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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{One source|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|1918 WWI Persian campaign conflict}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Charah
| place = Kuhnashahir (modern day [[Tazeh Shahr]]), [[Salmas]], [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]
| image = قلعه چهریق.jpg
| partof = [[Persian campaign (World War I)]]
| caption = The Fortress of Charah
| result = Assyrian victory
*Simko's fortress destroyed
*Simko shikak flees
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Assyrian volunteers]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Shekak (tribe)|Shekak tribe]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Agha Petros]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Khoshaba]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Dawid Mar Shimun]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Yaqo]]<br />[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]][[Shimun XIX Benyamin]]{{KIA}}{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Simko Shikak]]
| casualties1 = 150 killed (during the assassination of [[Shimun XIX Benyamin]]){{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
48 killed (during the battle){{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=111}}|casualties2 {{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
| casualties2 = 500+
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| date = 12–17 March 1918
| campaignbox = {{Persian Campaign}}
}}
The '''Battle of Charah''' (12-17 March 1918) or '''Charah Expedition''' took place between the [[Assyrian volunteers|Assyrian Volunteers]] led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba|Malik Khsoshaba]] against [[Shekak (tribe)|Shekak tribesmen]] led by [[Simko Shikak]] in revenge for the assassination of [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Mar Benyamin Shimun]] by Simko. Simko Shikak, who was responsible for the murder of the Assyrian patriarch Mar Shimun was staying in the fortress. The fortress had never been conquered despite numerous attempts by the [[Qajar Iran|Iranian government]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismael |first=Yaqo Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ca1tEAAAQBAJ&dq=malik+oshana&pg=PT173 |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |date=1964 |publisher=Ramon Michael |page=152 |language=en}}</ref>
== Assassination of Mar Benyamin Shimun ==
In March 1918, Mar Benyamin and many of his 150 bodyguards were assassinated by [[Simko Shikak]] (Ismail Agha Shikak), a Kurdish agha, in the town of [[Tazeh Shahr|Kuhnashahir]] in [[Salmas]] (Persia) under a [[truce]] flag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Invitation of His Holiness the Patriarch Mar Binyamin |url=http://www.aina.org/articles/marbsh.htm |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.aina.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donabed |first=Sargon |date=2015-02-27 |title=Reforging a Forgotten History |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780748686032 |doi=10.1515/9780748686032|isbn=9780748686032 |s2cid=247182668 }}</ref>
== Battle ==
The soldiers of [[Urmia]] did not get to the fortress of Charah by 12 March, as the military leaders told them in the letter to [[Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun]]. But in that month groups of guards were organized from the [[Salmas|Salamas]] forces on those high mountains looking for the Assyrian Soldiers of Urmia waiting for them to attack Charah.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=106}}
On 15 March Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun, her brother [[Dawid Mar Shimun]], [[Palkounik]] Kondriatoff, and officer Valodia commanded saying on 16 March the remaining parts of [[Tazeh Shahr|Kuhnashahir]] must be attacked before the soldiers of Urmia near Charah so that the back of Assyrians would be empty from the enemy.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
At two o'clock during midnight Malik Oshana of [[Tkhuma]] and Malik Shamisdin of Lower [[Tyari]] who had at their possession two [[machine gun]]s surrounded the town of Kuhnashahir. Rab Khaila Dawid and Shlemon Malik Ismael placed a [[cannon]] on the hill of Mar Yokhanan. Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Lazar Kaku d'Bet Samano of Upper Tyari among the army where placed in Qalasar village, between Khusrabad and Diliman, to safeguard the front from the Iranian army, so they could not go up and aid the Kurds in Kuhnashahir. Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Daniel Malik Ismael and Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Israel Pityo of Tkhuma with their troops were left in Khusruabad, to be sent who ever would need saving the most.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
In the morning the battle started around the section of town that was not damaged. The Assyrians started firing cannons and would later stop because Assyrian attacks pushed inside. Soon after the whole town surrendered, the people killed from the Assyrians was about 71 while the Kurds lost about 500. Soon after Dawid Mar Shimun was informed by guards guarding mountain tops that the Assyrian forces of Urmia had arrived, soon after the forces of Urmia began to battle fiercely.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
The reason for the Urmia forces delay was due to running into Kurds at villages on the way to Kuhnashir, [[Agha Petros]] was the leader of all the battle [[Agha Petros]] and his advisers Malik Ismail II and [[Malik Khoshaba]].{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=108}}
On 16 March the forces of Urmia began their attacks on the Charah fortress, the Kurds fought fiercely and the Assyrians had not expected that many rebels to be fortified in the castle. The next day very early in the morning the Assyrians fired cannons from the army on the north side of Charah. Daniel Malik Ismail would guard the road towards Khana Barrri while Awwo son of Shmoel Khan with the left side of the Urmia and were placed near Khana Bari thus surrounding the fortress. Soon after Assyrians began to fire cannons, machine guns, [[Maxim gun]]s and rifles towards the fortress and the trenches of the enemy. Soon after Daniel Malik Ismail was ordered to relinquish his position on Khana Barri and was ordered by Dawid Mar Shimun not to send reinforcements to guard the road. Soon after Assyrian forces entered the trenches of the Kurds.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=109}}
== Aftermath ==
When Simko saw the Assyrians tearing apart his forces, he began to panic, abandoning his men and fleeing thru the road of Khana Barri.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=110}}
It is said that the river in Charah was completely red from the dead [[Shekak (tribe)|Shikak]] fighters.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=152}}
== See also ==
{{div col begin}}
* [[Urmia Clashes]]
* [[Battle of Suldouze]]
* [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian Campaign]]
* [[Sayfo]]
* [[Assyrian rebellion|Assyrian Rebellion]]
* [[Iraq Levies|Assyrian Levies]]
* [[Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)|Simko Shikak Revolt (1918-1922)]]
* [[Simko Shikak revolt (1926)|Simko Shikak Revolt (1926)]]
{{div col end}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Assyrian nationalism]]
[[Category:Assyrian genocide]]
[[Category:History of the Assyrians]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
[[Category:1918 in Iran]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{One source|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|1918 WWI Persian campaign conflict}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Charah
| place = Kuhnashahir (modern day [[Tazeh Shahr]]), [[Salmas]], [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]
| image = قلعه چهریق.jpg
| partof = [[Persian campaign (World War I)]]
| caption = The Fortress of Charah
| result = Assyrian victory
*Simko's fortress destroyed
*Simko shikak flees
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Assyrian volunteers]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Shekak (tribe)|Shekak tribe]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Agha Petros]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Khoshaba]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Dawid Mar Shimun]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]] [[Malik Yaqo]]<br />[[File:Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg|border|20px]][[Shimun XIX Benyamin]]{{KIA}}{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Simko Shikak]]
| casualties1 = 71 killed (during the assassination of [[Shimun XIX Benyamin]]){{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
48 killed (during the battle){{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=111}}|casualties2 {{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
| casualties2 = 500+
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| date = 12–17 March 1918
| campaignbox = {{Persian Campaign}}
}}
The '''Battle of Charah''' (12-17 March 1918) or '''Charah Expedition''' took place between the [[Assyrian volunteers|Assyrian Volunteers]] led by [[Agha Petros]] and [[Malik Khoshaba|Malik Khsoshaba]] against [[Shekak (tribe)|Shekak tribesmen]] led by [[Simko Shikak]] in revenge for the assassination of [[Shimun XIX Benyamin|Mar Benyamin Shimun]] by Simko. Simko Shikak, who was responsible for the murder of the Assyrian patriarch Mar Shimun was staying in the fortress. The fortress had never been conquered despite numerous attempts by the [[Qajar Iran|Iranian government]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ismael |first=Yaqo Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ca1tEAAAQBAJ&dq=malik+oshana&pg=PT173 |title=Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945 |date=1964 |publisher=Ramon Michael |page=152 |language=en}}</ref>
== Assassination of Mar Benyamin Shimun ==
In March 1918, Mar Benyamin and many of his 150 bodyguards were assassinated by [[Simko Shikak]] (Ismail Agha Shikak), a Kurdish agha, in the town of [[Tazeh Shahr|Kuhnashahir]] in [[Salmas]] (Persia) under a [[truce]] flag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Invitation of His Holiness the Patriarch Mar Binyamin |url=http://www.aina.org/articles/marbsh.htm |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.aina.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donabed |first=Sargon |date=2015-02-27 |title=Reforging a Forgotten History |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780748686032 |doi=10.1515/9780748686032|isbn=9780748686032 |s2cid=247182668 }}</ref>
== Battle ==
The soldiers of [[Urmia]] did not get to the fortress of Charah by 12 March, as the military leaders told them in the letter to [[Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun]]. But in that month groups of guards were organized from the [[Salmas|Salamas]] forces on those high mountains looking for the Assyrian Soldiers of Urmia waiting for them to attack Charah.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=106}}
On 15 March Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun, her brother [[Dawid Mar Shimun]], [[Palkounik]] Kondriatoff, and officer Valodia commanded saying on 16 March the remaining parts of [[Tazeh Shahr|Kuhnashahir]] must be attacked before the soldiers of Urmia near Charah so that the back of Assyrians would be empty from the enemy.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
At two o'clock during midnight Malik Oshana of [[Tkhuma]] and Malik Shamisdin of Lower [[Tyari]] who had at their possession two [[machine gun]]s surrounded the town of Kuhnashahir. Rab Khaila Dawid and Shlemon Malik Ismael placed a [[cannon]] on the hill of Mar Yokhanan. Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Lazar Kaku d'Bet Samano of Upper Tyari among the army where placed in Qalasar village, between Khusrabad and Diliman, to safeguard the front from the Iranian army, so they could not go up and aid the Kurds in Kuhnashahir. Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Daniel Malik Ismael and Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Israel Pityo of Tkhuma with their troops were left in Khusruabad, to be sent who ever would need saving the most.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
In the morning the battle started around the section of town that was not damaged. The Assyrians started firing cannons and would later stop because Assyrian attacks pushed inside. Soon after the whole town surrendered, the people killed from the Assyrians was about 71 while the Kurds lost about 500. Soon after Dawid Mar Shimun was informed by guards guarding mountain tops that the Assyrian forces of Urmia had arrived, soon after the forces of Urmia began to battle fiercely.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=107}}
The reason for the Urmia forces delay was due to running into Kurds at villages on the way to Kuhnashir, [[Agha Petros]] was the leader of all the battle [[Agha Petros]] and his advisers Malik Ismail II and [[Malik Khoshaba]].{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=108}}
On 16 March the forces of Urmia began their attacks on the Charah fortress, the Kurds fought fiercely and the Assyrians had not expected that many rebels to be fortified in the castle. The next day very early in the morning the Assyrians fired cannons from the army on the north side of Charah. Daniel Malik Ismail would guard the road towards Khana Barrri while Awwo son of Shmoel Khan with the left side of the Urmia and were placed near Khana Bari thus surrounding the fortress. Soon after Assyrians began to fire cannons, machine guns, [[Maxim gun]]s and rifles towards the fortress and the trenches of the enemy. Soon after Daniel Malik Ismail was ordered to relinquish his position on Khana Barri and was ordered by Dawid Mar Shimun not to send reinforcements to guard the road. Soon after Assyrian forces entered the trenches of the Kurds.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=109}}
== Aftermath ==
When Simko saw the Assyrians tearing apart his forces, he began to panic, abandoning his men and fleeing thru the road of Khana Barri.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=110}}
It is said that the river in Charah was completely red from the dead [[Shekak (tribe)|Shikak]] fighters.{{sfn|Ismael|1964|p=152}}
== See also ==
{{div col begin}}
* [[Urmia Clashes]]
* [[Battle of Suldouze]]
* [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian Campaign]]
* [[Sayfo]]
* [[Assyrian rebellion|Assyrian Rebellion]]
* [[Iraq Levies|Assyrian Levies]]
* [[Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)|Simko Shikak Revolt (1918-1922)]]
* [[Simko Shikak revolt (1926)|Simko Shikak Revolt (1926)]]
{{div col end}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Assyrian nationalism]]
[[Category:Assyrian genocide]]
[[Category:History of the Assyrians]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
[[Category:1918 in Iran]]' |
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1918 WWI Persian campaign conflict</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Charah</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign (World War I)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg/220px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg/330px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg/440px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span><br />The Fortress of Charah</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12–17 March 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Kuhnashahir (modern day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tazeh_Shahr" title="Tazeh Shahr">Tazeh Shahr</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
<p>Assyrian victory
</p>
<ul><li>Simko's fortress destroyed</li>
<li>Simko shikak flees</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_volunteers" title="Assyrian volunteers">Assyrian volunteers</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shekak_(tribe)" title="Shekak (tribe)">Shekak tribe</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Khoshaba" title="Malik Khoshaba">Malik Khoshaba</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawid_Mar_Shimun" title="Dawid Mar Shimun">Dawid Mar Shimun</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Yaqo" title="Malik Yaqo">Malik Yaqo</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Assyrian_Volunteers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" title="Shimun XIX Benyamin">Shimun XIX Benyamin</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<p>71 killed (during the assassination of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" title="Shimun XIX Benyamin">Shimun XIX Benyamin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
48 killed (during the battle)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
500+</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman" title="Battle of Dilman">Dilman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_occupation_of_Bushehr" title="British occupation of Bushehr">Bushehr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Robat Karim</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Heydar_Latifiyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heydar Latifiyan (page does not exist)">Heydar Latifiyan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Musalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Musalla (page does not exist)">Musalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qasr-i-Shirin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Qasr-i-Shirin (page does not exist)">Qar-i Shirin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Qom (page does not exist)">Qom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kermanshah_operation" title="Kermanshah operation">Kermanshah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakkari_Expedition_1916" title="Hakkari Expedition 1916">1st Hakkari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hamadan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hamadan (page does not exist)">Hamadan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Seray_Mountain" title="Battle of Seray Mountain">Seray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hakkari_Expedition_1917&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakkari Expedition 1917 (page does not exist)">2nd Hakkari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urmia_clashes" title="Urmia clashes">1st Urmia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Suldouze" title="Battle of Suldouze">Suldouze</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Urmia_April_1918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Urmia April 1918 (page does not exist)">2nd Urmia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Urmia_June_1918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Urmia June 1918 (page does not exist)">3rd Urmia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sauj_Bulak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sauj Bulak (page does not exist)">Sauj Bulak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabriz_during_World_War_I" title="Tabriz during World War I">Occupation of Tabriz</a></li></ul>
<p><i>See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></i>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>
<p>The <b>Battle of Charah</b> (12-17 March 1918) or <b>Charah Expedition</b> took place between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_volunteers" title="Assyrian volunteers">Assyrian Volunteers</a> led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Khoshaba" title="Malik Khoshaba">Malik Khsoshaba</a> against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shekak_(tribe)" title="Shekak (tribe)">Shekak tribesmen</a> led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a> in revenge for the assassination of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" title="Shimun XIX Benyamin">Mar Benyamin Shimun</a> by Simko. Simko Shikak, who was responsible for the murder of the Assyrian patriarch Mar Shimun was staying in the fortress. The fortress had never been conquered despite numerous attempts by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iranian government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Assassination_of_Mar_Benyamin_Shimun"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Assassination of Mar Benyamin Shimun</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Battle"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Battle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_of_Mar_Benyamin_Shimun">Assassination of Mar Benyamin Shimun</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In March 1918, Mar Benyamin and many of his 150 bodyguards were assassinated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a> (Ismail Agha Shikak), a Kurdish agha, in the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tazeh_Shahr" title="Tazeh Shahr">Kuhnashahir</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> (Persia) under a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> flag.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The soldiers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> did not get to the fortress of Charah by 12 March, as the military leaders told them in the letter to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surma_D%27Bait_Mar_Shimun" title="Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun">Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun</a>. But in that month groups of guards were organized from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salamas</a> forces on those high mountains looking for the Assyrian Soldiers of Urmia waiting for them to attack Charah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 15 March Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun, her brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawid_Mar_Shimun" title="Dawid Mar Shimun">Dawid Mar Shimun</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palkounik" class="mw-redirect" title="Palkounik">Palkounik</a> Kondriatoff, and officer Valodia commanded saying on 16 March the remaining parts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tazeh_Shahr" title="Tazeh Shahr">Kuhnashahir</a> must be attacked before the soldiers of Urmia near Charah so that the back of Assyrians would be empty from the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At two o'clock during midnight Malik Oshana of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tkhuma" title="Tkhuma">Tkhuma</a> and Malik Shamisdin of Lower <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyari" title="Tyari">Tyari</a> who had at their possession two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> surrounded the town of Kuhnashahir. Rab Khaila Dawid and Shlemon Malik Ismael placed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> on the hill of Mar Yokhanan. Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Lazar Kaku d'Bet Samano of Upper Tyari among the army where placed in Qalasar village, between Khusrabad and Diliman, to safeguard the front from the Iranian army, so they could not go up and aid the Kurds in Kuhnashahir. Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Daniel Malik Ismael and Rab Tremma (Commander of 200) Israel Pityo of Tkhuma with their troops were left in Khusruabad, to be sent who ever would need saving the most.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the morning the battle started around the section of town that was not damaged. The Assyrians started firing cannons and would later stop because Assyrian attacks pushed inside. Soon after the whole town surrendered, the people killed from the Assyrians was about 71 while the Kurds lost about 500. Soon after Dawid Mar Shimun was informed by guards guarding mountain tops that the Assyrian forces of Urmia had arrived, soon after the forces of Urmia began to battle fiercely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The reason for the Urmia forces delay was due to running into Kurds at villages on the way to Kuhnashir, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a> was the leader of all the battle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a> and his advisers Malik Ismail II and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Khoshaba" title="Malik Khoshaba">Malik Khoshaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964108_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 16 March the forces of Urmia began their attacks on the Charah fortress, the Kurds fought fiercely and the Assyrians had not expected that many rebels to be fortified in the castle. The next day very early in the morning the Assyrians fired cannons from the army on the north side of Charah. Daniel Malik Ismail would guard the road towards Khana Barrri while Awwo son of Shmoel Khan with the left side of the Urmia and were placed near Khana Bari thus surrounding the fortress. Soon after Assyrians began to fire cannons, machine guns, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim guns</a> and rifles towards the fortress and the trenches of the enemy. Soon after Daniel Malik Ismail was ordered to relinquish his position on Khana Barri and was ordered by Dawid Mar Shimun not to send reinforcements to guard the road. Soon after Assyrian forces entered the trenches of the Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>When Simko saw the Assyrians tearing apart his forces, he began to panic, abandoning his men and fleeing thru the road of Khana Barri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>It is said that the river in Charah was completely red from the dead <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shekak_(tribe)" title="Shekak (tribe)">Shikak</a> fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964152_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964152-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urmia_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urmia Clashes">Urmia Clashes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Suldouze" title="Battle of Suldouze">Battle of Suldouze</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_rebellion" title="Assyrian rebellion">Assyrian Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_Levies" title="Iraq Levies">Assyrian Levies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak Revolt (1918-1922)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1926)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1926)">Simko Shikak Revolt (1926)</a></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964107_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 107.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964111_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 111.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIsmael1964" class="citation book cs1">Ismael, Yaqo Malik (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ca1tEAAAQBAJ&dq=malik+oshana&pg=PT173"><i>Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945</i></a>. Ramon Michael. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrians+and+Two+World+Wars%3A+Assyrians+from+1914+to+1945&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Ramon+Michael&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Yaqo+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dca1tEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmalik%2Boshana%26pg%3DPT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Charah" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/articles/marbsh.htm">"The Invitation of His Holiness the Patriarch Mar Binyamin"</a>. <i>www.aina.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aina.org&rft.atitle=The+Invitation+of+His+Holiness+the+Patriarch+Mar+Binyamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Farticles%2Fmarbsh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Charah" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2015" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon (2015-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780748686032"><i>Reforging a Forgotten History</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780748686032">10.1515/9780748686032</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748686032" title="Special:BookSources/9780748686032"><bdi>9780748686032</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247182668">247182668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforging+a+Forgotten+History&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247182668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780748686032&rft.isbn=9780748686032&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9780748686032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Charah" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964106-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964106_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 106.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964108-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964108_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 108.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964109-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964109_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 109.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964110-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964110_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 110.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964152-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmael1964152_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmael1964">Ismael 1964</a>, p. 152.</span>
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