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{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
'''Basso continuos''' parts, almost universal in the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] era (1600–1750), provided the [[harmony (music)|harmonic]] structure of the music by supplying a [[bassline]] and a [[chord progression]]. The phrase is often shortened to '''continuo''', and the instrumentalists playing the continuo part are called the ''continuo group''.
[[File:Soloquartet and strings.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A harpsichordist and a bassist play continuo for a small group of singers (the solo ensemble of the [[Kreuznacher Diakonie Choir]]). ]]
==Forces==
The composition of the continuo group is often left to the discretion of the performers (or, for a large performance, the [[conductor (music)|conductor]]), and practice varied enormously within the Baroque period. At least one instrument capable of playing chords must be included, such as a [[harpsichord]], [[organ (music)|organ]], [[lute]], [[theorbo]], [[guitar]], [[Regal (instrument)|regal]], or [[harp]]. In addition, any number of instruments that play in the [[bass (music)|bass]] register may be included, such as [[cello]], [[double bass]], [[viol|bass viol]], or [[bassoon]]. In modern performances of chamber works, the most common combination is harpsichord and cello for instrumental works and secular vocal works, such as [[opera]]s, and organ and cello for [[sacred music]]. A double bass may be added, particularly when accompanying a lower-pitched solo voice (e.g., a bass singer).
In larger orchestral works, typically performers match the [[Family (musical instruments)|instrument families]] used in the full ensemble: including bassoon when the work includes [[oboe]]s or other woodwinds, but restricting it to cello or [[double bass]] if only strings are involved; although occasionally individual movements of suites deviate from this at the musical director's discretion (e.g. bassoon without oboes). [[Harp]]s, lutes, and other handheld instruments are more typical of early 17th-century music. Sometimes instruments are specified by the composer: in ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' (1607) [[Monteverdi]] calls for an exceptionally varied instrumentation, with multiple harpsichords and lutes with a [[bass violin]] in the pastoral scenes followed by lamenting to the accompaniment of [[Positive organ|''organo di legno'']] and ''[[chitarrone]]'', while [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] stands watch to the sound of a regal. [[Contrabassoon]] is rare as a continuo instrument, but is often used in J. S. Bach's [[Johannespassion]] which calls for "bassono grosso".<ref>"''Johann Sebastian Bach: Die Johannes-Passion'', Bärenreiter, 1988, 3rd edition, 1999</ref>
The keyboard (or other chord-playing instrument) player ''realizes'' (that is, adds in an improvised fashion) a continuo part by playing, in addition to the notated bass line, notes above it to complete chords, either determined ahead of time or [[Musical improvisation|improvised]] in performance. The [[figured bass]] notation, described below, is a guide, but performers are also expected to use their musical judgment and the other instruments or voices (notably the lead [[melody]] and any [[accidental (music)|accidental]]s that might be present in it) as a guide. Experienced players sometimes incorporate [[Motive (music)|motives]] found in the other instrumental parts into their improvised chordal accompaniment. Modern editions of such music usually supply a realized keyboard part, fully written out in [[staff notation]] for a player, in place of improvisation. With the rise in [[historically informed performance]], however, the number of performers who are able to improvise their parts from the figures, as Baroque players would have done, has increased.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
==Notation==
{{Main|Figured bass}}
Chord-playing continuo instrument parts are often written in figured bass. A part so annotated consists of a [[bass line]] in [[Musical note|note]]s on a [[musical staff]] plus numbers and [[Accidental (music)|accidental]]s (or in some cases [[Backslash|(back)slash]]es added to a number) beneath the staff to indicate what [[interval (music)|interval]]s above the bass notes should be played, and therefore which [[Inverted chord|inversions]] of which chords are to be played.
The phrase ''[[tasto solo]]'' indicates that only the bass line (without any upper chords) is to be played for a short period, usually until the next figure is encountered. This instructs the chord-playing instrumentalist not to play any improvised chords for a period. The reason ''tasto solo'' had to be specified was because it was an accepted convention that if no figures were present in a section of otherwise figured bass line, the chord-playing performer would either assume that it was a [[root-position]] triad, or deduce from the harmonic motion that another figure was implied. For example, if a continuo part in the key of C begins with a C bass note in the first measure, which descends to a B{{music|natural}} in the second measure, even in the absence of figures, the chord-playing instrumentalist would know to play a [[first inversion]] [[dominant chord|V chord]] (spelled B–D–G, from bottom note of the chord to the top).
==History==
Basso continuo, though an essential structural and identifying element of the Baroque period, continued to be used in many works, mostly (but not limited to) sacred choral works, of the [[Classical music era|classical]] period (up to around 1800).<ref>"[http://thegreathistoryofarts.weebly.com/classical-era.html Classical Era (1750–1820)]", ''TheGreatHistoryofArts.Weebly.com''. Accessed: 27 July 2017.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2016}}<!--Source emphasizes the rapid decline of continuo practice in the Classical Era, and does not say what sort of music might have proved most resistant to this discontinuance.--> An example is [[C. P. E. Bach]]'s Concerto in D minor for flute, strings and basso continuo. Examples of its use in the 19th century are rarer, but they do exist: [[mass (music)|mass]]es by [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], and [[Franz Schubert]], for example, have a basso continuo part that was for an organist.
== See also ==
* [[Comping (jazz)|Comping]], a similar type of accompaniment in jazz music
* [[Realization (figured bass)]], the art of creating an accompaniment from figured bass
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Baroque music]]
[[Category:Chord progressions]]
[[Category:Musical historicism]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Baroque musical accompaniment}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
'''Basso continuos''' parts, almost universal in the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] era (1600–1750), provided the [[harmony (music)|harmonic]] structure of the music by supplying a [[bassline]] and a [[chord progression]]. The phrase is often shortened to '''continuo''', and the instrumentalists playing the continuo part are called the ''continuo group''.
[[File:Soloquartet and strings.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A harpsichordist and a bassist play continuo for a small group of singers (the solo ensemble of the [[Kreuznacher Diakonie Choir]]). ]]
==Forces==
The composition of the continuo group is often left to the discretion of the performers (or, for a large performance, the [[conductor (music)|conductor]]), and practice varied enormously within the Baroque period. At least one instrument capable of playing chords must be included, such as a [[harpsichord]], [[organ (music)|organ]], [[lute]], [[theorbo]], [[guitar]], [[Regal (instrument)|regal]], or [[harp]]. In addition, any number of instruments that play in the [[bass (music)|bass]] register may be included, such as [[cello]], [[double bass]], [[viol|bass viol]], or [[bassoon]]. In modern performances of chamber works, the most common combination is harpsichord and cello for instrumental works and secular vocal works, such as [[opera]]s, and organ and cello for [[sacred music]]. A double bass may be added, particularly when accompanying a lower-pitched solo voice (e.g., a bass singer).
In larger orchestral works, typically performers match the [[Family (musical instruments)|instrument families]] used in the full ensemble: including bassoon when the work includes [[oboe]]s or other woodwinds, but restricting it to cello or [[double bass]] if only strings are involved; although occasionally individual movements of suites deviate from this at the musical director's discretion (e.g. bassoon without oboes). [[Harp]]s, lutes, and other handheld instruments are more typical of early 17th-century music. Sometimes instruments are specified by the composer: in ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' (1607) [[Monteverdi]] calls for an exceptionally varied instrumentation, with multiple harpsichords and lutes with a [[bass violin]] in the pastoral scenes followed by lamenting to the accompaniment of [[Positive organ|''organo di legno'']] and ''[[chitarrone]]'', while [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] stands watch to the sound of a regal. [[Contrabassoon]] is rare as a continuo instrument, but is often used in J. S. Bach's [[Johannespassion]] which calls for "bassono grosso".<ref>"''Johann Sebastian Bach: Die Johannes-Passion'', Bärenreiter, 1988, 3rd edition, 1999</ref>
The keyboard (or other chord-playing instrument) player ''realizes'' (that is, adds in an improvised fashion) a continuo part by playing, in addition to the notated bass line, notes above it to complete chords, either determined ahead of time or [[Musical improvisation|improvised]] in performance. The [[figured bass]] notation, described below, is a guide, but performers are also expected to use their musical judgment and the other instruments or voices (notably the lead [[melody]] and any [[accidental (music)|accidental]]s that might be present in it) as a guide. Experienced players sometimes incorporate [[Motive (music)|motives]] found in the other instrumental parts into their improvised chordal accompaniment. Modern editions of such music usually supply a realized keyboard part, fully written out in [[staff notation]] for a player, in place of improvisation. With the rise in [[historically informed performance]], however, the number of performers who are able to improvise their parts from the figures, as Baroque players would have done, has increased.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
==Notation==
{{Main|Figured bass}}
Chord-playing continuo instrument parts are often written in figured bass. A part so annotated consists of a [[bass line]] in [[Musical note|note]]s on a [[musical staff]] plus numbers and [[Accidental (music)|accidental]]s (or in some cases [[Backslash|(back)slash]]es added to a number) beneath the staff to indicate what [[interval (music)|interval]]s above the bass notes should be played, and therefore which [[Inverted chord|inversions]] of which chords are to be played.
The phrase ''[[tasto solo]]'' indicates that only the bass line (without any upper chords) is to be played for a short period, usually until the next figure is encountered. This instructs the chord-playing instrumentalist not to play any improvised chords for a period. The reason ''tasto solo'' had to be specified was because it was an accepted convention that if no figures were present in a section of otherwise figured bass line, the chord-playing performer would either assume that it was a [[root-position]] triad, or deduce from the harmonic motion that another figure was implied. For example, if a continuo part in the key of C begins with a C bass note in the first measure, which descends to a B{{music|natural}} in the second measure, even in the absence of figures, the chord-playing instrumentalist would know to play a [[first inversion]] [[dominant chord|V chord]] (spelled B–D–G, from bottom note of the chord to the top).
==History==
Basso continuo, though an essential skbidi structural and identifying element of the Adolf Hitler period, continued to be used in many works, mostly (but not limited to) sacred choral works, of the [[Classical music era|classical]] period (up to around 1800).<ref>"[http://thegreathistoryofarts.weebly.com/classical-era.html Classical Era (1750–1820)]", ''TheGreatHistoryofArts.Weebly.com''. Accessed: 27 July 2017.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2016}}<!--Source emphasizes the rapid decline of continuo practice in the Classical Era, and does not say what sort of music might have proved most resistant to this discontinuance.--> An example is [[C. P. E. Bach]]'s Concerto in D minor for flute, strings and basso continuo. Examples of its use in the 19th century are rarer, but they do exist: [[mass (music)|mass]]es by [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], and [[Franz Schubert]], for example, have a basso continuo part that was for an organist.
== See also ==
* [[Comping (jazz)|Comping]], a similar type of accompaniment in jazz music
* [[Realization (figured bass)]], the art of creating an accompaniment from figured bass
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Baroque music]]
[[Category:Chord progressions]]
[[Category:Musical historicism]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@
==History==
-Basso continuo, though an essential structural and identifying element of the Baroque period, continued to be used in many works, mostly (but not limited to) sacred choral works, of the [[Classical music era|classical]] period (up to around 1800).<ref>"[http://thegreathistoryofarts.weebly.com/classical-era.html Classical Era (1750–1820)]", ''TheGreatHistoryofArts.Weebly.com''. Accessed: 27 July 2017.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2016}}<!--Source emphasizes the rapid decline of continuo practice in the Classical Era, and does not say what sort of music might have proved most resistant to this discontinuance.--> An example is [[C. P. E. Bach]]'s Concerto in D minor for flute, strings and basso continuo. Examples of its use in the 19th century are rarer, but they do exist: [[mass (music)|mass]]es by [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], and [[Franz Schubert]], for example, have a basso continuo part that was for an organist.
+Basso continuo, though an essential skbidi structural and identifying element of the Adolf Hitler period, continued to be used in many works, mostly (but not limited to) sacred choral works, of the [[Classical music era|classical]] period (up to around 1800).<ref>"[http://thegreathistoryofarts.weebly.com/classical-era.html Classical Era (1750–1820)]", ''TheGreatHistoryofArts.Weebly.com''. Accessed: 27 July 2017.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2016}}<!--Source emphasizes the rapid decline of continuo practice in the Classical Era, and does not say what sort of music might have proved most resistant to this discontinuance.--> An example is [[C. P. E. Bach]]'s Concerto in D minor for flute, strings and basso continuo. Examples of its use in the 19th century are rarer, but they do exist: [[mass (music)|mass]]es by [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], and [[Franz Schubert]], for example, have a basso continuo part that was for an organist.
== See also ==
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Baroque musical accompaniment</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Basso_continuo" title="Special:EditPage/Basso continuo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Basso+continuo%22">"Basso continuo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Basso+continuo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Basso+continuo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Basso+continuo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Basso+continuo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Basso+continuo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><br />
</p><p><b>Basso continuos</b> parts, almost universal in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> era (1600–1750), provided the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harmony_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony (music)">harmonic</a> structure of the music by supplying a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a> and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a>. The phrase is often shortened to <b>continuo</b>, and the instrumentalists playing the continuo part are called the <i>continuo group</i>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg/200px-Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg/300px-Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg/400px-Soloquartet_and_strings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A harpsichordist and a bassist play continuo for a small group of singers (the solo ensemble of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kreuznacher_Diakonie_Choir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreuznacher Diakonie Choir (page does not exist)">Kreuznacher Diakonie Choir</a>). </figcaption></figure>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Forces"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Forces</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Notation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basso_continuo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The composition of the continuo group is often left to the discretion of the performers (or, for a large performance, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conductor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (music)">conductor</a>), and practice varied enormously within the Baroque period. At least one instrument capable of playing chords must be included, such as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regal_(instrument)" title="Regal (instrument)">regal</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>. In addition, any number of instruments that play in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bass_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (music)">bass</a> register may be included, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">bass viol</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>. In modern performances of chamber works, the most common combination is harpsichord and cello for instrumental works and secular vocal works, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, and organ and cello for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred music">sacred music</a>. A double bass may be added, particularly when accompanying a lower-pitched solo voice (e.g., a bass singer).
</p><p>In larger orchestral works, typically performers match the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(musical_instruments)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (musical instruments)">instrument families</a> used in the full ensemble: including bassoon when the work includes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> or other woodwinds, but restricting it to cello or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> if only strings are involved; although occasionally individual movements of suites deviate from this at the musical director's discretion (e.g. bassoon without oboes). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harps</a>, lutes, and other handheld instruments are more typical of early 17th-century music. Sometimes instruments are specified by the composer: in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i> (1607) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monteverdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a> calls for an exceptionally varied instrumentation, with multiple harpsichords and lutes with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">bass violin</a> in the pastoral scenes followed by lamenting to the accompaniment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ"><i>organo di legno</i></a> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chitarrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitarrone">chitarrone</a></i>, while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a> stands watch to the sound of a regal. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a> is rare as a continuo instrument, but is often used in J. S. Bach's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johannespassion" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannespassion">Johannespassion</a> which calls for "bassono grosso".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The keyboard (or other chord-playing instrument) player <i>realizes</i> (that is, adds in an improvised fashion) a continuo part by playing, in addition to the notated bass line, notes above it to complete chords, either determined ahead of time or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised</a> in performance. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a> notation, described below, is a guide, but performers are also expected to use their musical judgment and the other instruments or voices (notably the lead <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> and any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</a> that might be present in it) as a guide. Experienced players sometimes incorporate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motive_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motive (music)">motives</a> found in the other instrumental parts into their improvised chordal accompaniment. Modern editions of such music usually supply a realized keyboard part, fully written out in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staff_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff notation">staff notation</a> for a player, in place of improvisation. With the rise in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a>, however, the number of performers who are able to improvise their parts from the figures, as Baroque players would have done, has increased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basso_continuo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></div>
<p>Chord-playing continuo instrument parts are often written in figured bass. A part so annotated consists of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bass_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass line">bass line</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical staff">musical staff</a> plus numbers and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</a> (or in some cases <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">(back)slashes</a> added to a number) beneath the staff to indicate what <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">intervals</a> above the bass notes should be played, and therefore which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inverted_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted chord">inversions</a> of which chords are to be played.
</p><p>The phrase <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasto_solo" title="Tasto solo">tasto solo</a></i> indicates that only the bass line (without any upper chords) is to be played for a short period, usually until the next figure is encountered. This instructs the chord-playing instrumentalist not to play any improvised chords for a period. The reason <i>tasto solo</i> had to be specified was because it was an accepted convention that if no figures were present in a section of otherwise figured bass line, the chord-playing performer would either assume that it was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Root-position" class="mw-redirect" title="Root-position">root-position</a> triad, or deduce from the harmonic motion that another figure was implied. For example, if a continuo part in the key of C begins with a C bass note in the first measure, which descends to a B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span> in the second measure, even in the absence of figures, the chord-playing instrumentalist would know to play a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_inversion" title="First inversion">first inversion</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominant_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant chord">V chord</a> (spelled B–D–G, from bottom note of the chord to the top).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basso_continuo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Basso continuo, though an essential skbidi structural and identifying element of the Adolf Hitler period, continued to be used in many works, mostly (but not limited to) sacred choral works, of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">classical</a> period (up to around 1800).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> An example is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._P._E._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="C. P. E. Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a>'s Concerto in D minor for flute, strings and basso continuo. Examples of its use in the 19th century are rarer, but they do exist: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, for example, have a basso continuo part that was for an organist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basso_continuo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comping_(jazz)" title="Comping (jazz)">Comping</a>, a similar type of accompaniment in jazz music</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Realization_(figured_bass)" title="Realization (figured bass)">Realization (figured bass)</a>, the art of creating an accompaniment from figured bass</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Basso_continuo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Johann Sebastian Bach: Die Johannes-Passion</i>, Bärenreiter, 1988, 3rd edition, 1999</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegreathistoryofarts.weebly.com/classical-era.html">Classical Era (1750–1820)</a>", <i>TheGreatHistoryofArts.Weebly.com</i>. Accessed: 27 July 2017.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724321#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Basso continuo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4020105-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Continuo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134980">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Basse continue"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121756018">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Basse continue"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121756018">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01152666">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="basso continuo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph230295&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534011005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1730772860' |
