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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Wine making in Lebanon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Satellite image of Lebanon in March 2002.jpg|thumb|Lebanon Map: [[Vitis vinifera]] evidence from ancient Rome shows [[wine]] was cultivated and then domesticated in [[Lebanon]], at least two thousand years before Alexander the Great]]
[[Lebanon]] is among the oldest sites of [[Winemaking|wine production]] in the world.<ref>McGovern, Patrick E. 2003. Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture. Princeton University Press</ref> The [[Israelite]] prophet [[Hosea]] (780–725 BC) is said to have urged his followers to return to God so that "they will blossom as the vine and fame be like the wine of Lebanon, [and] their fragrance will be like that of Lebanon".<ref>quoted from McGovern, Patrick E. 2003. op. cit., p. 202</ref> The [[Phoenicians]] of the coastal strip were instrumental in spreading wine and viticulture throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] in ancient times.
During the [[History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule|Ottoman period]], wine production in Lebanon was restricted for four hundred years, except for religious purposes, which allowed [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese Christians]] to maintain [[viticulture]]. In 1857, the [[Jesuits]] founded [[Château Ksara|La Maison Ksara]] near [[Zahlé|Zahle]]. The late 19th century witnessed further growth with wineries like Domaine des Tourelles and Domaine Wardy. The arrival of the [[Greater Lebanon|French Mandate]] (1920–1946) spurred another period of expansion. French soldiers and diplomats created a significant local market and introduced new grape varieties. This period saw the founding of renowned wineries like Domaine Nakad, [[Chateau Musar|Château Musar]], and Clos Saint Thomas. Following independence in 1943, the wine industry faced challenges due to the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990). However, a few wineries, like Château Kefraya, were founded.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Antoun |first=Layal Bou |date=2014 |title=Wine Industry in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon: Food-Processing Industry as a Basis for Community Dynamics and Local Socio-Economic Development |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5533648/MIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf#page=361 |journal=1st Mediterranean Interdisciplinary Froum on Social Sciences and Humanities, MIFS 2014 |pages=355}}</ref>
A significant revival in Lebanese wine making began in the late 1990s. As of 2014, Lebanon has over 43 wineries, with nearly half in the [[Beqaa Valley]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antoun |first=Layal Bou |date=2014 |title=Wine Industry in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon: Food-Processing Industry as a Basis for Community Dynamics and Local Socio-Economic Development |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5533648/MIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf#page=361 |journal=1st Mediterranean Interdisciplinary Froum on Social Sciences and Humanities, MIFS 2014 |pages=355}}</ref> Despite the many conflicts of the region, the country has an annual production of about 12,000,000 bottles of wine.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
=== Antiquity ===
{{See also|History of ancient Lebanon|Phoenicians and wine}}
''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' may have been domesticated in Lebanon, although it probably arrived from the [[South Caucasus]] via [[Mesopotamia]] or the [[Black Sea]] trade routes. Vines grew readily in the land of [[Canaan]], the coastal strip of today's Lebanon, and the wines of [[Byblos]] were exported to Egypt during the [[Old Kingdom]] (2686 BC–2134 BC). The wines of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]] were famous throughout the ancient Mediterranean, although not all the cargoes reached their destination; [[Robert Ballard]] of ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'' fame found the wrecks of two Phoenician ships from 750 BC, whose cargo of wine was still intact.<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/ships-0714.html MIT technology helps map ancient Phoenician shipwrecks] MIT press release</ref> As the first great traders of wine ('Cherem'), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin—this may well be the origin of the [[Greeks|Greek]] taste for [[retsina]]. The philosophers [[Zeno of Citium]] and [[Chrysippus of Soli]] are both said to have enjoyed their wine, in fact the latter died from overindulgence.
Wine played an important part in [[Phoenician religion]], and the [[Greek mythology|Greek]]/[[Roman mythology|Roman]] god [[Dionysus]]/Bacchus may have originated in the wine rituals of Canaan. Certainly the great temple at [[Heliopolis of Phoenicia|Heliopolis]] (Baalbek) has many depictions of vines and winedrinking, most famously captured by David Roberts in pictures such as 'Baalbec - Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus'.<ref>[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/displaypicture.asp?venue=2&id=296 Baalbec - Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus] Liverpool Museums</ref><ref>[http://www.medinaarts.com/JHLCat08.htm Roberts prints of Baalbek] Medina Arts</ref><!--Pics would be great! --> Such rituals may also have influenced the Greek [[Bacchae]], the [[Jewish]] [[Passover (Jewish holiday)|Passover]] Seder feast and the [[Christianity and alcohol|Christian Eucharist]]. The Bacchus temple in Baalbek outlines the instrumental role that the Phoenician played in the development of the Ancient World around the Mediterranean sea.<ref>[http://massaya.com/broadcast.aspx?id=80 The origins of wine and wine making]</ref> through the widespread peaceful settlements that reached Spain. Genesis 14:18 mentions that the Phoenician King [[Melchizedek]] gave bread and wine (''yayin'') to Abraham, and Hosea 14:8 suggests "his fame shall be like the wine of Lebanon". Wine also featured heavily in [[Ugarit#Ugaritic literature|Ugaritic poetry]] such as the Rapiuma :
<blockquote>"Day long they pour the wine, ... must-wine, fit for rulers. Wine, sweet and abundant, Select wine... The choice wine of Lebanon, Most nurtured by El."{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}</blockquote>
=== Under Muslim rule ===
Once Lebanon became part of the [[Caliphate]], wine production declined, although under the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet system]] it was tolerated among the Christian population for religious purposes. The Christians also developed [[Arak (distilled beverage)|Arak]], an ouzo-like spirit flavored with aniseed.[[File:Château Ksara headquarters, Bekaa, Lebanon.JPG|thumb|right|The wine making headquarters of Château Ksara, in [[Bekaa Valley|Bekaa]], Lebanon]]The first winemaker in Lebanon was Chateau Joseph Spath (Chateau Chbat) in 1847 at aaramoun kesrouan, later following of winemaker at [[Château Ksara]] in 1857 when [[Jesuit]]s planted [[Cinsaut]] vines from [[Algeria]] at [[Château Ksara]] near [[Zahlé]] in the central [[Beqaa Valley]].<ref name="Scruton">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200603130047|title=Roger Scruton falls for Lebanese wine|last=Scruton|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Scruton|date=13 March 2006|work=New Statesman|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1868 a French engineer, Eugène François Brun, set up [http://www.domainedestourelles.com/ Domaine des Tourelles].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1893, Domaine Wardy was founded.<ref name=":0" />
=== Under French rule ===
The French influence between the World Wars promoted a culture of wine drinking, as did the sophisticated Mediterranean culture of [[Beirut]] at that time. During this period, a few wineries were founded, including Domaine Nakad in 1923, Gaston Hochar's [[Chateau Musar]] in 1930, and Clos Saint Thomas in 1937.<ref name=":0" />
=== Independent Lebanon ===
[[File:ChateauMusar1999.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Bottle of Château Musar 1999]]Frenchman Yves Morard of Chateau Kefraya was arrested as a spy during the [[Israel]]i invasion, and was only released when he proved to the Israelis that he knew how to make wine.<ref>Kassman, L [http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-12/2004-11-11-voa74.cfm Lebanon's Wine Industry: New Face for Country Once Known for War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115214912/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2004-12/2004-11-11-voa74.cfm |date=15 November 2008 }} Voice of America, 2 December 2004</ref>
The end of the conflict in the 1990s brought a new momentum to the viticulture and we could track the renaissance of the Lebanese wines to the set up of Domaine Wardy in 1997 and Massaya in 1998 that marked the active involvement of French wine dynasties in the Bekaa Valley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2014/11/lebanese-wine/|title=Lebanese Wine - Prestige Magazine|date=2014-11-13|newspaper=Prestige Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref> Back then, the number of producers was around 5 and at present more than 50<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.209lebanesewine.com/pages/lebanese-wineries|title=Lebanese Wineries - Discover All Lebanese Wine Makers|first=209 Lebanese|last=Wine|website=209 Lebanese Wine}}</ref> wineries are active in Lebanon.
The [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 conflict]], did not really change the trend even if some wineries were on the edge of missing the harvest (Ksara) and got collateral damages (Massaya). However, the media coverage translated into surge in demand during the fighting as British buyers in particular bought Lebanese wine as a mark of solidarity.<ref>Adrian Blomfield and Ramsay Short [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921220743/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/24/wleb24.xml Women rescue Lebanon's wine after fighting threatens to ruin harvest] Daily Telegraph, 25 August 2006</ref>
==Grape varieties==
[[File:Lebanon wine.jpg|thumb|upright|Wine producing areas in Lebanon (red)]]
Lebanese winemakers have favored French grapes, particularly [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Merlot]] and Rhone varietals such as [[Cinsault]], [[Carignan]] and [[Grenache]].{{Cn|date=August 2021}}
There are also grapes that are specific and indigenous to Lebanon such as Obaideh and Merwah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1489-obaideh|title=Obaideh Wine Information|website=Wine-Searcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rappwinter2018.blogspot.com/2018/01/lebanons-native-grapes-obaideh-and.html|title=Global Dynamics of the Wine Industry Winter 2018: Lebanon's Native Grapes: Obaideh and Merwah|first=Raya|last=Musallam|date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
==Wineries==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
[[Image:KsaraWineTasters.jpg|right|thumb|Visitors at the chateau, on a wine-tasting visit.]]Most of the major wineries have their vineyards in the southern [[Beqaa Valley]]. [[Château Ksara]] remains much the biggest, with 70% of all the country's production.<ref>Speetjens, Peter [http://www.communicate.ae/article_marketing.php?cle=24 Lebanese wine looks to make a comeback] Communicate October 2005</ref> It is no longer connected with the Jesuit house of Tanail, it was sold in 1972 and suffered considerably during the civil war, but has now bounced back with reds and rosés made from Rhone varietals such as [[Carignan]] and [[Cinsaut]].
Next biggest is [[Château Kefraya]], whose majority of shares were bought by [[Druze]] politician [[Walid Jumblat]] from the De [[Bustros]] family in the late 1980s.
[[Cave Kouroum]] is a winery located in Kefraiya. Founded by Mr Bassim Rahhal in 1998. Cave Kouroum has an area of 7500 meters squared. Produces red, white, and rose wine.
[[Chateau Musar]] is perhaps the best known in the West, it was a particular favourite of [[Auberon Waugh]]. [[Chateau Musar|Musar]] achieved international recognition at the [[Bristol]] Wine Fair of 1979 <ref name="Karamint">[http://www.reason.com/news/show/33307.html A Reason interview with Lebanese wine writer Michael Karam] Reason.com</ref> and for a long time was the only Lebanese wine widely available in the United Kingdom. The second wine, 'Hochar', is made in a lighter style for earlier drinking. Chateau Musar is known for transporting the grapes across the front line during the civil war. In recent years many smaller wineries have come up in different areas cross Lebanon, some of these include Domaine Wardy in the Beqaa and Karam Wines in Jezzine, South of Lebanon.
Currently the sector exports over 50% of the production mainly to the United Kingdom, France and the United States.
==List of Lebanese wines==
{| class="wikitable"
! Wine Name
| '''Date of Production'''
| '''Origin'''
| '''Founder'''
|-
! [[Karam Wines]] [http://www.karamwines.com/]
| 2002
| [[Jezzine]]
| Captain Habib Karam
|-
! Château Héritage
| 1888
| [[Qabb Ilyas]]
| Touma Family (la Famille Touma)
|-
! [http://www.domainewardy.com/ Domaine Wardy]
| 1997
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Managed and Owned by the Wardy Family
|-
! [[Château Kefraya]]
| 1951
| N/A
|
|-
! Château Khoury
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
![[Château Marsyas]]
| 2007
| Beqaa Valley
| Johnny R.Saadé family
|-
! [[Château Musar]]
| 1930
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Gaston Hochar
|-
! Château Nakad in Jdita
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
! Château Qanafar
| 2010
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Naim family
|-
! Couvent St. Sauveur
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
! [http://www.domainedestourelles.com/ Domaine des Tourelles]
|1868
| [[Beqaa Valley]], [[Chtaura]]
| François-Eugène Brun
|-
! Château St Thomas
|1995
| [[Beqaa Valley]], [[Qabb Elias]]
| Touma Family
|
|-
! Cave du monastère st. Jean
| 1720 (Renovated 2006)
| [[Khenchara]]
|
|-
! RIACHI [http://www.riachi.me/]
| 1839
| [[Khenchara]]
| Moussa Riachi
|-
! Cave Kouroum
| 1998
| Kefraiya
| Bassim Rahhal
|-
! Clos de Cana
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
! Domaine de Baal
|1995
|Zahle - Bekaa Valley
| Sebastien Khoury
|-
! [[IXSIR wine|IXSIR]]
| 2008
| [[Batroun]]
| Gabriel Rivero
|-
![[Château Ksara]]
| 1857
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Zafer Chaoui
|-
! Massaya
| N/A
| N/A
|-
! [[Nabise Mont Liban]]
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
! Terre Joie [http://www.terrejoie.com/]
| 2011
| [[West Beqaa]]
| [[Joe Saade]]
|-
! V Divino
| N/A
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| [[Vanessa Srouji]]
|-
!St. George
|2010
|N/A
|Kabalan Abou Jaoude
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[Winemaking]]
* [[Agriculture in Lebanon]]
* [[Lebanese cuisine]]
==References==
* [[Michael Karam|Karam, Michael]] (2005) "The Wines of Lebanon" Saqi Books - reference book on Lebanese wine
{{Reflist}}
Jean-Pierre BEL, Les paysages viticoles de la Bekaa (Liban), Paris : BoD, 2009, 232 p
Jean-Pierre BEL, Vignes et vins au Liban : 4 000 ans de succès, Paris : BoD, 2014, 416 p
==External links==
*[http://www.lebwine.com/ lebwine.com] Wine of Lebanon
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070128223043/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/kefraya/kefrayamain.asp Map of Lebanese wineries] from Chateau Kefraya
*[http://www.bkwine.com/features/wine-regions/lebanese-wine/ On Lebanese Wines] by David Furer
{{Portal bar|Wine|Lebanon}}{{Wines}}{{Wine by country}}
{{Lebanon topics}}{{Lebanese cuisine}}
[[Category:Lebanese wine| ]]
[[Category:Lebanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Wine by country]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Lebanon]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short Jake Gelof description|Wine making in Lebanon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Satellite image of Lebanon in March 2002.jpg|thumb|Lebanon Map: [[Vitis vinifera]] evidence from ancient Rome shows [[wine]] was cultivated and then domesticated in [[Lebanon]], at least two thousand years before Alexander the Great]]
[[Lebanon]] is among the oldest sites of [[Winemaking|wine production]] in the world.<ref>McGovern, Patrick E. 2003. Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture. Princeton University Press</ref> The [[Israelite]] prophet [[Hosea]] (780–725 BC) is said to have urged his followers to return to God so that "they will blossom as the vine and fame be like the wine of Lebanon, [and] their fragrance will be like that of Lebanon".<ref>quoted from McGovern, Patrick E. 2003. op. cit., p. 202</ref> The [[Phoenicians]] of the coastal strip were instrumental in spreading wine and viticulture throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] in ancient times.
During the [[History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule|Ottoman period]], wine production in Lebanon was restricted for four hundred years, except for religious purposes, which allowed [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanese Christians]] to maintain [[viticulture]]. In 1857, the [[Jesuits]] founded [[Château Ksara|La Maison Ksara]] near [[Zahlé|Zahle]]. The late 19th century witnessed further growth with wineries like Domaine des Tourelles and Domaine Wardy. The arrival of the [[Greater Lebanon|French Mandate]] (1920–1946) spurred another period of expansion. French soldiers and diplomats created a significant local market and introduced new grape varieties. This period saw the founding of renowned wineries like Domaine Nakad, [[Chateau Musar|Château Musar]], and Clos Saint Thomas. Following independence in 1943, the wine industry faced challenges due to the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990). However, a few wineries, like Château Kefraya, were founded.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Antoun |first=Layal Bou |date=2014 |title=Wine Industry in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon: Food-Processing Industry as a Basis for Community Dynamics and Local Socio-Economic Development |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5533648/MIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf#page=361 |journal=1st Mediterranean Interdisciplinary Froum on Social Sciences and Humanities, MIFS 2014 |pages=355}}</ref>
A significant revival in Lebanese wine making began in the late 1990s. As of 2014, Lebanon has over 43 wineries, with nearly half in the [[Beqaa Valley]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antoun |first=Layal Bou |date=2014 |title=Wine Industry in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon: Food-Processing Industry as a Basis for Community Dynamics and Local Socio-Economic Development |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5533648/MIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf#page=361 |journal=1st Mediterranean Interdisciplinary Froum on Social Sciences and Humanities, MIFS 2014 |pages=355}}</ref> Despite the many conflicts of the region, the country has an annual production of about 12,000,000 bottles of wine.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
=== Antiquity ===
{{See also|History of ancient Lebanon|Phoenicians and wine}}
''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' may have been domesticated in Lebanon, although it probably arrived from the [[South Caucasus]] via [[Mesopotamia]] or the [[Black Sea]] trade routes. Vines grew readily in the land of [[Canaan]], the coastal strip of today's Lebanon, and the wines of [[Byblos]] were exported to Egypt during the [[Old Kingdom]] (2686 BC–2134 BC). The wines of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]] were famous throughout the ancient Mediterranean, although not all the cargoes reached their destination; [[Robert Ballard]] of ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'' fame found the wrecks of two Phoenician ships from 750 BC, whose cargo of wine was still intact.<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/ships-0714.html MIT technology helps map ancient Phoenician shipwrecks] MIT press release</ref> As the first great traders of wine ('Cherem'), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin—this may well be the origin of the [[Greeks|Greek]] taste for [[retsina]]. The philosophers [[Zeno of Citium]] and [[Chrysippus of Soli]] are both said to have enjoyed their wine, in fact the latter died from overindulgence.
Wine played an important part in [[Phoenician religion]], and the [[Greek mythology|Greek]]/[[Roman mythology|Roman]] god [[Dionysus]]/Bacchus may have originated in the wine rituals of Canaan. Certainly the great temple at [[Heliopolis of Phoenicia|Heliopolis]] (Baalbek) has many depictions of vines and winedrinking, most famously captured by David Roberts in pictures such as 'Baalbec - Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus'.<ref>[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/displaypicture.asp?venue=2&id=296 Baalbec - Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus] Liverpool Museums</ref><ref>[http://www.medinaarts.com/JHLCat08.htm Roberts prints of Baalbek] Medina Arts</ref><!--Pics would be great! --> Such rituals may also have influenced the Greek [[Bacchae]], the [[Jewish]] [[Passover (Jewish holiday)|Passover]] Seder feast and the [[Christianity and alcohol|Christian Eucharist]]. The Bacchus temple in Baalbek outlines the instrumental role that the Phoenician played in the development of the Ancient World around the Mediterranean sea.<ref>[http://massaya.com/broadcast.aspx?id=80 The origins of wine and wine making]</ref> through the widespread peaceful settlements that reached Spain. Genesis 14:18 mentions that the Phoenician King [[Melchizedek]] gave bread and wine (''yayin'') to Abraham, and Hosea 14:8 suggests "his fame shall be like the wine of Lebanon". Wine also featured heavily in [[Ugarit#Ugaritic literature|Ugaritic poetry]] such as the Rapiuma :
<blockquote>"Day long they pour the wine, ... must-wine, fit for rulers. Wine, sweet and abundant, Select wine... The choice wine of Lebanon, Most nurtured by El."{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}</blockquote>
=== Under Muslim rule ===
Once Lebanon became part of the [[Caliphate]], wine production declined, although under the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet system]] it was tolerated among the Christian population for religious purposes. The Christians also developed [[Arak (distilled beverage)|Arak]], an ouzo-like spirit flavored with aniseed.[[File:Château Ksara headquarters, Bekaa, Lebanon.JPG|thumb|right|The wine making headquarters of Château Ksara, in [[Bekaa Valley|Bekaa]], Lebanon]]The first winemaker in Lebanon was Chateau Joseph Spath (Chateau Chbat) in 1847 at aaramoun kesrouan, later following of winemaker at [[Château Ksara]] in 1857 when [[Jesuit]]s planted [[Cinsaut]] vines from [[Algeria]] at [[Château Ksara]] near [[Zahlé]] in the central [[Beqaa Valley]].<ref name="Scruton">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200603130047|title=Roger Scruton falls for Lebanese wine|last=Scruton|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Scruton|date=13 March 2006|work=New Statesman|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1868 a French engineer, Eugène François Brun, set up [http://www.domainedestourelles.com/ Domaine des Tourelles].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1893, Domaine Wardy was founded.<ref name=":0" />
=== Under French rule ===
The French influence between the World Wars promoted a culture of wine drinking, as did the sophisticated Mediterranean culture of [[Beirut]] at that time. During this period, a few wineries were founded, including Domaine Nakad in 1923, Gaston Hochar's [[Chateau Musar]] in 1930, and Clos Saint Thomas in 1937.<ref name=":0" />
=== Independent Lebanon ===
[[File:ChateauMusar1999.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Bottle of Château Musar 1999]]Frenchman Yves Morard of Chateau Kefraya was arrested as a spy during the [[Israel]]i invasion, and was only released when he proved to the Israelis that he knew how to make wine.<ref>Kassman, L [http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-12/2004-11-11-voa74.cfm Lebanon's Wine Industry: New Face for Country Once Known for War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115214912/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2004-12/2004-11-11-voa74.cfm |date=15 November 2008 }} Voice of America, 2 December 2004</ref>
The end of the conflict in the 1990s brought a new momentum to the viticulture and we could track the renaissance of the Lebanese wines to the set up of Domaine Wardy in 1997 and Massaya in 1998 that marked the active involvement of French wine dynasties in the Bekaa Valley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prestigemag.co/2014/11/lebanese-wine/|title=Lebanese Wine - Prestige Magazine|date=2014-11-13|newspaper=Prestige Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref> Back then, the number of producers was around 5 and at present more than 50<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.209lebanesewine.com/pages/lebanese-wineries|title=Lebanese Wineries - Discover All Lebanese Wine Makers|first=209 Lebanese|last=Wine|website=209 Lebanese Wine}}</ref> wineries are active in Lebanon.
The [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 conflict]], did not really change the trend even if some wineries were on the edge of missing the harvest (Ksara) and got collateral damages (Massaya). However, the media coverage translated into surge in demand during the fighting as British buyers in particular bought Lebanese wine as a mark of solidarity.<ref>Adrian Blomfield and Ramsay Short [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921220743/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/24/wleb24.xml Women rescue Lebanon's wine after fighting threatens to ruin harvest] Daily Telegraph, 25 August 2006</ref>
==Grape varieties==
[[File:Lebanon wine.jpg|thumb|upright|Wine producing areas in Lebanon (red)]]
There are grapes that are specific and indigenous to Lebanon such as Obaideh and Merwah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1489-obaideh|title=Obaideh Wine Information|website=Wine-Searcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rappwinter2018.blogspot.com/2018/01/lebanons-native-grapes-obaideh-and.html|title=Global Dynamics of the Wine Industry Winter 2018: Lebanon's Native Grapes: Obaideh and Merwah|first=Raya|last=Musallam|date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
==Wineries==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
[[Image:KsaraWineTasters.jpg|right|thumb|Visitors at the chateau, on a wine-tasting visit.]]Most of the major wineries have their vineyards in the southern [[Beqaa Valley]]. [[Château Ksara]] remains much the biggest, with 70% of all the country's production.<ref>Speetjens, Peter [http://www.communicate.ae/article_marketing.php?cle=24 Lebanese wine looks to make a comeback] Communicate October 2005</ref> It is no longer connected with the Jesuit house of Tanail, it was sold in 1972 and suffered considerably during the civil war, but has now bounced back with reds and rosés made from Rhone varietals such as [[Carignan]] and [[Cinsaut]].
Next biggest is [[Château Kefraya]], whose majority of shares were bought by [[Druze]] politician [[Walid Jumblat]] from the De [[Bustros]] family in the late 1980s.
[[Cave Kouroum]] is a winery located in Kefraiya.
[[Chateau Musar|Musar]] achieved international recognition at the [[Bristol]] Wine Fair of 1979 <ref name="Karamint">[http://www.reason.com/news/show/33307.html A Reason interview with Lebanese wine writer Michael Karam] Reason.com</ref> and for a long time was the only Lebanese wine widely available in the United Kingdom. Chateau Musar is known for transporting the grapes across the front line during the civil war.
==List of Lebanese wines==
{| class="wikitable"
! Wine Name
| '''Date of Production'''
| '''Origin'''
| '''Founder'''
|-
! [[Karam Wines]] [http://www.karamwines.com/]
| 2002
| [[Jezzine]]
| Captain Habib Karam
|-
! Château Héritage
| 1888
| [[Qabb Ilyas]]
| Touma Family (la Famille Touma)
|-
! [http://www.domainewardy.com/ Domaine Wardy]
| 1997
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Managed and Owned by the Wardy Family
|-
! [[Château Kefraya]]
| 1951
| N/A
|
|-
! Château Khoury
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
![[Château Marsyas]]
| 2007
| Beqaa Valley
| Johnny R.Saadé family
|-
! [[Château Musar]]
| 1930
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Gaston Hochar
|-
! Château Nakad in Jdita
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
! Château Qanafar
| 2010
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Naim family
|-
! Couvent St. Sauveur
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
! [http://www.domainedestourelles.com/ Domaine des Tourelles]
|1868
| [[Beqaa Valley]], [[Chtaura]]
| François-Eugène Brun
|-
! Château St Thomas
|1995
| [[Beqaa Valley]], [[Qabb Elias]]
| Touma Family
|
|-
! Cave du monastère st. Jean
| 1720 (Renovated 2006)
| [[Khenchara]]
|
|-
! RIACHI [http://www.riachi.me/]
| 1839
| [[Khenchara]]
| Moussa Riachi
|-
! Cave Kouroum
| 1998
| Kefraiya
| Bassim Rahhal
|-
! Clos de Cana
| N/A
| N/A
|
|-
! Domaine de Baal
|1995
|Zahle - Bekaa Valley
| Sebastien Khoury
|-
! [[IXSIR wine|IXSIR]]
| 2008
| [[Batroun]]
| Gabriel Rivero
|-
![[Château Ksara]]
| 1857
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| Zafer Chaoui
|-
! Massaya
| N/A
| N/A
|-
! [[Nabise Mont Liban]]
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-
! Terre Joie [http://www.terrejoie.com/]
| 2011
| [[West Beqaa]]
| [[Joe Saade]]
|-
! V Divino
| N/A
| [[Beqaa Valley]]
| [[Vanessa Srouji]]
|-
!St. George
|2010
|N/A
|Kabalan Abou Jaoude
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[Winemaking]]
* [[Agriculture in Lebanon]]
* [[Lebanese cuisine]]
==References==
* [[Michael Karam|Karam, Michael]] (2005) "The Wines of Lebanon" Saqi Books - reference book on Lebanese wine
{{Reflist}}
Jean-Pierre BEL, Les paysages viticoles de la Bekaa (Liban), Paris : BoD, 2009, 232 p
Jean-Pierre BEL, Vignes et vins au Liban : 4 000 ans de succès, Paris : BoD, 2014, 416 p
==External links==
*[http://www.lebwine.com/ lebwine.com] Wine of Lebanon
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070128223043/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/kefraya/kefrayamain.asp Map of Lebanese wineries] from Chateau Kefraya
*[http://www.bkwine.com/features/wine-regions/lebanese-wine/ On Lebanese Wines] by David Furer
{{Portal bar|Wine|Lebanon}}{{Wines}}{{Wine by country}}
{{Lebanon topics}}{{Lebanese cuisine}}
[[Category:Lebanese wine| ]]
[[Category:Lebanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Wine by country]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Lebanon]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|Wine making in Lebanon}}
+{{short Jake Gelof description|Wine making in Lebanon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Satellite image of Lebanon in March 2002.jpg|thumb|Lebanon Map: [[Vitis vinifera]] evidence from ancient Rome shows [[wine]] was cultivated and then domesticated in [[Lebanon]], at least two thousand years before Alexander the Great]]
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
==Grape varieties==
[[File:Lebanon wine.jpg|thumb|upright|Wine producing areas in Lebanon (red)]]
-Lebanese winemakers have favored French grapes, particularly [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Merlot]] and Rhone varietals such as [[Cinsault]], [[Carignan]] and [[Grenache]].{{Cn|date=August 2021}}
-There are also grapes that are specific and indigenous to Lebanon such as Obaideh and Merwah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1489-obaideh|title=Obaideh Wine Information|website=Wine-Searcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rappwinter2018.blogspot.com/2018/01/lebanons-native-grapes-obaideh-and.html|title=Global Dynamics of the Wine Industry Winter 2018: Lebanon's Native Grapes: Obaideh and Merwah|first=Raya|last=Musallam|date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
+There are grapes that are specific and indigenous to Lebanon such as Obaideh and Merwah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1489-obaideh|title=Obaideh Wine Information|website=Wine-Searcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rappwinter2018.blogspot.com/2018/01/lebanons-native-grapes-obaideh-and.html|title=Global Dynamics of the Wine Industry Winter 2018: Lebanon's Native Grapes: Obaideh and Merwah|first=Raya|last=Musallam|date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
==Wineries==
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@
Next biggest is [[Château Kefraya]], whose majority of shares were bought by [[Druze]] politician [[Walid Jumblat]] from the De [[Bustros]] family in the late 1980s.
-[[Cave Kouroum]] is a winery located in Kefraiya. Founded by Mr Bassim Rahhal in 1998. Cave Kouroum has an area of 7500 meters squared. Produces red, white, and rose wine.
+[[Cave Kouroum]] is a winery located in Kefraiya.
-[[Chateau Musar]] is perhaps the best known in the West, it was a particular favourite of [[Auberon Waugh]]. [[Chateau Musar|Musar]] achieved international recognition at the [[Bristol]] Wine Fair of 1979 <ref name="Karamint">[http://www.reason.com/news/show/33307.html A Reason interview with Lebanese wine writer Michael Karam] Reason.com</ref> and for a long time was the only Lebanese wine widely available in the United Kingdom. The second wine, 'Hochar', is made in a lighter style for earlier drinking. Chateau Musar is known for transporting the grapes across the front line during the civil war. In recent years many smaller wineries have come up in different areas cross Lebanon, some of these include Domaine Wardy in the Beqaa and Karam Wines in Jezzine, South of Lebanon.
-
-Currently the sector exports over 50% of the production mainly to the United Kingdom, France and the United States.
+[[Chateau Musar|Musar]] achieved international recognition at the [[Bristol]] Wine Fair of 1979 <ref name="Karamint">[http://www.reason.com/news/show/33307.html A Reason interview with Lebanese wine writer Michael Karam] Reason.com</ref> and for a long time was the only Lebanese wine widely available in the United Kingdom. Chateau Musar is known for transporting the grapes across the front line during the civil war.
==List of Lebanese wines==
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Lebanon Map: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a> evidence from ancient Rome shows <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> was cultivated and then domesticated in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, at least two thousand years before Alexander the Great</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> is among the oldest sites of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">wine production</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> prophet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a> (780–725 BC) is said to have urged his followers to return to God so that "they will blossom as the vine and fame be like the wine of Lebanon, [and] their fragrance will be like that of Lebanon".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> of the coastal strip were instrumental in spreading wine and viticulture throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> in ancient times.
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Ottoman period</a>, wine production in Lebanon was restricted for four hundred years, except for religious purposes, which allowed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese Christians</a> to maintain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>. In 1857, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> founded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">La Maison Ksara</a> near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahle</a>. The late 19th century witnessed further growth with wineries like Domaine des Tourelles and Domaine Wardy. The arrival of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French Mandate</a> (1920–1946) spurred another period of expansion. French soldiers and diplomats created a significant local market and introduced new grape varieties. This period saw the founding of renowned wineries like Domaine Nakad, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chateau_Musar" title="Chateau Musar">Château Musar</a>, and Clos Saint Thomas. Following independence in 1943, the wine industry faced challenges due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990). However, a few wineries, like Château Kefraya, were founded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A significant revival in Lebanese wine making began in the late 1990s. As of 2014, Lebanon has over 43 wineries, with nearly half in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the many conflicts of the region, the country has an annual production of about 12,000,000 bottles of wine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Antiquity"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antiquity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Under_Muslim_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Under Muslim rule</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Under_French_rule"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Under French rule</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Independent_Lebanon"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Independent Lebanon</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Grape_varieties"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Grape varieties</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Wineries"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Wineries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#List_of_Lebanese_wines"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">List of Lebanese wines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236091366">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lebanese_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Lebanese wine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22">"Lebanese wine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lebanese+wine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lebanese+wine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">History of ancient Lebanon</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians and wine</a></div>
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> may have been domesticated in Lebanon, although it probably arrived from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> or the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> trade routes. Vines grew readily in the land of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, the coastal strip of today's Lebanon, and the wines of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> were exported to Egypt during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (2686 BC–2134 BC). The wines of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> were famous throughout the ancient Mediterranean, although not all the cargoes reached their destination; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">Titanic</a></i> fame found the wrecks of two Phoenician ships from 750 BC, whose cargo of wine was still intact.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the first great traders of wine ('Cherem'), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin—this may well be the origin of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> taste for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a>. The philosophers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysippus of Soli">Chrysippus of Soli</a> are both said to have enjoyed their wine, in fact the latter died from overindulgence.
</p><p>Wine played an important part in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenician_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician religion">Phoenician religion</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> god <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>/Bacchus may have originated in the wine rituals of Canaan. Certainly the great temple at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> (Baalbek) has many depictions of vines and winedrinking, most famously captured by David Roberts in pictures such as 'Baalbec - Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such rituals may also have influenced the Greek <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchae">Bacchae</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passover_(Jewish_holiday)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover (Jewish holiday)">Passover</a> Seder feast and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and alcohol">Christian Eucharist</a>. The Bacchus temple in Baalbek outlines the instrumental role that the Phoenician played in the development of the Ancient World around the Mediterranean sea.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the widespread peaceful settlements that reached Spain. Genesis 14:18 mentions that the Phoenician King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a> gave bread and wine (<i>yayin</i>) to Abraham, and Hosea 14:8 suggests "his fame shall be like the wine of Lebanon". Wine also featured heavily in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugarit#Ugaritic_literature" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic poetry</a> such as the Rapiuma :
</p>
<blockquote><p>"Day long they pour the wine, ... must-wine, fit for rulers. Wine, sweet and abundant, Select wine... The choice wine of Lebanon, Most nurtured by El."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Muslim_rule">Under Muslim rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Muslim rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p>
Once Lebanon became part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, wine production declined, although under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a> it was tolerated among the Christian population for religious purposes. The Christians also developed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arak_(distilled_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arak (distilled beverage)">Arak</a>, an ouzo-like spirit flavored with aniseed.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters,_Bekaa,_Lebanon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters%2C_Bekaa%2C_Lebanon.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters%2C_Bekaa%2C_Lebanon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters%2C_Bekaa%2C_Lebanon.JPG/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters%2C_Bekaa%2C_Lebanon.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters%2C_Bekaa%2C_Lebanon.JPG/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara_headquarters%2C_Bekaa%2C_Lebanon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The wine making headquarters of Château Ksara, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekaa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa Valley">Bekaa</a>, Lebanon</figcaption></figure><p>The first winemaker in Lebanon was Chateau Joseph Spath (Chateau Chbat) in 1847 at aaramoun kesrouan, later following of winemaker at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">Château Ksara</a> in 1857 when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> planted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a> vines from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">Château Ksara</a> near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a> in the central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scruton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scruton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868 a French engineer, Eugène François Brun, set up <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domainedestourelles.com/">Domaine des Tourelles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1893, Domaine Wardy was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_French_rule">Under French rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under French rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The French influence between the World Wars promoted a culture of wine drinking, as did the sophisticated Mediterranean culture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> at that time. During this period, a few wineries were founded, including Domaine Nakad in 1923, Gaston Hochar's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chateau_Musar" title="Chateau Musar">Chateau Musar</a> in 1930, and Clos Saint Thomas in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Lebanon">Independent Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ChateauMusar1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ChateauMusar1999.jpg/170px-ChateauMusar1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ChateauMusar1999.jpg/255px-ChateauMusar1999.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ChateauMusar1999.jpg/340px-ChateauMusar1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="3775" /></a><figcaption>Bottle of Château Musar 1999</figcaption></figure><p>Frenchman Yves Morard of Chateau Kefraya was arrested as a spy during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> invasion, and was only released when he proved to the Israelis that he knew how to make wine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The end of the conflict in the 1990s brought a new momentum to the viticulture and we could track the renaissance of the Lebanese wines to the set up of Domaine Wardy in 1997 and Massaya in 1998 that marked the active involvement of French wine dynasties in the Bekaa Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back then, the number of producers was around 5 and at present more than 50<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wineries are active in Lebanon.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 conflict</a>, did not really change the trend even if some wineries were on the edge of missing the harvest (Ksara) and got collateral damages (Massaya). However, the media coverage translated into surge in demand during the fighting as British buyers in particular bought Lebanese wine as a mark of solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grape_varieties">Grape varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grape varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lebanon_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lebanon_wine.jpg/170px-Lebanon_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lebanon_wine.jpg/255px-Lebanon_wine.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Lebanon_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Wine producing areas in Lebanon (red)</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are grapes that are specific and indigenous to Lebanon such as Obaideh and Merwah.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wineries">Wineries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wineries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236091366"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lebanese_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Lebanese wine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22">"Lebanese wine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lebanese+wine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lebanese+wine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lebanese+wine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KsaraWineTasters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/KsaraWineTasters.jpg/220px-KsaraWineTasters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/KsaraWineTasters.jpg/330px-KsaraWineTasters.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/KsaraWineTasters.jpg/440px-KsaraWineTasters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Visitors at the chateau, on a wine-tasting visit.</figcaption></figure><p>Most of the major wineries have their vineyards in the southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">Château Ksara</a> remains much the biggest, with 70% of all the country's production.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is no longer connected with the Jesuit house of Tanail, it was sold in 1972 and suffered considerably during the civil war, but has now bounced back with reds and rosés made from Rhone varietals such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a>.
</p><p>Next biggest is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Kefraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Kefraya">Château Kefraya</a>, whose majority of shares were bought by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> politician <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walid_Jumblat" class="mw-redirect" title="Walid Jumblat">Walid Jumblat</a> from the De <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bustros" class="mw-redirect" title="Bustros">Bustros</a> family in the late 1980s.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cave_Kouroum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cave Kouroum (page does not exist)">Cave Kouroum</a> is a winery located in Kefraiya.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chateau_Musar" title="Chateau Musar">Musar</a> achieved international recognition at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> Wine Fair of 1979 <sup id="cite_ref-Karamint_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamint-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for a long time was the only Lebanese wine widely available in the United Kingdom. Chateau Musar is known for transporting the grapes across the front line during the civil war.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Lebanese_wines">List of Lebanese wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of Lebanese wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Wine Name
</th>
<td><b>Date of Production</b>
</td>
<td><b>Origin</b>
</td>
<td><b>Founder</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Karam_Wines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karam Wines (page does not exist)">Karam Wines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.karamwines.com/">[1]</a>
</th>
<td>2002
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jezzine" title="Jezzine">Jezzine</a>
</td>
<td>Captain Habib Karam
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Château Héritage
</th>
<td>1888
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qabb_Ilyas" title="Qabb Ilyas">Qabb Ilyas</a>
</td>
<td>Touma Family (la Famille Touma)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domainewardy.com/">Domaine Wardy</a>
</th>
<td>1997
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>
</td>
<td>Managed and Owned by the Wardy Family
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Kefraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Kefraya">Château Kefraya</a>
</th>
<td>1951
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Château Khoury
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Marsyas" title="Château Marsyas">Château Marsyas</a>
</th>
<td>2007
</td>
<td>Beqaa Valley
</td>
<td>Johnny R.Saadé family
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Musar" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Musar">Château Musar</a>
</th>
<td>1930
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>
</td>
<td>Gaston Hochar
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Château Nakad in Jdita
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Château Qanafar
</th>
<td>2010
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>
</td>
<td>Naim family
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Couvent St. Sauveur
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domainedestourelles.com/">Domaine des Tourelles</a>
</th>
<td>1868
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chtaura" title="Chtaura">Chtaura</a>
</td>
<td>François-Eugène Brun
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Château St Thomas
</th>
<td>1995
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qabb_Elias" class="mw-redirect" title="Qabb Elias">Qabb Elias</a>
</td>
<td>Touma Family
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Cave du monastère st. Jean
</th>
<td>1720 (Renovated 2006)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khenchara" title="Khenchara">Khenchara</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>RIACHI <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.riachi.me/">[2]</a>
</th>
<td>1839
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khenchara" title="Khenchara">Khenchara</a>
</td>
<td>Moussa Riachi
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Cave Kouroum
</th>
<td>1998
</td>
<td>Kefraiya
</td>
<td>Bassim Rahhal
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Clos de Cana
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Domaine de Baal
</th>
<td>1995
</td>
<td>Zahle - Bekaa Valley
</td>
<td>Sebastien Khoury
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IXSIR_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="IXSIR wine">IXSIR</a>
</th>
<td>2008
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a>
</td>
<td>Gabriel Rivero
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">Château Ksara</a>
</th>
<td>1857
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>
</td>
<td>Zafer Chaoui
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Massaya
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nabise_Mont_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabise Mont Liban (page does not exist)">Nabise Mont Liban</a>
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Terre Joie <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.terrejoie.com/">[3]</a>
</th>
<td>2011
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Beqaa" class="mw-redirect" title="West Beqaa">West Beqaa</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joe_Saade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Saade (page does not exist)">Joe Saade</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>V Divino
</th>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Srouji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanessa Srouji (page does not exist)">Vanessa Srouji</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>St. George
</th>
<td>2010
</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>Kabalan Abou Jaoude
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture in Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese cuisine</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Karam" title="Michael Karam">Karam, Michael</a> (2005) "The Wines of Lebanon" Saqi Books - reference book on Lebanese wine</li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGovern, Patrick E. 2003. Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture. Princeton University Press</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted from McGovern, Patrick E. 2003. op. cit., p. 202</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntoun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Antoun, Layal Bou (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5533648/MIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf#page=361">"Wine Industry in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon: Food-Processing Industry as a Basis for Community Dynamics and Local Socio-Economic Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>1st Mediterranean Interdisciplinary Froum on Social Sciences and Humanities, MIFS 2014</i>: 355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1st+Mediterranean+Interdisciplinary+Froum+on+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities%2C+MIFS+2014&rft.atitle=Wine+Industry+in+the+Bekaa+Valley%2C+Lebanon%3A+Food-Processing+Industry+as+a+Basis+for+Community+Dynamics+and+Local+Socio-Economic+Development&rft.pages=355&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Antoun&rft.aufirst=Layal+Bou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fris.utwente.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F5533648%2FMIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf%23page%3D361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Antoun, Layal Bou (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5533648/MIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf#page=361">"Wine Industry in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon: Food-Processing Industry as a Basis for Community Dynamics and Local Socio-Economic Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>1st Mediterranean Interdisciplinary Froum on Social Sciences and Humanities, MIFS 2014</i>: 355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1st+Mediterranean+Interdisciplinary+Froum+on+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities%2C+MIFS+2014&rft.atitle=Wine+Industry+in+the+Bekaa+Valley%2C+Lebanon%3A+Food-Processing+Industry+as+a+Basis+for+Community+Dynamics+and+Local+Socio-Economic+Development&rft.pages=355&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Antoun&rft.aufirst=Layal+Bou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fris.utwente.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F5533648%2FMIFS2014.Vol.2.pdf%23page%3D361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/ships-0714.html">MIT technology helps map ancient Phoenician shipwrecks</a> MIT press release</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/displaypicture.asp?venue=2&id=296">Baalbec - Ruins of the Temple of Bacchus</a> Liverpool Museums</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medinaarts.com/JHLCat08.htm">Roberts prints of Baalbek</a> Medina Arts</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://massaya.com/broadcast.aspx?id=80">The origins of wine and wine making</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Scruton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scruton_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (13 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200603130047">"Roger Scruton falls for Lebanese wine"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Roger+Scruton+falls+for+Lebanese+wine&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F200603130047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kassman, L <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-12/2004-11-11-voa74.cfm">Lebanon's Wine Industry: New Face for Country Once Known for War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115214912/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2004-12/2004-11-11-voa74.cfm">Archived</a> 15 November 2008 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Voice of America, 2 December 2004</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prestigemag.co/2014/11/lebanese-wine/">"Lebanese Wine - Prestige Magazine"</a>. <i>Prestige Magazine</i>. 13 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prestige+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lebanese+Wine+-+Prestige+Magazine&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestigemag.co%2F2014%2F11%2Flebanese-wine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWine" class="citation web cs1">Wine, 209 Lebanese. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.209lebanesewine.com/pages/lebanese-wineries">"Lebanese Wineries - Discover All Lebanese Wine Makers"</a>. <i>209 Lebanese Wine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=209+Lebanese+Wine&rft.atitle=Lebanese+Wineries+-+Discover+All+Lebanese+Wine+Makers&rft.aulast=Wine&rft.aufirst=209+Lebanese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.209lebanesewine.com%2Fpages%2Flebanese-wineries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Blomfield and Ramsay Short <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921220743/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/24/wleb24.xml">Women rescue Lebanon's wine after fighting threatens to ruin harvest</a> Daily Telegraph, 25 August 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1489-obaideh">"Obaideh Wine Information"</a>. <i>Wine-Searcher</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine-Searcher&rft.atitle=Obaideh+Wine+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine-searcher.com%2Fgrape-1489-obaideh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusallam2018" class="citation web cs1">Musallam, Raya (20 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rappwinter2018.blogspot.com/2018/01/lebanons-native-grapes-obaideh-and.html">"Global Dynamics of the Wine Industry Winter 2018: Lebanon's Native Grapes: Obaideh and Merwah"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Dynamics+of+the+Wine+Industry+Winter+2018%3A+Lebanon%27s+Native+Grapes%3A+Obaideh+and+Merwah&rft.date=2018-01-20&rft.aulast=Musallam&rft.aufirst=Raya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frappwinter2018.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F01%2Flebanons-native-grapes-obaideh-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebanese+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speetjens, Peter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communicate.ae/article_marketing.php?cle=24">Lebanese wine looks to make a comeback</a> Communicate October 2005</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Karamint-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karamint_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/33307.html">A Reason interview with Lebanese wine writer Michael Karam</a> Reason.com</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p>Jean-Pierre BEL, Les paysages viticoles de la Bekaa (Liban), Paris : BoD, 2009, 232 p
</p><p>Jean-Pierre BEL, Vignes et vins au Liban : 4 000 ans de succès, Paris : BoD, 2014, 416 p
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebwine.com/">lebwine.com</a> Wine of Lebanon</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128223043/http://www.lebanonatlas.com/kefraya/kefrayamain.asp">Map of Lebanese wineries</a> from Chateau Kefraya</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkwine.com/features/wine-regions/lebanese-wine/">On Lebanese Wines</a> by David Furer</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ancient
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>Other
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lebanon_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanon_topics" title="Template talk:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanon_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule">Hellenistic era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Arab_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Arab era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Crusader_kingdoms" title="History of Lebanon">Crusader era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Mamluk_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Mamluk era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French mandate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_rankings_of_Lebanon" title="International rankings of Lebanon">International rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug industry</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Lebanon" title="Architecture of Lebanon">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Lebanon" title="Television in Lebanon">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lebanese_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Lebanese_cuisine" title="Template:Lebanese cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanese_cuisine" title="Template talk:Lebanese cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanese_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li>Non-alcoholic
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_coffee" title="White coffee">White coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%B1rra" title="Mırra">Mur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekmez" title="Pekmez">Dibs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salep" title="Salep">Sahlab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">Sharbat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish tea">Turkish tea</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Fermented
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Beer_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beer in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Beer</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Almaza_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaza Beer">Almaza Beer</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Distilled
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arak_(liqueur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arak (liqueur)">Arak</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wines</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksara">Ksara</a></li></ul></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka%27ak" title="Ka'ak">Ka'ak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kattama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattama">Katma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manakish" title="Manakish">Manakish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatayer" title="Fatayer">Fatayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tandoor_bread" title="Tandoor bread">Khubz tannoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Markook_(bread)" title="Markook (bread)">Markook</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_salad" title="Arab salad">Arab salad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">Baba ghanoush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glasswort_salad" title="Glasswort salad">Glasswort salad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hommus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammara" title="Muhammara">Muhammara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">Sarma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">Shakshouka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">Tabbouleh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">Labneh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cheeses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akkawi" title="Akkawi">Akkawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Braided_cheese" title="Braided cheese">Braided cheese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashkaval" title="Kashkaval">Kashkawan cheese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halloumi" title="Halloumi">Hallum cheese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Chorba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheep%27s_sorrel_soup" title="Sheep's sorrel soup">Sheep's sorrel soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lentil_soup" title="Lentil soup">Lentil soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haleem" title="Haleem">Haleem soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tripe_soup" title="Tripe soup">Tripe soup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yogurt_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogurt soup">Yogurt soup</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuffed_quinces" title="Stuffed quinces">Stuffed quinces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">Börek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">Falafel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuffed_tomatoes" title="Stuffed tomatoes">Stuffed tomatoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_meatballs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry meatballs">Dry meatballs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fasolada" title="Fasolada">Fasouliya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">Musaqa‘a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuffed_eggplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuffed eggplants">Stuffed eggplants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fried_eggplant" title="Fried eggplant">Fried eggplant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grilled meats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">Shawarma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">Kofta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9F_k%C3%B6fte" class="mw-redirect" title="Şiş köfte">Shish kofte</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicia_dessert" title="Phoenicia dessert">Phoenicia dessert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basbousa" title="Basbousa">Basbousa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walnut_stuffed_figs" title="Walnut stuffed figs">Walnut stuffed figs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalburabast%C4%B1" title="Kalburabastı">Hurma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fig_roll" title="Fig roll">Fig roll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanafeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanafeh">Kanafeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27amoul" title="Ma'amoul">Ma'amoul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macun" title="Macun">Majun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marron_glac%C3%A9" title="Marron glacé">Marron glacé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhallebi" title="Muhallebi">Muhallebi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quince_dessert" class="mw-redirect" title="Quince dessert">Quince dessert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">Moghli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flour_kurabiye" title="Flour kurabiye">Flour kurabiye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Rahat al-halqum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequent ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Vegetables
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Bean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell pepper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">Eggplant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">Spinach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Herbs & spices
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dried_apricot" title="Dried apricot">Dried apricot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Mint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Red pepper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unique instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Raʾwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazan_(cookware)" title="Kazan (cookware)">Kazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangal_(barbecue)" title="Mangal (barbecue)">Manqal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1727588809' |
