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'{{short description|1920s rebellion in Turkey}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Assyrian Rebeillon | width = | partof = [[Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence]] and [[Assyrian independence movement]] | image = [[File:Hakkari in Turkey.svg|Hakkari in Turkey|300px]] | image_size = | alt = | caption = | date = July 1924 - 28 September 1924 | place = [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkari]] | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Turkish and Kurdish victory.<ref name="Senchar">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-olaf.com/~olaf/Books/agh/agh_btrs.pdf|title=آغا بطرس: سنحاريب القرن العشرين|work=نينوس نيراري|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213346/http://www.a-olaf.com/~olaf/Books/agh/agh_btrs.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-12}}</ref> *Revolt suppressed *assyrian force’s retreated to Iraq | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Assyria}}[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|TUR}} *Kurdish tribes | combatant3 = | commander1 = [[Malik Khoshaba]] <br /> [[Malik Yonan]] <br /> [[Malik Shamisdin]] <br /> [[Malik Ismael II]] | commander2 = [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]] <br /> [[Süleyman Sabri Pasha]] <br /> [[Osman Avni]] <br /> [[Nureddin Pasha|Nurettin Pasha]] <br /> [[Mürsel Bakû|Mürsel Pasha]] <br /> [[Ahmet Ferit Tek|Ferit Bey]] <br /> [[Ihsan Nuri]] | commander3 = | units1 = [[Tyari]] <br /> [[Tkhuma]] | units2 = [[Turkish Armed Forces]]<br /> [[Kurdish tribes]] | units3 = | strength1 = Less than 1,000 men<ref>{{cite book |title=Genelkurmay belgelerinde Kürt isyanları: Nasturi-Şeyh Sait-Raçkotan-Raman-Sason-Ağrı-Koçuşağı-Mutki-Bicar-Asi Resul-Tendürük-Savur-Zeylan-Oramar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9OtwAACAAJ |publisher=Kaynak Yayınları |pages=49 |language=tr |date=2011 |isbn=9789753436007 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140826/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9OtwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | strength2 = 40,000+ men<ref>{{cite book |title=Genelkurmay belgelerinde Kürt isyanları: Nasturi-Şeyh Sait-Raçkotan-Raman-Sason-Ağrı-Koçuşağı-Mutki-Bicar-Asi Resul-Tendürük-Savur-Zeylan-Oramar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9OtwAACAAJ |publisher=Kaynak Yayınları |pages=62 |language=tr |date=2011 |isbn=9789753436007 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140826/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9OtwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | strength3 = | casualties1 = 1,200<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donef |first1=Racho |title=The Hakkâri Massacres: An Anthology of Documents Related to Massacres and Deportation of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia : Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey, 1924-25 |date=2014 |publisher=Tatavla Publishing |isbn=978-0-9874239-1-7 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECK2oQEACAAJ |language=en |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193231/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECK2oQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | casualties2 = 1,500<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donef |first1=Racho |title=The Hakkâri Massacres: An Anthology of Documents Related to Massacres and Deportation of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia : Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey, 1924-25 |date=2014 |publisher=Tatavla Publishing |isbn=978-0-9874239-1-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECK2oQEACAAJ |language=en |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193231/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECK2oQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }} The '''Assyrian rebellion''' ({{lang-tr|Nasturi Ayaklanması}}, "Nestorian Uprising")<ref>{{cite book |title=Genelkurmay belgelerinde Kürt isyanları: Nasturi-Şeyh Sait-Raçkotan-Raman-Sason-Ağrı-Koçuşağı-Mutki-Bicar-Asi Resul-Tendürük-Savur-Zeylan-Oramar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9OtwAACAAJ |publisher=Kaynak Yayınları |pages=35 |language=tr |date=2011 |isbn=9789753436007 |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140826/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO9OtwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> was an uprising by the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] in [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] which was administered by Assyrians at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donef |first=Racho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECK2oQEACAAJ |title=The Hakkâri Massacres: An Anthology of Documents Related to Massacres and Deportation of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia : Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey, 1924-25 |date=2014 |publisher=Tatavla Publishing |isbn=978-0-9874239-1-7 |pages=167–174 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193231/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECK2oQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It began in July 1924 and ended on 28 September that same year.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVdfAgAAQBAJ|title=The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925|last=Olson|first=Robert|date=2013-12-18|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292764125|language=en|quote=(1) Nestorian (Nasturi) rebellion (12–28 September 1924); (2) Sheikh Said rebellion (13 February–31 May 1925); (3) Raçkotan and Raman pacifying operations|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193233/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVdfAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismael |first=Yaqou D'Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVgKzgEACAAJ |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |publisher=Ramon Michael |pages=173 |language=en |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193245/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVgKzgEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first rebellion in the newly formed Republic of Turkey. After the rebellion ended, 8,000 Assyrians were deported into [[Mandatory Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dündar|first=Fuat|title=When did the First World War End for Turkey ?|url=https://www.academia.edu/35039114|journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée|language=en|issue=141|pages=141209–206 –|issn=0997-1327|access-date=2023-04-13|archive-date=2023-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413192737/https://www.academia.edu/35039114|url-status=live}}</ref> (Another rebellion by the Assyrian community had taken place in 3–4 September 1924.)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVdfAgAAQBAJ|title=The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925|last=Olson|first=Robert|date=2013-12-18|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292764125|language=en|quote=One of these was the Assyrian (Nestorian) rebellion of 3–4 September 1924 of Beyt Sebab, which, as indicated above, was itself very much related to the Sheikh Said rebellion.|access-date=2020-10-03|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193233/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVdfAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> == Background == Assyrians of [[Tyari]] and [[Tkhuma]] returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I, without permission from the Turkish government. In 1924, the Vali (Ottoman term for governor) of Van wrote to Auli Beg who was the Agha of the village of Chal, telling him to inform the Assyrians in Hakkari not to worry about their visit. The Vali wanted to discuss whether they had come to Hakkari under the force of the British or wanted to live in Turkey as citizens. The Vali stated that if Assyrians were coming to live as citizens peacefully, they would be free to do so. If they were coming by force of the British, then they would need to return to Iraq. However, the Kurdish Agha Auli Beg lied to the Assyrians and stated that the Turks were planning to expel them by force and annihilate them. In July 1924, Assyrians met with the Vali of Van. Two guards stopped them before meeting him, but they could not understand each other as the Assyrians were speaking [[Aramaic]] and the Turks were speaking Turkish. Another Assyrian man arrived, and the Turks said there were now three Assyrians. One of the Turkish guards lowered his rifle, and the Assyrian who had just arrived quickly shot at the guards without aiming, and the guards did the same. Both of them missed. However, there were Assyrians who were hidden who began shooting at the Turks and ended up killing a governor and six Turkish soldiers. The Vali was wounded in this attack and were later taken and surrendered to the British in Amediya. [[Malik Khoshaba]] expressed his disappointment in what had happened, claiming the Kurds tricked the Assyrians into attacking the Turks just like they did in 1915. The Assyrians in Hakkari were put in a difficult situation because the majority of Assyrian fighters were in military service with the British in Iraq. The British reassured the Assyrians that they would assist them with the British army and airplanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ismail|first=Malek Yakoub|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9szQEACAAJ|title=The Assyrians and the Two World Wars: First English Edition|date=2020-07-20|publisher=Edessa Publications|isbn=978-0-9837543-5-0|pages=252–253|language=en|access-date=2022-01-09|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193234/https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9szQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> == Battle == A messenger was sent to Malik Ismael that told him that the Turkish army and their Kurdish allies were waiting to destroy them as they have occupied Julamerg and the district of Leon. A few Assyrian scouts went to the mountain of Istanbul and confirmed what the messenger had said and saw the large forces of Turks and Kurds.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ismail|first=Malek Yakoub|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9szQEACAAJ|title=The Assyrians and the Two World Wars: First English Edition|date=2020-07-20|publisher=Edessa Publications|isbn=978-0-9837543-5-0|pages=253|language=en|access-date=2022-01-09|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193234/https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9szQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early morning the fighting began and the Turks were bombarding the Assyrians with artillery and machine gun fire. The Assyrians were significantly outnumbered and outgunned and were using British single fire rifles. The Assyrians were waiting for help from the British Army or Navy, but it never arrived, and they struggled in battle using inferior weaponry. Assyrians then retreated to Iraq.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ismail|first=Malek Yakoub|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9szQEACAAJ|title=The Assyrians and the Two World Wars: First English Edition|date=2020-07-20|publisher=Edessa Publications|isbn=978-0-9837543-5-0|pages=254|language=en|access-date=2022-01-09|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193234/https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9szQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Assyrians then launched a counterattack after gathering in Amediya, in the face of Turkish machine gun fire and artillery. Assyrians defeated the Turks in a series of battles and captured several towns in Iraq and the Turks retreated to their border. The victorious battles by the Assyrians in the face of incredible odds were described as incredible by observers.<ref name=":0"/> British warplanes then arrived and dropped bombs in [[Ashitha|Asheeta]], ending the conflict.<ref name=":0"/> == Aftermath == After the British bombed Asheeta, they ordered the Assyrians not to cross the Turkish border to attack and to come back to return to Iraq. Assyrians returned disappointed because the British did not live up to their word of helping them get their ancestral lands.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Conflicts in 1924]] [[Category:Rebellions in Turkey]] [[Category:1924 in Turkey]] [[Category:Assyrian nationalism]] [[Category:History of the Assyrians]] [[Category:Assyrian irredentism]] [[Category:Violence against men in Asia]] [[Category:Christian–Islamic violence]] [[Category:Turkish War of Independence]]'