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{{About|the e-commerce concept|brick and mortar construction|Brickwork|other uses}}
{{course assignment | course = Education Program:University College London/MSIN1003 Information World (Autumn 2014) | term = 2014 Q3}}{{Wiktionary|brick and mortar}}[[File:Marylebone High Street 12 Sept. 2015.JPG|thumb|Brick and mortar retail shops on Marylebone High Street, London]]
'''Brick and mortar''' (or '''B&M''') is an [[organization]] or [[business]] with a physical presence in a building or other structure. The term ''brick-and-mortar business'' is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases [[retail shop]]s, [[factory]] production [[facilities]], or [[warehouses]] for its operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investorwords.com/580/bricks_and_mortar.html |title=What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning |publisher=Investorwords.com |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020152429/http://www.investorwords.com/580/bricks_and_mortar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More specifically, in the jargon of [[e-commerce]] businesses in the 2000s, brick-and-mortar businesses are companies that have a physical presence (e.g., a [[Retailer|retail shop]] in a building) and offer face-to-face customer experiences.
This term is usually used to contrast with a transitory business or an [[Internet]]-only presence, such as fully [[Online shopping|online shop]]s, which have no physical presence for shoppers to visit, talk with staff in person, touch and handle products, or buy from the firm in person. However, such online businesses normally have non-public physical facilities from which they either run business operations (e.g., the company [[headquarters]] and [[back office]] facilities), and/or warehouses for storing and distributing products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bricks-and-mortar.html |title=What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning |publisher=Businessdictionary.com |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=2012-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831053913/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bricks-and-mortar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Concerns such as foot traffic, [[storefront]] visibility, and appealing interior design apply to brick-and-mortar businesses rather than online ones. An online-only business needs to have an attractive, well-designed [[website]], a reliable [[e-commerce]] system for payment, a good delivery or shipping service, and effective online marketing tactics to drive [[web traffic]] to the site. Governments are also adopting [[e-government]] approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill out government forms, pay tax bills, and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks-and-mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services).
==Etymology==
The name is a [[metonym]] derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: [[brick]]s and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]], however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist [[Herman Melville]] in the book [[Moby-Dick|Moby Dick]] (chapter 96). The term ''brick-and-mortar businesses'' is also a [[retronym]], in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the [[Internet]]. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an [[Mail order|order-by-mail]] capacity pre-[[Internet]].
==History==
[[File:Uetersen Wientapper 1901.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Galanterie-, Kurz- und Spielwaren-Laden'' store in [[Uetersen, Germany]] in 1901]]
The history of brick-and-mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the [[History of the city|first towns]] (as early as 7500 BC), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village [[Market (place)|market]]. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from [[consumer electronics]] shops to clothing shops and even [[grocery shop]]s have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a [[customer service]] location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history.
[[File:Afghan fruit stall 2-4-09.jpg|thumb|right|A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.]]
All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick-and-mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is [[McDonald's]], a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chalabi|first1=Mona|title=McDonald's 34,492 restaurants: where are they?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/17/mcdonalds-restaurants-where-are-they|work=The Guardian|date=17 July 2013 |access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071337/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/17/mcdonalds-restaurants-where-are-they|url-status=live}}</ref> For many [[small business]]es, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a [[diner]] restaurant or a [[dry cleaning]] service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and "apps" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores.
==Decline==
{{main|Retail apocalypse}}
[[Netflix]], an online [[movie streaming]] website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as [[video rental store]]s. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as [[Blockbuster LLC]] went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using "streaming", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. "The rapid rise of [[Streaming media|online film streaming]] offered by the likes of [[Lovefilm]] and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD [rental] business model practically obsolete.'<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anon|title=Blockbuster to close remaining stores|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25345257|work=BBC News|date=12 December 2013 |access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015040227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25345257|url-status=live}}</ref>
There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using [[e-commerce]] (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as [[tablet computer]]s and [[smartphone]]s have also risen in the 2000s: "While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 [B], according to the latest figures [January 2014] from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 [B].'<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Sarah|title=Shopping by smartphone and tablet in UK increases by 18%|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/15/shopping-smartphone-tablet-uk-increases-18-percent|work=The Guardian|date=15 January 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071604/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/15/shopping-smartphone-tablet-uk-increases-18-percent|url-status=live}}</ref>
The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. "Today’s consumers lead busy lives and [Bricks and Mortar] shopping takes time. Often it is a [challenging] task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Brian|title=Retail In Crisis: These Are The Changes Brick-And-Mortar Stores Must Make|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremybogaisky/2014/02/12/retail-in-crisis-these-are-the-changes-brick-and-mortar-stores-must-make/|work=Forbes|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023105241/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremybogaisky/2014/02/12/retail-in-crisis-these-are-the-changes-brick-and-mortar-stores-must-make/|url-status=live}}</ref> Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as [[Tesco]], who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick-and-mortar retail presence.
==Benefits==
[[File:Freda Uudenmk rist 150708.jpg|thumb|Bricks and mortar retail shops along the [[Fredrikinkatu]] street in the center of [[Helsinki, Finland]]]]
The presence of brick-and-mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses;
* [[Customer service]]: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=Improve customer service, Increase sales|url=http://www.sage.co.uk/business-advice/business-growth/infographic-improve-customer-service.html|website=Sage.co.uk|publisher=Sage|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030015638/http://www.sage.co.uk/business-advice/business-growth/infographic-improve-customer-service.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Face-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to [[Baby Boomer]]s, older [[Generation X]] customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology .<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=High Street V Online|url=http://www.intersperience.com/article_more.asp?art_id=21|website=Intersperience.com|publisher=Intersperience|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030029/http://intersperience.com/article_more.asp?art_id=21|url-status=live}}</ref> Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in [[showrooming]]: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices.<ref>{{cite web|title=On Solid Ground: Brick-and-Mortar Is the Foundation of Omnichannel Retailing|publisher=A.T. Kearney|url=https://www.atkearney.com/consumer-products-retail/on-solid-ground|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709081710/https://www.atkearney.com/consumer-products-retail/on-solid-ground|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Trust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of [[internet fraud]], and thus some consumers may be averse to it.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Agnihotri|first1=Arpita|title=Can Brick-and-Mortar Retailers Successfully Become Multichannel Retailers?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels |year=2015|volume=22|pages=62–73|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702|s2cid=154915558|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428154026/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Drawbacks==
The brick-and-mortar approach also has various drawbacks.
===New businesses and fixed costs===
[[Fixed costs]] are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as [[renting|rent]] of a store and monthly payments for services such as a [[security alarm]]. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, [[variable costs]] change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include [[wages]] (for employees paid by the hour) and [[electricity]] for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). [[Start-up company|Start-up companies]] and other [[small business]]es typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shane|first1=Scott|title=Illusions of Entrepreneurship: The Costly Myths that Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Policy Makers Live By|date=28 April 2008 |pages=99|url=http://smallbiztrends.com/2008/04/startup-failure-rates.html|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030054208/http://smallbiztrends.com/2008/04/startup-failure-rates.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles===
People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities [[traffic jam]]s and [[Traffic congestion|congestion]] on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an [[Internet]]-connected [[laptop]] or [[smartphone]] are more convenient for these people.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lawson|first1=Alex|title=Shoppers 'hit the high streets with purpose' as footfall drops but spending rises|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-news/shoppers-hit-the-high-streets-with-purpose-as-footfall-drops-but-spending-rises-9733022.html|website=www.standard.co.uk|date=15 September 2014 |publisher=London Evening Standard|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030023428/http://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-news/shoppers-hit-the-high-streets-with-purpose-as-footfall-drops-but-spending-rises-9733022.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Expensive and luxury products===
B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high [[commission (remuneration)|commission]] on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free [[espresso]] and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brownell|first1=Matt|title=5 Products You Shouldn't Buy Online|url=http://www.mainstreet.com/article/5-products-you-shouldn-t-buy-online|publisher=TheStreet Inc|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030041322/http://www.mainstreet.com/article/5-products-you-shouldn-t-buy-online|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge [[Web 2.0]] functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online "chat" questions.
===Wider stock availability online===
Products may be out stock in relatively small brick-and-mortar retail stores and due to limited space in [[small business]] retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., [[Amazon.com]] has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet.
===Queues===
Queues ([[Queue area|lineups]] and [[waiting room]]s) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual "shopping cart" and pay for them using [[e-commerce]] approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time.
==E-government==
{{Main|E-government}}
Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer [[e-government]] services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying [[speeding ticket]]s online), city services (paying [[parking ticket]]s online or requesting that a [[pothole]] be filled) and social services (registering for [[social assistance]] or [[unemployment insurance]]) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a [[tax return]] online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., "help" guides, [[Frequently Asked Question]] lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for [[call center]]s where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services.
These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less [[civil servant]]s and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online "help" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, [[Internet]] and an [[online payment]] method (e.g., a [[credit card]] or [[PayPal]]), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm [[business hours]] of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the [[digital divide]]; citizens who are in [[poverty]], who are [[homelessness|homeless]] or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed [[Internet]]. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services.
==See also==
* [[Showrooming]]
* [[Bricks and clicks]]
* [[Retail apocalypse]]
* [[Storefront]]
* [[Online shopping]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brick and mortar business}}
[[Category:Retail formats]]
[[Category:Business terms]]
[[Category:Sales]]
[[Category:Costs]]
[[Category:Customer service]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'Тоосго, зуурмаг
Тоосго ба зуурмаг (эсвэл B&M) нь барилга эсвэл бусад байгууламжид биечлэн оролцдог байгууллага эсвэл бизнес юм. Тоосго-зуурмаг бизнес гэсэн нэр томьёо нь жижиглэнгийн худалдааны дэлгүүр, үйлдвэрийн үйлдвэрлэлийн байгууламж, агуулах эзэмшиж, түрээслэдэг компанийг хэлдэг. Бүр тодруулбал, 2000-аад оны цахим худалдааны бизнесийн хэллэгт тоосгоны бизнесүүд нь бие махбодтой (жишээ нь, барилгад дахин худалдаалах дэлгүүр) байдаг бөгөөд үйлчлүүлэгчидтэй нүүр тулсан туршлагыг санал болгодог компаниуд юм.
Худалдан авагчид зочлох, ажилчидтай биечлэн ярилцах, бүтээгдэхүүнд хүрч, харьцах, пүүсээс худалдан авах боломжгүй бүрэн онлайн дэлгүүрүүд гэх мэт түр зуурын бизнес эсвэл зөвхөн интернетээр үйлчилдэгтэй харьцуулахад энэ нэр томъёог ихэвчлэн ашигладаг. биечлэн. Гэсэн хэдий ч ийм онлайн бизнесүүд ихэвчлэн нийтийн бус биет байгууламжтай байдаг бөгөөд тэдгээрээс бизнесийн үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг (жишээ нь, компанийн төв байр, арын албаны барилга байгууламж) ба/эсвэл бүтээгдэхүүн хадгалах, түгээх агуулахууд байдаг. Явган хүний хөл хөдөлгөөн, дэлгүүрийн үзэгдэх орчин, сэтгэл татам интерьер дизайн гэх мэт санаа зовоосон асуудал нь онлайн бизнесээс илүүтэй тоосгоны бизнест хамаатай.
==Etymology==
The name is a [[metonym]] derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: [[brick]]s and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]], however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist [[Herman Melville]] in the book [[Moby-Dick|Moby Dick]] (chapter 96). The term ''brick-and-mortar businesses'' is also a [[retronym]], in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the [[Internet]]. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an [[Mail order|order-by-mail]] capacity pre-[[Internet]].
==History==
[[File:Uetersen Wientapper 1901.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Galanterie-, Kurz- und Spielwaren-Laden'' store in [[Uetersen, Germany]] in 1901]]
The history of brick-and-mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the [[History of the city|first towns]] (as early as 7500 BC), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village [[Market (place)|market]]. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from [[consumer electronics]] shops to clothing shops and even [[grocery shop]]s have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a [[customer service]] location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history.
[[File:Afghan fruit stall 2-4-09.jpg|thumb|right|A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.]]
All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick-and-mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is [[McDonald's]], a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chalabi|first1=Mona|title=McDonald's 34,492 restaurants: where are they?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/17/mcdonalds-restaurants-where-are-they|work=The Guardian|date=17 July 2013 |access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071337/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/17/mcdonalds-restaurants-where-are-they|url-status=live}}</ref> For many [[small business]]es, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a [[diner]] restaurant or a [[dry cleaning]] service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and "apps" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores.
==Decline==
{{main|Retail apocalypse}}
[[Netflix]], an online [[movie streaming]] website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as [[video rental store]]s. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as [[Blockbuster LLC]] went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using "streaming", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. "The rapid rise of [[Streaming media|online film streaming]] offered by the likes of [[Lovefilm]] and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD [rental] business model practically obsolete.'<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anon|title=Blockbuster to close remaining stores|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25345257|work=BBC News|date=12 December 2013 |access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015040227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25345257|url-status=live}}</ref>
There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using [[e-commerce]] (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as [[tablet computer]]s and [[smartphone]]s have also risen in the 2000s: "While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 [B], according to the latest figures [January 2014] from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 [B].'<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Sarah|title=Shopping by smartphone and tablet in UK increases by 18%|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/15/shopping-smartphone-tablet-uk-increases-18-percent|work=The Guardian|date=15 January 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071604/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/15/shopping-smartphone-tablet-uk-increases-18-percent|url-status=live}}</ref>
The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. "Today’s consumers lead busy lives and [Bricks and Mortar] shopping takes time. Often it is a [challenging] task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Brian|title=Retail In Crisis: These Are The Changes Brick-And-Mortar Stores Must Make|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremybogaisky/2014/02/12/retail-in-crisis-these-are-the-changes-brick-and-mortar-stores-must-make/|work=Forbes|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023105241/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremybogaisky/2014/02/12/retail-in-crisis-these-are-the-changes-brick-and-mortar-stores-must-make/|url-status=live}}</ref> Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as [[Tesco]], who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick-and-mortar retail presence.
==Benefits==
[[File:Freda Uudenmk rist 150708.jpg|thumb|Bricks and mortar retail shops along the [[Fredrikinkatu]] street in the center of [[Helsinki, Finland]]]]
The presence of brick-and-mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses;
* [[Customer service]]: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=Improve customer service, Increase sales|url=http://www.sage.co.uk/business-advice/business-growth/infographic-improve-customer-service.html|website=Sage.co.uk|publisher=Sage|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030015638/http://www.sage.co.uk/business-advice/business-growth/infographic-improve-customer-service.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Face-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to [[Baby Boomer]]s, older [[Generation X]] customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology .<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anon|title=High Street V Online|url=http://www.intersperience.com/article_more.asp?art_id=21|website=Intersperience.com|publisher=Intersperience|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030029/http://intersperience.com/article_more.asp?art_id=21|url-status=live}}</ref> Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in [[showrooming]]: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices.<ref>{{cite web|title=On Solid Ground: Brick-and-Mortar Is the Foundation of Omnichannel Retailing|publisher=A.T. Kearney|url=https://www.atkearney.com/consumer-products-retail/on-solid-ground|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709081710/https://www.atkearney.com/consumer-products-retail/on-solid-ground|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Trust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of [[internet fraud]], and thus some consumers may be averse to it.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Agnihotri|first1=Arpita|title=Can Brick-and-Mortar Retailers Successfully Become Multichannel Retailers?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702|journal=Journal of Marketing Channels |year=2015|volume=22|pages=62–73|doi=10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702|s2cid=154915558|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428154026/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Drawbacks==
The brick-and-mortar approach also has various drawbacks.
===New businesses and fixed costs===
[[Fixed costs]] are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as [[renting|rent]] of a store and monthly payments for services such as a [[security alarm]]. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, [[variable costs]] change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include [[wages]] (for employees paid by the hour) and [[electricity]] for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). [[Start-up company|Start-up companies]] and other [[small business]]es typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shane|first1=Scott|title=Illusions of Entrepreneurship: The Costly Myths that Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Policy Makers Live By|date=28 April 2008 |pages=99|url=http://smallbiztrends.com/2008/04/startup-failure-rates.html|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030054208/http://smallbiztrends.com/2008/04/startup-failure-rates.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles===
People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities [[traffic jam]]s and [[Traffic congestion|congestion]] on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an [[Internet]]-connected [[laptop]] or [[smartphone]] are more convenient for these people.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lawson|first1=Alex|title=Shoppers 'hit the high streets with purpose' as footfall drops but spending rises|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-news/shoppers-hit-the-high-streets-with-purpose-as-footfall-drops-but-spending-rises-9733022.html|website=www.standard.co.uk|date=15 September 2014 |publisher=London Evening Standard|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030023428/http://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-news/shoppers-hit-the-high-streets-with-purpose-as-footfall-drops-but-spending-rises-9733022.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Expensive and luxury products===
B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high [[commission (remuneration)|commission]] on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free [[espresso]] and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brownell|first1=Matt|title=5 Products You Shouldn't Buy Online|url=http://www.mainstreet.com/article/5-products-you-shouldn-t-buy-online|publisher=TheStreet Inc|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030041322/http://www.mainstreet.com/article/5-products-you-shouldn-t-buy-online|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge [[Web 2.0]] functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online "chat" questions.
===Wider stock availability online===
Products may be out stock in relatively small brick-and-mortar retail stores and due to limited space in [[small business]] retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., [[Amazon.com]] has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet.
===Queues===
Queues ([[Queue area|lineups]] and [[waiting room]]s) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual "shopping cart" and pay for them using [[e-commerce]] approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time.
==E-government==
{{Main|E-government}}
Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer [[e-government]] services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying [[speeding ticket]]s online), city services (paying [[parking ticket]]s online or requesting that a [[pothole]] be filled) and social services (registering for [[social assistance]] or [[unemployment insurance]]) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a [[tax return]] online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., "help" guides, [[Frequently Asked Question]] lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for [[call center]]s where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services.
These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less [[civil servant]]s and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online "help" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, [[Internet]] and an [[online payment]] method (e.g., a [[credit card]] or [[PayPal]]), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm [[business hours]] of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the [[digital divide]]; citizens who are in [[poverty]], who are [[homelessness|homeless]] or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed [[Internet]]. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services.
==See also==
* [[Showrooming]]
* [[Bricks and clicks]]
* [[Retail apocalypse]]
* [[Storefront]]
* [[Online shopping]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brick and mortar business}}
[[Category:Retail formats]]
[[Category:Business terms]]
[[Category:Sales]]
[[Category:Costs]]
[[Category:Customer service]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-{{short description|Class of organisations or businesses}}
-{{About|the e-commerce concept|brick and mortar construction|Brickwork|other uses}}
-{{course assignment | course = Education Program:University College London/MSIN1003 Information World (Autumn 2014) | term = 2014 Q3}}{{Wiktionary|brick and mortar}}[[File:Marylebone High Street 12 Sept. 2015.JPG|thumb|Brick and mortar retail shops on Marylebone High Street, London]]
-'''Brick and mortar''' (or '''B&M''') is an [[organization]] or [[business]] with a physical presence in a building or other structure. The term ''brick-and-mortar business'' is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases [[retail shop]]s, [[factory]] production [[facilities]], or [[warehouses]] for its operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investorwords.com/580/bricks_and_mortar.html |title=What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning |publisher=Investorwords.com |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020152429/http://www.investorwords.com/580/bricks_and_mortar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More specifically, in the jargon of [[e-commerce]] businesses in the 2000s, brick-and-mortar businesses are companies that have a physical presence (e.g., a [[Retailer|retail shop]] in a building) and offer face-to-face customer experiences.
+Тоосго, зуурмаг
-This term is usually used to contrast with a transitory business or an [[Internet]]-only presence, such as fully [[Online shopping|online shop]]s, which have no physical presence for shoppers to visit, talk with staff in person, touch and handle products, or buy from the firm in person. However, such online businesses normally have non-public physical facilities from which they either run business operations (e.g., the company [[headquarters]] and [[back office]] facilities), and/or warehouses for storing and distributing products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bricks-and-mortar.html |title=What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning |publisher=Businessdictionary.com |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=2012-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831053913/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bricks-and-mortar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Concerns such as foot traffic, [[storefront]] visibility, and appealing interior design apply to brick-and-mortar businesses rather than online ones. An online-only business needs to have an attractive, well-designed [[website]], a reliable [[e-commerce]] system for payment, a good delivery or shipping service, and effective online marketing tactics to drive [[web traffic]] to the site. Governments are also adopting [[e-government]] approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill out government forms, pay tax bills, and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks-and-mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services).
+Тоосго ба зуурмаг (эсвэл B&M) нь барилга эсвэл бусад байгууламжид биечлэн оролцдог байгууллага эсвэл бизнес юм. Тоосго-зуурмаг бизнес гэсэн нэр томьёо нь жижиглэнгийн худалдааны дэлгүүр, үйлдвэрийн үйлдвэрлэлийн байгууламж, агуулах эзэмшиж, түрээслэдэг компанийг хэлдэг. Бүр тодруулбал, 2000-аад оны цахим худалдааны бизнесийн хэллэгт тоосгоны бизнесүүд нь бие махбодтой (жишээ нь, барилгад дахин худалдаалах дэлгүүр) байдаг бөгөөд үйлчлүүлэгчидтэй нүүр тулсан туршлагыг санал болгодог компаниуд юм.
+
+Худалдан авагчид зочлох, ажилчидтай биечлэн ярилцах, бүтээгдэхүүнд хүрч, харьцах, пүүсээс худалдан авах боломжгүй бүрэн онлайн дэлгүүрүүд гэх мэт түр зуурын бизнес эсвэл зөвхөн интернетээр үйлчилдэгтэй харьцуулахад энэ нэр томъёог ихэвчлэн ашигладаг. биечлэн. Гэсэн хэдий ч ийм онлайн бизнесүүд ихэвчлэн нийтийн бус биет байгууламжтай байдаг бөгөөд тэдгээрээс бизнесийн үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг (жишээ нь, компанийн төв байр, арын албаны барилга байгууламж) ба/эсвэл бүтээгдэхүүн хадгалах, түгээх агуулахууд байдаг. Явган хүний хөл хөдөлгөөн, дэлгүүрийн үзэгдэх орчин, сэтгэл татам интерьер дизайн гэх мэт санаа зовоосон асуудал нь онлайн бизнесээс илүүтэй тоосгоны бизнест хамаатай.
==Etymology==
' |
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0 => 'Тоосго, зуурмаг',
1 => 'Тоосго ба зуурмаг (эсвэл B&M) нь барилга эсвэл бусад байгууламжид биечлэн оролцдог байгууллага эсвэл бизнес юм. Тоосго-зуурмаг бизнес гэсэн нэр томьёо нь жижиглэнгийн худалдааны дэлгүүр, үйлдвэрийн үйлдвэрлэлийн байгууламж, агуулах эзэмшиж, түрээслэдэг компанийг хэлдэг. Бүр тодруулбал, 2000-аад оны цахим худалдааны бизнесийн хэллэгт тоосгоны бизнесүүд нь бие махбодтой (жишээ нь, барилгад дахин худалдаалах дэлгүүр) байдаг бөгөөд үйлчлүүлэгчидтэй нүүр тулсан туршлагыг санал болгодог компаниуд юм.',
2 => '',
3 => 'Худалдан авагчид зочлох, ажилчидтай биечлэн ярилцах, бүтээгдэхүүнд хүрч, харьцах, пүүсээс худалдан авах боломжгүй бүрэн онлайн дэлгүүрүүд гэх мэт түр зуурын бизнес эсвэл зөвхөн интернетээр үйлчилдэгтэй харьцуулахад энэ нэр томъёог ихэвчлэн ашигладаг. биечлэн. Гэсэн хэдий ч ийм онлайн бизнесүүд ихэвчлэн нийтийн бус биет байгууламжтай байдаг бөгөөд тэдгээрээс бизнесийн үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг (жишээ нь, компанийн төв байр, арын албаны барилга байгууламж) ба/эсвэл бүтээгдэхүүн хадгалах, түгээх агуулахууд байдаг. Явган хүний хөл хөдөлгөөн, дэлгүүрийн үзэгдэх орчин, сэтгэл татам интерьер дизайн гэх мэт санаа зовоосон асуудал нь онлайн бизнесээс илүүтэй тоосгоны бизнест хамаатай.'
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3 => ''''Brick and mortar''' (or '''B&M''') is an [[organization]] or [[business]] with a physical presence in a building or other structure. The term ''brick-and-mortar business'' is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases [[retail shop]]s, [[factory]] production [[facilities]], or [[warehouses]] for its operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investorwords.com/580/bricks_and_mortar.html |title=What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning |publisher=Investorwords.com |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020152429/http://www.investorwords.com/580/bricks_and_mortar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More specifically, in the jargon of [[e-commerce]] businesses in the 2000s, brick-and-mortar businesses are companies that have a physical presence (e.g., a [[Retailer|retail shop]] in a building) and offer face-to-face customer experiences.',
4 => 'This term is usually used to contrast with a transitory business or an [[Internet]]-only presence, such as fully [[Online shopping|online shop]]s, which have no physical presence for shoppers to visit, talk with staff in person, touch and handle products, or buy from the firm in person. However, such online businesses normally have non-public physical facilities from which they either run business operations (e.g., the company [[headquarters]] and [[back office]] facilities), and/or warehouses for storing and distributing products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bricks-and-mortar.html |title=What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning |publisher=Businessdictionary.com |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=2012-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831053913/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bricks-and-mortar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Concerns such as foot traffic, [[storefront]] visibility, and appealing interior design apply to brick-and-mortar businesses rather than online ones. An online-only business needs to have an attractive, well-designed [[website]], a reliable [[e-commerce]] system for payment, a good delivery or shipping service, and effective online marketing tactics to drive [[web traffic]] to the site. Governments are also adopting [[e-government]] approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill out government forms, pay tax bills, and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks-and-mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services).'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Тоосго, зуурмаг
</p><p>Тоосго ба зуурмаг (эсвэл B&M) нь барилга эсвэл бусад байгууламжид биечлэн оролцдог байгууллага эсвэл бизнес юм. Тоосго-зуурмаг бизнес гэсэн нэр томьёо нь жижиглэнгийн худалдааны дэлгүүр, үйлдвэрийн үйлдвэрлэлийн байгууламж, агуулах эзэмшиж, түрээслэдэг компанийг хэлдэг. Бүр тодруулбал, 2000-аад оны цахим худалдааны бизнесийн хэллэгт тоосгоны бизнесүүд нь бие махбодтой (жишээ нь, барилгад дахин худалдаалах дэлгүүр) байдаг бөгөөд үйлчлүүлэгчидтэй нүүр тулсан туршлагыг санал болгодог компаниуд юм.
</p><p>Худалдан авагчид зочлох, ажилчидтай биечлэн ярилцах, бүтээгдэхүүнд хүрч, харьцах, пүүсээс худалдан авах боломжгүй бүрэн онлайн дэлгүүрүүд гэх мэт түр зуурын бизнес эсвэл зөвхөн интернетээр үйлчилдэгтэй харьцуулахад энэ нэр томъёог ихэвчлэн ашигладаг. биечлэн. Гэсэн хэдий ч ийм онлайн бизнесүүд ихэвчлэн нийтийн бус биет байгууламжтай байдаг бөгөөд тэдгээрээс бизнесийн үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг (жишээ нь, компанийн төв байр, арын албаны барилга байгууламж) ба/эсвэл бүтээгдэхүүн хадгалах, түгээх агуулахууд байдаг. Явган хүний хөл хөдөлгөөн, дэлгүүрийн үзэгдэх орчин, сэтгэл татам интерьер дизайн гэх мэт санаа зовоосон асуудал нь онлайн бизнесээс илүүтэй тоосгоны бизнест хамаатай.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Decline"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Decline</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Benefits"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Drawbacks"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Drawbacks</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#New_businesses_and_fixed_costs"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">New businesses and fixed costs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Inconvenient_for_customers_with_busy_lifestyles"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Expensive_and_luxury_products"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Expensive and luxury products</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Wider_stock_availability_online"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Wider stock availability online</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Queues"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Queues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#E-government"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">E-government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etymology"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The name is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> in the book <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby Dick</a> (chapter 96). The term <i>brick-and-mortar businesses</i> is also a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a>, in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">order-by-mail</a> capacity pre-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg/220px-Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg/330px-Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg/440px-Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Galanterie-, Kurz- und Spielwaren-Laden</i> store in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uetersen,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uetersen, Germany">Uetersen, Germany</a> in 1901</figcaption></figure>
<p>The history of brick-and-mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_city" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the city">first towns</a> (as early as 7500 BC), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Market_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market (place)">market</a>. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> shops to clothing shops and even <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grocery_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Grocery shop">grocery shops</a> have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg/220px-Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg/330px-Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg/440px-Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure>
<p>All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick-and-mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a>, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diner</a> restaurant or a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaning</a> service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and "apps" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Decline"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, an online <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Movie_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie streaming">movie streaming</a> website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_rental_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Video rental store">video rental stores</a>. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blockbuster_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster LLC">Blockbuster LLC</a> went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using "streaming", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. "The rapid rise of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">online film streaming</a> offered by the likes of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lovefilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovefilm">Lovefilm</a> and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD [rental] business model practically obsolete.'<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> have also risen in the 2000s: "While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 [B], according to the latest figures [January 2014] from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 [B].'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. "Today’s consumers lead busy lives and [Bricks and Mortar] shopping takes time. Often it is a [challenging] task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>, who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick-and-mortar retail presence.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Benefits"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg/220px-Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg/330px-Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg/440px-Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Bricks and mortar retail shops along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fredrikinkatu" title="Fredrikinkatu">Fredrikinkatu</a> street in the center of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki, Finland">Helsinki, Finland</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The presence of brick-and-mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses;
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a>: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Face-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baby_Boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomer">Baby Boomers</a>, older <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology .<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Showrooming" title="Showrooming">showrooming</a>: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Trust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">internet fraud</a>, and thus some consumers may be averse to it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawbacks">Drawbacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Drawbacks"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The brick-and-mortar approach also has various drawbacks.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_businesses_and_fixed_costs">New businesses and fixed costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: New businesses and fixed costs"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fixed_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed costs">Fixed costs</a> are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rent</a> of a store and monthly payments for services such as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Security_alarm" title="Security alarm">security alarm</a>. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variable_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable costs">variable costs</a> change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wages">wages</a> (for employees paid by the hour) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Start-up_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Start-up company">Start-up companies</a> and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a> typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconvenient_for_customers_with_busy_lifestyles">Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traffic_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic jam">traffic jams</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">congestion</a> on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-connected <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> are more convenient for these people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expensive_and_luxury_products">Expensive and luxury products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Expensive and luxury products"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a> on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a> and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online "chat" questions.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wider_stock_availability_online">Wider stock availability online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Wider stock availability online"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Products may be out stock in relatively small brick-and-mortar retail stores and due to limited space in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queues">Queues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Queues"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Queues (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queue_area" title="Queue area">lineups</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waiting_room" title="Waiting room">waiting rooms</a>) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual "shopping cart" and pay for them using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E-government">E-government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: E-government"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">E-government</a></div>
<p>Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">e-government</a> services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speeding_ticket" class="mw-redirect" title="Speeding ticket">speeding tickets</a> online), city services (paying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parking_ticket" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking ticket">parking tickets</a> online or requesting that a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">pothole</a> be filled) and social services (registering for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Social assistance">social assistance</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a>) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tax_return" title="Tax return">tax return</a> online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., "help" guides, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequently Asked Question">Frequently Asked Question</a> lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call centers</a> where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services.
</p><p>These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a> and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online "help" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Online payment">online payment</a> method (e.g., a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_hours" title="Business hours">business hours</a> of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>; citizens who are in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, who are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Showrooming" title="Showrooming">Showrooming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bricks_and_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bricks and clicks">Bricks and clicks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storefront" title="Storefront">Storefront</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brick_and_mortar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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</ol></div></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1728699226' |
