided that education and justice would be administered from Calcutta University and the Calcutta High Court respectively.}}</ref> and highlighting the economic opportunity for Sylhetis in Assam's tea industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=262 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=They could also see that the benefits conferred by the tea industry on the province would also prove profitable for them. For example, those who were literate were able to obtain numerous clerical and medical appointments in tea estates, and the demand for rice to feed the tea labourers noticeably augmented its price in Sylhet and Assam enabling the Zaminders (mostly Hindu) to dispose of their produce at a better price than would have been possible had they been obliged to export it to Bengal.}}</ref> With the approach of the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] towards 1920, Sylhetis began forming organisations such as the ''Sylhet Peoples' Association'' and ''Sylhet-Bengal Reunion League'' which demanded Sylhet to be reincorporated to Bengal.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=54–55}}
==Culture==
[[File:Kazi Nazrul Islam with the Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad.jpg|thumb|[[Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]], the leading body of Sylheti litterateurs, hosting the poet [[Qazi Nazrul Islam]] during his visit.]]
Sylheti folklore is influenced by [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Sufism|Sufi]], [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] and native ideas. [[Chandra Kumar De]] of [[Mymensingh]] is known to be the first researcher of Sylheti folklore.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Research on Folklore in Sylhet Region of Bangladesh: A Study of Chowdhury Harun Akbor |last=Ahmed |first=Sofe |date=August 2014 |journal=International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=131–134}}</ref> Archives of old works are kept in [[Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]] in [[Sylhet]] (also known as the Sylhet Central Muslim Literary Society) – the oldest literary organisation in [[Bengal]] and one of the oldest in [[the subcontinent]].
===Literature===
It has been argued that the first [[Bengali language|Bengali]] translation of the ''Mahabharata'' was written by [[Sri Sanjay]] of [[Sylhet]] in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra|article=Mahabharata}}</ref><ref name=sahitya>{{cite news|language=bn|url=https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|work=Thikana|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট|author=Husam, Shamshad}}</ref> The 18th-century ''Hattanather Panchali'' (Hattanath chronicles) written by Ganesh Ram Shiromani was a Bengali ballad of 36,000 lines which detail the early history of Sylhet though its authenticity is questionable.<ref name=uttar>{{cite book |author=Choudhury, Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |title=Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho |year=2000 |orig-year=1916 |publisher=Kotha |location=Kolkata |language=bn |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6)_-_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF.pdf/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD}}</ref> When Sylhet was under the rule of the [[Twipra Kingdom]], medieval Sylheti writers using the Bengali script included the likes of Dwija Pashupati, the author of Chandravali – considered one of the earliest Sylheti works.<ref name=gon>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Bhowmik, Kalpana|article=Dwija Pashupati}}</ref> Nasiruddin Haydar of [[Sylhet town]] wrote the Tawarikh-e-Jalali, the first Bengali biography of [[Shah Jalal]]. Gobind Gosai of [[Habiganj Sadar Upazila|Masulia]] wrote ''Nirbban Shongit'', Gopinath Dutta wrote ''Dronporbbo'', ''Dotto Bongshaboli'' and ''Nariporbbo'' and Nur Ali Khan of Syedpur wrote ''Marifoti Geet''. Songwriters and poets such as [[Radharaman Dutta]], [[Hason Raja]] and [[Shah Abdul Karim]], significantly contributed to [[Bengali literature]] and their works remain popular across [[Bengal]] in present-times.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Hasan Raja|author=Tasiqul Islam}}</ref> Numerous Bengali writers emerged in Ita, such as Kobi Muzaffar Khan, Gauri Shankar Bhatta and Golok Chand Ghosh. Muslim literature was based upon historical affairs and biographies of prominent [[Islam]]ic figures. Like the rest of Muslim [[Bengal]], [[Bengali Muslim]] poetry was written in a colloquial dialect of Bengali which came to be known as [[Dobhashi]], and has had a major influence on Sylheti. Dobhashi featured the use of [[Farsi|Perso]]-[[Arabic]] vocabulary in Bengali texts. A separate script was developed in Sylhet for this popular linguistic register. Known as the [[Sylheti Nagri]] script, its most renowned writer was [[Sadeq Ali]] whose ''Halatunnabi'' was famed as household item amongst rural Muslim communities.<ref name=uttar/><ref name="SYLNAG">{{cite book |last=Sadiq |first=Mohammad |year=2008 |script-title=bn:সিলেটি নাগরী: ফকিরি ধারার ফসল |title=Sileṭi nāgarī : phakiri dhārāra phasala |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |oclc=495614347}}</ref> Manuscripts have been found of works such as ''Rag Namah'' by Fazil Nasim Muhammad, ''Shonabhaner Puthi'' by Abdul Karim, and the earliest known work ''Talib Huson'' (1549) by Gholam Huson.<ref name=nagri>{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |author=Muhammad Ashraful Islam |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri |chapter=Sylheti Nagri |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Late Nagri writers include Muhammad Haidar Chaudhuri who wrote ''Ahwal-i-Zamana'' in 1907 and Muhammad Abdul Latif who wrote ''Pohela Kitab o Doikhurar Rag'' in 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicsyncretis0000roya |url-access=registration |last=Roy |first=Asim |year=1983|isbn=9780691053875 }}</ref> In 2021, [[List of Bangla Academy Literary Award recipients (2020-2029)|Shuvagoto Chowdhury]] was awarded the [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=বাংলা একাডেমি সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পেলেন ১৫ জন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/বাংলা-একাডেমি-সাহিত্য-পুরস্কার-পেলেন-১৫-জন |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|date=23 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
====Other languages====
[[File:Wooden idols of Advaita Acharya and Sita Devi, Sitanath Advaita Mandir, Nabadwip 6.jpg|thumb|Sanskrit writer [[Advaita Acharya]] is venerated across [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]].]]
Sylhetis have contributed to [[Sanskrit literature]] throughout history. In the 15th century, [[Jagadish Tarkalankar]] wrote several Sanskrit books, many of which were made up of numerous volumes. Tarlankar's ''Shabdashaktiprakashika'' was a famous textbook for Sanskrit learners. His contemporary, [[Advaita Acharya]] of [[Laur Kingdom|Laur]], wrote two medieval Sanskrit books, ''Yogabashishta-Bhaishta'' and ''Geeta Bhaishya''.<ref name=":Momin_271">{{Cite book|last1=Momin|first1=Mignonette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|last2=Mawlong|first2=Cecile A.|last3=Qādrī|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|date=2006|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-89233-40-2|pages=271|language=en}}</ref> In the 16th century, [[Murari Gupta]] wrote the first Sanskrit biography of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Raghunath Shiromani]] wrote 40 books in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ray, Kanailal|article=Murari Gupta}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ray, Kanailal|article=Raghunath Shiromani}}</ref> Some works written by Sylhetis have also been translated into other languages. For example, [[Ashraf Hussain]]'s ''Manipurer Ladai'' was translated into English by [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]] and included in the ''Eastern Bengal Ballads''.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Soaib Ahmed Gibran|article=Hossain, Sahityaratna Munshi Ashraf}}</ref><ref name=sahitya/>
Sylhet, in particular the [[Taraf (Bengal)|Taraf]], was also an esteemed centre for the study of [[Farsi|Persian]], an official language up until the [[British Raj|British period]], due to the high population of foreign missionaries from Central Asia and [[Greater Persia|Persia]] following the [[Conquest of Sylhet]]. ''Ma'dan al-Fawaid'' was written in 1534 by [[Syed Shah Israil]] who is considered to be Sylhet's first author.<ref name="kawsar">{{cite news |url=https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/195/ |script-title=bn:জীবন-গাঙের বাঁকে বাঁকে-(২) |trans-title=Curling through the River of Life (2) |author=Maulana Abdullah ibn Saeed Jalalabadi |publisher=Al Kawsar |date=May 2010 |language=bn |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> Other prominent writers include [[Muhammad Arshad (writer)|Muhammad Arshad]], [[Syed Rayhan ad-Din]] and [[Syed Pir Badshah]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural similarities between Iran and the Indian Subcontinent |author=A K M Jamal Uddin}}</ref><ref name=farsi>{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |chapter=Persian |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Reyazuddin of Taraf wrote a Persian book on "Dream Fruit".<ref>স্বপ্ন ফল বিষয়ক গ্রন্থ</ref> Ala Bakhsh Mazumdar Hamed was known to have written Tuhfatul Muhsineen and Diwan-i-Hamed. Collectively, the works of these two people belonging to the [[Mazumdar]] family of Sylhet, are regarded amongst the most creative literary works in the Sylhet region. Majid Bakht Mazumdar wrote an English book on the family history.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971 |year=1992 |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
In the 19th century, [[Urdu]] had a somewhat aristocratic background in Sylhet and notable families that spoke it included the [[Nawabs of Longla]] and the [[Mazumdars of Sylhet]]. Moulvi Hamid Bakht Mazumdar, who was also fluent in Persian, wrote the Urdu prose ''Ain-i-Hind'', a history of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=uttar/> Literature written in this period included Nazir Muhammad Abdullah Ashufta's ''Tanbeeh al-Ghafileen'', written in 1894, and the poems of Moulvi Farzam Ali Bekhud of [[Baniachong]]. Hakim Ashraf Ali Mast and Fida Sylheti were prominent Urdu poets of Sylhet in the 19th century, the latter being a disciple of [[Agha Ahmad Ali]].<ref name=urdu>{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |author=Dr Kaniz-e-Butool |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Urdu |chapter=Urdu |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> In 1946, the [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] performed a [[mushaira]] in Sylhet attracting the likes of [[Hafeez Jalandhari]], the lyricist of the [[National Anthem of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895–1948): Trusted Lieutenant of Mohammad Ali Jinnah |page=125 |author=Atful Hye Shibly |year=2011}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif|Front page of a [[Sylheti Nagari]] book titled Halat-un-Nabi, written in the mid-19th century by [[Sadeq Ali]] of Daulatpur, Longla, [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]]
File:Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg|[[Bipin Chandra Pal]] was one of the main architects of the [[Swadeshi movement]] and played a crucial role in the [[Indian independence movement]].
File:Rowshan Ara Bachchu 02.jpg|[[Rawshan Ara Bachchu]] is a Sylheti activist best known for her role in the [[Bengali language movement]] of 1952.
File:Boys at Primary School - Srimangal - Sylhet Division - Bangladesh (12906116925).jpg|Muslim primary school students in [[Srimangal]], [[Sylhet division]].
</gallery>
==Distribution==
===Diaspora===
[[File:Sylheti food in diaspora.jpg|thumb|left|Sylheti food stall at the [[Queens Night Market]] in New York City]]
[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] introduced the [[Permanent Settlement]] Act of Bengal in 1793 and it altered the social, political and economic landscape of the Sylhet region; socioeconomic ramification for former landlords was severe as the land changed hands. On juxtapose, colonial administration opened new windows of opportunities for young men, who sought employment merchant ship companies. Young men from Sylhet boarded ships primarily at [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and Singapore. Many [[Sylheti people]] believed that seafaring was a historical and cultural inheritance due to a large proportion of Sylheti Muslims being descended from foreign traders, [[lascar]]s and businessman from the Middle East and Central Asia who migrated to the [[Sylhet region]] before and after the [[Conquest of Sylhet]].<ref name=lascars>{{cite thesis |title=Lascars, c.1850 – 1950: The Lives and Identities of Indian Seafarers in Imperial Britain and India |last=Fidler |first=Ceri-Anne |publisher=[[Cardiff University]] |year=2011 |page=123}}</ref> Kasa Miah, who was a Sylheti migrant, claimed this was a very encouraging factor for Sylhetis to travel to [[Calcutta]] aiming to eventually reach the United States and United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sons of the Empire: Oral History from the Bangladeshi Seamen who Served on British Ships During the 1939–45 War |last=Choudhury |first=Yousuf |year=1995}}</ref>
====Barak Valley====
The Sylheti community in the [[Barak Valley]], contiguous to Sylhet, is one of the eminent diasporic communities where they have been able to recreate the Sylhet environ.<ref name="barak-diaspora">"The Sylheti community in Barak Valley thus presents a dispora to be located in a region marked by the geographical and cultural continuity from Sylhet. The official language of the region being Bengali, the community found mechanisms to reconstruct the environs of its lost ‘desh’ within a new state." {{harvcol|Deb|Bhan|2016|p=2}}</ref> The [[Barak Valley]] consists of three districts in the Indian state of [[Assam]], which are home to a Bengali-speaking majority population as opposed to Assamese.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |title=Govt withdraws Assamese as official language from Barak valley |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> Geographically the region is surrounded by hills from all three sides except its western plain boundary with Bangladesh. Though never a part of Sylhet the Barak Valley hosts the presence of the same Sylheti dialect. [[Niharranjan Ray]], author of ''Bangalir Itihash'', claims that "South Assam / Northeastern Bengal or Barak Valley is the extension of the Greater Surma/Meghna Valley of [[Bengal]] in every aspect from culture to geography".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IciEHAAACAAJ&q=Bangalir+Itihas|title=Bangalir itihas|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|date=1 January 1980|publisher=Paschimbanga Samiti|language=bn}}</ref>
A movement emerged in the 1960s in this Sylheti-majority area of India. Referred to as the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali Language Movement of the Barak Valley]], Sylhetis protested against the decision of the [[Government of Assam]] to make Assamese the only sole official language of the state knowing full well that 80% of the Barak Valley people are Bengalis. The main incident took place on 19 May 1961 at [[Silchar railway station]] in which 11 Sylheti-Bengalis were killed by the Assamese police. [[Sachindra Chandra Pal]] and [[Kamala Bhattacharya]] were two notable Sylheti students murdered by the [[Assam Rifles]] during the movement.
====Outside South Asia====
Today, the Sylheti diaspora numbers around one million, mainly concentrated in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Australia, [[Portugal]], Spain, Sweden, [[Finland]] and the Middle East and other European countries. However, a 2008 study showed that 95% of Sylheti diaspora live in the UK.<ref name="diasporas">{{cite journal |url=http://www.diasporas.ac.uk/assets/Zeitlyn%20working%20paper.pdf |date=September 2008 |title=Challenging Language in the Diaspora |journal=Bangla Journal |author=Benjamin Zeitlyn |volume=6 |issue=14 |pages=126–140 |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> In the United States, most Sylhetis live in New York City, though sizeable populations also live in [[Atlanta]], [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Miami]], and [[Detroit]].
Some argue that remittances sent from Sylheti diaspora around the world back to Bangladesh have negatively affected development in Bangladesh, where a lack of government initiatives has caused economic inertia.<ref name="google">{{cite book |title=Diaspora Engagement and Development in South Asia |author1=Yong, T. T. |author2=Rahman, M .M. |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=108 |isbn=978-1-137-33445-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref>
According to neo-classical theory, the poorest would move to the richest countries and those from densely populated areas would move to more sparsely populated regions. This has clearly not been the case. The brain drain was a movement from core to core, purely on economic maximisation, while it was young Sylheti pioneers with access to financial resources that migrated from a severely overpopulated Bangladesh to the overcrowded streets of Spitalfields, poorest from all parts of Bangladesh migrated to Sylhet for a better life, causing a severe overcrowding and scarcity of resources in Sylhet.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anne J. Kershen |year=2005 |title=Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers_838 |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers_838/page/n32 19] |isbn=978-0-7146-5525-3}}</ref>
==Religion==
[[File:Saheb Qiblah.gif|thumb|The most influential modern Islamic scholar from Sylhet was [[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali|Abdul Latif Chowdhury]], founder of the ''[[Salik|Maslak]]-e-Fultali''.<ref name=BDUK/>]]
[[Sunni Islam]] is the largest denomination with majority following the [[Hanafi]] school of law.<ref name=ourbang>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp |title=Islam in Bangladesh |website=OurBangla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219125652/http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp |archive-date=19 February 2007 |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> There are significant numbers of people who follow [[Sufism|Sufi]] ideals,<ref name=BDUK>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf |title=Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK : Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics |author=Dr David Garbin |date=17 June 2005 |publisher=University of Surrey |access-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923014220/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> although the revivalist [[Deobandi]] movement is also popular with many being a part of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. There is a very small minority of [[Shia Muslims]] who gather every year during [[Ashura]] for the [[Mourning of Muharram]] processions. Places of procession include the [[Prithimpassa Family|Prithimpasha Nawab Bari]] in [[Kulaura]], home to a Shia family, as well as [[Balaganj]], [[Osmani Nagar Upazila|Osmani Nagar]] and [[Kamalganj Upazila|Rajtila]].
[[Hinduism]] is the second largest religion amongst Sylhetis. Other minority religions include Christianity and there was a presence of [[Sikhism]] after [[Guru Nanak]]'s visit to Sylhet in 1508 to spread the religion and build a ''[[gurdwara]]'' there. This Gurdwara was visited twice by [[Tegh Bahadur]] and many [[hukamnama]]s were issued to this temple in Sylhet by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. In 1897, the gurdwara collapsed after the [[1897 Assam earthquake|earthquake]].
==Notables==
{{Main|List of people from Sylhet}}
Popular modern writers and poets from the region include [[Abdur Rouf Choudhury]], [[Dilwar Khan]] and [[Chowdhury Gulam Akbar]]. [[Muhammad Mojlum Khan]] is a non-fiction writer best known for writing the English [[biographical dictionary]], [[The Muslim 100]]. Prominent [[Bengali language]] non-fiction writers include [[Syed Murtaza Ali]], [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Dewan Mohammad Azraf]], Abed Chaudhury, [[Achyut Charan Choudhury]], [[Arun Kumar Chanda]], [[Asaddor Ali]], [[Ashraf Hussain]] and [[Dwijen Sharma]].
Reputed artists and media personalities from the region include [[Salman Shah (actor)|Salman Shah]] who is considered one of the greatest actors in [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi film industry]], [[Runa Laila]] who is a prominent singer with international acclaim, [[Hason Raja]] and [[Shah Abdul Karim]] who are the pioneers of [[folk music]] in Bangladesh.
[[Cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are the most popular sports amongst Sylhetis. Many Sylheti cricketers have played for the [[Bangladesh national cricket team]] such as [[Alok Kapali]], [[Enamul Haque Jr]], [[Nazmul Hossain]], [[Rajin Saleh]] and [[Tapash Baisya]]. [[Beanibazar SC]] is the only Sylheti club which as qualified for the [[Bangladesh League]] and [[Alfaz Ahmed]] was a Sylheti who played for the [[Bangladesh national football team]]. [[Hamza Choudhury]] is the first [[Bangladeshi]] to play in the [[Premier League]] and is predicted to be the first [[British Asian]] to play for the [[England national football team]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Trehan |first=Dev |date=2 September 2019 |title=Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Bulbul Hussain]] was the first breakthrough Sylheti professional [[wheelchair rugby]] player. [[Rani Hamid]] is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. [[Ramnath Biswas]] was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century.
<gallery widths="155px" heights="200px">
File:Dr.Sundarimohan Das.jpg|[[Sundari Mohan Das]] was a veteran of the [[Swadeshi movement]] and founder of [[Calcutta National Medical College]]
File:Abul Maal Abdul Muhith.jpg|[[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith]], an economist, diplomat, and [[Bengali Language Movement]] veteran who served as Bangladesh's second Finance Minister.
File:Gurusaday Dutt photo.png|[[Gurusaday Dutt]] was the founder of the [[Bratachari movement]] which advocated for spiritual and social development
File:Nurul Islam Nahid in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg|[[Nurul Islam Nahid]] was the former [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Education Minister]] of Bangladesh, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education in Bangladesh.
File:Achyut Charan Choudhury.jpg|[[Achyut Charan Choudhury]] is most well-known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[History of Sylhet]]
* [[Lascar (novel)|''Lascar'' (novel)]]
* [[World Sylhet Convention]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== General and cited references==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nabanipa |editor1-last=Fazal |editor1-first=Tanweer |year=2013 |chapter='We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Routledge |pages=53–54 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}
* {{cite report |last1=Deb |first1=Pallab |last2=Bhan |first2=Samiksha |year=2016 |title=Little Sylhet: A Report on The East Bengali Community in Barak Valley, Southern Assam |url=http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf |publisher=Center for Development Economics |page= |docket= |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164619/http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mahanta |first1=Sakuntala |last2=Gope |first2=Amalesh |year=2018 |title=Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness |journal=Language Sciences |volume=69 |pages=80–97 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010 |s2cid=149759441 }}
{{refend}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Asian diasporas]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnocultural group}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Sylhetis
| image = Sylheti speaking zone.png
| image_caption = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] speaking zone in the Indian subcontinent
| population = {{circa}} 10.3 million<ref name=eth>{{e22|syl|Sylheti}}</re|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/ |title=Ranked: The 100 Most Spoken Languages Around the World |publisher=Visual Capitalist |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
| popplace = '''Bangladesh''' ([[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]])<br/>'''India''' ([[Barak Valley]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[North Tripura]], [[Shillong]])<br/>'''Middle East''' ([[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC countries]])<br/>'''Western world''' ([[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Canada]])
| regions =
| langs = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] ([[First language|L1]])<br />[[Bengali language|Bengali]] ([[Second language|L2]])
| religions = '''Majority:'''<br />[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]<br /'''<br />{{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]}}
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Dhakaiyas]]|Other [[Bengalis]]}}
}}
The '''Sylheti''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɛ|t|i}}) or '''Sylhetis''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnocultural group<ref>Shahela Hamid (2011). '' Language Use and Identity: The Sylheti Bangladeshis in Leeds''. pp.''Preface''. Verlag Peter Lang. Retrieved on 4 December 2020.</ref> that are associated with the Sylhet region ([[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Karimganj district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]]). There are strong diasporic communities in [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]], India,<ref name="barak-diaspora"/><ref name=eth/>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=59–67}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wouters |first1=Jelle J. P. |last2=Subba |first2=Tanka B. |title=The Routledge Companion to Northeast India |date=30 September 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-63699-4 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&dq=karimganj&pg=PT61}}</ref><ref>Glanville Price (2000). ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. pp. 91–92.</ref> [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]],<ref name=eth>{{e22|syl|Sylheti}}</ref> as well as in rest of Bangladesh and [[northeast India]]. They speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], an Eastern [[Indo-Aryan language]] that is considered "a distinct language by many and a dialect of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by some others".<ref name="mahanta-gope-variety">"Along the linguistic continuum of eastern Indic languages, Sylheti occupies an ambiguous position, where it is considered a distinct language by many and also as a dialect of Bengali or Bangla by some others."{{harvcol|Mahanta|Gope|2018|p=81}}</ref>
Sylheti identity is associated mainly with regional culture and language, while accompanied with an ethnic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simard |first1=Candide |last2=Dopierala |first2=Sarah M |last3=Thaut |first3=E Marie |year=2020 |title=Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project |url= http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/18/ldd18_01.pdf |journal=Language Documentation and Description |volume=18 |pages=5 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=59–67}}
==History==
In September 1874, the [[British East India Company]] made Sylhet district a part of the [[non-regulation province|non-regulation]] [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam|Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province)]] for commercial development.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=53–54}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=260 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=To make (the Province) financially viable, and to accede to demands from professional groups, (the colonial administration) decided in September 1874 to annex the Bengali-speaking and populous district of Sylhet.}}</ref> The transfer led to the natives of Sylhet protesting against the British viceroy [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]] as they viewed themselves as a part of the [[Bengali people]], and distinct from the [[Assamese people|Assamese]]. Leaders of both the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities submitted a memorandum to Northbrook on 10 August 1874.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=261 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X|s2cid=145546471 }}</ref> Northbrook was eventually able to convince the people of Sylhet by assuring them that education and justice will still be administered under Bengal,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=262 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=It was also decided that education and justice would be administered from Calcutta University and the Calcutta High Court respectively.}}</ref> and highlighting the economic opportunity for Sylhetis in Assam's tea industry.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=262 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=They could also see that the benefits conferred by the tea industry on the province would also prove profitable for them. For example, those who were literate were able to obtain numerous clerical and medical appointments in tea estates, and the demand for rice to feed the tea labourers noticeably augmented its price in Sylhet and Assam enabling the Zaminders (mostly Hindu) to dispose of their produce at a better price than would have been possible had they been obliged to export it to Bengal.}}</ref> With the approach of the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] towards 1920, Sylhetis began forming organisations such as the ''Sylhet Peoples' Association'' and ''Sylhet-Bengal Reunion League'' which demanded Sylhet to be reincorporated to Bengal.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2013|p=54–55}}
==Culture==
[[File:Kazi Nazrul Islam with the Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad.jpg|thumb|[[Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]], the leading body of Sylheti litterateurs, hosting the poet [[Qazi Nazrul Islam]] during his visit.]]
Sylheti folklore is influenced by [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Sufism|Sufi]], [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] and native ideas. [[Chandra Kumar De]] of [[Mymensingh]] is known to be the first researcher of Sylheti folklore.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Research on Folklore in Sylhet Region of Bangladesh: A Study of Chowdhury Harun Akbor |last=Ahmed |first=Sofe |date=August 2014 |journal=International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=131–134}}</ref> Archives of old works are kept in [[Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]] in [[Sylhet]] (also known as the Sylhet Central Muslim Literary Society) – the oldest literary organisation in [[Bengal]] and one of the oldest in [[the subcontinent]].
===Literature===
It has been argued that the first [[Bengali language|Bengali]] translation of the ''Mahabharata'' was written by [[Sri Sanjay]] of [[Sylhet]] in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra|article=Mahabharata}}</ref><ref name=sahitya>{{cite news|language=bn|url=https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|work=Thikana|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট|author=Husam, Shamshad}}</ref> The 18th-century ''Hattanather Panchali'' (Hattanath chronicles) written by Ganesh Ram Shiromani was a Bengali ballad of 36,000 lines which detail the early history of Sylhet though its authenticity is questionable.<ref name=uttar>{{cite book |author=Choudhury, Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |title=Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho |year=2000 |orig-year=1916 |publisher=Kotha |location=Kolkata |language=bn |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6)_-_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF.pdf/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD}}</ref> When Sylhet was under the rule of the [[Twipra Kingdom]], medieval Sylheti writers using the Bengali script included the likes of Dwija Pashupati, the author of Chandravali – considered one of the earliest Sylheti works.<ref name=gon>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Bhowmik, Kalpana|article=Dwija Pashupati}}</ref> Nasiruddin Haydar of [[Sylhet town]] wrote the Tawarikh-e-Jalali, the first Bengali biography of [[Shah Jalal]]. Gobind Gosai of [[Habiganj Sadar Upazila|Masulia]] wrote ''Nirbban Shongit'', Gopinath Dutta wrote ''Dronporbbo'', ''Dotto Bongshaboli'' and ''Nariporbbo'' and Nur Ali Khan of Syedpur wrote ''Marifoti Geet''. Songwriters and poets such as [[Radharaman Dutta]], [[Hason Raja]] and [[Shah Abdul Karim]], significantly contributed to [[Bengali literature]] and their works remain popular across [[Bengal]] in present-times.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Hasan Raja|author=Tasiqul Islam}}</ref> Numerous Bengali writers emerged in Ita, such as Kobi Muzaffar Khan, Gauri Shankar Bhatta and Golok Chand Ghosh. Muslim literature was based upon historical affairs and biographies of prominent [[Islam]]ic figures. Like the rest of Muslim [[Bengal]], [[Bengali Muslim]] poetry was written in a colloquial dialect of Bengali which came to be known as [[Dobhashi]], and has had a major influence on Sylheti. Dobhashi featured the use of [[Farsi|Perso]]-[[Arabic]] vocabulary in Bengali texts. A separate script was developed in Sylhet for this popular linguistic register. Known as the [[Sylheti Nagri]] script, its most renowned writer was [[Sadeq Ali]] whose ''Halatunnabi'' was famed as household item amongst rural Muslim communities.<ref name=uttar/><ref name="SYLNAG">{{cite book |last=Sadiq |first=Mohammad |year=2008 |script-title=bn:সিলেটি নাগরী: ফকিরি ধারার ফসল |title=Sileṭi nāgarī : phakiri dhārāra phasala |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |oclc=495614347}}</ref> Manuscripts have been found of works such as ''Rag Namah'' by Fazil Nasim Muhammad, ''Shonabhaner Puthi'' by Abdul Karim, and the earliest known work ''Talib Huson'' (1549) by Gholam Huson.<ref name=nagri>{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |author=Muhammad Ashraful Islam |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri |chapter=Sylheti Nagri |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Late Nagri writers include Muhammad Haidar Chaudhuri who wrote ''Ahwal-i-Zamana'' in 1907 and Muhammad Abdul Latif who wrote ''Pohela Kitab o Doikhurar Rag'' in 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicsyncretis0000roya |url-access=registration |last=Roy |first=Asim |year=1983|isbn=9780691053875 }}</ref> In 2021, [[List of Bangla Academy Literary Award recipients (2020-2029)|Shuvagoto Chowdhury]] was awarded the [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=বাংলা একাডেমি সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পেলেন ১৫ জন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/বাংলা-একাডেমি-সাহিত্য-পুরস্কার-পেলেন-১৫-জন |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|date=23 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
====Other languages====
[[File:Wooden idols of Advaita Acharya and Sita Devi, Sitanath Advaita Mandir, Nabadwip 6.jpg|thumb|Sanskrit writer [[Advaita Acharya]] is venerated across [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]].]]
Sylhetis have contributed to [[Sanskrit literature]] throughout history. In the 15th century, [[Jagadish Tarkalankar]] wrote several Sanskrit books, many of which were made up of numerous volumes. Tarlankar's ''Shabdashaktiprakashika'' was a famous textbook for Sanskrit learners. His contemporary, [[Advaita Acharya]] of [[Laur Kingdom|Laur]], wrote two medieval Sanskrit books, ''Yogabashishta-Bhaishta'' and ''Geeta Bhaishya''.<ref name=":Momin_271">{{Cite book|last1=Momin|first1=Mignonette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|last2=Mawlong|first2=Cecile A.|last3=Qādrī|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|date=2006|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-89233-40-2|pages=271|language=en}}</ref> In the 16th century, [[Murari Gupta]] wrote the first Sanskrit biography of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Raghunath Shiromani]] wrote 40 books in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ray, Kanailal|article=Murari Gupta}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ray, Kanailal|article=Raghunath Shiromani}}</ref> Some works written by Sylhetis have also been translated into other languages. For example, [[Ashraf Hussain]]'s ''Manipurer Ladai'' was translated into English by [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]] and included in the ''Eastern Bengal Ballads''.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Soaib Ahmed Gibran|article=Hossain, Sahityaratna Munshi Ashraf}}</ref><ref name=sahitya/>
Sylhet, in particular the [[Taraf (Bengal)|Taraf]], was also an esteemed centre for the study of [[Farsi|Persian]], an official language up until the [[British Raj|British period]], due to the high population of foreign missionaries from Central Asia and [[Greater Persia|Persia]] following the [[Conquest of Sylhet]]. ''Ma'dan al-Fawaid'' was written in 1534 by [[Syed Shah Israil]] who is considered to be Sylhet's first author.<ref name="kawsar">{{cite news |url=https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/195/ |script-title=bn:জীবন-গাঙের বাঁকে বাঁকে-(২) |trans-title=Curling through the River of Life (2) |author=Maulana Abdullah ibn Saeed Jalalabadi |publisher=Al Kawsar |date=May 2010 |language=bn |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> Other prominent writers include [[Muhammad Arshad (writer)|Muhammad Arshad]], [[Syed Rayhan ad-Din]] and [[Syed Pir Badshah]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural similarities between Iran and the Indian Subcontinent |author=A K M Jamal Uddin}}</ref><ref name=farsi>{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |chapter=Persian |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Reyazuddin of Taraf wrote a Persian book on "Dream Fruit".<ref>স্বপ্ন ফল বিষয়ক গ্রন্থ</ref> Ala Bakhsh Mazumdar Hamed was known to have written Tuhfatul Muhsineen and Diwan-i-Hamed. Collectively, the works of these two people belonging to the [[Mazumdar]] family of Sylhet, are regarded amongst the most creative literary works in the Sylhet region. Majid Bakht Mazumdar wrote an English book on the family history.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971 |year=1992 |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
In the 19th century, [[Urdu]] had a somewhat aristocratic background in Sylhet and notable families that spoke it included the [[Nawabs of Longla]] and the [[Mazumdars of Sylhet]]. Moulvi Hamid Bakht Mazumdar, who was also fluent in Persian, wrote the Urdu prose ''Ain-i-Hind'', a history of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=uttar/> Literature written in this period included Nazir Muhammad Abdullah Ashufta's ''Tanbeeh al-Ghafileen'', written in 1894, and the poems of Moulvi Farzam Ali Bekhud of [[Baniachong]]. Hakim Ashraf Ali Mast and Fida Sylheti were prominent Urdu poets of Sylhet in the 19th century, the latter being a disciple of [[Agha Ahmad Ali]].<ref name=urdu>{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |author=Dr Kaniz-e-Butool |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Urdu |chapter=Urdu |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> In 1946, the [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] performed a [[mushaira]] in Sylhet attracting the likes of [[Hafeez Jalandhari]], the lyricist of the [[National Anthem of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895–1948): Trusted Lieutenant of Mohammad Ali Jinnah |page=125 |author=Atful Hye Shibly |year=2011}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif|Front page of a [[Sylheti Nagari]] book titled Halat-un-Nabi, written in the mid-19th century by [[Sadeq Ali]] of Daulatpur, Longla, [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]]
File:Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg|[[Bipin Chandra Pal]] was one of the main architects of the [[Swadeshi movement]] and played a crucial role in the [[Indian independence movement]].
File:Rowshan Ara Bachchu 02.jpg|[[Rawshan Ara Bachchu]] is a Sylheti activist best known for her role in the [[Bengali language movement]] of 1952.
File:Boys at Primary School - Srimangal - Sylhet Division - Bangladesh (12906116925).jpg|Muslim primary school students in [[Srimangal]], [[Sylhet division]].
</gallery>
==Distribution==
===Diaspora===
[[File:Sylheti food in diaspora.jpg|thumb|left|Sylheti food stall at the [[Queens Night Market]] in New York City]]
[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] introduced the [[Permanent Settlement]] Act of Bengal in 1793 and it altered the social, political and economic landscape of the Sylhet region; socioeconomic ramification for former landlords was severe as the land changed hands. On juxtapose, colonial administration opened new windows of opportunities for young men, who sought employment merchant ship companies. Young men from Sylhet boarded ships primarily at [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and Singapore. Many [[Sylheti people]] believed that seafaring was a historical and cultural inheritance due to a large proportion of Sylheti Muslims being descended from foreign traders, [[lascar]]s and businessman from the Middle East and Central Asia who migrated to the [[Sylhet region]] before and after the [[Conquest of Sylhet]].<ref name=lascars>{{cite thesis |title=Lascars, c.1850 – 1950: The Lives and Identities of Indian Seafarers in Imperial Britain and India |last=Fidler |first=Ceri-Anne |publisher=[[Cardiff University]] |year=2011 |page=123}}</ref> Kasa Miah, who was a Sylheti migrant, claimed this was a very encouraging factor for Sylhetis to travel to [[Calcutta]] aiming to eventually reach the United States and United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sons of the Empire: Oral History from the Bangladeshi Seamen who Served on British Ships During the 1939–45 War |last=Choudhury |first=Yousuf |year=1995}}</ref>
====Barak Valley====
The Sylheti community in the [[Barak Valley]], contiguous to Sylhet, is one of the eminent diasporic communities where they have been able to recreate the Sylhet environ.<ref name="barak-diaspora">"The Sylheti community in Barak Valley thus presents a dispora to be located in a region marked by the geographical and cultural continuity from Sylhet. The official language of the region being Bengali, the community found mechanisms to reconstruct the environs of its lost ‘desh’ within a new state." {{harvcol|Deb|Bhan|2016|p=2}}</ref> The [[Barak Valley]] consists of three districts in the Indian state of [[Assam]], which are home to a Bengali-speaking majority population as opposed to Assamese.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-from-barak-valley-114090901180_1.html |title=Govt withdraws Assamese as official language from Barak valley |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> Geographically the region is surrounded by hills from all three sides except its western plain boundary with Bangladesh. Though never a part of Sylhet the Barak Valley hosts the presence of the same Sylheti dialect. [[Niharranjan Ray]], author of ''Bangalir Itihash'', claims that "South Assam / Northeastern Bengal or Barak Valley is the extension of the Greater Surma/Meghna Valley of [[Bengal]] in every aspect from culture to geography".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IciEHAAACAAJ&q=Bangalir+Itihas|title=Bangalir itihas|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|date=1 January 1980|publisher=Paschimbanga Samiti|language=bn}}</ref>
A movement emerged in the 1960s in this Sylheti-majority area of India. Referred to as the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali Language Movement of the Barak Valley]], Sylhetis protested against the decision of the [[Government of Assam]] to make Assamese the only sole official language of the state knowing full well that 80% of the Barak Valley people are Bengalis. The main incident took place on 19 May 1961 at [[Silchar railway station]] in which 11 Sylheti-Bengalis were killed by the Assamese police. [[Sachindra Chandra Pal]] and [[Kamala Bhattacharya]] were two notable Sylheti students murdered by the [[Assam Rifles]] during the movement.
====Outside South Asia====
Today, the Sylheti diaspora numbers around one million, mainly concentrated in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Australia, [[Portugal]], Spain, Sweden, [[Finland]] and the Middle East and other European countries. However, a 2008 study showed that 95% of Sylheti diaspora live in the UK.<ref name="diasporas">{{cite journal |url=http://www.diasporas.ac.uk/assets/Zeitlyn%20working%20paper.pdf |date=September 2008 |title=Challenging Language in the Diaspora |journal=Bangla Journal |author=Benjamin Zeitlyn |volume=6 |issue=14 |pages=126–140 |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> In the United States, most Sylhetis live in New York City, though sizeable populations also live in [[Atlanta]], [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Miami]], and [[Detroit]].
Some argue that remittances sent from Sylheti diaspora around the world back to Bangladesh have negatively affected development in Bangladesh, where a lack of government initiatives has caused economic inertia.<ref name="google">{{cite book |title=Diaspora Engagement and Development in South Asia |author1=Yong, T. T. |author2=Rahman, M .M. |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=108 |isbn=978-1-137-33445-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref>
According to neo-classical theory, the poorest would move to the richest countries and those from densely populated areas would move to more sparsely populated regions. This has clearly not been the case. The brain drain was a movement from core to core, purely on economic maximisation, while it was young Sylheti pioneers with access to financial resources that migrated from a severely overpopulated Bangladesh to the overcrowded streets of Spitalfields, poorest from all parts of Bangladesh migrated to Sylhet for a better life, causing a severe overcrowding and scarcity of resources in Sylhet.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anne J. Kershen |year=2005 |title=Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers_838 |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers_838/page/n32 19] |isbn=978-0-7146-5525-3}}</ref>
==Religion==
[[File:Saheb Qiblah.gif|thumb|The most influential modern Islamic scholar from Sylhet was [[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali|Abdul Latif Chowdhury]], founder of the ''[[Salik|Maslak]]-e-Fultali''.<ref name=BDUK/>]]
[[Sunni Islam]] is the largest denomination with majority following the [[Hanafi]] school of law.<ref name=ourbang>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp |title=Islam in Bangladesh |website=OurBangla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219125652/http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp |archive-date=19 February 2007 |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> There are significant numbers of people who follow [[Sufism|Sufi]] ideals,<ref name=BDUK>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf |title=Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK : Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics |author=Dr David Garbin |date=17 June 2005 |publisher=University of Surrey |access-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923014220/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> although the revivalist [[Deobandi]] movement is also popular with many being a part of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. There is a very small minority of [[Shia Muslims]] who gather every year during [[Ashura]] for the [[Mourning of Muharram]] processions. Places of procession include the [[Prithimpassa Family|Prithimpasha Nawab Bari]] in [[Kulaura]], home to a Shia family, as well as [[Balaganj]], [[Osmani Nagar Upazila|Osmani Nagar]] and [[Kamalganj Upazila|Rajtila]].
[[Hinduism]] is the second largest religion amongst Sylhetis. Other minority religions include Christianity and there was a presence of [[Sikhism]] after [[Guru Nanak]]'s visit to Sylhet in 1508 to spread the religion and build a ''[[gurdwara]]'' there. This Gurdwara was visited twice by [[Tegh Bahadur]] and many [[hukamnama]]s were issued to this temple in Sylhet by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. In 1897, the gurdwara collapsed after the [[1897 Assam earthquake|earthquake]].
==Notables==
{{Main|List of people from Sylhet}}
Popular modern writers and poets from the region include [[Abdur Rouf Choudhury]], [[Dilwar Khan]] and [[Chowdhury Gulam Akbar]]. [[Muhammad Mojlum Khan]] is a non-fiction writer best known for writing the English [[biographical dictionary]], [[The Muslim 100]]. Prominent [[Bengali language]] non-fiction writers include [[Syed Murtaza Ali]], [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Dewan Mohammad Azraf]], Abed Chaudhury, [[Achyut Charan Choudhury]], [[Arun Kumar Chanda]], [[Asaddor Ali]], [[Ashraf Hussain]] and [[Dwijen Sharma]].
Reputed artists and media personalities from the region include [[Salman Shah (actor)|Salman Shah]] who is considered one of the greatest actors in [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi film industry]], [[Runa Laila]] who is a prominent singer with international acclaim, [[Hason Raja]] and [[Shah Abdul Karim]] who are the pioneers of [[folk music]] in Bangladesh.
[[Cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are the most popular sports amongst Sylhetis. Many Sylheti cricketers have played for the [[Bangladesh national cricket team]] such as [[Alok Kapali]], [[Enamul Haque Jr]], [[Nazmul Hossain]], [[Rajin Saleh]] and [[Tapash Baisya]]. [[Beanibazar SC]] is the only Sylheti club which as qualified for the [[Bangladesh League]] and [[Alfaz Ahmed]] was a Sylheti who played for the [[Bangladesh national football team]]. [[Hamza Choudhury]] is the first [[Bangladeshi]] to play in the [[Premier League]] and is predicted to be the first [[British Asian]] to play for the [[England national football team]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Trehan |first=Dev |date=2 September 2019 |title=Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Bulbul Hussain]] was the first breakthrough Sylheti professional [[wheelchair rugby]] player. [[Rani Hamid]] is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. [[Ramnath Biswas]] was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century.
<gallery widths="155px" heights="200px">
File:Dr.Sundarimohan Das.jpg|[[Sundari Mohan Das]] was a veteran of the [[Swadeshi movement]] and founder of [[Calcutta National Medical College]]
File:Abul Maal Abdul Muhith.jpg|[[Abul Maal Abdul Muhith]], an economist, diplomat, and [[Bengali Language Movement]] veteran who served as Bangladesh's second Finance Minister.
File:Gurusaday Dutt photo.png|[[Gurusaday Dutt]] was the founder of the [[Bratachari movement]] which advocated for spiritual and social development
File:Nurul Islam Nahid in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg|[[Nurul Islam Nahid]] was the former [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Education Minister]] of Bangladesh, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education in Bangladesh.
File:Achyut Charan Choudhury.jpg|[[Achyut Charan Choudhury]] is most well-known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[History of Sylhet]]
* [[Lascar (novel)|''Lascar'' (novel)]]
* [[World Sylhet Convention]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== General and cited references==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nabanipa |editor1-last=Fazal |editor1-first=Tanweer |year=2013 |chapter='We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Routledge |pages=53–54 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}
* {{cite report |last1=Deb |first1=Pallab |last2=Bhan |first2=Samiksha |year=2016 |title=Little Sylhet: A Report on The East Bengali Community in Barak Valley, Southern Assam |url=http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf |publisher=Center for Development Economics |page= |docket= |access-date=2023-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164619/http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mahanta |first1=Sakuntala |last2=Gope |first2=Amalesh |year=2018 |title=Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness |journal=Language Sciences |volume=69 |pages=80–97 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010 |s2cid=149759441 }}
{{refend}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Asian diasporas]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan ethnocultural group</div>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sylhetis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sylheti_speaking_zone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sylheti_speaking_zone.png/220px-Sylheti_speaking_zone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Sylheti_speaking_zone.png 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> speaking zone in the Indian subcontinent</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10.3 million<sup id="cite_ref-eth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Bangladesh</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a>)<br /><b>India</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="North Tripura">North Tripura</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a>)<br /><b>Middle East</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">GCC countries</a>)<br /><b>Western world</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Majority:</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br /<b><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/18px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/27px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/36px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li><li>Other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Sylheti</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Sylhetis</b> are an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> ethnocultural group<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are associated with the Sylhet region (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj district</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>). There are strong diasporic communities in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, India,<sup id="cite_ref-barak-diaspora_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barak-diaspora-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Tripura_district" title="North Tripura district">North Tripura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eth_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in rest of Bangladesh and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast India</a>. They speak <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>, an Eastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> that is considered "a distinct language by many and a dialect of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> by some others".<sup id="cite_ref-mahanta-gope-variety_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahanta-gope-variety-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sylheti identity is associated mainly with regional culture and language, while accompanied with an ethnic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other languages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Distribution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Diaspora"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Diaspora</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Barak_Valley"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Barak Valley</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Outside_South_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Outside South Asia</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notables"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notables</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#General_and_cited_references"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">General and cited references</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In September 1874, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> made Sylhet district a part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-regulation_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-regulation province">non-regulation</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam">Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province)</a> for commercial development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201353–54_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201353–54-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer led to the natives of Sylhet protesting against the British viceroy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">Lord Northbrook</a> as they viewed themselves as a part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a>, and distinct from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a>. Leaders of both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> communities submitted a memorandum to Northbrook on 10 August 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northbrook was eventually able to convince the people of Sylhet by assuring them that education and justice will still be administered under Bengal,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and highlighting the economic opportunity for Sylhetis in Assam's tea industry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the approach of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement</a> towards 1920, Sylhetis began forming organisations such as the <i>Sylhet Peoples' Association</i> and <i>Sylhet-Bengal Reunion League</i> which demanded Sylhet to be reincorporated to Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201354–55_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201354–55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg/220px-Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg/330px-Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg/440px-Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_with_the_Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad" title="Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad">Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad</a>, the leading body of Sylheti litterateurs, hosting the poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qazi_Nazrul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Nazrul Islam">Qazi Nazrul Islam</a> during his visit.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Sylheti folklore is influenced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> and native ideas. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chandra_Kumar_De" title="Chandra Kumar De">Chandra Kumar De</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> is known to be the first researcher of Sylheti folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archives of old works are kept in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad" title="Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad">Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> (also known as the Sylhet Central Muslim Literary Society) – the oldest literary organisation in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and one of the oldest in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="The subcontinent">the subcontinent</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>It has been argued that the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> translation of the <i>Mahabharata</i> was written by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sri_Sanjay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Sanjay (page does not exist)">Sri Sanjay</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sahitya_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahitya-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century <i>Hattanather Panchali</i> (Hattanath chronicles) written by Ganesh Ram Shiromani was a Bengali ballad of 36,000 lines which detail the early history of Sylhet though its authenticity is questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-uttar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uttar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sylhet was under the rule of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twipra_Kingdom" title="Twipra Kingdom">Twipra Kingdom</a>, medieval Sylheti writers using the Bengali script included the likes of Dwija Pashupati, the author of Chandravali – considered one of the earliest Sylheti works.<sup id="cite_ref-gon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasiruddin Haydar of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet town">Sylhet town</a> wrote the Tawarikh-e-Jalali, the first Bengali biography of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a>. Gobind Gosai of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habiganj_Sadar_Upazila" title="Habiganj Sadar Upazila">Masulia</a> wrote <i>Nirbban Shongit</i>, Gopinath Dutta wrote <i>Dronporbbo</i>, <i>Dotto Bongshaboli</i> and <i>Nariporbbo</i> and Nur Ali Khan of Syedpur wrote <i>Marifoti Geet</i>. Songwriters and poets such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radharaman_Dutta" title="Radharaman Dutta">Radharaman Dutta</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Karim" title="Shah Abdul Karim">Shah Abdul Karim</a>, significantly contributed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and their works remain popular across <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in present-times.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Bengali writers emerged in Ita, such as Kobi Muzaffar Khan, Gauri Shankar Bhatta and Golok Chand Ghosh. Muslim literature was based upon historical affairs and biographies of prominent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> figures. Like the rest of Muslim <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> poetry was written in a colloquial dialect of Bengali which came to be known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a>, and has had a major influence on Sylheti. Dobhashi featured the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Perso</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> vocabulary in Bengali texts. A separate script was developed in Sylhet for this popular linguistic register. Known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a> script, its most renowned writer was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadeq_Ali" title="Sadeq Ali">Sadeq Ali</a> whose <i>Halatunnabi</i> was famed as household item amongst rural Muslim communities.<sup id="cite_ref-uttar_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uttar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYLNAG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYLNAG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuscripts have been found of works such as <i>Rag Namah</i> by Fazil Nasim Muhammad, <i>Shonabhaner Puthi</i> by Abdul Karim, and the earliest known work <i>Talib Huson</i> (1549) by Gholam Huson.<sup id="cite_ref-nagri_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagri-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Nagri writers include Muhammad Haidar Chaudhuri who wrote <i>Ahwal-i-Zamana</i> in 1907 and Muhammad Abdul Latif who wrote <i>Pohela Kitab o Doikhurar Rag</i> in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award_recipients_(2020-2029)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bangla Academy Literary Award recipients (2020-2029)">Shuvagoto Chowdhury</a> was awarded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi,_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir,_Nabadwip_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi%2C_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir%2C_Nabadwip_6.jpg/220px-Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi%2C_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir%2C_Nabadwip_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi%2C_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir%2C_Nabadwip_6.jpg/330px-Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi%2C_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir%2C_Nabadwip_6.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi%2C_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir%2C_Nabadwip_6.jpg/440px-Wooden_idols_of_Advaita_Acharya_and_Sita_Devi%2C_Sitanath_Advaita_Mandir%2C_Nabadwip_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="5128" /></a><figcaption>Sanskrit writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advaita_Acharya" title="Advaita Acharya">Advaita Acharya</a> is venerated across <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Sylhetis have contributed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> throughout history. In the 15th century, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Tarkalankar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagadish Tarkalankar (page does not exist)">Jagadish Tarkalankar</a> wrote several Sanskrit books, many of which were made up of numerous volumes. Tarlankar's <i>Shabdashaktiprakashika</i> was a famous textbook for Sanskrit learners. His contemporary, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advaita_Acharya" title="Advaita Acharya">Advaita Acharya</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laur_Kingdom" title="Laur Kingdom">Laur</a>, wrote two medieval Sanskrit books, <i>Yogabashishta-Bhaishta</i> and <i>Geeta Bhaishya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Momin_271_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Momin_271-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murari_Gupta" title="Murari Gupta">Murari Gupta</a> wrote the first Sanskrit biography of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Raghunath_Shiromani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raghunath Shiromani (page does not exist)">Raghunath Shiromani</a> wrote 40 books in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some works written by Sylhetis have also been translated into other languages. For example, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashraf_Hussain" title="Ashraf Hussain">Ashraf Hussain</a>'s <i>Manipurer Ladai</i> was translated into English by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinesh_Chandra_Sen" title="Dinesh Chandra Sen">Dinesh Chandra Sen</a> and included in the <i>Eastern Bengal Ballads</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sahitya_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahitya-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sylhet, in particular the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taraf_(Bengal)" title="Taraf (Bengal)">Taraf</a>, was also an esteemed centre for the study of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a>, an official language up until the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British period</a>, due to the high population of foreign missionaries from Central Asia and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Persia">Persia</a> following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a>. <i>Ma'dan al-Fawaid</i> was written in 1534 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syed_Shah_Israil" title="Syed Shah Israil">Syed Shah Israil</a> who is considered to be Sylhet's first author.<sup id="cite_ref-kawsar_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawsar-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent writers include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Arshad_(writer)" title="Muhammad Arshad (writer)">Muhammad Arshad</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syed_Rayhan_ad-Din" title="Syed Rayhan ad-Din">Syed Rayhan ad-Din</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syed_Pir_Badshah" title="Syed Pir Badshah">Syed Pir Badshah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-farsi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farsi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reyazuddin of Taraf wrote a Persian book on "Dream Fruit".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ala Bakhsh Mazumdar Hamed was known to have written Tuhfatul Muhsineen and Diwan-i-Hamed. Collectively, the works of these two people belonging to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazumdar">Mazumdar</a> family of Sylhet, are regarded amongst the most creative literary works in the Sylhet region. Majid Bakht Mazumdar wrote an English book on the family history.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the 19th century, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> had a somewhat aristocratic background in Sylhet and notable families that spoke it included the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nawabs_of_Longla" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Longla">Nawabs of Longla</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazumdars_of_Sylhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazumdars of Sylhet">Mazumdars of Sylhet</a>. Moulvi Hamid Bakht Mazumdar, who was also fluent in Persian, wrote the Urdu prose <i>Ain-i-Hind</i>, a history of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uttar_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uttar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature written in this period included Nazir Muhammad Abdullah Ashufta's <i>Tanbeeh al-Ghafileen</i>, written in 1894, and the poems of Moulvi Farzam Ali Bekhud of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baniachong" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniachong">Baniachong</a>. Hakim Ashraf Ali Mast and Fida Sylheti were prominent Urdu poets of Sylhet in the 19th century, the latter being a disciple of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agha_Ahmad_Ali" title="Agha Ahmad Ali">Agha Ahmad Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urdu_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anjuman-i_Taraqqi-i_Urdu" title="Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu">Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu</a> performed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">mushaira</a> in Sylhet attracting the likes of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a>, the lyricist of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Pakistan">National Anthem of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Front page of a Sylheti Nagari book titled Halat-un-Nabi, written in the mid-19th century by Sadeq Ali of Daulatpur, Longla, Moulvibazar"><img alt="Front page of a Sylheti Nagari book titled Halat-un-Nabi, written in the mid-19th century by Sadeq Ali of Daulatpur, Longla, Moulvibazar" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif/123px-Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif/184px-Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif/245px-Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Front page of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylheti_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti Nagari">Sylheti Nagari</a> book titled Halat-un-Nabi, written in the mid-19th century by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadeq_Ali" title="Sadeq Ali">Sadeq Ali</a> of Daulatpur, Longla, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moulvibazar_District" title="Moulvibazar District">Moulvibazar</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the main architects of the Swadeshi movement and played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement."><img alt="Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the main architects of the Swadeshi movement and played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg/143px-Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Bipin-Chandra-Pal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> was one of the main architects of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a> and played a crucial role in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rawshan Ara Bachchu is a Sylheti activist best known for her role in the Bengali language movement of 1952."><img alt="Rawshan Ara Bachchu is a Sylheti activist best known for her role in the Bengali language movement of 1952." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg/134px-Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg/201px-Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg/268px-Rowshan_Ara_Bachchu_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawshan_Ara_Bachchu" title="Rawshan Ara Bachchu">Rawshan Ara Bachchu</a> is a Sylheti activist best known for her role in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a> of 1952.</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_(12906116925).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muslim primary school students in Srimangal, Sylhet division."><img alt="Muslim primary school students in Srimangal, Sylhet division." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812906116925%29.jpg/200px-Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812906116925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812906116925%29.jpg/300px-Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812906116925%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812906116925%29.jpg/400px-Boys_at_Primary_School_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812906116925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Muslim primary school students in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srimangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimangal">Srimangal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet division">Sylhet division</a>.</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg/220px-Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg/330px-Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg/440px-Sylheti_food_in_diaspora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Sylheti food stall at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens_Night_Market" title="Queens Night Market">Queens Night Market</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> introduced the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a> Act of Bengal in 1793 and it altered the social, political and economic landscape of the Sylhet region; socioeconomic ramification for former landlords was severe as the land changed hands. On juxtapose, colonial administration opened new windows of opportunities for young men, who sought employment merchant ship companies. Young men from Sylhet boarded ships primarily at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and Singapore. Many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylheti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti people">Sylheti people</a> believed that seafaring was a historical and cultural inheritance due to a large proportion of Sylheti Muslims being descended from foreign traders, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a> and businessman from the Middle East and Central Asia who migrated to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylhet_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet region">Sylhet region</a> before and after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lascars_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lascars-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasa Miah, who was a Sylheti migrant, claimed this was a very encouraging factor for Sylhetis to travel to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> aiming to eventually reach the United States and United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barak_Valley">Barak Valley</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Sylheti community in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, contiguous to Sylhet, is one of the eminent diasporic communities where they have been able to recreate the Sylhet environ.<sup id="cite_ref-barak-diaspora_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barak-diaspora-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> consists of three districts in the Indian state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, which are home to a Bengali-speaking majority population as opposed to Assamese.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically the region is surrounded by hills from all three sides except its western plain boundary with Bangladesh. Though never a part of Sylhet the Barak Valley hosts the presence of the same Sylheti dialect. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niharranjan_Ray" title="Niharranjan Ray">Niharranjan Ray</a>, author of <i>Bangalir Itihash</i>, claims that "South Assam / Northeastern Bengal or Barak Valley is the extension of the Greater Surma/Meghna Valley of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in every aspect from culture to geography".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A movement emerged in the 1960s in this Sylheti-majority area of India. Referred to as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement of the Barak Valley</a>, Sylhetis protested against the decision of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government of Assam</a> to make Assamese the only sole official language of the state knowing full well that 80% of the Barak Valley people are Bengalis. The main incident took place on 19 May 1961 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silchar_railway_station" title="Silchar railway station">Silchar railway station</a> in which 11 Sylheti-Bengalis were killed by the Assamese police. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sachindra_Chandra_Pal" title="Sachindra Chandra Pal">Sachindra Chandra Pal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamala_Bhattacharya" title="Kamala Bhattacharya">Kamala Bhattacharya</a> were two notable Sylheti students murdered by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a> during the movement.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_South_Asia">Outside South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Today, the Sylheti diaspora numbers around one million, mainly concentrated in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Australia, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Spain, Sweden, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the Middle East and other European countries. However, a 2008 study showed that 95% of Sylheti diaspora live in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-diasporas_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diasporas-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, most Sylhetis live in New York City, though sizeable populations also live in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.
</p><p>Some argue that remittances sent from Sylheti diaspora around the world back to Bangladesh have negatively affected development in Bangladesh, where a lack of government initiatives has caused economic inertia.<sup id="cite_ref-google_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to neo-classical theory, the poorest would move to the richest countries and those from densely populated areas would move to more sparsely populated regions. This has clearly not been the case. The brain drain was a movement from core to core, purely on economic maximisation, while it was young Sylheti pioneers with access to financial resources that migrated from a severely overpopulated Bangladesh to the overcrowded streets of Spitalfields, poorest from all parts of Bangladesh migrated to Sylhet for a better life, causing a severe overcrowding and scarcity of resources in Sylhet.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Saheb_Qiblah.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saheb_Qiblah.gif/220px-Saheb_Qiblah.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saheb_Qiblah.gif/330px-Saheb_Qiblah.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Saheb_Qiblah.gif/440px-Saheb_Qiblah.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>The most influential modern Islamic scholar from Sylhet was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Chowdhury_Fultali" title="Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali">Abdul Latif Chowdhury</a>, founder of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Maslak</a>-e-Fultali</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BDUK_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDUK-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the largest denomination with majority following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of law.<sup id="cite_ref-ourbang_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ourbang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are significant numbers of people who follow <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> ideals,<sup id="cite_ref-BDUK_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDUK-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the revivalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> movement is also popular with many being a part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a>. There is a very small minority of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a> who gather every year during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> processions. Places of procession include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prithimpassa_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithimpassa Family">Prithimpasha Nawab Bari</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulaura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulaura">Kulaura</a>, home to a Shia family, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaganj">Balaganj</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osmani_Nagar_Upazila" title="Osmani Nagar Upazila">Osmani Nagar</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamalganj_Upazila" title="Kamalganj Upazila">Rajtila</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the second largest religion amongst Sylhetis. Other minority religions include Christianity and there was a presence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>'s visit to Sylhet in 1508 to spread the religion and build a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a></i> there. This Gurdwara was visited twice by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tegh_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegh Bahadur">Tegh Bahadur</a> and many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hukamnama" title="Hukamnama">hukamnamas</a> were issued to this temple in Sylhet by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>. In 1897, the gurdwara collapsed after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1897_Assam_earthquake" title="1897 Assam earthquake">earthquake</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notables">Notables</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sylhet" title="List of people from Sylhet">List of people from Sylhet</a></div>
<p>Popular modern writers and poets from the region include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdur_Rouf_Choudhury" title="Abdur Rouf Choudhury">Abdur Rouf Choudhury</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dilwar_Khan" title="Dilwar Khan">Dilwar Khan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chowdhury_Gulam_Akbar" title="Chowdhury Gulam Akbar">Chowdhury Gulam Akbar</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan" title="Muhammad Mojlum Khan">Muhammad Mojlum Khan</a> is a non-fiction writer best known for writing the English <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical dictionary</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Muslim_100" title="The Muslim 100">The Muslim 100</a>. Prominent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> non-fiction writers include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syed_Murtaza_Ali" title="Syed Murtaza Ali">Syed Murtaza Ali</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali" title="Syed Mujtaba Ali">Syed Mujtaba Ali</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Mohammad_Azraf" title="Dewan Mohammad Azraf">Dewan Mohammad Azraf</a>, Abed Chaudhury, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury" title="Achyut Charan Choudhury">Achyut Charan Choudhury</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arun_Kumar_Chanda" title="Arun Kumar Chanda">Arun Kumar Chanda</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asaddor_Ali" title="Asaddor Ali">Asaddor Ali</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashraf_Hussain" title="Ashraf Hussain">Ashraf Hussain</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwijen_Sharma" title="Dwijen Sharma">Dwijen Sharma</a>.
</p><p>Reputed artists and media personalities from the region include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salman_Shah_(actor)" title="Salman Shah (actor)">Salman Shah</a> who is considered one of the greatest actors in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladeshi film industry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Runa_Laila" title="Runa Laila">Runa Laila</a> who is a prominent singer with international acclaim, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Karim" title="Shah Abdul Karim">Shah Abdul Karim</a> who are the pioneers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> in Bangladesh.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are the most popular sports amongst Sylhetis. Many Sylheti cricketers have played for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh national cricket team">Bangladesh national cricket team</a> such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alok_Kapali" title="Alok Kapali">Alok Kapali</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enamul_Haque_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Enamul Haque Jr">Enamul Haque Jr</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazmul_Hossain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazmul Hossain">Nazmul Hossain</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajin_Saleh" title="Rajin Saleh">Rajin Saleh</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapash_Baisya" title="Tapash Baisya">Tapash Baisya</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beanibazar_SC" title="Beanibazar SC">Beanibazar SC</a> is the only Sylheti club which as qualified for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh League">Bangladesh League</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfaz_Ahmed" title="Alfaz Ahmed">Alfaz Ahmed</a> was a Sylheti who played for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh national football team">Bangladesh national football team</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamza_Choudhury" title="Hamza Choudhury">Hamza Choudhury</a> is the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> to play in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> and is predicted to be the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British Asian</a> to play for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England national football team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulbul_Hussain" title="Bulbul Hussain">Bulbul Hussain</a> was the first breakthrough Sylheti professional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">wheelchair rugby</a> player. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rani_Hamid" title="Rani Hamid">Rani Hamid</a> is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramnath_Biswas" title="Ramnath Biswas">Ramnath Biswas</a> was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sundari Mohan Das was a veteran of the Swadeshi movement and founder of Calcutta National Medical College"><img alt="Sundari Mohan Das was a veteran of the Swadeshi movement and founder of Calcutta National Medical College" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg/155px-Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg/233px-Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg/310px-Dr.Sundarimohan_Das.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundari_Mohan_Das" title="Sundari Mohan Das">Sundari Mohan Das</a> was a veteran of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a> and founder of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calcutta_National_Medical_College" title="Calcutta National Medical College">Calcutta National Medical College</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, an economist, diplomat, and Bengali Language Movement veteran who served as Bangladesh's second Finance Minister."><img alt="Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, an economist, diplomat, and Bengali Language Movement veteran who served as Bangladesh's second Finance Minister." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg/143px-Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg/214px-Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg/286px-Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith" title="Abul Maal Abdul Muhith">Abul Maal Abdul Muhith</a>, an economist, diplomat, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> veteran who served as Bangladesh's second Finance Minister.</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gurusaday_Dutt_photo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurusaday Dutt was the founder of the Bratachari movement which advocated for spiritual and social development"><img alt="Gurusaday Dutt was the founder of the Bratachari movement which advocated for spiritual and social development" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gurusaday_Dutt_photo.png/147px-Gurusaday_Dutt_photo.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gurusaday_Dutt_photo.png/220px-Gurusaday_Dutt_photo.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gurusaday_Dutt_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurusaday_Dutt" title="Gurusaday Dutt">Gurusaday Dutt</a> was the founder of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bratachari_movement" title="Bratachari movement">Bratachari movement</a> which advocated for spiritual and social development</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nurul Islam Nahid was the former Education Minister of Bangladesh, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education in Bangladesh."><img alt="Nurul Islam Nahid was the former Education Minister of Bangladesh, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education in Bangladesh." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09%2C_2011.jpg/150px-Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09%2C_2011.jpg/225px-Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09%2C_2011.jpg/300px-Nurul_Islam_Nahid_in_New_Delhi_on_September_09%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nurul_Islam_Nahid" title="Nurul Islam Nahid">Nurul Islam Nahid</a> was the former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)">Education Minister</a> of Bangladesh, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education in Bangladesh.</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achyut Charan Choudhury is most well-known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet"><img alt="Achyut Charan Choudhury is most well-known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg/155px-Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg/233px-Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg/310px-Achyut_Charan_Choudhury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2738" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury" title="Achyut Charan Choudhury">Achyut Charan Choudhury</a> is most well-known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet </div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">History of Sylhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lascar_(novel)" title="Lascar (novel)"><i>Lascar</i> (novel)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Sylhet_Convention" title="World Sylhet Convention">World Sylhet Convention</a></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-eth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eth_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/22/language/syl">Sylheti</a> at <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (22nd ed., 2019) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></re|url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/">https://www.visualcapitalist.com/100-most-spoken-languages/</a> |title=Ranked: The 100 Most Spoken Languages Around the World |publisher=Visual Capitalist |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020}} <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "eth" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahela Hamid (2011). <i> Language Use and Identity: The Sylheti Bangladeshis in Leeds</i>. pp.<i>Preface</i>. Verlag Peter Lang. Retrieved on 4 December 2020.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-barak-diaspora-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barak-diaspora_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barak-diaspora_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Sylheti community in Barak Valley thus presents a dispora to be located in a region marked by the geographical and cultural continuity from Sylhet. The official language of the region being Bengali, the community found mechanisms to reconstruct the environs of its lost ‘desh’ within a new state." (<a href="#CITEREFDebBhan2016">Deb & Bhan 2016</a>:2)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201359–67_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharjee2013">Bhattacharjee 2013</a>, p. 59–67.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoutersSubba2022" class="citation book cs1">Wouters, Jelle J. P.; Subba, Tanka B. (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YseEEAAAQBAJ&dq=karimganj&pg=PT61"><i>The Routledge Companion to Northeast India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 61. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63699-4"><bdi>978-1-000-63699-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Northeast+India&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-000-63699-4&rft.aulast=Wouters&rft.aufirst=Jelle+J.+P.&rft.au=Subba%2C+Tanka+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYseEEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkarimganj%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glanville Price (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe</i>. pp. 91–92.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-mahanta-gope-variety-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mahanta-gope-variety_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Along the linguistic continuum of eastern Indic languages, Sylheti occupies an ambiguous position, where it is considered a distinct language by many and also as a dialect of Bengali or Bangla by some others."(<a href="#CITEREFMahantaGope2018">Mahanta & Gope 2018</a>:81)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimardDopieralaThaut2020" class="citation journal cs1">Simard, Candide; Dopierala, Sarah M; Thaut, E Marie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/18/ldd18_01.pdf">"Introducing the Sylheti language and its speakers, and the SOAS Sylheti project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Documentation and Description</i>. <b>18</b>: 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+and+Description&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Sylheti+language+and+its+speakers%2C+and+the+SOAS+Sylheti+project&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Simard&rft.aufirst=Candide&rft.au=Dopierala%2C+Sarah+M&rft.au=Thaut%2C+E+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpublishing.org%2Fdocs%2F1%2F18%2Fldd18_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201353–54-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201353–54_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharjee2013">Bhattacharjee 2013</a>, p. 53–54.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hossain, Ashfaque (2013). "The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 260. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X">10.1017/S0026749X1200056X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359785">23359785</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145546471">145546471</a>. <q>To make (the Province) financially viable, and to accede to demands from professional groups, (the colonial administration) decided in September 1874 to annex the Bengali-speaking and populous district of Sylhet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Assam-Bengal+Borders+and+the+Sylhet+Referendum&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145546471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23359785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=Ashfaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hossain, Ashfaque (2013). "The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 261. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X">10.1017/S0026749X1200056X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359785">23359785</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145546471">145546471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Assam-Bengal+Borders+and+the+Sylhet+Referendum&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=261&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145546471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23359785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=Ashfaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hossain, Ashfaque (2013). "The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 262. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X">10.1017/S0026749X1200056X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359785">23359785</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145546471">145546471</a>. <q>It was also decided that education and justice would be administered from Calcutta University and the Calcutta High Court respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Assam-Bengal+Borders+and+the+Sylhet+Referendum&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=262&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145546471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23359785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=Ashfaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hossain, Ashfaque (2013). "The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 262. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X">10.1017/S0026749X1200056X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359785">23359785</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145546471">145546471</a>. <q>They could also see that the benefits conferred by the tea industry on the province would also prove profitable for them. For example, those who were literate were able to obtain numerous clerical and medical appointments in tea estates, and the demand for rice to feed the tea labourers noticeably augmented its price in Sylhet and Assam enabling the Zaminders (mostly Hindu) to dispose of their produce at a better price than would have been possible had they been obliged to export it to Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Assam-Bengal+Borders+and+the+Sylhet+Referendum&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=262&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145546471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23359785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X1200056X&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=Ashfaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201354–55-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharjee201354–55_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharjee2013">Bhattacharjee 2013</a>, p. 54–55.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Sofe (August 2014). "Research on Folklore in Sylhet Region of Bangladesh: A Study of Chowdhury Harun Akbor". <i>International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature</i>. <b>2</b> (8): 131–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Studies+in+English+Language+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Research+on+Folklore+in+Sylhet+Region+of+Bangladesh%3A+A+Study+of+Chowdhury+Harun+Akbor&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=131-134&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Sofe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanta,_Sambaru_Chandra2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahabharata">"Mahabharata"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahabharata&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Mohanta%2C+Sambaru+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMahabharata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sahitya-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sahitya_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sahitya_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusam,_Shamshad" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Husam, Shamshad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/">"বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট"</a>. <i>Thikana</i> (in Bengali).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thikana&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F&rft.au=Husam%2C+Shamshad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthikana.us%2F%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%259F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-uttar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uttar_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uttar_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uttar_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury,_Achyut_Charan2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury" title="Achyut Charan Choudhury">Choudhury, Achyut Charan</a> (2000) [1916]. <a class="external text" href="https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6)_-_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF.pdf/%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD"><i>Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho</i></a> (in Bengali). Kolkata: Kotha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srihatter+Itibritta%3A+Uttorangsho&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Kotha&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Choudhury%2C+Achyut+Charan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbn.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%3A%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4_%28%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B6%29_-_%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25A3_%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580_%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25BF.pdf%2F%25E0%25A7%25AB%25E0%25A7%25AD%25E0%25A7%25AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gon-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gon_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhowmik,_Kalpana2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bhowmik, Kalpana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dwija_Pashupati">"Dwija Pashupati"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dwija+Pashupati&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Bhowmik%2C+Kalpana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDwija_Pashupati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasiqul_Islam2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tasiqul Islam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hasan_Raja">"Hasan Raja"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hasan+Raja&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Tasiqul+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHasan_Raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SYLNAG-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SYLNAG_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadiq2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Sadiq, Mohammad (2008). <i>Sileṭi nāgarī : phakiri dhārāra phasala</i> <bdi lang="bn">সিলেটি নাগরী: ফকিরি ধারার ফসল</bdi>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495614347">495614347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sile%E1%B9%ADi+n%C4%81gar%C4%AB+%3A+phakiri+dh%C4%81r%C4%81ra+phasala+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%3A+%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495614347&rft.aulast=Sadiq&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nagri-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nagri_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Ashraful_Islam" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Ashraful Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri">"Sylheti Nagri"</a>. <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sylheti+Nagri&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.au=Muhammad+Ashraful+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSylheti_Nagri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1983" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Asim (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicsyncretis0000roya"><i>The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal</i></a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691053875" title="Special:BookSources/9780691053875"><bdi>9780691053875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Syncretistic+Tradition+in+Bengal&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780691053875&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Asim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicsyncretis0000roya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/বাংলা-একাডেমি-সাহিত্য-পুরস্কার-পেলেন-১৫-জন">"বাংলা একাডেমি সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পেলেন ১৫ জন"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prothom_Alo" title="Prothom Alo">Prothom Alo</a></i> (in Bengali). 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prothom+Alo&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8&rft.date=2022-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prothomalo.com%2Fbangladesh%2F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:Momin_271-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Momin_271_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMominMawlongQādrī2006" class="citation book cs1">Momin, Mignonette; Mawlong, Cecile A.; Qādrī, Fuz̤ail Aḥmad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC"><i>Society and Economy in North-East India</i></a>. Regency Publications. p. 271. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89233-40-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89233-40-2"><bdi>978-81-89233-40-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Economy+in+North-East+India&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-89233-40-2&rft.aulast=Momin&rft.aufirst=Mignonette&rft.au=Mawlong%2C+Cecile+A.&rft.au=Q%C4%81dr%C4%AB%2C+Fuz%CC%A4ail+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDjx131iEeYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay,_Kanailal2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ray, Kanailal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murari_Gupta">"Murari Gupta"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murari+Gupta&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Ray%2C+Kanailal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMurari_Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay,_Kanailal2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ray, Kanailal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Raghunath_Shiromani">"Raghunath Shiromani"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raghunath+Shiromani&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Ray%2C+Kanailal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRaghunath_Shiromani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoaib_Ahmed_Gibran2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Soaib Ahmed Gibran (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hossain,_Sahityaratna_Munshi_Ashraf">"Hossain, Sahityaratna Munshi Ashraf"</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hossain%2C+Sahityaratna+Munshi+Ashraf&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Soaib+Ahmed+Gibran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHossain%2C_Sahityaratna_Munshi_Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span>
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<li id="cite_note-kawsar-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kawsar_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaulana_Abdullah_ibn_Saeed_Jalalabadi2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maulana Abdullah ibn Saeed Jalalabadi (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/195/"><bdi lang="bn">জীবন-গাঙের বাঁকে বাঁকে-(২)</bdi></a> [Curling through the River of Life (2)] (in Bengali). Al Kawsar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%28%E0%A7%A8%29&rft.date=2010-05&rft.au=Maulana+Abdullah+ibn+Saeed+Jalalabadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkawsar.com%2Fbn%2Farticle%2F195%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_K_M_Jamal_Uddin" class="citation book cs1">A K M Jamal Uddin. <i>Cultural similarities between Iran and the Indian Subcontinent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+similarities+between+Iran+and+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.au=A+K+M+Jamal+Uddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-farsi-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farsi_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Musa_Mohammad_Arif_Billah" class="citation book cs1">Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">"Persian"</a>. <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.au=Abu+Musa+Mohammad+Arif+Billah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">স্বপ্ন ফল বিষয়ক গ্রন্থ</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam1992" class="citation book cs1">Islam, Sirajul (1992). <i>History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bangladesh%2C+1704%E2%80%931971&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Sirajul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-urdu-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urdu_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Kaniz-e-Butool" class="citation book cs1">Dr Kaniz-e-Butool. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Urdu">"Urdu"</a>. <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urdu&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.au=Dr+Kaniz-e-Butool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DUrdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-diasporas-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diasporas_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Zeitlyn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin Zeitlyn (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diasporas.ac.uk/assets/Zeitlyn%20working%20paper.pdf">"Challenging Language in the Diaspora"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bangla Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (14): 126–140<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangla+Journal&rft.atitle=Challenging+Language+in+the+Diaspora&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=126-140&rft.date=2008-09&rft.au=Benjamin+Zeitlyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diasporas.ac.uk%2Fassets%2FZeitlyn%2520working%2520paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-google-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong,_T._T.Rahman,_M_.M.2013" class="citation book cs1">Yong, T. T.; Rahman, M .M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>Diaspora Engagement and Development in South Asia</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33445-9"><bdi>978-1-137-33445-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+Engagement+and+Development+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-33445-9&rft.au=Yong%2C+T.+T.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+M+.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaBEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_J._Kershen2005" class="citation book cs1">Anne J. Kershen (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers_838"><i>Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangersaliensa00kers_838/page/n32">19</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5525-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers%2C+Aliens+and+Asians%3A+Huguenots%2C+Jews+and+Bangladeshis+in+Spitalfields%2C+1660%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5525-3&rft.au=Anne+J.+Kershen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangersaliensa00kers_838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BDUK-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BDUK_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDUK_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_David_Garbin2005" class="citation web cs1">Dr David Garbin (17 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923014220/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf">"Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK : Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Surrey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladeshi+Diaspora+in+the+UK+%3A+Some+observations+on+socio-culturaldynamics%2C+religious+trends+and+transnational+politics&rft.pub=University+of+Surrey&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft.au=Dr+David+Garbin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surrey.ac.uk%2FArts%2FCRONEM%2FSOASBangladeshi%2520diaspora%2520PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ourbang-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ourbang_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219125652/http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp">"Islam in Bangladesh"</a>. <i>OurBangla</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp">the original</a> on 19 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OurBangla&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourbangla.com%2Fislam%2Fbd%2Fbd1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrehan2019" class="citation news cs1">Trehan, Dev (2 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra">"Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamza+Choudhury+can+be+first+British+South+Asian+to+play+for+England%2C+says+Michael+Chopra&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft.aulast=Trehan&rft.aufirst=Dev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skysports.com%2Ffootball%2Fnews%2F11712%2F11796199%2Fhamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharjee2013" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharjee, Nabanipa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India"</a>. In Fazal, Tanweer (ed.). <i>Minority Nationalisms in South Asia</i>. Routledge. pp. 53–54. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96647-0"><bdi>978-1-317-96647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27We+are+with+culture+but+without+geography%27%3A+locating+Sylheti+identity+in+contemporary+India&rft.btitle=Minority+Nationalisms+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96647-0&rft.aulast=Bhattacharjee&rft.aufirst=Nabanipa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bGMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebBhan2016" class="citation report cs1">Deb, Pallab; Bhan, Samiksha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164619/http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf">Little Sylhet: A Report on The East Bengali Community in Barak Valley, Southern Assam</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Center for Development Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Little+Sylhet%3A+A+Report+on+The+East+Bengali+Community+in+Barak+Valley%2C+Southern+Assam&rft.pub=Center+for+Development+Economics&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Pallab&rft.au=Bhan%2C+Samiksha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdedse.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2F9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahantaGope2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mahanta, Sakuntala; Gope, Amalesh (2018). "Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness". <i>Language Sciences</i>. <b>69</b>: 80–97. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2018.06.010">10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149759441">149759441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tonal+polarity+in+Sylheti+in+the+context+of+noun+faithfulness&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=80-97&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2018.06.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149759441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mahanta&rft.aufirst=Sakuntala&rft.au=Gope%2C+Amalesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylhetis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barua_people" title="Barua people">Barua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beens" title="Beens">Beens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahifarash" title="Mahifarash">Mahifarash</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rohingyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingyas">Rohingyas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shershabadia" title="Shershabadia">Shershabadia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sylhetis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri people">Bishnupriya Manipuris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonaz" title="Bonaz">Bonaz</a></li>
<li>Keot</li>
<li>Koch</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalis_in_Bangladesh" title="Nepalis in Bangladesh">Nepalis</a></li>
<li>Polia</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Rajbongshi</a></li>
<li>Ranjoarh</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking people</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_people_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Asiatic people of South Asia">Austro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Aowe</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta">Jalia Kaibarta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Kharia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahle_people" title="Mahle people">Mahle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kora_(tribe)" title="Kora (tribe)">Kora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabar_people" title="Sabar people">Sabar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pnar_people" title="Pnar people">Pnar/Jaintia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh/Oraon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Mushahar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malto_people" title="Malto people">Malto</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mal_Paharia_people" title="Mal Paharia people">Mal Paharia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_people" title="Sauria Paharia people">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chak_people" title="Chak people">Chak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma</a></li>
<li>Dalu</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hajong_people" title="Hajong people">Hajong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khumi_people" title="Khumi people">Khumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khyang_people" title="Khyang people">Khyang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laleng" title="Laleng">Laleng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meitei</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangal">Pangal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rakhine_people,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhine people, Bangladesh">Rakhine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zo_people" title="Zo people">Zo</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bawm_people" title="Bawm people">Bawm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mru_people" title="Mru people">Mru</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kuki</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halam_tribe" title="Halam tribe">Halam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pankho_people" title="Pankho people">Pankho</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hrangkhol_people" title="Hrangkhol people">Hrangkhol</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizo</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenians_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Bangladesh">Armenians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indians_in_Bangladesh" title="Indians in Bangladesh">Indians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jumma_people" title="Jumma people">Jummas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
