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'{{Short description|Family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales}} {{Distinguish|Platanaceae}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Scoparia dulcis at Kadavoor.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Scoparia dulcis]]'' |taxon = Plantaginaceae |authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 sperm banking is a funny thing to do also being gay is gay the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |access-date=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |type_genus = ''[[Plantago]]'' |type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = Tribes |subdivision = * [[Angelonieae]] * [[Antirrhineae]] * [[Callitricheae]] * [[Cheloneae]] * [[Digitalideae]] * [[Globularieae]] * [[Gratioleae]] * [[Hemiphragmeae]] * [[Plantagineae]] * [[Russelieae]] * [[Sibthorpieae]] * [[Veroniceae]] |synonyms = * Antirrhinaceae <small>Pers.</small> * Aragoaceae <small>D.Don</small> * Callitrichaceae <small>Link</small> nom. cons. * Chelonaceae <small>Martinov</small> * Digitalaceae <small>Martinov</small> * Ellisiophyllaceae <small>Honda</small> * Globulariaceae <small>DC.</small> nom. cons. * Gratiolaceae <small>Martinov</small> * Hippuridaceae <small>Vest</small> nom. cons. * Littorellaceae <small>Gray</small> * Psylliaceae <small>Horan.</small> * Sibthorpiaceae <small>D.Don</small> * Veronicaceae <small>Cassel</small> |synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?888 |title=Family: ''Plantaginaceae'' Juss., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |date=2003-01-17 |access-date=2011-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704093834/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?888 |archive-date=2011-07-04 }}</ref> }} '''Plantaginaceae''', the '''plantain family''', is a large, diverse [[family (biology)|family]] of flowering plants in the order [[Lamiales]] that includes common flowers such as [[Antirrhinum|snapdragon]] and [[Digitalis|foxglove]]. It is unrelated to the [[true plantains|banana-like fruit]] also called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order '''Plantaginales''', but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within [[Lamiales]]. ==Overview== The plantain family as traditionally circumscribed consisted of only three genera: ''[[Bougueria]]'', ''[[Littorella]]'', and ''[[Plantago]]''. However phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae ''sensu stricto'' (in the strict sense) were nested within [[Scrophulariaceae]] (but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, ''[[Scrophularia]]''). Although Veronicaceae (1782) is the oldest family name for this group, Plantaginaceae (1789) is a conserved name under the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] (ICBN) and thus has priority over any earlier family name for a family including ''[[Plantago]]''. Furthermore, the ICBN does not consider family names published before 1789 to be names eligible for conservation, thus ruling out Veronicaceae. The name '''Antirrhinaceae''' has been proposed for conservation over Plantaginaceae. In the meantime, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has accepted the name Plantaginaceae. However, Olmstead (2003)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olmstead|first=Richard G.|date=2002|title=Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?|url=http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf|journal=Fremontia|volume=30|pages=13–22}}</ref> chose to use the name Veronicaceae, a later synonym. A group of genera including ''[[Lindernia]]'' has now been [[segregate (taxonomy)|segregated]]<ref name="albach" /><ref name="Oxelman">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/25065369 | last1 = Oxelman | first1 = B. | last2 = Kornhall | first2 = P. | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | last4 = Bremer | first4 = B. | year = 2005 | title = Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae | journal = Taxon | volume = 54 | issue = 2| pages = 411–425 | jstor=25065369}}</ref> as the family [[Linderniaceae]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahmanzadeh |first1=R. |first2=K. |last2=Müller |first3=E. |last3=Fischer |first4=D. |last4=Bartels |first5=T. |last5=Borsch |date=2005 |title=The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales) |periodical=Plant Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=67–78 |pmid=15666207|doi=10.1055/s-2004-830444 |bibcode=2005PlBio...7...67R |s2cid=260252656 }}</ref> which is recognized by Haston ''et al.'' 2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family". Plantaginaceae ''sensu lato'' (in the broad sense) are a diverse, [[cosmopolitan family]], occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and also a few [[aquatic plant]]s with [[root]]s (such as the genus ''[[Callitriche]]''). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish.<ref name="albach">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 | last1 = Albach | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Meudt | first2 = H. M. | last3 = Oxelman | first3 = B. | year = 2005 | title = Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | issue = 2| pages = 297–315 | pmid = 21652407 }}</ref> The [[Leaf|leaves]] are spiral to opposite and simple to compound. Unusual in Lamiales is the absence of vertical partitions in the heads of the [[gland]]ular hairs. The structure and form of the [[flower]]s is variable. Some genera are [[merosity|4-merous]] (i.e., with 4 [[sepal]]s and 4 [[petal]]s), such as ''Aragoa'' (but this one has 5 sepals); others are 5- to 8-merous, such as ''Sibthorpia''. The flowers of most genera are polysymmetric. The [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] is often two-lipped. In some taxa, the [[androecium]] is formed before the corolla. The [[fruit]] is a loculicidal [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscing]] through the partitions between the cells.<ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume = 56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi =10.2307/25065731 | jstor = 25065731 | doi-access = free}}</ref> ==Genera== [[File:Bacopa monnieri W IMG 1612.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|''[[Bacopa monnieri]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]]. ]] [[File:Achetaria azurea at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''[[Matourea azurea]]'' in [[Kerala]]]] The enlarged Plantaginaceae consists of 107 genera<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001136-2 Plantaginaceae Juss.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</ref> and about 1,900 species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The largest genus is ''Veronica'', with about 450 species. ''Veronica'' also includes the genera ''Hebe'', ''Parahebe'' and ''Synthyris'', formerly often treated as distinct. All genera of Plantaginaceae were formerly included in [[Scrophulariaceae]] except where otherwise stated. {| |- valign=top | ; Tribe [[Angelonieae]] * ''[[Angelonia]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small> * ''[[Basistemon]]'' <small>Turcz.</small> * ''[[Melosperma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Monttea]]'' <small>Gay</small> * ''[[Ourisia]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2294 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Angelonieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052612/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2294 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Antirrhineae]] * ''[[Acanthorrhinum]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> * ''[[Albraunia]]'' <small>Speta</small> * ''[[Anarrhinum]]'' <small>Desf.</small> * ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Asarina]]'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''[[Chaenorhinum]]'' <small>(DC.) Rchb.</small> * ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' <small>Hill</small> * ''[[Epixiphium]]'' <small>(Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz</small> * ''[[Gadoria]]'' {{small|Güemes & Mota}} * ''[[Galvezia]]'' <small>Dombey ex Juss.</small> * ''[[Gambelia (plant)|Gambelia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> * ''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' <small>Elisens</small> * ''[[Holzneria]]'' <small>Speta</small> * ''[[Howelliella]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> * ''[[Kickxia]]'' <small>Dumort.</small> * ''[[Linaria]]'' <small>Mill.</small> * ''[[Lophospermum]]'' <small>D.Don</small> * ''[[Mabrya]]'' <small>Elisens</small> * ''[[Maurandella]]'' {{small|(A.Gray) Rothm.}} * ''[[Maurandya]]'' <small>Ortega</small> * ''[[Misopates]]'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''[[Mohavea]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> * ''[[Nanorrhinum]]'' {{small|Betsche}} * ''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> * ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' <small>D.A.Sutton</small> * ''[[Pseudomisopates]]'' <small>Güemes</small> * ''[[Pseudorontium]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Rothm.</small> * ''[[Rhodochiton]]'' <small>Zucc. ex Otto & A. Dietr.</small> * ''[[Sairocarpus]]'' <small>D.A.Sutton</small> * ''[[Schweinfurthia (plant)|Schweinfurthia]]'' <small>A.Braun</small><ref name=GRINantirrhinum>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2283 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Antirrhineae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28}}</ref> ; Tribe [[Callitricheae]] * ''[[Callitriche]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Hippuris]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2290 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Callitricheae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052606/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2290 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ; Tribe [[Cheloneae]] * ''[[Brookea]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Chelone (plant)|Chelone]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Chionophila]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Collinsia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> * ''[[Keckiella]]'' <small>Straw</small> * ''[[Nothochelone]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Straw</small> * ''[[Pennellianthus]]'' <small> Crosswh.</small><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crosswhite |first1=Frank S. |last2=Kawano |first2=Shoichi |title=''Pennellianthus'' (Scrophulariaceae)--A New Genus of Japan and USSR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2423949 |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |access-date=11 November 2021 |pages=358–367 |doi=10.2307/2423949 |date=1970|volume=83 |issue=2 |jstor=2423949 }}</ref> * ''[[Penstemon]]'' <small>Schmidel</small> * ''[[Tonella]]'' <small>Nutt. ex A.Gray</small> * ''[[Uroskinnera]]'' <small>Lindl.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2287 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Cheloneae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052557/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2287 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Digitalideae]] * ''[[Digitalis]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Erinus]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2285 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Digitalideae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052554/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2285 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Globularieae]] * ''[[Campylanthus]]'' <small>Roth</small> * ''[[Globularia]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Poskea]]'' <small>Vatke</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2292 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Globularieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052609/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2292 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Gratioleae]] * ''[[Adenosma]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''[[Bacopa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> * ''[[Benjaminia (plant)|Benjaminia]]'' <small>Mart. ex Benj.</small> * ''[[Boelckea]]'' <small>Rossow</small> * ''[[Cheilophyllum]]'' <small>Pennell ex Britton</small> * ''[[Chodaphyton]]'' {{small|Minod}} * ''[[Darcya]]'' <small>B.L.Turner & C.C.Cowan</small> * ''[[Deinostema]]'' <small>T.Yamaz.</small> * ''[[Dizygostemon]]'' <small>(Benth.) Radlk. ex Wettst.</small> * ''[[Dopatrium]]'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.</small> * ''[[Fonkia]]'' <small>Phil.</small> * ''[[Geochorda]]'' <small>Cham. & Schltdl.</small> * ''[[Gratiola]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Hydrotriche]]'' <small>Zucc.</small> * ''[[Ildefonsia]]'' <small>Gardner</small> * ''[[Lapaea]]'' {{small|Scatigna & V.C.Souza}} * ''[[Leucospora]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> * ''[[Limnophila (plant)|Limnophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> * ''[[Matourea]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> * ''[[Mecardonia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> * ''[[Philcoxia]]'' <small>P.Taylor & V.C.Souza</small> * ''[[Schistophragma]]'' <small>Benth. ex Endl.</small> * ''[[Scoparia (plant)|Scoparia]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Stemodia]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Tetraulacium]]'' <small>Turcz.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2289 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Gratioleae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052601/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2289 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *''[[Umbraria]]'' {{small|Scatigna & V.C.Souza}} | ; Tribe [[Hemiphragma (plant)|Hemiphragmeae]] * ''[[Hemiphragma (plant)|Hemiphragma]]'' <small>Wall.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2293 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Hemiphragmeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052611/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2293 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Plantagineae]] * ''[[Aragoa]]'' <small>Kunth</small> * ''[[Littorella]]'' <small>P.J.Bergius</small> * ''[[Plantago]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2286 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Plantagineae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052555/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2286 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Russelieae]] * ''[[Russelia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> * ''[[Tetranema]]'' <small>Benth.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2288 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Russelieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052559/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2288 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Sibthorpieae]] * ''[[Ellisiophyllum]]'' <small>Maxim.</small> * ''[[Sibthorpia]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2291 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Sipthorpieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052608/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2291 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe [[Veroniceae]] * ''[[Kashmiria]]'' <small>D.Y.Hong</small> * ''[[Lagotis (plant)|Lagotis]]'' <small>Gaertn.</small> * ''[[Neopicrorhiza]]'' <small>D.Y.Hong</small> * ''[[Paederota]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Picrorhiza]]'' <small>Royle ex Benth.</small> * ''[[Scrofella]]'' <small>Maxim.</small> * ''[[Veronica (plant)|Veronica]]'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Veronicastrum]]'' <small>Heist. ex Fabr.</small> * ''[[Wulfenia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> * ''[[Wulfeniopsis]]'' <small>D.Y.Hong</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2284 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Plantaginaceae'' tribe ''Veroniceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052549/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2284 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tribe unknown *''[[Agathelpis]]'' {{small|Choisy}} *''[[Anamaria (plant)|Anamaria]]'' {{small|V.C.Souza}} *''[[Ancistrostylis]]'' {{small|T.Yamaz.}} *''[[Bythophyton]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> *''[[Dintera]]'' <small>Stapf</small> *''[[Encopella]]'' <small>Pennell</small> *''[[Lafuentea]]'' <small>Lag.</small> *''[[Trapella]]'' {{small|Oliv.}} *''[[Triaenophora]]'' {{small|Soler.}} *''[[Trungboa]]'' {{small|Rauschert}} |} Although [[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]] includes ''[[Lafuentea]]'' <small>Lag.</small> in the tribe Antirrhineae,<ref name=GRINantirrhinum/> in the phylogenetic analysis of Fernández-Mazuecos ''et al.'' (2013)<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=10.1086/668790 |first1=Mario |last1=Fernández-Mazuecos |first2=José Luis |last2=Blanco-Pastor |first3=Pablo |last3=Vargas |title=A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (''Linaria'' Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=174 |issue=2 |date=February 2013 |pages=234–249 |doi=10.1086/668790|s2cid=85302392 }}</ref> it was a sister to the Antirrhineae, as also noted by Albach (2005).<ref name="albach"/> For the time being it should be considered an [[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]]. ===Excluded genera=== {| |- valign=top | * ''[[Artanema]]'' <small>D.Don</small> → [[Linderniaceae]] * ''[[Chamaegigas]]'' <small>Dinter ex Heil</small> → Linderniaceae * ''[[Craterostigma]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> → Linderniaceae * ''[[Limosella]]'' <small>L.</small> → [[Scrophulariaceae]] * ''[[Lindenbergia]]'' <small>Lehm.</small> → [[Orobanchaceae]] * ''[[Lindernia]]'' <small>All.</small> → Linderniaceae | * ''[[Micranthemum]]'' <small>Michx.</small> → Linderniaceae * ''[[Microcarpaea]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> → Phrymaceae * ''[[Picria]]'' <small>Lour.</small> → Linderniaceae * ''[[Rehmannia]]'' <small>Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> → Orobanchaceae * ''[[Torenia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Linderniaceae<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?888 |title=GRIN genera sometimes placed in ''Plantaginaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118031328/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?888 |archive-date=2004-11-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist|3}} * {{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. | year = 2001 | title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 348–361 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255 | issue = 2 | jstor = 2657024| doi-access = free }} ==Bibliography== * [http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/pubinv/PVG/Vargas_al_2004_PSE_Antirrhineae.pdf Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. Plant Syst Evol 249:151–172.] ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikispecies-inline}} * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html Treatment of Plantaginaceae in MOBOT] {{Angiosperm families}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1748235}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Plantaginaceae| ]] [[Category:Lamiales families]]'