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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Stationery item used for erasing marks on paper}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
[[File:Office-pink-erasers.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pink erasers]]
[[File:Benutzung eines Radiergummies.gif|thumb|Using an eraser]]
An '''eraser''' (also known as a '''[[Natural rubber|rubber]]''' in some [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, including South Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=rubber|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/rubber_1?q=rubber|website=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=rubber|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/rubber|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.canadaspace.com/definition/rubber/|title=rubber Dictionary definition at Canadaspace.com English Online Dictionary|website=dictionary.canadaspace.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214709/http://dictionary.canadaspace.com/definition/rubber/|archive-date=2018-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> from which the [[rubber|material first used]] got its name) is an article of [[stationery]] that is used for removing marks from [[paper]] or skin (e.g. [[parchment]] or [[vellum]]). Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Erasers can come in various shapes and colors. Less expensive erasers are made from [[synthetic rubber]] and synthetic [[soybean|soy]]-based gum, but more expensive or specialized erasers are made from [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]], [[plastic]], or [[Natural gum|gum]]-like materials.
At first, erasers were invented to erase mistakes made with a [[pencil]]; later, more abrasive [[ink eraser]]s were introduced. The term is also used for things that remove marks from [[Blackboard|chalkboards]] and [[whiteboard]]s.
[[File:Toy Erasers.jpg|thumb|Fragrant toy erasers for children]]
== History ==
[[File:Pencil Eraser.jpg|right|thumb|A [[pencil]] eraser]]
Before rubber erasers used today, tablets of wax were used to erase lead or charcoal marks from paper. Bits of rough stone such as [[sandstone]] or [[pumice]] were used to remove small errors from parchment or papyrus documents written in ink. Crustless bread was used; a [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount. So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger."<ref>{{cite book|author=Teiyûkai
|title=Kôbu daigakkô mukashibanashi
|location=Tokyo|publisher= Teiyûkai
|year=1926|pages=25–26|language=ja}}</ref>
In 1770 English engineer [[Edward Nairne]] is reported to have developed the first widely marketed rubber eraser, for an inventions competition. Until that time the material was known as ''gum elastic'' or by its Quechua name (via French) ''caoutchouc''. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three [[shilling]]s per half-inch cube.<ref name=":0" /> According to Nairne, he inadvertently picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was described by [[Joseph Priestley]] on April 15, 1770, in a footnote: "I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange."<ref name=":0">See the footnote on page xv at the end of the preface to the following: {{cite book | title = A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective | author = Priestley, Joseph | year = 1770 | publisher = J. John and J. Payne | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/afamiliarintrod00conggoog| quote = A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective. }}</ref> In 1770 the word ''rubber'' was in general use for any object used for rubbing;<ref name="Priestley1769">{{cite book|author=Joseph Priestley|title=A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eFbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84|year=1769|publisher=J. Dodsley; T. Cadell, successor to Mr. Millar; and Johnson and Payne|page=84}}</ref> the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.<ref>R.B. Simpson (ed.), ''Rubber Basics'', iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|185957307X}}, p.46 "Rubber"</ref>
However, raw rubber was perishable. In 1839 [[Charles Goodyear]] discovered the process of [[vulcanization]], a method that would [[Curing (chemistry)|cure]] rubber, making it durable. Rubber erasers became common with the advent of vulcanization.
On March 30, 1858, [[Hymen Lipman]] of [[Philadelphia]], United States, received the first [[patent]] for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. It was later invalidated because it was determined to be simply a composite of two devices rather than an entirely new product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/347/case.html |title=Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875) |publisher=Justia |access-date=2014-03-24}}</ref>
Erasers may be free-standing blocks (''block'' and ''wedge eraser''), or conical caps that can slip onto the end of a pencil (''cap eraser''). A ''[[barrel]]'' or ''click eraser'' is a device shaped like a pencil, but instead of being filled with [[pencil lead]], its barrel contains a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft vinyl). Many, but not all, wooden pencils are made with attached erasers.<ref name=how>{{cite web|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Eraser.html|title=How eraser is made}}</ref> Novelty erasers made in shapes intended to be amusing are often made of hard vinyl, which tends to smear heavy markings when used as an eraser.
==Types==
===Pencil or cap erasers===
[[File:Erasers.jpg|right|thumb|Cap erasers]]
Originally made from natural rubber, but now usually from cheaper [[Styrene-butadiene|SBR]], this type contains mineral fillers and an abrasive such as pumice with a [[plasticizer]] such as vegetable oil.<ref name=how/> They are relatively hard (in order to remain attached to the pencil) and frequently colored pink.
They can also be permanently attached to the end of a pencil with a [[ferrule]].
===Artist's gum eraser===
The stylized word "Art gum" was first used in 1903 and trademarked in the United States in 1907.<ref>Reg. No. 60496 & No. 435240, ''ERASERS OR ELASTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR ERASING MARKS FROM AND CLEANING DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, PICTURES'' [http://tmsearch.uppto.gov]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> That type of eraser was originally made from oils such as [[corn oil]] [[vulcanized]] with [[sulfur dichloride]]<ref>US patent 2676160</ref> although it may now be made from natural or synthetic rubber or vinyl compounds. It is very soft yet retains its shape and is not mechanically plastic, but crumbles as it is used. It is especially suited to cleaning large areas without damaging the paper. However, they are so soft as to be imprecise in use. The removed graphite is carried away in the crumbles, leaving the eraser clean, but resulting in a lot of eraser residue. This residue must then be brushed away with care, as the eraser particles are coated with the graphite and can make new marks. Art gum erasers are traditionally tan or brown, but some are blue.
===Vinyl erasers===
[[File:Faber Castell Erasers.jpg|right|thumb|[[Polyvinyl chloride|Vinyl]] erasers]]
High-quality plasticized [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] or other "plastic" erasers, originally trademarked ''Mylar'' in the mid-20th century{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}, are softer, non-abrasive, and erase cleaner than standard rubber erasers. This is because the removed graphite does not remain on the eraser as much as rubber erasers, but is instead absorbed into the discarded vinyl scraps. Being softer and non-abrasive, they are less likely to damage canvas or paper. Engineers favor this type of eraser for work on [[technical drawing]]s due to their gentleness on paper with less smearing to surrounding areas. They often come in white and can be found in a variety of shapes. More recently, very low-cost erasers are manufactured from highly plasticized vinyl compounds and made in decorative shapes.
===Elastomer erasers===
In these types, a thermoplastic elastomer combines a styrene resin elastomer and an olefin resin.{{cn|date=May 2024}} These erasers have better erasability for erasing pencil marks compared to conventional vinyl erasers.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Elastomers can be formed into thin cylindrical or other shapes to be used as extendable erasers.
===Kneaded erasers===
{{main article|Kneaded eraser}}
[[File:Kneaded eraser.jpg|thumb|Two kneaded erasers. A new eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into it.]]
[[Kneaded eraser]]s (called '''putty rubbers''' outside the United States) have a plastic consistency and are common to most artists' standard toolkit. They can be pulled into a point for erasing small areas and tight detail erasing, molded into a textured surface and used as a reverse stamp to give texture, or used in a "blotting" manner to lighten lines or shading without completely erasing them. They gradually lose their efficacy and resilience as they become infused with particles picked up from erasing and from their environment. They are not suited to erase large areas because of their tendency to deform under vigorous erasing.
===Poster putty===
Commonly sold in retail outlets with school supplies and home improvement products, this soft, malleable putty appears in many colors and under numerous brand names. Intended to adhere posters and prints to walls without damaging the underlying wall surface, poster putty works much the same as traditional kneaded erasers, but with a greater tack and in some circumstances, lifting strength. Poster putty does not erase so much as lighten by directly pulling particles of graphite, charcoal or pastel from a drawing. In this regard, poster putty does not smudge or damage work in the process. Repeatedly touching the putty to a drawing pulls ever more medium free, gradually lightening the work in a controlled fashion. Poster putty can be shaped into fine points or knife edges, making it ideal for detailed or small areas of work. It can be rolled across a surface to create visual textures. Poster putty loses its efficacy with use, becoming less tacky as the material grows polluted with debris and oils from the user's skin.
===Electric erasers===
[[File:Electric eraser.jpg|right|thumb|An electric eraser tool with replacement eraser heads]]
The electric eraser was invented in 1932 by [[Dremel|Albert J. Dremel]] of [[Racine]], [[Wisconsin]], United States.<ref name=hist>{{cite journal|last1=Piedmont-Palladino|first1=Susan|title=The Invisible History of Erasing|journal=Blueprints (National Building Museum)|date=Summer 2005|page=2}}</ref> It used a replaceable cylinder of eraser material held by a [[chuck (engineering)|chuck]] driven on the axis of a motor. The speed of rotation allowed less pressure to be used, which minimized paper damage. Originally standard pencil-eraser rubber was used, later replaced by higher-performance vinyl. Dremel went on to develop an entire line of hand-held rotary power tools.
===Fiberglass erasers===
A fiberglass eraser, a bundle of very fine glass fibers, can be used for erasing<ref>Rendering with Pen and Ink (The Thames & Hudson Manuals), Robert W Gill. 1984, p191-193</ref> and other tasks requiring abrasion. Typically the eraser is a pen-shaped device with a replaceable insert with glass fibers, which wear down in use. The fibers are very hard; in addition to removing pencil and pen markings, such erasers are used for cleaning traces on electronic circuit boards to facilitate soldering, removing rust, and many other applications. As an example of an unusual use, a fiberglass eraser was used for preparing a [[Pterosaur]] [[fossil]] embedded in a very hard and massive limestone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stecher|first=Rico|date=2008|title=A new Triassic pterosaur from Switzerland (Central Austroalpine, Grisons), Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225173595|journal=Swiss J. Geosci.|volume=101|issue=1 |pages=185–201|publisher=Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel|doi=10.1007/s00015-008-1252-6|s2cid=128980861|access-date=16 January 2015|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008SwJG..101..185S }}</ref> Because fiberglass erasers shed fiberglass dust when used, care must be taken during and after use to avoid accidental contamination with this abrasive dust in sensitive areas of the body, especially in the eyes.
===Other===
Felt [[chalkboard eraser]]s or blackboard dusters are used to erase chalk markings on a [[chalkboard]]. Chalk writing leaves light-colored particles weakly adhering to a dark surface (e.g., white on black, or yellow on green); it can be rubbed off with a soft material, such as a rag. Erasers for chalkboards are made, with a block of plastic or wood, much larger than an eraser for pen or pencil, with a layer of felt on one side. The block is held in the hand and the felt rubbed against the writing, which it easily wipes off. Chalk dust is released, some of which sticks to the eraser until it is cleaned, usually by hitting it against a hard surface.
Various types of eraser, depending upon the board and the type of ink used, are used to erase a [[whiteboard]].
Dedicated erasers that are supplied with some [[ballpen]]s and [[permanent marker]]s are intended only to erase the ink of the writing instrument they are made for; sometimes this is done by making the ink bond more strongly to the material of an eraser than the surface it was applied to.<ref>U.S. Patent 3875105</ref>
==See also==
*[[Ink eraser]]
*[[Chalkboard eraser]]
*[[Kneaded eraser]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* Petroski, Henry (1989). ''The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance''..
==External links==
{{commons|Eraser}}
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5205/is_1997/ai_n19124842 Eraser: How Products are Made, Volume 5 (1997)] by Rose Secrest
* {{cite journal | author = Pearlstein, E. J. | author2 = Cabelli, D. | author3 = King, A. | author4 = Indictor, N. | title = Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper | journal = Journal of the American Institute for Conservation | year = 1982 | volume = 22 | pages = 1–2 | url = http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001_indx.html | doi = 10.2307/3179714 | issue = 1 | jstor = 3179714 | access-date = 2008-05-05 | archive-date = 2009-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090513051533/http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001_indx.html | url-status = dead }}
* [http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/history/history_story.html Goodyear Rubber History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509075421/http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/history/history_story.html |date=2008-05-09 }}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Correction instruments]]
[[Category:Writing implements]]
[[Category:Visual arts materials]]
[[Category:British inventions]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Stationery item used for erasing marks on paper}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
[[File:Office-pink-erasers.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pink erasers]]
[[File:Benutzung eines Radiergummies.gif|thumb|Using an eraser]]
An '''eraser''' (also known as a '''[[Natural rubber|rubber]]''' in some [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, including South Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=rubber|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/rubber_1?q=rubber|website=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=rubber|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/rubber|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.canadaspace.com/definition/rubber/|title=rubber Dictionary definition at Canadaspace.com English Online Dictionary|website=dictionary.canadaspace.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214709/http://dictionary.canadaspace.com/definition/rubber/|archive-date=2018-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> from which the [[rubber|material first used]] got its name) is an article of [[stationery]] that is used for removing marks from [[paper]] or skin (e.g. [[parchment]] or [[vellum]]). Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Erasers can come in various shapes and colors. Less expensive erasers are made from [[synthetic rubber]] and synthetic [[soybean|soy]]-based gum, but more expensive or specialized erasers are made from [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]], [[plastic]], or [[Natural gum|gum]]-like materials.
At first, erasers were invented to erase mistakes made with a [[pencil]]; later, more abrasive [[ink eraser]]s were introduced. The term is also used for things that remove marks from [[Blackboard|chalkboards]] and [[whiteboard]]s.
[[File:Toy Erasers.jpg|thumb|Fragrant toy erasers for children]]
== History ==
[[File:Pencil Eraser.jpg|right|thumb|A [[pencil]] eraser]]
Before rubber erasers used today, tablets of wax were used to erase lead or charcoal marks from paper. Bits of rough stone such as [[sandstone]] or [[pumice]] were used to remove small errors from parchment or papyrus documents written in ink. Crustless bread was used; a [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount. So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger."<ref>{{cite book|author=Teiyûkai
|title=Kôbu daigakkô mukashibanashi
|location=Tokyo|publisher= Teiyûkai
|year=1926|pages=25–26|language=ja}}</ref>
I like dudes 84}}</ref> the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.<ref>R.B. Simpson (ed.), ''Rubber Basics'', iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|185957307X}}, p.46 "Rubber"</ref>
However, raw rubber was perishable. In 1839 [[Charles Goodyear]] discovered the process of [[vulcanization]], a method that would [[Curing (chemistry)|cure]] rubber, making it durable. Rubber erasers became common with the advent of vulcanization.
On March 30, 1858, [[Hymen Lipman]] of [[Philadelphia]], United States, received the first [[patent]] for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. It was later invalidated because it was determined to be simply a composite of two devices rather than an entirely new product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/347/case.html |title=Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875) |publisher=Justia |access-date=2014-03-24}}</ref>
Erasers may be free-standing blocks (''block'' and ''wedge eraser''), or conical caps that can slip onto the end of a pencil (''cap eraser''). A ''[[barrel]]'' or ''click eraser'' is a device shaped like a pencil, but instead of being filled with [[pencil lead]], its barrel contains a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft vinyl). Many, but not all, wooden pencils are made with attached erasers.<ref name=how>{{cite web|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Eraser.html|title=How eraser is made}}</ref> Novelty erasers made in shapes intended to be amusing are often made of hard vinyl, which tends to smear heavy markings when used as an eraser.
==Types==
===Pencil or cap erasers===
[[File:Erasers.jpg|right|thumb|Cap erasers]]
Originally made from natural rubber, but now usually from cheaper [[Styrene-butadiene|SBR]], this type contains mineral fillers and an abrasive such as pumice with a [[plasticizer]] such as vegetable oil.<ref name=how/> They are relatively hard (in order to remain attached to the pencil) and frequently colored pink.
They can also be permanently attached to the end of a pencil with a [[ferrule]].
===Artist's gum eraser===
The stylized word "Art gum" was first used in 1903 and trademarked in the United States in 1907.<ref>Reg. No. 60496 & No. 435240, ''ERASERS OR ELASTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR ERASING MARKS FROM AND CLEANING DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, PICTURES'' [http://tmsearch.uppto.gov]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> That type of eraser was originally made from oils such as [[corn oil]] [[vulcanized]] with [[sulfur dichloride]]<ref>US patent 2676160</ref> although it may now be made from natural or synthetic rubber or vinyl compounds. It is very soft yet retains its shape and is not mechanically plastic, but crumbles as it is used. It is especially suited to cleaning large areas without damaging the paper. However, they are so soft as to be imprecise in use. The removed graphite is carried away in the crumbles, leaving the eraser clean, but resulting in a lot of eraser residue. This residue must then be brushed away with care, as the eraser particles are coated with the graphite and can make new marks. Art gum erasers are traditionally tan or brown, but some are blue.
===Vinyl erasers===
[[File:Faber Castell Erasers.jpg|right|thumb|[[Polyvinyl chloride|Vinyl]] erasers]]
High-quality plasticized [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] or other "plastic" erasers, originally trademarked ''Mylar'' in the mid-20th century{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}, are softer, non-abrasive, and erase cleaner than standard rubber erasers. This is because the removed graphite does not remain on the eraser as much as rubber erasers, but is instead absorbed into the discarded vinyl scraps. Being softer and non-abrasive, they are less likely to damage canvas or paper. Engineers favor this type of eraser for work on [[technical drawing]]s due to their gentleness on paper with less smearing to surrounding areas. They often come in white and can be found in a variety of shapes. More recently, very low-cost erasers are manufactured from highly plasticized vinyl compounds and made in decorative shapes.
===Elastomer erasers===
In these types, a thermoplastic elastomer combines a styrene resin elastomer and an olefin resin.{{cn|date=May 2024}} These erasers have better erasability for erasing pencil marks compared to conventional vinyl erasers.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Elastomers can be formed into thin cylindrical or other shapes to be used as extendable erasers.
===Kneaded erasers===
{{main article|Kneaded eraser}}
[[File:Kneaded eraser.jpg|thumb|Two kneaded erasers. A new eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into it.]]
[[Kneaded eraser]]s (called '''putty rubbers''' outside the United States) have a plastic consistency and are common to most artists' standard toolkit. They can be pulled into a point for erasing small areas and tight detail erasing, molded into a textured surface and used as a reverse stamp to give texture, or used in a "blotting" manner to lighten lines or shading without completely erasing them. They gradually lose their efficacy and resilience as they become infused with particles picked up from erasing and from their environment. They are not suited to erase large areas because of their tendency to deform under vigorous erasing.
===Poster putty===
Commonly sold in retail outlets with school supplies and home improvement products, this soft, malleable putty appears in many colors and under numerous brand names. Intended to adhere posters and prints to walls without damaging the underlying wall surface, poster putty works much the same as traditional kneaded erasers, but with a greater tack and in some circumstances, lifting strength. Poster putty does not erase so much as lighten by directly pulling particles of graphite, charcoal or pastel from a drawing. In this regard, poster putty does not smudge or damage work in the process. Repeatedly touching the putty to a drawing pulls ever more medium free, gradually lightening the work in a controlled fashion. Poster putty can be shaped into fine points or knife edges, making it ideal for detailed or small areas of work. It can be rolled across a surface to create visual textures. Poster putty loses its efficacy with use, becoming less tacky as the material grows polluted with debris and oils from the user's skin.
===Electric erasers===
[[File:Electric eraser.jpg|right|thumb|An electric eraser tool with replacement eraser heads]]
The electric eraser was invented in 1932 by [[Dremel|Albert J. Dremel]] of [[Racine]], [[Wisconsin]], United States.<ref name=hist>{{cite journal|last1=Piedmont-Palladino|first1=Susan|title=The Invisible History of Erasing|journal=Blueprints (National Building Museum)|date=Summer 2005|page=2}}</ref> It used a replaceable cylinder of eraser material held by a [[chuck (engineering)|chuck]] driven on the axis of a motor. The speed of rotation allowed less pressure to be used, which minimized paper damage. Originally standard pencil-eraser rubber was used, later replaced by higher-performance vinyl. Dremel went on to develop an entire line of hand-held rotary power tools.
===Fiberglass erasers===
A fiberglass eraser, a bundle of very fine glass fibers, can be used for erasing<ref>Rendering with Pen and Ink (The Thames & Hudson Manuals), Robert W Gill. 1984, p191-193</ref> and other tasks requiring abrasion. Typically the eraser is a pen-shaped device with a replaceable insert with glass fibers, which wear down in use. The fibers are very hard; in addition to removing pencil and pen markings, such erasers are used for cleaning traces on electronic circuit boards to facilitate soldering, removing rust, and many other applications. As an example of an unusual use, a fiberglass eraser was used for preparing a [[Pterosaur]] [[fossil]] embedded in a very hard and massive limestone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stecher|first=Rico|date=2008|title=A new Triassic pterosaur from Switzerland (Central Austroalpine, Grisons), Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225173595|journal=Swiss J. Geosci.|volume=101|issue=1 |pages=185–201|publisher=Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel|doi=10.1007/s00015-008-1252-6|s2cid=128980861|access-date=16 January 2015|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008SwJG..101..185S }}</ref> Because fiberglass erasers shed fiberglass dust when used, care must be taken during and after use to avoid accidental contamination with this abrasive dust in sensitive areas of the body, especially in the eyes.
===Other===
Felt [[chalkboard eraser]]s or blackboard dusters are used to erase chalk markings on a [[chalkboard]]. Chalk writing leaves light-colored particles weakly adhering to a dark surface (e.g., white on black, or yellow on green); it can be rubbed off with a soft material, such as a rag. Erasers for chalkboards are made, with a block of plastic or wood, much larger than an eraser for pen or pencil, with a layer of felt on one side. The block is held in the hand and the felt rubbed against the writing, which it easily wipes off. Chalk dust is released, some of which sticks to the eraser until it is cleaned, usually by hitting it against a hard surface.
Various types of eraser, depending upon the board and the type of ink used, are used to erase a [[whiteboard]].
Dedicated erasers that are supplied with some [[ballpen]]s and [[permanent marker]]s are intended only to erase the ink of the writing instrument they are made for; sometimes this is done by making the ink bond more strongly to the material of an eraser than the surface it was applied to.<ref>U.S. Patent 3875105</ref>
==See also==
*[[Ink eraser]]
*[[Chalkboard eraser]]
*[[Kneaded eraser]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* Petroski, Henry (1989). ''The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance''..
==External links==
{{commons|Eraser}}
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5205/is_1997/ai_n19124842 Eraser: How Products are Made, Volume 5 (1997)] by Rose Secrest
* {{cite journal | author = Pearlstein, E. J. | author2 = Cabelli, D. | author3 = King, A. | author4 = Indictor, N. | title = Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper | journal = Journal of the American Institute for Conservation | year = 1982 | volume = 22 | pages = 1–2 | url = http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001_indx.html | doi = 10.2307/3179714 | issue = 1 | jstor = 3179714 | access-date = 2008-05-05 | archive-date = 2009-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090513051533/http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001_indx.html | url-status = dead }}
* [http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/history/history_story.html Goodyear Rubber History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509075421/http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/history/history_story.html |date=2008-05-09 }}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Correction instruments]]
[[Category:Writing implements]]
[[Category:Visual arts materials]]
[[Category:British inventions]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -17,6 +17,5 @@
|location=Tokyo|publisher= Teiyûkai
|year=1926|pages=25–26|language=ja}}</ref>
-
-In 1770 English engineer [[Edward Nairne]] is reported to have developed the first widely marketed rubber eraser, for an inventions competition. Until that time the material was known as ''gum elastic'' or by its Quechua name (via French) ''caoutchouc''. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three [[shilling]]s per half-inch cube.<ref name=":0" /> According to Nairne, he inadvertently picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was described by [[Joseph Priestley]] on April 15, 1770, in a footnote: "I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange."<ref name=":0">See the footnote on page xv at the end of the preface to the following: {{cite book | title = A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective | author = Priestley, Joseph | year = 1770 | publisher = J. John and J. Payne | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/afamiliarintrod00conggoog| quote = A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective. }}</ref> In 1770 the word ''rubber'' was in general use for any object used for rubbing;<ref name="Priestley1769">{{cite book|author=Joseph Priestley|title=A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eFbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84|year=1769|publisher=J. Dodsley; T. Cadell, successor to Mr. Millar; and Johnson and Payne|page=84}}</ref> the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.<ref>R.B. Simpson (ed.), ''Rubber Basics'', iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|185957307X}}, p.46 "Rubber"</ref>
+I like dudes 84}}</ref> the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.<ref>R.B. Simpson (ed.), ''Rubber Basics'', iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|185957307X}}, p.46 "Rubber"</ref>
However, raw rubber was perishable. In 1839 [[Charles Goodyear]] discovered the process of [[vulcanization]], a method that would [[Curing (chemistry)|cure]] rubber, making it durable. Rubber erasers became common with the advent of vulcanization.
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1 => 'In 1770 English engineer [[Edward Nairne]] is reported to have developed the first widely marketed rubber eraser, for an inventions competition. Until that time the material was known as ''gum elastic'' or by its Quechua name (via French) ''caoutchouc''. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three [[shilling]]s per half-inch cube.<ref name=":0" /> According to Nairne, he inadvertently picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was described by [[Joseph Priestley]] on April 15, 1770, in a footnote: "I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange."<ref name=":0">See the footnote on page xv at the end of the preface to the following: {{cite book | title = A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective | author = Priestley, Joseph | year = 1770 | publisher = J. John and J. Payne | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/afamiliarintrod00conggoog| quote = A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective. }}</ref> In 1770 the word ''rubber'' was in general use for any object used for rubbing;<ref name="Priestley1769">{{cite book|author=Joseph Priestley|title=A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eFbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84|year=1769|publisher=J. Dodsley; T. Cadell, successor to Mr. Millar; and Johnson and Payne|page=84}}</ref> the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.<ref>R.B. Simpson (ed.), ''Rubber Basics'', iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|185957307X}}, p.46 "Rubber"</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stationery item used for erasing marks on paper</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eraser_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eraser (disambiguation)">Eraser (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eraser" title="Special:EditPage/Eraser">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eraser%22">"Eraser"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eraser%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eraser%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eraser%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eraser%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eraser%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Office-pink-erasers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Office-pink-erasers.jpg/300px-Office-pink-erasers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Office-pink-erasers.jpg/450px-Office-pink-erasers.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Office-pink-erasers.jpg/600px-Office-pink-erasers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Pink erasers</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Benutzung_eines_Radiergummies.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Benutzung_eines_Radiergummies.gif/220px-Benutzung_eines_Radiergummies.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Benutzung_eines_Radiergummies.gif/330px-Benutzung_eines_Radiergummies.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Benutzung_eines_Radiergummies.gif 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Using an eraser</figcaption></figure>
<p>An <b>eraser</b> (also known as a <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></b> in some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, including South Africa <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">material first used</a> got its name) is an article of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">stationery</a> that is used for removing marks from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or skin (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>). Erasers have a rubbery consistency and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Some pencils have an eraser on one end. Erasers can come in various shapes and colors. Less expensive erasers are made from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> and synthetic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soy</a>-based gum, but more expensive or specialized erasers are made from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a>-like materials.
</p><p>At first, erasers were invented to erase mistakes made with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencil</a>; later, more abrasive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ink_eraser" title="Ink eraser">ink erasers</a> were introduced. The term is also used for things that remove marks from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">chalkboards</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whiteboard" title="Whiteboard">whiteboards</a>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Toy_Erasers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Toy_Erasers.jpg/220px-Toy_Erasers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Toy_Erasers.jpg/330px-Toy_Erasers.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Toy_Erasers.jpg/440px-Toy_Erasers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="3573" /></a><figcaption>Fragrant toy erasers for children</figcaption></figure>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pencil_or_cap_erasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pencil or cap erasers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Artist's_gum_eraser"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Artist's gum eraser</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vinyl_erasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vinyl erasers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Elastomer_erasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Elastomer erasers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Kneaded_erasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Kneaded erasers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Poster_putty"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Poster putty</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Electric_erasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Electric erasers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Fiberglass_erasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Fiberglass erasers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pencil_Eraser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pencil_Eraser.jpg/220px-Pencil_Eraser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pencil_Eraser.jpg/330px-Pencil_Eraser.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pencil_Eraser.jpg/440px-Pencil_Eraser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencil</a> eraser</figcaption></figure>
<p>Before rubber erasers used today, tablets of wax were used to erase lead or charcoal marks from paper. Bits of rough stone such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> were used to remove small errors from parchment or papyrus documents written in ink. Crustless bread was used; a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> (1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount. So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
I like dudes 84}}</ref> the word became attached to the new material sometime between 1770 and 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>However, raw rubber was perishable. In 1839 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> discovered the process of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanization</a>, a method that would <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">cure</a> rubber, making it durable. Rubber erasers became common with the advent of vulcanization.
</p><p>On March 30, 1858, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hymen_Lipman" title="Hymen Lipman">Hymen Lipman</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, United States, received the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. It was later invalidated because it was determined to be simply a composite of two devices rather than an entirely new product.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Erasers may be free-standing blocks (<i>block</i> and <i>wedge eraser</i>), or conical caps that can slip onto the end of a pencil (<i>cap eraser</i>). A <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrel</a></i> or <i>click eraser</i> is a device shaped like a pencil, but instead of being filled with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pencil_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencil lead">pencil lead</a>, its barrel contains a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft vinyl). Many, but not all, wooden pencils are made with attached erasers.<sup id="cite_ref-how_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novelty erasers made in shapes intended to be amusing are often made of hard vinyl, which tends to smear heavy markings when used as an eraser.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pencil_or_cap_erasers">Pencil or cap erasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pencil or cap erasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Erasers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Erasers.jpg/220px-Erasers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Erasers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Cap erasers</figcaption></figure>
<p>Originally made from natural rubber, but now usually from cheaper <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">SBR</a>, this type contains mineral fillers and an abrasive such as pumice with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> such as vegetable oil.<sup id="cite_ref-how_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are relatively hard (in order to remain attached to the pencil) and frequently colored pink.
They can also be permanently attached to the end of a pencil with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">ferrule</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist's_gum_eraser"><span id="Artist.27s_gum_eraser"></span>Artist's gum eraser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artist's gum eraser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The stylized word "Art gum" was first used in 1903 and trademarked in the United States in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That type of eraser was originally made from oils such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">corn oil</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulcanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized">vulcanized</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulfur_dichloride" title="Sulfur dichloride">sulfur dichloride</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it may now be made from natural or synthetic rubber or vinyl compounds. It is very soft yet retains its shape and is not mechanically plastic, but crumbles as it is used. It is especially suited to cleaning large areas without damaging the paper. However, they are so soft as to be imprecise in use. The removed graphite is carried away in the crumbles, leaving the eraser clean, but resulting in a lot of eraser residue. This residue must then be brushed away with care, as the eraser particles are coated with the graphite and can make new marks. Art gum erasers are traditionally tan or brown, but some are blue.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinyl_erasers">Vinyl erasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vinyl erasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg/220px-Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg/330px-Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg/440px-Faber_Castell_Erasers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Vinyl</a> erasers</figcaption></figure>
<p>High-quality plasticized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a> or other "plastic" erasers, originally trademarked <i>Mylar</i> in the mid-20th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, are softer, non-abrasive, and erase cleaner than standard rubber erasers. This is because the removed graphite does not remain on the eraser as much as rubber erasers, but is instead absorbed into the discarded vinyl scraps. Being softer and non-abrasive, they are less likely to damage canvas or paper. Engineers favor this type of eraser for work on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">technical drawings</a> due to their gentleness on paper with less smearing to surrounding areas. They often come in white and can be found in a variety of shapes. More recently, very low-cost erasers are manufactured from highly plasticized vinyl compounds and made in decorative shapes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elastomer_erasers">Elastomer erasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elastomer erasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In these types, a thermoplastic elastomer combines a styrene resin elastomer and an olefin resin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These erasers have better erasability for erasing pencil marks compared to conventional vinyl erasers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Elastomers can be formed into thin cylindrical or other shapes to be used as extendable erasers.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kneaded_erasers">Kneaded erasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kneaded erasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kneaded_eraser" title="Kneaded eraser">Kneaded eraser</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kneaded_eraser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kneaded_eraser.jpg/220px-Kneaded_eraser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kneaded_eraser.jpg/330px-Kneaded_eraser.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kneaded_eraser.jpg/440px-Kneaded_eraser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Two kneaded erasers. A new eraser is on the left, and an older eraser on the right. The older eraser is darker due to the graphite and charcoal dust that has become incorporated into it.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kneaded_eraser" title="Kneaded eraser">Kneaded erasers</a> (called <b>putty rubbers</b> outside the United States) have a plastic consistency and are common to most artists' standard toolkit. They can be pulled into a point for erasing small areas and tight detail erasing, molded into a textured surface and used as a reverse stamp to give texture, or used in a "blotting" manner to lighten lines or shading without completely erasing them. They gradually lose their efficacy and resilience as they become infused with particles picked up from erasing and from their environment. They are not suited to erase large areas because of their tendency to deform under vigorous erasing.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poster_putty">Poster putty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poster putty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Commonly sold in retail outlets with school supplies and home improvement products, this soft, malleable putty appears in many colors and under numerous brand names. Intended to adhere posters and prints to walls without damaging the underlying wall surface, poster putty works much the same as traditional kneaded erasers, but with a greater tack and in some circumstances, lifting strength. Poster putty does not erase so much as lighten by directly pulling particles of graphite, charcoal or pastel from a drawing. In this regard, poster putty does not smudge or damage work in the process. Repeatedly touching the putty to a drawing pulls ever more medium free, gradually lightening the work in a controlled fashion. Poster putty can be shaped into fine points or knife edges, making it ideal for detailed or small areas of work. It can be rolled across a surface to create visual textures. Poster putty loses its efficacy with use, becoming less tacky as the material grows polluted with debris and oils from the user's skin.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_erasers">Electric erasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electric erasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Electric_eraser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electric_eraser.jpg/220px-Electric_eraser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electric_eraser.jpg/330px-Electric_eraser.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electric_eraser.jpg/440px-Electric_eraser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>An electric eraser tool with replacement eraser heads</figcaption></figure>
<p>The electric eraser was invented in 1932 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dremel" title="Dremel">Albert J. Dremel</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racine" class="mw-redirect" title="Racine">Racine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used a replaceable cylinder of eraser material held by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">chuck</a> driven on the axis of a motor. The speed of rotation allowed less pressure to be used, which minimized paper damage. Originally standard pencil-eraser rubber was used, later replaced by higher-performance vinyl. Dremel went on to develop an entire line of hand-held rotary power tools.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiberglass_erasers">Fiberglass erasers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fiberglass erasers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>A fiberglass eraser, a bundle of very fine glass fibers, can be used for erasing<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other tasks requiring abrasion. Typically the eraser is a pen-shaped device with a replaceable insert with glass fibers, which wear down in use. The fibers are very hard; in addition to removing pencil and pen markings, such erasers are used for cleaning traces on electronic circuit boards to facilitate soldering, removing rust, and many other applications. As an example of an unusual use, a fiberglass eraser was used for preparing a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">Pterosaur</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> embedded in a very hard and massive limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because fiberglass erasers shed fiberglass dust when used, care must be taken during and after use to avoid accidental contamination with this abrasive dust in sensitive areas of the body, especially in the eyes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Felt <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalkboard_eraser" title="Chalkboard eraser">chalkboard erasers</a> or blackboard dusters are used to erase chalk markings on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalkboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalkboard">chalkboard</a>. Chalk writing leaves light-colored particles weakly adhering to a dark surface (e.g., white on black, or yellow on green); it can be rubbed off with a soft material, such as a rag. Erasers for chalkboards are made, with a block of plastic or wood, much larger than an eraser for pen or pencil, with a layer of felt on one side. The block is held in the hand and the felt rubbed against the writing, which it easily wipes off. Chalk dust is released, some of which sticks to the eraser until it is cleaned, usually by hitting it against a hard surface.
</p><p>Various types of eraser, depending upon the board and the type of ink used, are used to erase a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whiteboard" title="Whiteboard">whiteboard</a>.
</p><p>Dedicated erasers that are supplied with some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballpen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballpen">ballpens</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_marker" title="Permanent marker">permanent markers</a> are intended only to erase the ink of the writing instrument they are made for; sometimes this is done by making the ink bond more strongly to the material of an eraser than the surface it was applied to.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ink_eraser" title="Ink eraser">Ink eraser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalkboard_eraser" title="Chalkboard eraser">Chalkboard eraser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kneaded_eraser" title="Kneaded eraser">Kneaded eraser</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214709/http://dictionary.canadaspace.com/definition/rubber/">"rubber Dictionary definition at Canadaspace.com English Online Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.canadaspace.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.canadaspace.com/definition/rubber/">the original</a> on 2018-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.canadaspace.com&rft.atitle=rubber+Dictionary+definition+at+Canadaspace.com+English+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.canadaspace.com%2Fdefinition%2Frubber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeiyûkai1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teiyûkai (1926). <i>Kôbu daigakkô mukashibanashi</i> (in Japanese). Tokyo: Teiyûkai. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B4bu+daigakk%C3%B4+mukashibanashi&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Teiy%C3%BBkai&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Teiy%C3%BBkai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.B. Simpson (ed.), <i>Rubber Basics</i>, iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/185957307X" title="Special:BookSources/185957307X">185957307X</a>, p.46 "Rubber"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/347/case.html">"Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)"</a>. Justia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reckendorfer+v.+Faber+92+U.S.+347+%281875%29&rft.pub=Justia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fus%2F92%2F347%2Fcase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-how-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-how_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-how_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Eraser.html">"How eraser is made"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+eraser+is+made&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-5%2FEraser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reg. No. 60496 & No. 435240, <i>ERASERS OR ELASTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR ERASING MARKS FROM AND CLEANING DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, PICTURES</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tmsearch.uppto.gov">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US patent 2676160</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hist-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiedmont-Palladino2005" class="citation journal cs1">Piedmont-Palladino, Susan (Summer 2005). "The Invisible History of Erasing". <i>Blueprints (National Building Museum)</i>: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blueprints+%28National+Building+Museum%29&rft.atitle=The+Invisible+History+of+Erasing&rft.ssn=summer&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Piedmont-Palladino&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendering with Pen and Ink (The Thames & Hudson Manuals), Robert W Gill. 1984, p191-193</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStecher2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stecher, Rico (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225173595">"A new Triassic pterosaur from Switzerland (Central Austroalpine, Grisons), Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov"</a>. <i>Swiss J. Geosci</i>. <b>101</b> (1). Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel: 185–201. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SwJG..101..185S">2008SwJG..101..185S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-008-1252-6">10.1007/s00015-008-1252-6</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128980861">128980861</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+J.+Geosci.&rft.atitle=A+new+Triassic+pterosaur+from+Switzerland+%28Central+Austroalpine%2C+Grisons%29%2C+Raeticodactylus+filisurensis+gen.+et+sp.+nov.&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-201&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128980861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00015-008-1252-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SwJG..101..185S&rft.aulast=Stecher&rft.aufirst=Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225173595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Patent 3875105</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li>Petroski, Henry (1989). <i>The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance</i>..</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eraser&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eraser" class="extiw" title="commons:Eraser"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Eraser</span></a>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5205/is_1997/ai_n19124842">Eraser: How Products are Made, Volume 5 (1997)</a> by Rose Secrest</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearlstein,_E._J.Cabelli,_D.King,_A.Indictor,_N.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pearlstein, E. J.; Cabelli, D.; King, A.; Indictor, N. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513051533/http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001_indx.html">"Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Institute for Conservation</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 1–2. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3179714">10.2307/3179714</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3179714">3179714</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001_indx.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Institute+for+Conservation&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Eraser+Treatment+on+Paper&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3179714&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3179714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Pearlstein%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Cabelli%2C+D.&rft.au=King%2C+A.&rft.au=Indictor%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faic.stanford.edu%2Fjaic%2Farticles%2Fjaic22-01-001_indx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEraser" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/history/history_story.html">Goodyear Rubber History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509075421/http://www.goodyear.com/corporate/history/history_story.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1729535316' |
