Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '[[File:Red Angus Heifer.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Red Angus]] cow which is grown by the [[Temple Institute]] for the red heifer sacrifice and burning in the reconstruction of the [[Third Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]], Israel.]]
{{Tumah and taharah|expanded=Purification methods}}
{{short description|A sacrifical cow which is sacrificed in the Torah, Bible, Quran in a purification ritual}}
The '''red heifer''' ({{langx|he|פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה|translit=parah adumah}}), also known as the '''red cow''', is a ritually pure [[Cattle|heifer]] sacrificed by the priests to [[Yahweh]] that is mentioned in the [[Torah]], and the [[Bible]]. Its ashes after being sacrificed and burned were used for the [[ritual purification]] as a prelude to building their temple.<ref>{{cite book |last= Carmichael |first= Calum |title=The Book of Numbers: a Critique of Genesis |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date= 2022 |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]] |pages= 103–121 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6uy6LVXGOxkC&pg=PA106 |isbn= 9780300179187}}</ref>
== Torah ==
The red heifer offering instructions are described in [[Book of Numbers|Numbers 19]]. The [[Israelites]] and [[Moses]] were told by [[Yahweh]] to obtain a red heifer without spots, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came a [[yoke]], was never [[milked]], never [[pregnant]] and sacrifice it as in a purification ritual. The red heifer is then slaughtered and burned outside of the camp. [[Cedrus libani|Cedarwood]], an herb called [[ezov]], and [[wool]] [[kermes (dye)|dyed scarlet]] are added to the fire, and the remaining ashes are placed in a vessel containing pure spring water.
To purify a person, [[water of lustration|water from the vessel]] is sprinkled on them using a bunch of ezov, on the third and seventh day of the purification process.<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|19:18-19|HE}}</ref> The [[Kohen]] who performs the ritual then becomes [[tumah and taharah|ritually impure]] and must then wash himself and his clothes in spring waters. He remains impure until the evening of the day he sprinkled the water of lustration.
== Mishnah ==
The [[Mishnah]], the central compilation of the [[Oral Torah]] in [[Rabbinic Judaism]], the oral component of the [[Torah|Written Torah]], contains a tractate on the red heifer sacrifice and burning, which is the tractate [[Parah]] ("cow") in [[Tohorot]], which explains the procedures involved. The tractate has no existing [[Gemara]], although commentary on the procedure appears in the Gemara for other tractates of the [[Talmud]].
=== Details of the law ===
According to Mishnah's tractate Parah, the presence of two black hairs invalidates a red heifer, in addition to the usual requirements of an unblemished animal for [[korban|sacrifice]]. There are various other requirements, such as natural birth (The caesarian section renders a heifer candidate invalid).<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], Hilchot Parah Adumah 1:7</ref> The water must be "living" (ie., [[Spring (hydrology)|spring water]]). This is a stronger requirement than for a [[mikveh]] or ritual bath; rainwater accumulated in a cistern is permitted for a mikveh but cannot be used in the red heifer ceremony.
The Mishnah reports that in the days of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], water for the ritual came from the [[Pool of Siloam]]. The ceremony involved was complex and detailed. To ensure the complete ritual purity of those involved, care was taken to ensure that no one involved in the red heifer ceremony could have had any contact with the dead or any form of [[tumah and taharah|tumah]], and implements were made of materials such as stone, which in [[halakha]] do not act as carriers for ritual impurities. The Mishnah recounts that children were used to draw and carry the water for the ceremony, children born and reared in isolation for the specific purpose of ensuring that they never came into contact with a corpse:
{{Quote|There were courtyards in Jerusalem built over the virgin rock and below them a hollow was made lest there might be a grave in the depths, and pregnant women were brought and bore their children there, and there they reared them. And oxen were brought, and on their backs were laid doors on top of which sat the children with cups of stone in their hands. When they arrived in Shiloah the children alighted, and filled the cups with water, and mounted, and again sat on the doors.|[[Judah ha-Nasi]]|title=[[Mishnah]]|source=[[Parah]]}}
Various other devices were used, including a causeway from the [[Temple Mount]] to the [[Mount of Olives]] so that the heifer and accompanying [[kohen|priest]]s would not come into contact with a grave.<ref>''Mishnayoth Seder Taharoth'', translated and annotated by Phillip Blackman, Judaica Press, 2000.</ref>
According to the Mishnah, the ceremony of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer took place on the Mount of Olives. A ritually pure kohen slaughtered the heifer and sprinkled its blood in the direction of the Temple seven times. The red heifer was then burned on a [[pyre]], together with wool dyed scarlet, hyssop, and cedarwood to ashes. In recent years, the site of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer on the Mount of Olives has been tentatively located by archaeologist Yonatan Adler.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Adler|first=Y.|title=The Site of the Burning of the Red Heifer on the Mount of Olives|journal=Techumin|volume=22|date=2002|pages=537–542|language=he}}</ref>
===Color of the heifer ===
The heifer's color is described in the Torah as ''adumah'' ({{Script/Hebrew|אדומה}}), which is "red". However, [[Saadia Gaon]] translates this word as {{langx|jrb|صفرا|translit=safra}}, a word translated to English as "yellow".<ref>See also {{Bibleverse|Job|16:16|HE}} where Saadiah uses ''ṣafrā'' to describe a red-flushed face.</ref> In addition, the Quran shows Moses being told about a yellow heifer ([[Al-Baqara]] 2:69).
To explain this discrepancy, [[Yosef Qafih]] in his Hebrew translation and commentary on Saadia's work argues that the Bible requires the heifer to be red in color, which he says is the normal color of a heifer. He says this color is in general described as {{Script/Hebrew|אדום}} in Hebrew and yellow in Arabic, resolving the discrepancy in the color words. He explains the Biblical requirement to mean that the heifer be entirely of this color, and not have blotches or blemishes of a different color.<ref>Yosef Qafih, ''Perushei Rabbeinu Saadiah Gaon al haTorah'', footnote to [[Book of Numbers|Numbers 19:2.]]</ref>
=== Jewish traditions ===
A red heifer that conforms with all of the requirements imposed by halakha is practically a biological anomaly. For example, the heifer must be entirely brownish red (a series of tests listed by the sages must be performed to ensure this) and the hair of the cow must be absolutely straight (to ensure that the cow had not previously been yoked, as this is a disqualifier). In Jewish history, only nine red heifers were actually slaughtered and burned in the period extending from the time of Moses to the destruction of the [[Second Temple]]. Mishnah's tractate Parah recounts them, stating that Moses prepared the first, [[Ezra]] prepared the second, [[Simeon the Just]] and [[Johanan (High Priest)|Johanan the High Priest]] prepared the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and [[Eliyahueyni ben HaKof|Elioenai ben HaQayaph]], [[Ananelus]], and [[Ishmael ben Fabus]] prepared the seventh, eighth, ninth.<ref>[[Mishnah]]'s tractate [[Parah]]'','' verse 3:5</ref>
The extreme rarity of the red heifer, combined with the detailed ritual in which it is used, have given the red heifer special status in Jewish tradition. It is cited as the paradigm of a ''ḥoq'', a Jewish law for which there is no logic. Because the state of ritual purity obtained through the ashes of a red heifer is a necessary prerequisite for participating in Temple service, efforts have been made in modern times by Jews wishing for Jewish ritual purity (see [[tumah and taharah]]) and in anticipation of the building of the [[Third Temple]] to locate a red heifer and recreate the ritual sacrifice and burning. However, multiple candidates have been disqualified and multiple candidates were found at the same time also for the sacrifice and burning.
Also, all red heifer ashes were still in use as late as the time of [[Jeremiah (III)]] in the fourth century CE and then were exhausted completely.<ref>[[Jerusalem Talmud]], Brachot 6:1, according to ''Or Yesharim'' commentary and Rome manuscript where בי חנוותא is replaced by מי חטאתה</ref>
==Quran==
In the Quran, a bright yellow cow or heifer is mentioned, as if coloured by saffron. There is no mention of a red cow or heifer.
The second and the longest [[Surah]] (chapter) in the Quran is named "''Al-Baqara''" ({{langx|ar|البقرة}} "the heifer") after the heifer as the law is related in the surah.
[https://quran.com/al-baqarah/67-71 Quran, Al Baqara, Verses 67-71]
{{Quote|Remember when Moses said to his people, “God commands you to sacrifice a heifer.” They replied, “Are you mocking us?” Moses responded, “I seek refuge in God from acting foolishly!”
They said, “Call upon God to clarify for us what type of heifer it should be!” He replied, “God says, ‘The heifer should neither be old nor young but in between. So do as you are commanded!’”
They said, “Call upon God to specify for us its color.” He replied, “God says, ‘It should be a bright yellow heifer—pleasant to see.’”
Again they said, “Call upon God so that he may make clear to us which cow, for all cows look the same to us. Then, God willing, we will be guided to the correct one.”
He replied, “God says, ‘It should have been used neither to till the soil nor water the fields; wholesome and without blemish.’” They said, “Now you have come with the truth.” Yet they still slaughtered and burnt it to ashes hesitantly!|[[Dr. Mustafa Khattab]]|[[Quran]] |source=[[Al Baqara]]}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Baqara |url=https://quran.com/al-baqarah/67-71 |website=Quran.com}}</ref>
[[Ibn Kathir]] explains that, according to [[Ibn Abbas]] and [[Ubayda ibn al-Harith]], it displayed the doubtful questioning of the Israelites, who asked multiple questions to Moses without readily following any law from Allah; had they slaughtered a heifer, any heifer, it would have been sufficient for them - but instead, as they made the matter more specified, Allah made it even more specified for them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Al Baqara, Quran - The doubtful questioning of the Israelites regarding the red heifer; and Allah made the matter specified for them |url=http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=363 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=www.qtafsir.com}}</ref>
== Bible ==
The non-canonical [[Epistle of Barnabas]] (8:1) explicitly equates the red heifer with [[Jesus]]. In the [[New Testament]], the phrases "without the gate" ({{bibleverse||Hebrews|13:12|9}}) and "without the camp" ({{bibleverse||Numbers|19:3|9}}, {{bibleverse||Hebrews|13:13|9}}) have been taken to be not only an identification of Jesus with the red heifer, but an indication as to the location of his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] and death in [[Calvary]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Secrets of Golgotha: The Forgotten History of Christ's Crucifixion|last=Martin|first=Ernest L.|publisher=ASK Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-0945657774}}</ref>
==Modern day red heifers ==
{{Main|Temple Institute}}
The Temple Institute, an organization dedicated to the reconstruction of the Third Temple in Jerusalem, Israel, has identified red heifer candidates consistent with the requirements of Numbers 19:1–22 and Mishnah's tractate Parah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.templeinstitute.org/red_heifer/red_heifer_contents.htm |title=The Mystery of the Red Heifer: Divine Promise of Purity |publisher=The Temple Institute |website=templeinstitute.org |date=2008-01-31 |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223102301/http://www.templeinstitute.org/red_heifer/red_heifer_contents.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 30, 1997 |title=Apocalypse Heifer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/30/magazine/apocalypse-cow.html |access-date=December 21, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In recent years, the institute thought to have identified two candidates, one in 1997 and another in 2002.<ref name="numbers19">{{cite web |title=News Flash: A red heifer is born in Israel! |url=http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/red_heifer_born.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223105327/http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/red_heifer_born.htm |archive-date=2020-02-23 |access-date=2015-06-03 |website=templeinstitute.org |publisher=The Temple Institute}}</ref> The Temple Institute had initially declared both blemishless for sacrifice and burning but later found to be defective and were removed from sacrifice and burning. The institute has been raising funds in order to use modern technology to produce a red heifer that is genetically based on the [[Red Angus]] cattle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zieve |first=Tamara |date=August 13, 2015 |title=The quest for the red heifer: An ancient law meets modern technology |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-quest-for-the-red-heifer-An-ancient-commandment-meets-modern-technology-412065 |access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> In September 2018, the institute announced a red heifer candidate was born, saying the heifer is currently a viable candidate and will be examined to see whether it possesses the necessary qualifications for the red heifer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dellatto |first=Marisa |date=9 September 2018 |title=Prophecy fulfilled after a red heifer is born at the Temple of Jerusalem, Israel |url=https://nypost.com/2018/09/09/prophecy-fulfilled-after-red-cow-is-born-at-temple-of-israel/ |website=nypost.com |publisher=New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Apocalyptic heifer: Does the first red heifer born in Israel portend evil news for us all? |url=https://news.walla.co.il/item/3187260 |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=walla.co.il |publisher=Walla |language=he}}</ref> In September 2022, five red heifers were imported from the [[United States]] and transferred to a breeding farm in Israel for the sacrifice and burning. [[Rabbi|Rabbis]] have found the cows blemishless for sacrifice and burning.<ref>[https://hm-news.co.il/310211/ Five red heifers] were flown to Israel: For 2,000 years there were no red heifers here. Hamechadesh (The Innovator, Hebrew) August 1, 2022</ref>
==In literature and the arts==
A red heifer plays an important role in the plot of [[Michael Chabon]]'s novel [[The Yiddish Policemen's Union]], a detective story set in an alternative-history Jewish state in Alaska.<ref name="Russell"> {{cite news|url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/mysteries-of-the-red-heifer/|title=Mysteries of the Red Heifer|author=James R. Russell|date=16 July 2024|work=[[Times of Israel]]|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> The novel won multiple awards including the [[Hugo Award for Best Novel|Hugo]], [[Nebula Award for Best Novel|Nebula]], and [[Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel|Locus]].
The birth of a red heifer is a sign of the coming of the Third Temple for a far-right messianic fundamentalist in the movie [[Red Cow (film)|Red Cow]], set in an illegal religious settlement in East Jerusalem. The coming-of-age LGB film by Israeli director and screenwriter Tsivia Barkai-Yacov premiered at the [[68th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin Film Festival]] and won three awards at the [[Jerusalem Film Festival]] in 2018.
<ref name="Mintzer"> {{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/red-cow-para-aduma-review-1088379/|title=‘Red Cow’ (‘Para Aduma’) Film Review|author=Jordan Mintzer|date=26 February 2018|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Jerusalem Film Festival"> {{cite web |url=https://jff.org.il/en/article/23817|title=2018 Jerusalem Film Festival Awards Announced|website=Jerusalem Film Festival|access-date=6 October 2024}}
</ref>
==See also==
* [[Akabeko]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1504/jewish/Ashes-and-Water.htm "Ashes and Water – From the Chassidic Masters"]
*[http://www.neirot.com/weekly-parshah/parshat-chukat-the-statute-of-the-torah The Statute of the Torah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619151208/http://www.neirot.com/weekly-parshah/parshat-chukat-the-statute-of-the-torah |date=2021-06-19 }}
{{Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa}}
[[Category:Jewish ritual purity law]]
[[Category:Jewish animal sacrifice]]
[[Category:Positive Mitzvoth]]
[[Category:Judaism and death]]
[[Category:Animals in the Bible]]
[[Category:Cattle in religion]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[File:Red Angus Heifer.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Red Angus]] cow which is grown by the [[Temple Institute]] for the red heifer sacrifice and burning in the reconstruction of the [[Third Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]], Israel.]]
{{Tumah and taharah|expanded=Purification methods}}
{{short description|A sacrifical cow which is sacrificed in the Torah, Bible, Quran in a purification ritual}}
The '''red heifer''' ({{langx|he|פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה|translit=parah adumah}}), also known as the '''red cow''', is a ritually pure [[Cattle|heifer]] sacrificed by the priests to [[Yahweh]] that is mentioned in the [[Torah]], and the [[Bible]]. Its ashes after being sacrificed and burned were used for the [[ritual purification]] as a prelude to building their temple.<ref>{{cite book |last= Carmichael |first= Calum |title=The Book of Numbers: a Critique of Genesis |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date= 2022 |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]] |pages= 103–121 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6uy6LVXGOxkC&pg=PA106 |isbn= 9780300179187}}</ref> It was a hoax created by a fat kid with a small penis, which is an important part of the prophecy.
== Torah ==
The red heifer offering instructions are described in [[Book of Numbers|Numbers 19]]. The [[Israelites]] and [[Moses]] were told by [[Yahweh]] to obtain a red heifer without spots, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came a [[yoke]], was never [[milked]], never [[pregnant]] and sacrifice it as in a purification ritual. The red heifer is then slaughtered and burned outside of the camp. [[Cedrus libani|Cedarwood]], an herb called [[ezov]], and [[wool]] [[kermes (dye)|dyed scarlet]] are added to the fire, and the remaining ashes are placed in a vessel containing pure spring water.
To purify a person, [[water of lustration|water from the vessel]] is sprinkled on them using a bunch of ezov, on the third and seventh day of the purification process.<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|19:18-19|HE}}</ref> The [[Kohen]] who performs the ritual then becomes [[tumah and taharah|ritually impure]] and must then wash himself and his clothes in spring waters. He remains impure until the evening of the day he sprinkled the water of lustration.
== Mishnah ==
The [[Mishnah]], the central compilation of the [[Oral Torah]] in [[Rabbinic Judaism]], the oral component of the [[Torah|Written Torah]], contains a tractate on the red heifer sacrifice and burning, which is the tractate [[Parah]] ("cow") in [[Tohorot]], which explains the procedures involved. The tractate has no existing [[Gemara]], although commentary on the procedure appears in the Gemara for other tractates of the [[Talmud]].
=== Details of the law ===
According to Mishnah's tractate Parah, the presence of two black hairs invalidates a red heifer, in addition to the usual requirements of an unblemished animal for [[korban|sacrifice]]. There are various other requirements, such as natural birth (The caesarian section renders a heifer candidate invalid).<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], Hilchot Parah Adumah 1:7</ref> The water must be "living" (ie., [[Spring (hydrology)|spring water]]). This is a stronger requirement than for a [[mikveh]] or ritual bath; rainwater accumulated in a cistern is permitted for a mikveh but cannot be used in the red heifer ceremony.
The Mishnah reports that in the days of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], water for the ritual came from the [[Pool of Siloam]]. The ceremony involved was complex and detailed. To ensure the complete ritual purity of those involved, care was taken to ensure that no one involved in the red heifer ceremony could have had any contact with the dead or any form of [[tumah and taharah|tumah]], and implements were made of materials such as stone, which in [[halakha]] do not act as carriers for ritual impurities. The Mishnah recounts that children were used to draw and carry the water for the ceremony, children born and reared in isolation for the specific purpose of ensuring that they never came into contact with a corpse:
{{Quote|There were courtyards in Jerusalem built over the virgin rock and below them a hollow was made lest there might be a grave in the depths, and pregnant women were brought and bore their children there, and there they reared them. And oxen were brought, and on their backs were laid doors on top of which sat the children with cups of stone in their hands. When they arrived in Shiloah the children alighted, and filled the cups with water, and mounted, and again sat on the doors.|[[Judah ha-Nasi]]|title=[[Mishnah]]|source=[[Parah]]}}
Various other devices were used, including a causeway from the [[Temple Mount]] to the [[Mount of Olives]] so that the heifer and accompanying [[kohen|priest]]s would not come into contact with a grave.<ref>''Mishnayoth Seder Taharoth'', translated and annotated by Phillip Blackman, Judaica Press, 2000.</ref>
According to the Mishnah, the ceremony of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer took place on the Mount of Olives. A ritually pure kohen slaughtered the heifer and sprinkled its blood in the direction of the Temple seven times. The red heifer was then burned on a [[pyre]], together with wool dyed scarlet, hyssop, and cedarwood to ashes. In recent years, the site of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer on the Mount of Olives has been tentatively located by archaeologist Yonatan Adler.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Adler|first=Y.|title=The Site of the Burning of the Red Heifer on the Mount of Olives|journal=Techumin|volume=22|date=2002|pages=537–542|language=he}}</ref>
===Color of the heifer ===
The heifer's color is described in the Torah as ''adumah'' ({{Script/Hebrew|אדומה}}), which is "red". However, [[Saadia Gaon]] translates this word as {{langx|jrb|صفرا|translit=safra}}, a word translated to English as "yellow".<ref>See also {{Bibleverse|Job|16:16|HE}} where Saadiah uses ''ṣafrā'' to describe a red-flushed face.</ref> In addition, the Quran shows Moses being told about a yellow heifer ([[Al-Baqara]] 2:69).
To explain this discrepancy, [[Yosef Qafih]] in his Hebrew translation and commentary on Saadia's work argues that the Bible requires the heifer to be red in color, which he says is the normal color of a heifer. He says this color is in general described as {{Script/Hebrew|אדום}} in Hebrew and yellow in Arabic, resolving the discrepancy in the color words. He explains the Biblical requirement to mean that the heifer be entirely of this color, and not have blotches or blemishes of a different color.<ref>Yosef Qafih, ''Perushei Rabbeinu Saadiah Gaon al haTorah'', footnote to [[Book of Numbers|Numbers 19:2.]]</ref>
=== Jewish traditions ===
A red heifer that conforms with all of the requirements imposed by halakha is practically a biological anomaly. For example, the heifer must be entirely brownish red (a series of tests listed by the sages must be performed to ensure this) and the hair of the cow must be absolutely straight (to ensure that the cow had not previously been yoked, as this is a disqualifier). In Jewish history, only nine red heifers were actually slaughtered and burned in the period extending from the time of Moses to the destruction of the [[Second Temple]]. Mishnah's tractate Parah recounts them, stating that Moses prepared the first, [[Ezra]] prepared the second, [[Simeon the Just]] and [[Johanan (High Priest)|Johanan the High Priest]] prepared the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and [[Eliyahueyni ben HaKof|Elioenai ben HaQayaph]], [[Ananelus]], and [[Ishmael ben Fabus]] prepared the seventh, eighth, ninth.<ref>[[Mishnah]]'s tractate [[Parah]]'','' verse 3:5</ref>
The extreme rarity of the red heifer, combined with the detailed ritual in which it is used, have given the red heifer special status in Jewish tradition. It is cited as the paradigm of a ''ḥoq'', a Jewish law for which there is no logic. Because the state of ritual purity obtained through the ashes of a red heifer is a necessary prerequisite for participating in Temple service, efforts have been made in modern times by Jews wishing for Jewish ritual purity (see [[tumah and taharah]]) and in anticipation of the building of the [[Third Temple]] to locate a red heifer and recreate the ritual sacrifice and burning. However, multiple candidates have been disqualified and multiple candidates were found at the same time also for the sacrifice and burning.
Also, all red heifer ashes were still in use as late as the time of [[Jeremiah (III)]] in the fourth century CE and then were exhausted completely.<ref>[[Jerusalem Talmud]], Brachot 6:1, according to ''Or Yesharim'' commentary and Rome manuscript where בי חנוותא is replaced by מי חטאתה</ref>
==Quran==
In the Quran, a bright yellow cow or heifer is mentioned, as if coloured by saffron. There is no mention of a red cow or heifer.
The second and the longest [[Surah]] (chapter) in the Quran is named "''Al-Baqara''" ({{langx|ar|البقرة}} "the heifer") after the heifer as the law is related in the surah.
[https://quran.com/al-baqarah/67-71 Quran, Al Baqara, Verses 67-71]
{{Quote|Remember when Moses said to his people, “God commands you to sacrifice a heifer.” They replied, “Are you mocking us?” Moses responded, “I seek refuge in God from acting foolishly!”
They said, “Call upon God to clarify for us what type of heifer it should be!” He replied, “God says, ‘The heifer should neither be old nor young but in between. So do as you are commanded!’”
They said, “Call upon God to specify for us its color.” He replied, “God says, ‘It should be a bright yellow heifer—pleasant to see.’”
Again they said, “Call upon God so that he may make clear to us which cow, for all cows look the same to us. Then, God willing, we will be guided to the correct one.”
He replied, “God says, ‘It should have been used neither to till the soil nor water the fields; wholesome and without blemish.’” They said, “Now you have come with the truth.” Yet they still slaughtered and burnt it to ashes hesitantly!|[[Dr. Mustafa Khattab]]|[[Quran]] |source=[[Al Baqara]]}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Baqara |url=https://quran.com/al-baqarah/67-71 |website=Quran.com}}</ref>
[[Ibn Kathir]] explains that, according to [[Ibn Abbas]] and [[Ubayda ibn al-Harith]], it displayed the doubtful questioning of the Israelites, who asked multiple questions to Moses without readily following any law from Allah; had they slaughtered a heifer, any heifer, it would have been sufficient for them - but instead, as they made the matter more specified, Allah made it even more specified for them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Al Baqara, Quran - The doubtful questioning of the Israelites regarding the red heifer; and Allah made the matter specified for them |url=http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=363 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=www.qtafsir.com}}</ref>
== Bible ==
The non-canonical [[Epistle of Barnabas]] (8:1) explicitly equates the red heifer with [[Jesus]]. In the [[New Testament]], the phrases "without the gate" ({{bibleverse||Hebrews|13:12|9}}) and "without the camp" ({{bibleverse||Numbers|19:3|9}}, {{bibleverse||Hebrews|13:13|9}}) have been taken to be not only an identification of Jesus with the red heifer, but an indication as to the location of his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] and death in [[Calvary]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Secrets of Golgotha: The Forgotten History of Christ's Crucifixion|last=Martin|first=Ernest L.|publisher=ASK Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-0945657774}}</ref>
==Modern day red heifers ==
{{Main|Temple Institute}}
The Temple Institute, an organization dedicated to the reconstruction of the Third Temple in Jerusalem, Israel, has identified red heifer candidates consistent with the requirements of Numbers 19:1–22 and Mishnah's tractate Parah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.templeinstitute.org/red_heifer/red_heifer_contents.htm |title=The Mystery of the Red Heifer: Divine Promise of Purity |publisher=The Temple Institute |website=templeinstitute.org |date=2008-01-31 |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223102301/http://www.templeinstitute.org/red_heifer/red_heifer_contents.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 30, 1997 |title=Apocalypse Heifer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/30/magazine/apocalypse-cow.html |access-date=December 21, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In recent years, the institute thought to have identified two candidates, one in 1997 and another in 2002.<ref name="numbers19">{{cite web |title=News Flash: A red heifer is born in Israel! |url=http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/red_heifer_born.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223105327/http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/red_heifer_born.htm |archive-date=2020-02-23 |access-date=2015-06-03 |website=templeinstitute.org |publisher=The Temple Institute}}</ref> The Temple Institute had initially declared both blemishless for sacrifice and burning but later found to be defective and were removed from sacrifice and burning. The institute has been raising funds in order to use modern technology to produce a red heifer that is genetically based on the [[Red Angus]] cattle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zieve |first=Tamara |date=August 13, 2015 |title=The quest for the red heifer: An ancient law meets modern technology |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-quest-for-the-red-heifer-An-ancient-commandment-meets-modern-technology-412065 |access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> In September 2018, the institute announced a red heifer candidate was born, saying the heifer is currently a viable candidate and will be examined to see whether it possesses the necessary qualifications for the red heifer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dellatto |first=Marisa |date=9 September 2018 |title=Prophecy fulfilled after a red heifer is born at the Temple of Jerusalem, Israel |url=https://nypost.com/2018/09/09/prophecy-fulfilled-after-red-cow-is-born-at-temple-of-israel/ |website=nypost.com |publisher=New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Apocalyptic heifer: Does the first red heifer born in Israel portend evil news for us all? |url=https://news.walla.co.il/item/3187260 |access-date=November 6, 2020 |website=walla.co.il |publisher=Walla |language=he}}</ref> In September 2022, five red heifers were imported from the [[United States]] and transferred to a breeding farm in Israel for the sacrifice and burning. [[Rabbi|Rabbis]] have found the cows blemishless for sacrifice and burning.<ref>[https://hm-news.co.il/310211/ Five red heifers] were flown to Israel: For 2,000 years there were no red heifers here. Hamechadesh (The Innovator, Hebrew) August 1, 2022</ref>
==In literature and the arts==
A red heifer plays an important role in the plot of [[Michael Chabon]]'s novel [[The Yiddish Policemen's Union]], a detective story set in an alternative-history Jewish state in Alaska.<ref name="Russell"> {{cite news|url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/mysteries-of-the-red-heifer/|title=Mysteries of the Red Heifer|author=James R. Russell|date=16 July 2024|work=[[Times of Israel]]|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> The novel won multiple awards including the [[Hugo Award for Best Novel|Hugo]], [[Nebula Award for Best Novel|Nebula]], and [[Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel|Locus]].
The birth of a red heifer is a sign of the coming of the Third Temple for a far-right messianic fundamentalist in the movie [[Red Cow (film)|Red Cow]], set in an illegal religious settlement in East Jerusalem. The coming-of-age LGB film by Israeli director and screenwriter Tsivia Barkai-Yacov premiered at the [[68th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin Film Festival]] and won three awards at the [[Jerusalem Film Festival]] in 2018.
<ref name="Mintzer"> {{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/red-cow-para-aduma-review-1088379/|title=‘Red Cow’ (‘Para Aduma’) Film Review|author=Jordan Mintzer|date=26 February 2018|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Jerusalem Film Festival"> {{cite web |url=https://jff.org.il/en/article/23817|title=2018 Jerusalem Film Festival Awards Announced|website=Jerusalem Film Festival|access-date=6 October 2024}}
</ref>
==See also==
* [[Akabeko]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1504/jewish/Ashes-and-Water.htm "Ashes and Water – From the Chassidic Masters"]
*[http://www.neirot.com/weekly-parshah/parshat-chukat-the-statute-of-the-torah The Statute of the Torah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619151208/http://www.neirot.com/weekly-parshah/parshat-chukat-the-statute-of-the-torah |date=2021-06-19 }}
{{Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa}}
[[Category:Jewish ritual purity law]]
[[Category:Jewish animal sacrifice]]
[[Category:Positive Mitzvoth]]
[[Category:Judaism and death]]
[[Category:Animals in the Bible]]
[[Category:Cattle in religion]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg/220px-Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg/330px-Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg/440px-Red_Angus_Heifer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Angus" title="Red Angus">Red Angus</a> cow which is grown by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Institute" title="Temple Institute">Temple Institute</a> for the red heifer sacrifice and burning in the reconstruction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel.</figcaption></figure>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">Tumah and taharah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li></ul></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; font-variant: small-caps; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Purification methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handwashing_in_Judaism" title="Handwashing in Judaism">Netilat yadayim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red heifer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hefsek_taharah" title="Hefsek taharah">Hefsek taharah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hagalah" title="Hagalah">Hagalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tevilat_Kelim" title="Tevilat Kelim">Tevilat Kelim</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; font-variant: small-caps; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Hierarchy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Av_HaTumah" title="Av HaTumah">Av HaTumah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midras_uncleanness" title="Midras uncleanness">Midras</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; font-variant: small-caps; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Sources of Impurity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keri" title="Keri">Keri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tzaraath" title="Tzaraath">Tzaraath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zav" title="Zav">Zav</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zavah" title="Zavah">Zavah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corpse_uncleanness" title="Corpse uncleanness">Corpse uncleanness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impurity_of_the_land_of_the_nations" title="Impurity of the land of the nations">Tumath eretz Ha'Amim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prohibition_of_Kohen_defilement_by_the_dead" title="Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead">Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A sacrifical cow which is sacrificed in the Torah, Bible, Quran in a purification ritual</div>
<p>The <b>red heifer</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">parah adumah</i></span>), also known as the <b>red cow</b>, is a ritually pure <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">heifer</a> sacrificed by the priests to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> that is mentioned in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. Its ashes after being sacrificed and burned were used for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> as a prelude to building their temple.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a hoax created by a fat kid with a small penis, which is an important part of the prophecy.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Torah"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Torah</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mishnah"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mishnah</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Details_of_the_law"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Details of the law</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Color_of_the_heifer"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Color of the heifer</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Jewish_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Jewish traditions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Quran"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Quran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bible"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bible</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Modern_day_red_heifers"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern day red heifers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_literature_and_the_arts"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In literature and the arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torah">Torah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The red heifer offering instructions are described in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers 19</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> were told by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> to obtain a red heifer without spots, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a>, was never <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milked" class="mw-redirect" title="Milked">milked</a>, never <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pregnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant">pregnant</a> and sacrifice it as in a purification ritual. The red heifer is then slaughtered and burned outside of the camp. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Cedarwood</a>, an herb called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezov" title="Ezov">ezov</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">dyed scarlet</a> are added to the fire, and the remaining ashes are placed in a vessel containing pure spring water.
</p><p>To purify a person, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_of_lustration" title="Water of lustration">water from the vessel</a> is sprinkled on them using a bunch of ezov, on the third and seventh day of the purification process.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a> who performs the ritual then becomes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">ritually impure</a> and must then wash himself and his clothes in spring waters. He remains impure until the evening of the day he sprinkled the water of lustration.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mishnah">Mishnah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mishnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the central compilation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, the oral component of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Written Torah</a>, contains a tractate on the red heifer sacrifice and burning, which is the tractate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parah" title="Parah">Parah</a> ("cow") in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a>, which explains the procedures involved. The tractate has no existing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>, although commentary on the procedure appears in the Gemara for other tractates of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Details_of_the_law">Details of the law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Details of the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>According to Mishnah's tractate Parah, the presence of two black hairs invalidates a red heifer, in addition to the usual requirements of an unblemished animal for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrifice</a>. There are various other requirements, such as natural birth (The caesarian section renders a heifer candidate invalid).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water must be "living" (ie., <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring water</a>). This is a stronger requirement than for a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> or ritual bath; rainwater accumulated in a cistern is permitted for a mikveh but cannot be used in the red heifer ceremony.
</p><p>The Mishnah reports that in the days of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, water for the ritual came from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pool_of_Siloam" title="Pool of Siloam">Pool of Siloam</a>. The ceremony involved was complex and detailed. To ensure the complete ritual purity of those involved, care was taken to ensure that no one involved in the red heifer ceremony could have had any contact with the dead or any form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">tumah</a>, and implements were made of materials such as stone, which in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> do not act as carriers for ritual impurities. The Mishnah recounts that children were used to draw and carry the water for the ceremony, children born and reared in isolation for the specific purpose of ensuring that they never came into contact with a corpse:
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There were courtyards in Jerusalem built over the virgin rock and below them a hollow was made lest there might be a grave in the depths, and pregnant women were brought and bore their children there, and there they reared them. And oxen were brought, and on their backs were laid doors on top of which sat the children with cups of stone in their hands. When they arrived in Shiloah the children alighted, and filled the cups with water, and mounted, and again sat on the doors.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parah" title="Parah">Parah</a></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>Various other devices were used, including a causeway from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a> so that the heifer and accompanying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a> would not come into contact with a grave.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to the Mishnah, the ceremony of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer took place on the Mount of Olives. A ritually pure kohen slaughtered the heifer and sprinkled its blood in the direction of the Temple seven times. The red heifer was then burned on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a>, together with wool dyed scarlet, hyssop, and cedarwood to ashes. In recent years, the site of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer on the Mount of Olives has been tentatively located by archaeologist Yonatan Adler.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_of_the_heifer">Color of the heifer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Color of the heifer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The heifer's color is described in the Torah as <i>adumah</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אדומה</span>‎), which is "red". However, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> translates this word as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic language">Judeo-Arabic</a>: <span lang="jrb" dir="rtl">صفرا</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Judeo-Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="jrb-Latn">safra</i></span>, a word translated to English as "yellow".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Quran shows Moses being told about a yellow heifer (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a> 2:69).
</p><p>To explain this discrepancy, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a> in his Hebrew translation and commentary on Saadia's work argues that the Bible requires the heifer to be red in color, which he says is the normal color of a heifer. He says this color is in general described as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אדום</span>‎ in Hebrew and yellow in Arabic, resolving the discrepancy in the color words. He explains the Biblical requirement to mean that the heifer be entirely of this color, and not have blotches or blemishes of a different color.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_traditions">Jewish traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jewish traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>A red heifer that conforms with all of the requirements imposed by halakha is practically a biological anomaly. For example, the heifer must be entirely brownish red (a series of tests listed by the sages must be performed to ensure this) and the hair of the cow must be absolutely straight (to ensure that the cow had not previously been yoked, as this is a disqualifier). In Jewish history, only nine red heifers were actually slaughtered and burned in the period extending from the time of Moses to the destruction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. Mishnah's tractate Parah recounts them, stating that Moses prepared the first, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> prepared the second, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeon_the_Just" title="Simeon the Just">Simeon the Just</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johanan_(High_Priest)" title="Johanan (High Priest)">Johanan the High Priest</a> prepared the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eliyahueyni_ben_HaKof" title="Eliyahueyni ben HaKof">Elioenai ben HaQayaph</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ananelus" title="Ananelus">Ananelus</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Fabus" title="Ishmael ben Fabus">Ishmael ben Fabus</a> prepared the seventh, eighth, ninth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The extreme rarity of the red heifer, combined with the detailed ritual in which it is used, have given the red heifer special status in Jewish tradition. It is cited as the paradigm of a <i>ḥoq</i>, a Jewish law for which there is no logic. Because the state of ritual purity obtained through the ashes of a red heifer is a necessary prerequisite for participating in Temple service, efforts have been made in modern times by Jews wishing for Jewish ritual purity (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">tumah and taharah</a>) and in anticipation of the building of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> to locate a red heifer and recreate the ritual sacrifice and burning. However, multiple candidates have been disqualified and multiple candidates were found at the same time also for the sacrifice and burning.
</p><p>Also, all red heifer ashes were still in use as late as the time of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeremiah_(III)" title="Jeremiah (III)">Jeremiah (III)</a> in the fourth century CE and then were exhausted completely.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quran">Quran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In the Quran, a bright yellow cow or heifer is mentioned, as if coloured by saffron. There is no mention of a red cow or heifer.
</p><p>The second and the longest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> (chapter) in the Quran is named "<i>Al-Baqara</i>" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البقرة</span> "the heifer") after the heifer as the law is related in the surah.
</p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-baqarah/67-71">Quran, Al Baqara, Verses 67-71</a>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Remember when Moses said to his people, “God commands you to sacrifice a heifer.” They replied, “Are you mocking us?” Moses responded, “I seek refuge in God from acting foolishly!”
</p><p>They said, “Call upon God to clarify for us what type of heifer it should be!” He replied, “God says, ‘The heifer should neither be old nor young but in between. So do as you are commanded!’”
They said, “Call upon God to specify for us its color.” He replied, “God says, ‘It should be a bright yellow heifer—pleasant to see.’”
Again they said, “Call upon God so that he may make clear to us which cow, for all cows look the same to us. Then, God willing, we will be guided to the correct one.”
</p><p>
He replied, “God says, ‘It should have been used neither to till the soil nor water the fields; wholesome and without blemish.’” They said, “Now you have come with the truth.” Yet they still slaughtered and burnt it to ashes hesitantly!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dr._Mustafa_Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Mustafa Khattab">Dr. Mustafa Khattab</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Baqara" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Baqara">Al Baqara</a></cite></div></blockquote>
<p><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> explains that, according to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubayda_ibn_al-Harith" title="Ubayda ibn al-Harith">Ubayda ibn al-Harith</a>, it displayed the doubtful questioning of the Israelites, who asked multiple questions to Moses without readily following any law from Allah; had they slaughtered a heifer, any heifer, it would have been sufficient for them - but instead, as they made the matter more specified, Allah made it even more specified for them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible">Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The non-canonical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> (8:1) explicitly equates the red heifer with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the phrases "without the gate" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#13:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 13:12</a>) and "without the camp" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Numbers#19:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Numbers">Numbers 19:3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#13:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 13:13</a>) have been taken to be not only an identification of Jesus with the red heifer, but an indication as to the location of his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> and death in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_day_red_heifers">Modern day red heifers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern day red heifers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Institute" title="Temple Institute">Temple Institute</a></div>
<p>The Temple Institute, an organization dedicated to the reconstruction of the Third Temple in Jerusalem, Israel, has identified red heifer candidates consistent with the requirements of Numbers 19:1–22 and Mishnah's tractate Parah.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the institute thought to have identified two candidates, one in 1997 and another in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-numbers19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Temple Institute had initially declared both blemishless for sacrifice and burning but later found to be defective and were removed from sacrifice and burning. The institute has been raising funds in order to use modern technology to produce a red heifer that is genetically based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Angus" title="Red Angus">Red Angus</a> cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2018, the institute announced a red heifer candidate was born, saying the heifer is currently a viable candidate and will be examined to see whether it possesses the necessary qualifications for the red heifer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2022, five red heifers were imported from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and transferred to a breeding farm in Israel for the sacrifice and burning. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbis</a> have found the cows blemishless for sacrifice and burning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_the_arts">In literature and the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In literature and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>A red heifer plays an important role in the plot of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a>'s novel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Yiddish_Policemen%27s_Union" title="The Yiddish Policemen's Union">The Yiddish Policemen's Union</a>, a detective story set in an alternative-history Jewish state in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel won multiple awards including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Hugo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Nebula Award for Best Novel">Nebula</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Locus</a>.
</p><p>The birth of a red heifer is a sign of the coming of the Third Temple for a far-right messianic fundamentalist in the movie <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Cow_(film)" title="Red Cow (film)">Red Cow</a>, set in an illegal religious settlement in East Jerusalem. The coming-of-age LGB film by Israeli director and screenwriter Tsivia Barkai-Yacov premiered at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/68th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="68th Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin Film Festival</a> and won three awards at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem_Film_Festival" title="Jerusalem Film Festival">Jerusalem Film Festival</a> in 2018.
<sup id="cite_ref-Mintzer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintzer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jerusalem_Film_Festival_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerusalem_Film_Festival-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">Akabeko</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael2022" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Calum (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uy6LVXGOxkC&pg=PA106"><i>The Book of Numbers: a Critique of Genesis</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 103–121. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300179187" title="Special:BookSources/9780300179187"><bdi>9780300179187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Numbers%3A+a+Critique+of+Genesis&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=103-121&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780300179187&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Calum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uy6LVXGOxkC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0419.htm#18">Numbers 19:18–19</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, Hilchot Parah Adumah 1:7</span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mishnayoth Seder Taharoth</i>, translated and annotated by Phillip Blackman, Judaica Press, 2000.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adler, Y. (2002). "The Site of the Burning of the Red Heifer on the Mount of Olives". <i>Techumin</i> (in Hebrew). <b>22</b>: 537–542.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techumin&rft.atitle=The+Site+of+the+Burning+of+the+Red+Heifer+on+the+Mount+of+Olives&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=537-542&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2716.htm#16">Job 16:16</a> where Saadiah uses <i>ṣafrā</i> to describe a red-flushed face.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosef Qafih, <i>Perushei Rabbeinu Saadiah Gaon al haTorah</i>, footnote to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers 19:2.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>'s tractate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parah" title="Parah">Parah</a><i>,</i> verse 3:5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, Brachot 6:1, according to <i>Or Yesharim</i> commentary and Rome manuscript where בי חנוותא is replaced by מי חטאתה</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-baqarah/67-71">"Al Baqara"</a>. <i>Quran.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Al+Baqara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fal-baqarah%2F67-71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=363">"Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Al Baqara, Quran - The doubtful questioning of the Israelites regarding the red heifer; and Allah made the matter specified for them"</a>. <i>www.qtafsir.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qtafsir.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+on+Al+Baqara%2C+Quran+-+The+doubtful+questioning+of+the+Israelites+regarding+the+red+heifer%3B+and+Allah+made+the+matter+specified+for+them&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qtafsir.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1988" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ernest L. (1988). <i>Secrets of Golgotha: The Forgotten History of Christ's Crucifixion</i>. ASK Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945657774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945657774"><bdi>978-0945657774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Golgotha%3A+The+Forgotten+History+of+Christ%27s+Crucifixion&rft.pub=ASK+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0945657774&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ernest+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223102301/http://www.templeinstitute.org/red_heifer/red_heifer_contents.htm">"The Mystery of the Red Heifer: Divine Promise of Purity"</a>. <i>templeinstitute.org</i>. The Temple Institute. 2008-01-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templeinstitute.org/red_heifer/red_heifer_contents.htm">the original</a> on 2020-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=templeinstitute.org&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+the+Red+Heifer%3A+Divine+Promise+of+Purity&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templeinstitute.org%2Fred_heifer%2Fred_heifer_contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/30/magazine/apocalypse-cow.html">"Apocalypse Heifer"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. March 30, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Apocalypse+Heifer&rft.date=1997-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F03%2F30%2Fmagazine%2Fapocalypse-cow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-numbers19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-numbers19_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223105327/http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/red_heifer_born.htm">"News Flash: A red heifer is born in Israel!"</a>. <i>templeinstitute.org</i>. The Temple Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templeinstitute.org/archive/red_heifer_born.htm">the original</a> on 2020-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=templeinstitute.org&rft.atitle=News+Flash%3A+A+red+heifer+is+born+in+Israel%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templeinstitute.org%2Farchive%2Fred_heifer_born.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieve2015" class="citation web cs1">Zieve, Tamara (August 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/The-quest-for-the-red-heifer-An-ancient-commandment-meets-modern-technology-412065">"The quest for the red heifer: An ancient law meets modern technology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+quest+for+the+red+heifer%3A+An+ancient+law+meets+modern+technology&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft.aulast=Zieve&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FThe-quest-for-the-red-heifer-An-ancient-commandment-meets-modern-technology-412065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellatto2018" class="citation news cs1">Dellatto, Marisa (9 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2018/09/09/prophecy-fulfilled-after-red-cow-is-born-at-temple-of-israel/">"Prophecy fulfilled after a red heifer is born at the Temple of Jerusalem, Israel"</a>. <i>nypost.com</i>. New York Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nypost.com&rft.atitle=Prophecy+fulfilled+after+a+red+heifer+is+born+at+the+Temple+of+Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft.aulast=Dellatto&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F09%2F09%2Fprophecy-fulfilled-after-red-cow-is-born-at-temple-of-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.walla.co.il/item/3187260">"Apocalyptic heifer: Does the first red heifer born in Israel portend evil news for us all?"</a>. <i>walla.co.il</i> (in Hebrew). Walla. 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=walla.co.il&rft.atitle=Apocalyptic+heifer%3A+Does+the+first+red+heifer+born+in+Israel+portend+evil+news+for+us+all%3F&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2Fitem%2F3187260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hm-news.co.il/310211/">Five red heifers</a> were flown to Israel: For 2,000 years there were no red heifers here. Hamechadesh (The Innovator, Hebrew) August 1, 2022</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Russell-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Russell2024" class="citation news cs1">James R. Russell (16 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/mysteries-of-the-red-heifer/">"Mysteries of the Red Heifer"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Mysteries+of+the+Red+Heifer&rft.date=2024-07-16&rft.au=James+R.+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fmysteries-of-the-red-heifer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mintzer-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mintzer_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Mintzer2018" class="citation news cs1">Jordan Mintzer (26 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/red-cow-para-aduma-review-1088379/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Red Cow' ('Para Aduma') Film Review"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Red+Cow%E2%80%99+%28%E2%80%98Para+Aduma%E2%80%99%29+Film+Review&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.au=Jordan+Mintzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-reviews%2Fred-cow-para-aduma-review-1088379%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jerusalem_Film_Festival-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jerusalem_Film_Festival_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jff.org.il/en/article/23817">"2018 Jerusalem Film Festival Awards Announced"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Film Festival</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=2018+Jerusalem+Film+Festival+Awards+Announced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjff.org.il%2Fen%2Farticle%2F23817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+heifer" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Red_heifer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1504/jewish/Ashes-and-Water.htm">"Ashes and Water – From the Chassidic Masters"</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neirot.com/weekly-parshah/parshat-chukat-the-statute-of-the-torah">The Statute of the Torah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619151208/http://www.neirot.com/weekly-parshah/parshat-chukat-the-statute-of-the-torah">Archived</a> 2021-06-19 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template talk:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li>
<li>Madrasas
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li>
<li>Advocacy groups
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
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