Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|1939 film by Tim Whelan and Arthur B. Woods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Q Planes
| image = Q Planes film poster.jpg
| caption = [[Film poster|British quad cinema lobby card poster]]
| director = [[Tim Whelan]]<br />[[Arthur B. Woods]]
| producer = [[Irving Asher]]<br />'''Executive producer:'''<br />[[Alexander Korda]]
| writer = [[Brock Williams (screenwriter)|Brock Williams]]<br />[[Jack Whittingham]]<br />[[Ian Dalrymple]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ralph Richardson]]<br />[[Laurence Olivier]]<br />[[Valerie Hobson]]
| music = [[Muir Mathieson]]
| cinematography = [[Harry Stradling Sr.]]
| editing = [[Hugh Stewart (film editor)|Hugh Stewart]]
| color_process = [[Black and white]]
| studio = Irving Asher Productions{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=76}}
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]<br />(UK, US)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1939|03|02}}
| runtime = 82 minutes
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget =£67,502<ref>{{cite magazine|title=‘The highest salary ever paid to a human being’: Creating a Database of Film Costs from the Bank of England |last=Chapman|first= Llewella|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|magazine=Journal of British cinema and television, 2022-10|volume=19|number=4|page=470-494 at 477}}</ref>
}}
'''''Q Planes''''' (known as '''''Clouds Over Europe''''' in the United States) is a 1939 British [[comedy film|comedy]] [[spy film]] starring [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Valerie Hobson]]. Olivier and Richardson were a decade into their fifty-year friendship and were in the process of staging a theatrical version of ''[[Othello]]'', with Richardson in the title role and Olivier as Iago, when this film was made.{{sfn|Olivier|1982|p=68}}
''Q Planes'' was produced by [[Irving Asher]], an American, with British film impresario [[Alexander Korda]] as executive producer.{{sfn|Aldgate|Richards|1994|p=79}} The film was directed by an American, [[Tim Whelan]] (''[[Sidewalks of London]]'', and later in 1940, co-director of ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]''), who had lived in Britain since 1932, working for Korda at [[Denham Studios]].
{{TOC limit|2}}
==Plot==
In September 1938, advanced British aircraft prototypes carrying experimental and secret equipment are vanishing with their crews on test flights. No one can fathom why, not even spymaster Major Hammond ([[Ralph Richardson]]) or his sister Kay ([[Valerie Hobson]]), a newspaper reporter, who is working undercover in the works canteen at the Barrett & Ward Aircraft Company.{{sfn|Holland|1939|p=2}}
At first, Major Hammond is seen as an outsider at the aircraft factory, especially by Mr. Barrett, the owner ([[George Merritt (actor)|George Merritt]]), who is working under a government contract. Hammond soon finds a friend in star pilot, Tony McVane ([[Laurence Olivier]]), who helps him try to solve the case. Hammond becomes convinced that Jenkins ([[George Curzon (actor)|George Curzon]]), the company secretary at the factory, is a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] but Jenkins is killed by a gunman firing from a moving car before he can give up the names of his contacts.{{sfn|Holland|1939|pp=2–3}}
Tony returns to the aircraft factory, determined to make the next test flight. His aircraft, like the others, is brought down by a powerful ray from a mysterious salvage ship, S.S. ''Viking''.{{sfn|Holland|1939|pp=3–4}} (Although the nationality of the crew and agents aboard the ship is only implied, it was understood by audiences that "All of the crew speak with German accents and little doubt is left who the villains are", wrote ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.)<ref name="Variety"/>
The aircraft, Tony and the crew are taken on board ''Viking'', where he discovers many other missing airmen who have suffered the same fate. Escaping from their prison, Tony leads them in an attempt to take control of the ship, gathering up weapons as they go. In London, Major Hammond learns the truth and directs a [[Royal Navy]] ship ({{HMS|Echo|H23|6}}) to go to their rescue. Kay and Tony form a relationship, while Hammond, who because of his job, has repeatedly cancelled plans with his lady friend, eventually meets her only to learn that she has married someone else.{{sfn|Holland|1939|p=4}}
==Cast==
Film roles identified by order in the credits.<ref name="AFI"/><ref name="BFI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005050/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b3b16ae "Review: 'Q Planes'."] [[BFI Film & TV Database]] ([[British Film Institute]]). Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Laurence Olivier]] as Tony McVane
* [[Ralph Richardson]] as Major Charles Hammond
* [[Valerie Hobson]] as Kay Hammond
* [[George Curzon (actor)|George Curzon]] as Jenkins
* [[George Merritt (actor)|George Merritt]] as Barrett
* [[Gus McNaughton]] as Bleinkinsop
* [[David Tree]] as R. MacKenzie
* [[Sandra Storme]] as Daphne
* [[Hay Petrie]] as Stage Door Keeper
* Frank Fox as Karl
* George Butler as Sir Marshall Gosport
* [[Gordon McLeod (actor)|Gordon McLeod]] as The Baron
* [[John Longden]] as John Peters
* [[Ronald Adam (actor)|Ronald Adam]] as Pollock, Airline Designer
* [[Ian Fleming (actor)|Ian Fleming]] as Air Minister
* [[Reginald Purdell]] as Pilot
* [[Roy Emerton]] as SS ''Viking'' First Mate
* [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]] as SS ''Viking'' Mate
* [[John Laurie]] as Newspaper Editor
* [[Raymond Lovell]] as Company Manager
* [[Leslie Bradley]] as Assistant
{{div col end}}
==Production==
[[File:Q Planes.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Intertitle for ''Q Planes''}}]]
The film's working title was ''Foreign Sabotage''.<ref name="AFI">[http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4344 "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]([[American Film Institute]])''. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Period airports and aircraft including the [[Airspeed Envoy]], [[de Havilland Dragon Rapide]] and [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]] are featured in the aerial scenes. The [[Brooklands]] racetrack, which was also an important airfield, was used as a backdrop for the sequences on the ground.<ref>Santoir, Christian. [http://www.aeromovies.fr/articles.php?lng=en&pg=657&tconfig=0 "Review: Secret Weapons; Vo. Q Planes."] ''Aeromovies'' Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
<!--According to Richard Edwards, a film historian, the plot and budget were inspired by true events. In 1938, a prototype [[Vickers Wellesley]] a revolutionary bomber, which used the [[Fuselage|geodesic]] construction invented by [[Barnes Wallis]], disappeared over the English Channel during a test flight.<ref>Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2012/08/11/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma/ "Alexander Korda’s Real Life Spy Enigma".] ''richardedwards.info'', 11 August 2012. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> "The Air Ministry asked Lord Vansittart of Denham, chief of the British secret service, to initiate a search for the lost aircraft", wrote Richard Edwards on his film blog. "Part of the Wellesley's wreckage was supposedly found in a garage in Kiel and it was suggested that the ill-fated plane had been shot down by a German U-boat".<ref name= "Edwards">Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2015/04/14/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma-2/ "Alexander Korda's 1939 film 'Q Planes' caught up in a real life pre-war spy enigma."] ''richardedwards.info'', 14 April 2015. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> The British secret service were so sure of this, that they put money into the film to let the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} know they had discovered this. Lord Vansittart was, after all, a friend of executive producer Alexander Korda. After searching and finding pieces of the missing prototype, Vansittart asked Korda to make this film and provided Secret Service funds to help him do so.<ref name= "Edwards"/>fanciful-->Written and produced in September 1938, ''Q Planes'' was a quick project for Olivier, already bound for America and the filming of [[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|''Wuthering Heights'']] (1939). Richardson, who had encouraged Olivier to take the role of Heathcliff with his famous advice, "Bit of fame. Good.", was always better at comedy and dominates much of the screen, with a sardonic performance as a spy, either working for [[Scotland Yard]] or British [[Military Intelligence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Olivier|1y=1986|1p=261|2a1=Holden|2y=1990|2p=137|3a1=O'Connor|3y=1985|3p=106}} ''Q Planes'' is historically interesting for its contrast to later British war films and to Olivier's later film career. The film might be called the last of the "neutral Britain" spy comedies, which Hitchcock had pioneered in [[The 39 Steps (1935 film)|''The 39 Steps'']] (1935) and ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'' (1938). The tone of ''Q Planes'' blends a spy thriller with high-tech villains, sophisticated romance and rapid-fire comedy. The British later excelled at this genre in the James Bond films from the 1960s (Jack Whittington co-wrote [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']] [1965]) but here the comedic aspects are in contrast to the ardent, patriotic, sombre films that the British made once the [[Second World War]] began and the Germans, under Hitler, began to conquer Europe.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/britains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html#gallery "Britain's World War II films were more than just propaganda."] ''independent.co'', 22 October 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
==Reception==
[[File:Airspeed AS.6 Envoy G-AHAC Private Charter RWY 1948 edited-2.jpg|thumb|{{centre|[[Airspeed Envoy]]}}]]
''Q Planes'' was released in the U.S. as ''Clouds Over Europe'', on 30 June 1939.<ref name="AFI"/> Despite its subject, ''Q Planes'' is mainly a comedy, "a sort of [[The Thin Man (film)|''Thin Man'']] in an espionage setting", wrote ''[[Picturegoer]]''. The film received positive reviews, with much of its success due to Ralph Richardson, who cleverly held together the comedy and dramatic elements as Major Hammond. ''[[Kinematograph Weekly]]'' described ''Q Planes'' as "rousing espionage, romantic melodrama, staged in the best happy-go-lucky but pukka British tradition".{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=76}} [[C. A. Lejeune]] called the film "a bright, vigorous little picture, and Mr. Richardson's Major is the brightest thing in it. You should see it. You'll like it. It has savour". [[Leslie Halliwell]] called it a "lively, lovely thriller distinguished by a droll leading performance.{{sfn|Halliwell|Walker|Walker|2003|p=678}}
[[Dilys Powell]] wrote of Olivier that she recalled "being surprised that the actor made so slight an impression" and described him as "dashing but undistinguished".{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=22}} For Olivier scholars and fans, ''Q Planes'' shows the dramatic difference his subsequent American work with Wyler and Hitchcock made on his film acting. Here, Olivier is at the height of the glib, self-conscious acting style of the 15 pictures he had made before his work with Wyler.{{sfn|Spoto|1992|p=2,127}} Olivier wrote that it was only then that he learned to stop condescending to pictures as a mere paycheck between Shakespeare productions and instead master acting for the camera as its own form.{{sfn|Olivier|1986|pp=260–261}}
''[[The New York Times]]'' film critic [[Frank S. Nugent]] was initially put off by the film's new opening which, unlike the British release, reflected an ever-darkening scenario of war with Nazi Germany. Hoping to impress this on their reluctant American cousins, the executive producer Korda was Churchill's designated producer, in the filmic aspect of de-neutralising America. The film began with "shots of Commons, Parliament, the War Office, the India Office, No. 10 Downing Street and other imposing edifices", as described by Nugent.{{sfn|Korda|2002|pp=138–139}} "As an added touch of dignity and authority, a commentator's voice noted each building as it passed, spoke gravely of the burden of empire, of trade and population statistics, and of the might and wisdom of Britain's leaders …" Nugent expressed relief when this made-for-America preamble turns into the British comedy it originally was and praised it as "one of the wittiest and pleasantest comedies that have come a capering to the American screen this season".<ref>Nugent, Frank S. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE5DF1530E53ABC4E52DFB0668382629EDE "The Screen in Review: Comedy lifts its head again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 June 1939. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
''Variety'' regarded the newsreel-style introduction as one of the film's "unusual, deft slants" and praised the film as an "excellent summer diversion.… Columbia has an easy winner in ''Clouds Over Europe'' which, despite the solemnity of its title, is strictly for comedy, albeit with a hint or two of anti-German propaganda tucked away". While noting the matinee value of Olivier, ''Variety'' reported that "the acting honors go — and at a gallop — to Ralph Richardson, playing a Scotland Yard eccentric". ''Variety'' reviewers also considered it had a "refreshing tongue-in-cheek attitude… Whole thing is bright, breezy and flavorsome".<ref name="Variety">[https://archive.org/stream/variety134-1939-06#page/n119/mode/1up "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Volume 135, issue 2, 21 June 1939, p. 16. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Less impressed was film critic [[John Mosher (writer)|John Mosher]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', who found in the film "a bigger allotment of very British small talk and that special brand of British whimsy which makes us here think at times that at least one of the clouds over England is this particular kind of humour".<ref>Mosher, John. [http://www.newyorker.com/ "The Current Cinema."] ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Volume XV, issue 18, 17 June 1939, p. 88. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
==Influence==
Richardson's dapper, insouciant secret agent was named, years later, as the model for the bowler-hatted upper-class British spy [[John Steed]] in the 1960s television series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', according to producer [[Brian Clemens]].{{sfn|Chapman|2002|p=61}}
==Home media==
''Q Planes'' was released on video by Carlton Home Entertainment in 1991 and on [[DVD]] in April 2007.<ref>Q Planes, Alex J. [http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd "Q Planes comes to DVD."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044736/http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Cult TV'', 10 February 2014. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aldgate |first1=Anthony |last2=Richards |first2=Jeffrey |title=Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War |year=1994 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7486-0508-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=James |title=Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s |series=Popular TV Genres |year=2002 |location=London |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-754-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Halliwell |first1=Leslie |author-link1=Leslie Halliwell |last2=Walker |first2=John |last3=Walker |first3=Leslie |title=Halliwell's Film Guide |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=Harper/Collins |edition=18th |isbn=978-0-00-714412-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Holden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRgIAQAAMAAJ&q=Q+Planes |title=Laurence Olivier |year=1990 |location=London |publisher=Collier Books |isbn=978-0-7221-4857-0}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Holland |first=Eunice |magazine=Cinegram |number=78 |title=Q Planes |year=1939 |publisher=Pilot Press |location=London |oclc=559349626}}
* {{cite book |last=Korda |first=Michael |title=Charmed Lives: A Family Romance |year=2002 |orig-year=1979 |location=New York |publisher=Harper Perennial |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-0600-8556-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Morley |first=Margaret |title=The Films of Laurence Olivier |year=1977 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-8065-0879-5}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Gary |title=Ralph Richardson: An Actor's Life |year=1985 |location=London |publisher=Limelight Editions |isbn=978-0-8791-0038-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=Confessions of an Actor: An Autobiography |year=1982 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-6714-1701-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=On Acting |year=1986 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster (Touchstone) |isbn=978-0-6716-4562-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Spoto |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Spoto |title=Laurence Olivier: A Biography |year=1992 |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-018315-8}}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Barr |editor-first=Charles |title=All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema |year=1986 |location=London |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-179-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Coleman |first=Terry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rHw_96VP_kC |title=Olivier: The Authorised Biography |year=2006 |orig-year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Henry Holt |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7475-7798-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Robert |title=British Cinema and the Second World War |year=2000 |location=London |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-5139-2}}
==External links==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0031831}}
* {{AFI film | 4344 | Clouds Over Europe }}
* {{TCMDb title|id=71112|title=Clouds Over Europe}}
* {{allMovie title|id=10049|title=Clouds Over Europe}}
{{Arthur B. Woods}}
{{Tim Whelan}}
{{Alexander Korda}}
[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:1930s spy comedy films]]
[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:British spy comedy films]]
[[Category:British aviation films]]
[[Category:British black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arthur B. Woods]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tim Whelan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ian Dalrymple]]
[[Category:London Films films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Films set in 1938]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jack Whittingham]]
[[Category:1939 comedy films]]
[[Category:1930s British films]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|1939 film by Tim Whelan and Arthur B. Woods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Q Planes
| image = Q Planes film poster.jpg
| caption = [[Film poster|British quad cinema lobby card poster]]
| director = [[Tim Whelan]]<br />[[Arthur B. Woods]]
| producer = [[Irving Asher]]<br />'''Executive producer:'''<br />[[Alexander Korda]]
| writer = [[Brock Williams (screenwriter)|Brock Williams]]<br />[[Jack Whittingham]]<br />[[Ian Dalrymple]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ralph Richardson]]<br />[[Laurence Olivier]]<br />[[Valerie Hobson]]
| music = [[Muir Mathieson]]
| cinematography = [[Harry Stradling Sr.]]
| editing = [[Hugh Stewart (film editor)|Hugh Stewart]]
| color_process = [[Black and white]]
| studio = Irving Asher Productions{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=76}}
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]<br />(UK, US)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1939|03|02}}
| runtime = 82 minutes
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget =£67,502{{sfn|Chapman|2022|p=477}}
}}
'''''Q Planes''''' (known as '''''Clouds Over Europe''''' in the United States) is a 1939 British [[comedy film|comedy]] [[spy film]] starring [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Valerie Hobson]]. Olivier and Richardson were a decade into their fifty-year friendship and were in the process of staging a theatrical version of ''[[Othello]]'', with Richardson in the title role and Olivier as Iago, when this film was made.{{sfn|Olivier|1982|p=68}}
''Q Planes'' was produced by [[Irving Asher]], an American, with British film impresario [[Alexander Korda]] as executive producer.{{sfn|Aldgate|Richards|1994|p=79}} The film was directed by an American, [[Tim Whelan]] (''[[Sidewalks of London]]'', and later in 1940, co-director of ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]''), who had lived in Britain since 1932, working for Korda at [[Denham Studios]].
{{TOC limit|2}}
==Plot==
In September 1938, advanced British aircraft prototypes carrying experimental and secret equipment are vanishing with their crews on test flights. No one can fathom why, not even spymaster Major Hammond ([[Ralph Richardson]]) or his sister Kay ([[Valerie Hobson]]), a newspaper reporter, who is working undercover in the works canteen at the Barrett & Ward Aircraft Company.{{sfn|Holland|1939|p=2}}
At first, Major Hammond is seen as an outsider at the aircraft factory, especially by Mr. Barrett, the owner ([[George Merritt (actor)|George Merritt]]), who is working under a government contract. Hammond soon finds a friend in star pilot, Tony McVane ([[Laurence Olivier]]), who helps him try to solve the case. Hammond becomes convinced that Jenkins ([[George Curzon (actor)|George Curzon]]), the company secretary at the factory, is a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] but Jenkins is killed by a gunman firing from a moving car before he can give up the names of his contacts.{{sfn|Holland|1939|pp=2–3}}
Tony returns to the aircraft factory, determined to make the next test flight. His aircraft, like the others, is brought down by a powerful ray from a mysterious salvage ship, S.S. ''Viking''.{{sfn|Holland|1939|pp=3–4}} (Although the nationality of the crew and agents aboard the ship is only implied, it was understood by audiences that "All of the crew speak with German accents and little doubt is left who the villains are", wrote ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.)<ref name="Variety"/>
The aircraft, Tony and the crew are taken on board ''Viking'', where he discovers many other missing airmen who have suffered the same fate. Escaping from their prison, Tony leads them in an attempt to take control of the ship, gathering up weapons as they go. In London, Major Hammond learns the truth and directs a [[Royal Navy]] ship ({{HMS|Echo|H23|6}}) to go to their rescue. Kay and Tony form a relationship, while Hammond, who because of his job, has repeatedly cancelled plans with his lady friend, eventually meets her only to learn that she has married someone else.{{sfn|Holland|1939|p=4}}
==Cast==
Film roles identified by order in the credits.<ref name="AFI"/><ref name="BFI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005050/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b3b16ae "Review: 'Q Planes'."] [[BFI Film & TV Database]] ([[British Film Institute]]). Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Laurence Olivier]] as Tony McVane
* [[Ralph Richardson]] as Major Charles Hammond
* [[Valerie Hobson]] as Kay Hammond
* [[George Curzon (actor)|George Curzon]] as Jenkins
* [[George Merritt (actor)|George Merritt]] as Barrett
* [[Gus McNaughton]] as Bleinkinsop
* [[David Tree]] as R. MacKenzie
* [[Sandra Storme]] as Daphne
* [[Hay Petrie]] as Stage Door Keeper
* Frank Fox as Karl
* George Butler as Sir Marshall Gosport
* [[Gordon McLeod (actor)|Gordon McLeod]] as The Baron
* [[John Longden]] as John Peters
* [[Ronald Adam (actor)|Ronald Adam]] as Pollock, Airline Designer
* [[Ian Fleming (actor)|Ian Fleming]] as Air Minister
* [[Reginald Purdell]] as Pilot
* [[Roy Emerton]] as SS ''Viking'' First Mate
* [[David Farrar (actor)|David Farrar]] as SS ''Viking'' Mate
* [[John Laurie]] as Newspaper Editor
* [[Raymond Lovell]] as Company Manager
* [[Leslie Bradley]] as Assistant
{{div col end}}
==Production==
[[File:Q Planes.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Intertitle for ''Q Planes''}}]]
The film's working title was ''Foreign Sabotage''.<ref name="AFI">[http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4344 "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]([[American Film Institute]])''. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Period airports and aircraft including the [[Airspeed Envoy]], [[de Havilland Dragon Rapide]] and [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]] are featured in the aerial scenes. The [[Brooklands]] racetrack, which was also an important airfield, was used as a backdrop for the sequences on the ground.<ref>Santoir, Christian. [http://www.aeromovies.fr/articles.php?lng=en&pg=657&tconfig=0 "Review: Secret Weapons; Vo. Q Planes."] ''Aeromovies'' Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
<!--According to Richard Edwards, a film historian, the plot and budget were inspired by true events. In 1938, a prototype [[Vickers Wellesley]] a revolutionary bomber, which used the [[Fuselage|geodesic]] construction invented by [[Barnes Wallis]], disappeared over the English Channel during a test flight.<ref>Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2012/08/11/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma/ "Alexander Korda’s Real Life Spy Enigma".] ''richardedwards.info'', 11 August 2012. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> "The Air Ministry asked Lord Vansittart of Denham, chief of the British secret service, to initiate a search for the lost aircraft", wrote Richard Edwards on his film blog. "Part of the Wellesley's wreckage was supposedly found in a garage in Kiel and it was suggested that the ill-fated plane had been shot down by a German U-boat".<ref name= "Edwards">Edwards, Richard. [http://richardedwards.info/2015/04/14/alexander-kordas-real-life-spy-enigma-2/ "Alexander Korda's 1939 film 'Q Planes' caught up in a real life pre-war spy enigma."] ''richardedwards.info'', 14 April 2015. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> The British secret service were so sure of this, that they put money into the film to let the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} know they had discovered this. Lord Vansittart was, after all, a friend of executive producer Alexander Korda. After searching and finding pieces of the missing prototype, Vansittart asked Korda to make this film and provided Secret Service funds to help him do so.<ref name= "Edwards"/>fanciful-->Written and produced in September 1938, ''Q Planes'' was a quick project for Olivier, already bound for America and the filming of [[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|''Wuthering Heights'']] (1939). Richardson, who had encouraged Olivier to take the role of Heathcliff with his famous advice, "Bit of fame. Good.", was always better at comedy and dominates much of the screen, with a sardonic performance as a spy, either working for [[Scotland Yard]] or British [[Military Intelligence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Olivier|1y=1986|1p=261|2a1=Holden|2y=1990|2p=137|3a1=O'Connor|3y=1985|3p=106}} ''Q Planes'' is historically interesting for its contrast to later British war films and to Olivier's later film career. The film might be called the last of the "neutral Britain" spy comedies, which Hitchcock had pioneered in [[The 39 Steps (1935 film)|''The 39 Steps'']] (1935) and ''[[The Lady Vanishes]]'' (1938). The tone of ''Q Planes'' blends a spy thriller with high-tech villains, sophisticated romance and rapid-fire comedy. The British later excelled at this genre in the James Bond films from the 1960s (Jack Whittington co-wrote [[Thunderball (film)|''Thunderball'']] [1965]) but here the comedic aspects are in contrast to the ardent, patriotic, sombre films that the British made once the [[Second World War]] began and the Germans, under Hitler, began to conquer Europe.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/britains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html#gallery "Britain's World War II films were more than just propaganda."] ''independent.co'', 22 October 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
==Reception==
[[File:Airspeed AS.6 Envoy G-AHAC Private Charter RWY 1948 edited-2.jpg|thumb|{{centre|[[Airspeed Envoy]]}}]]
''Q Planes'' was released in the U.S. as ''Clouds Over Europe'', on 30 June 1939.<ref name="AFI"/> Despite its subject, ''Q Planes'' is mainly a comedy, "a sort of [[The Thin Man (film)|''Thin Man'']] in an espionage setting", wrote ''[[Picturegoer]]''. The film received positive reviews, with much of its success due to Ralph Richardson, who cleverly held together the comedy and dramatic elements as Major Hammond. ''[[Kinematograph Weekly]]'' described ''Q Planes'' as "rousing espionage, romantic melodrama, staged in the best happy-go-lucky but pukka British tradition".{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=76}} [[C. A. Lejeune]] called the film "a bright, vigorous little picture, and Mr. Richardson's Major is the brightest thing in it. You should see it. You'll like it. It has savour". [[Leslie Halliwell]] called it a "lively, lovely thriller distinguished by a droll leading performance.{{sfn|Halliwell|Walker|Walker|2003|p=678}}
[[Dilys Powell]] wrote of Olivier that she recalled "being surprised that the actor made so slight an impression" and described him as "dashing but undistinguished".{{sfn|Morley|1977|p=22}} For Olivier scholars and fans, ''Q Planes'' shows the dramatic difference his subsequent American work with Wyler and Hitchcock made on his film acting. Here, Olivier is at the height of the glib, self-conscious acting style of the 15 pictures he had made before his work with Wyler.{{sfn|Spoto|1992|p=2,127}} Olivier wrote that it was only then that he learned to stop condescending to pictures as a mere paycheck between Shakespeare productions and instead master acting for the camera as its own form.{{sfn|Olivier|1986|pp=260–261}}
''[[The New York Times]]'' film critic [[Frank S. Nugent]] was initially put off by the film's new opening which, unlike the British release, reflected an ever-darkening scenario of war with Nazi Germany. Hoping to impress this on their reluctant American cousins, the executive producer Korda was Churchill's designated producer, in the filmic aspect of de-neutralising America. The film began with "shots of Commons, Parliament, the War Office, the India Office, No. 10 Downing Street and other imposing edifices", as described by Nugent.{{sfn|Korda|2002|pp=138–139}} "As an added touch of dignity and authority, a commentator's voice noted each building as it passed, spoke gravely of the burden of empire, of trade and population statistics, and of the might and wisdom of Britain's leaders …" Nugent expressed relief when this made-for-America preamble turns into the British comedy it originally was and praised it as "one of the wittiest and pleasantest comedies that have come a capering to the American screen this season".<ref>Nugent, Frank S. [https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE5DF1530E53ABC4E52DFB0668382629EDE "The Screen in Review: Comedy lifts its head again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall."] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 June 1939. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
''Variety'' regarded the newsreel-style introduction as one of the film's "unusual, deft slants" and praised the film as an "excellent summer diversion.… Columbia has an easy winner in ''Clouds Over Europe'' which, despite the solemnity of its title, is strictly for comedy, albeit with a hint or two of anti-German propaganda tucked away". While noting the matinee value of Olivier, ''Variety'' reported that "the acting honors go — and at a gallop — to Ralph Richardson, playing a Scotland Yard eccentric". ''Variety'' reviewers also considered it had a "refreshing tongue-in-cheek attitude… Whole thing is bright, breezy and flavorsome".<ref name="Variety">[https://archive.org/stream/variety134-1939-06#page/n119/mode/1up "Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Volume 135, issue 2, 21 June 1939, p. 16. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref> Less impressed was film critic [[John Mosher (writer)|John Mosher]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'', who found in the film "a bigger allotment of very British small talk and that special brand of British whimsy which makes us here think at times that at least one of the clouds over England is this particular kind of humour".<ref>Mosher, John. [http://www.newyorker.com/ "The Current Cinema."] ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Volume XV, issue 18, 17 June 1939, p. 88. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
==Influence==
Richardson's dapper, insouciant secret agent was named, years later, as the model for the bowler-hatted upper-class British spy [[John Steed]] in the 1960s television series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', according to producer [[Brian Clemens]].{{sfn|Chapman|2002|p=61}}
==Home media==
''Q Planes'' was released on video by Carlton Home Entertainment in 1991 and on [[DVD]] in April 2007.<ref>Q Planes, Alex J. [http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd "Q Planes comes to DVD."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044736/http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Cult TV'', 10 February 2014. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</ref>
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aldgate |first1=Anthony |last2=Richards |first2=Jeffrey |title=Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War |year=1994 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7486-0508-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=James |title=Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s |series=Popular TV Genres |year=2002 |location=London |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-754-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Halliwell |first1=Leslie |author-link1=Leslie Halliwell |last2=Walker |first2=John |last3=Walker |first3=Leslie |title=Halliwell's Film Guide |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=Harper/Collins |edition=18th |isbn=978-0-00-714412-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Holden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRgIAQAAMAAJ&q=Q+Planes |title=Laurence Olivier |year=1990 |location=London |publisher=Collier Books |isbn=978-0-7221-4857-0}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Holland |first=Eunice |magazine=Cinegram |number=78 |title=Q Planes |year=1939 |publisher=Pilot Press |location=London |oclc=559349626}}
* {{cite book |last=Korda |first=Michael |title=Charmed Lives: A Family Romance |year=2002 |orig-year=1979 |location=New York |publisher=Harper Perennial |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-0600-8556-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Morley |first=Margaret |title=The Films of Laurence Olivier |year=1977 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-8065-0879-5}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Gary |title=Ralph Richardson: An Actor's Life |year=1985 |location=London |publisher=Limelight Editions |isbn=978-0-8791-0038-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=Confessions of an Actor: An Autobiography |year=1982 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-6714-1701-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=On Acting |year=1986 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster (Touchstone) |isbn=978-0-6716-4562-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Spoto |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Spoto |title=Laurence Olivier: A Biography |year=1992 |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-018315-8}}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Barr |editor-first=Charles |title=All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema |year=1986 |location=London |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-179-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Coleman |first=Terry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rHw_96VP_kC |title=Olivier: The Authorised Biography |year=2006 |orig-year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Henry Holt |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-7475-7798-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Robert |title=British Cinema and the Second World War |year=2000 |location=London |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-5139-2}}
==External links==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0031831}}
* {{AFI film | 4344 | Clouds Over Europe }}
* {{TCMDb title|id=71112|title=Clouds Over Europe}}
* {{allMovie title|id=10049|title=Clouds Over Europe}}
{{Arthur B. Woods}}
{{Tim Whelan}}
{{Alexander Korda}}
[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:1930s spy comedy films]]
[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:British spy comedy films]]
[[Category:British aviation films]]
[[Category:British black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arthur B. Woods]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tim Whelan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ian Dalrymple]]
[[Category:London Films films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Films set in 1938]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jack Whittingham]]
[[Category:1939 comedy films]]
[[Category:1930s British films]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1939 film by Tim Whelan and Arthur B. Woods</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Q Planes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Q_Planes_film_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Q_Planes_film_poster.jpg/220px-Q_Planes_film_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Q_Planes_film_poster.jpg/330px-Q_Planes_film_poster.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/6/65/Q_Planes_film_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_poster" title="Film poster">British quad cinema lobby card poster</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Whelan" title="Tim Whelan">Tim Whelan</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_B._Woods" title="Arthur B. Woods">Arthur B. Woods</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brock_Williams_(screenwriter)" title="Brock Williams (screenwriter)">Brock Williams</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Whittingham" title="Jack Whittingham">Jack Whittingham</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ian_Dalrymple" title="Ian Dalrymple">Ian Dalrymple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irving_Asher" title="Irving Asher">Irving Asher</a><br /><b>Executive producer:</b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_Hobson" title="Valerie Hobson">Valerie Hobson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Stradling_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Stradling Sr.">Harry Stradling Sr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Stewart_(film_editor)" title="Hugh Stewart (film editor)">Hugh Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muir_Mathieson" title="Muir Mathieson">Muir Mathieson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Color process</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">Black and white</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br />company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;">Irving Asher Productions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197776_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197776-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a><br />(UK, US)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist film-date">
<ul><li>2 March 1939<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1939-03-02</span>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">£67,502<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2022477_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2022477-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Q Planes</b></i> (known as <i><b>Clouds Over Europe</b></i> in the United States) is a 1939 British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy film</a> starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_Hobson" title="Valerie Hobson">Valerie Hobson</a>. Olivier and Richardson were a decade into their fifty-year friendship and were in the process of staging a theatrical version of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i>, with Richardson in the title role and Olivier as Iago, when this film was made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier198268_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier198268-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Q Planes</i> was produced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irving_Asher" title="Irving Asher">Irving Asher</a>, an American, with British film impresario <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a> as executive producer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldgateRichards199479_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldgateRichards199479-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was directed by an American, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Whelan" title="Tim Whelan">Tim Whelan</a> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidewalks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidewalks of London">Sidewalks of London</a></i>, and later in 1940, co-director of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i>), who had lived in Britain since 1932, working for Korda at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denham_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Denham Studios">Denham Studios</a>.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cast"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Influence"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Home_media"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Home media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In September 1938, advanced British aircraft prototypes carrying experimental and secret equipment are vanishing with their crews on test flights. No one can fathom why, not even spymaster Major Hammond (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a>) or his sister Kay (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_Hobson" title="Valerie Hobson">Valerie Hobson</a>), a newspaper reporter, who is working undercover in the works canteen at the Barrett & Ward Aircraft Company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19392_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19392-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At first, Major Hammond is seen as an outsider at the aircraft factory, especially by Mr. Barrett, the owner (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Merritt_(actor)" title="George Merritt (actor)">George Merritt</a>), who is working under a government contract. Hammond soon finds a friend in star pilot, Tony McVane (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>), who helps him try to solve the case. Hammond becomes convinced that Jenkins (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Curzon_(actor)" title="George Curzon (actor)">George Curzon</a>), the company secretary at the factory, is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> but Jenkins is killed by a gunman firing from a moving car before he can give up the names of his contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19392–3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19392–3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Tony returns to the aircraft factory, determined to make the next test flight. His aircraft, like the others, is brought down by a powerful ray from a mysterious salvage ship, S.S. <i>Viking</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19393–4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19393–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Although the nationality of the crew and agents aboard the ship is only implied, it was understood by audiences that "All of the crew speak with German accents and little doubt is left who the villains are", wrote <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-Variety_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variety-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The aircraft, Tony and the crew are taken on board <i>Viking</i>, where he discovers many other missing airmen who have suffered the same fate. Escaping from their prison, Tony leads them in an attempt to take control of the ship, gathering up weapons as they go. In London, Major Hammond learns the truth and directs a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ship (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMS_Echo_(H23)" title="HMS Echo (H23)">HMS <i>Echo</i></a>) to go to their rescue. Kay and Tony form a relationship, while Hammond, who because of his job, has repeatedly cancelled plans with his lady friend, eventually meets her only to learn that she has married someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19394_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19394-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Film roles identified by order in the credits.<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BFI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> as Tony McVane</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Richardson" title="Ralph Richardson">Ralph Richardson</a> as Major Charles Hammond</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerie_Hobson" title="Valerie Hobson">Valerie Hobson</a> as Kay Hammond</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Curzon_(actor)" title="George Curzon (actor)">George Curzon</a> as Jenkins</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Merritt_(actor)" title="George Merritt (actor)">George Merritt</a> as Barrett</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gus_McNaughton" title="Gus McNaughton">Gus McNaughton</a> as Bleinkinsop</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Tree" title="David Tree">David Tree</a> as R. MacKenzie</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandra_Storme" title="Sandra Storme">Sandra Storme</a> as Daphne</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hay_Petrie" title="Hay Petrie">Hay Petrie</a> as Stage Door Keeper</li>
<li>Frank Fox as Karl</li>
<li>George Butler as Sir Marshall Gosport</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_McLeod_(actor)" title="Gordon McLeod (actor)">Gordon McLeod</a> as The Baron</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Longden" title="John Longden">John Longden</a> as John Peters</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_Adam_(actor)" title="Ronald Adam (actor)">Ronald Adam</a> as Pollock, Airline Designer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ian_Fleming_(actor)" title="Ian Fleming (actor)">Ian Fleming</a> as Air Minister</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reginald_Purdell" title="Reginald Purdell">Reginald Purdell</a> as Pilot</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roy_Emerton" title="Roy Emerton">Roy Emerton</a> as SS <i>Viking</i> First Mate</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Farrar_(actor)" title="David Farrar (actor)">David Farrar</a> as SS <i>Viking</i> Mate</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Laurie" title="John Laurie">John Laurie</a> as Newspaper Editor</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymond_Lovell" title="Raymond Lovell">Raymond Lovell</a> as Company Manager</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leslie_Bradley" title="Leslie Bradley">Leslie Bradley</a> as Assistant</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Q_Planes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Q_Planes.jpg/220px-Q_Planes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Q_Planes.jpg/330px-Q_Planes.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Q_Planes.jpg/440px-Q_Planes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Intertitle for <i>Q Planes</i></div></figcaption></figure>
<p>The film's working title was <i>Foreign Sabotage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Period airports and aircraft including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airspeed_Envoy" title="Airspeed Envoy">Airspeed Envoy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">de Havilland Dragon Rapide</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">de Havilland Tiger Moth</a> are featured in the aerial scenes. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a> racetrack, which was also an important airfield, was used as a backdrop for the sequences on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Written and produced in September 1938, <i>Q Planes</i> was a quick project for Olivier, already bound for America and the filming of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)" title="Wuthering Heights (1939 film)"><i>Wuthering Heights</i></a> (1939). Richardson, who had encouraged Olivier to take the role of Heathcliff with his famous advice, "Bit of fame. Good.", was always better at comedy and dominates much of the screen, with a sardonic performance as a spy, either working for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> or British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence">Military Intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986261Holden1990137O'Connor1985106_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986261Holden1990137O'Connor1985106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Q Planes</i> is historically interesting for its contrast to later British war films and to Olivier's later film career. The film might be called the last of the "neutral Britain" spy comedies, which Hitchcock had pioneered in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_39_Steps_(1935_film)" title="The 39 Steps (1935 film)"><i>The 39 Steps</i></a> (1935) and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lady_Vanishes" title="The Lady Vanishes">The Lady Vanishes</a></i> (1938). The tone of <i>Q Planes</i> blends a spy thriller with high-tech villains, sophisticated romance and rapid-fire comedy. The British later excelled at this genre in the James Bond films from the 1960s (Jack Whittington co-wrote <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunderball_(film)" title="Thunderball (film)"><i>Thunderball</i></a> [1965]) but here the comedic aspects are in contrast to the ardent, patriotic, sombre films that the British made once the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> began and the Germans, under Hitler, began to conquer Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg/220px-Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg/330px-Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg/440px-Airspeed_AS.6_Envoy_G-AHAC_Private_Charter_RWY_1948_edited-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airspeed_Envoy" title="Airspeed Envoy">Airspeed Envoy</a></div></figcaption></figure>
<p><i>Q Planes</i> was released in the U.S. as <i>Clouds Over Europe</i>, on 30 June 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-AFI_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its subject, <i>Q Planes</i> is mainly a comedy, "a sort of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Thin_Man_(film)" title="The Thin Man (film)"><i>Thin Man</i></a> in an espionage setting", wrote <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picturegoer" title="Picturegoer">Picturegoer</a></i>. The film received positive reviews, with much of its success due to Ralph Richardson, who cleverly held together the comedy and dramatic elements as Major Hammond. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinematograph_Weekly" title="Kinematograph Weekly">Kinematograph Weekly</a></i> described <i>Q Planes</i> as "rousing espionage, romantic melodrama, staged in the best happy-go-lucky but pukka British tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197776_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197776-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._A._Lejeune" title="C. A. Lejeune">C. A. Lejeune</a> called the film "a bright, vigorous little picture, and Mr. Richardson's Major is the brightest thing in it. You should see it. You'll like it. It has savour". <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leslie_Halliwell" title="Leslie Halliwell">Leslie Halliwell</a> called it a "lively, lovely thriller distinguished by a droll leading performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwellWalkerWalker2003678_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwellWalkerWalker2003678-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dilys_Powell" title="Dilys Powell">Dilys Powell</a> wrote of Olivier that she recalled "being surprised that the actor made so slight an impression" and described him as "dashing but undistinguished".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197722_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197722-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Olivier scholars and fans, <i>Q Planes</i> shows the dramatic difference his subsequent American work with Wyler and Hitchcock made on his film acting. Here, Olivier is at the height of the glib, self-conscious acting style of the 15 pictures he had made before his work with Wyler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto19922,127_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19922,127-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivier wrote that it was only then that he learned to stop condescending to pictures as a mere paycheck between Shakespeare productions and instead master acting for the camera as its own form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986260–261_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986260–261-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> film critic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_S._Nugent" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank S. Nugent">Frank S. Nugent</a> was initially put off by the film's new opening which, unlike the British release, reflected an ever-darkening scenario of war with Nazi Germany. Hoping to impress this on their reluctant American cousins, the executive producer Korda was Churchill's designated producer, in the filmic aspect of de-neutralising America. The film began with "shots of Commons, Parliament, the War Office, the India Office, No. 10 Downing Street and other imposing edifices", as described by Nugent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorda2002138–139_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2002138–139-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "As an added touch of dignity and authority, a commentator's voice noted each building as it passed, spoke gravely of the burden of empire, of trade and population statistics, and of the might and wisdom of Britain's leaders …" Nugent expressed relief when this made-for-America preamble turns into the British comedy it originally was and praised it as "one of the wittiest and pleasantest comedies that have come a capering to the American screen this season".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Variety</i> regarded the newsreel-style introduction as one of the film's "unusual, deft slants" and praised the film as an "excellent summer diversion.… Columbia has an easy winner in <i>Clouds Over Europe</i> which, despite the solemnity of its title, is strictly for comedy, albeit with a hint or two of anti-German propaganda tucked away". While noting the matinee value of Olivier, <i>Variety</i> reported that "the acting honors go — and at a gallop — to Ralph Richardson, playing a Scotland Yard eccentric". <i>Variety</i> reviewers also considered it had a "refreshing tongue-in-cheek attitude… Whole thing is bright, breezy and flavorsome".<sup id="cite_ref-Variety_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variety-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less impressed was film critic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Mosher_(writer)" title="John Mosher (writer)">John Mosher</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, who found in the film "a bigger allotment of very British small talk and that special brand of British whimsy which makes us here think at times that at least one of the clouds over England is this particular kind of humour".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Richardson's dapper, insouciant secret agent was named, years later, as the model for the bowler-hatted upper-class British spy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Steed" title="John Steed">John Steed</a> in the 1960s television series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)" title="The Avengers (TV series)">The Avengers</a></i>, according to producer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brian_Clemens" title="Brian Clemens">Brian Clemens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200261_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200261-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_media">Home media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Home media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><i>Q Planes</i> was released on video by Carlton Home Entertainment in 1991 and on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> in April 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197776-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197776_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197776_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1977">Morley 1977</a>, p. 76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2022477-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2022477_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman2022">Chapman 2022</a>, p. 477.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFChapman2022 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier198268-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier198268_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivier1982">Olivier 1982</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldgateRichards199479-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldgateRichards199479_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldgateRichards1994">Aldgate & Richards 1994</a>, p. 79.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19392-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19392_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1939">Holland 1939</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19392–3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19392–3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1939">Holland 1939</a>, pp. 2–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19393–4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19393–4_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1939">Holland 1939</a>, pp. 3–4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Variety-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Variety_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Variety_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/variety134-1939-06#page/n119/mode/1up">"Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>, Volume 135, issue 2, 21 June 1939, p. 16. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland19394-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland19394_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland1939">Holland 1939</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AFI-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFI_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=4344">"Review: 'Clouds Over Europe'."</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>)</i>. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BFI-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFI_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005050/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6b3b16ae">"Review: 'Q Planes'."</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BFI_Film_%26_TV_Database" title="BFI Film & TV Database">BFI Film & TV Database</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a>). Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santoir, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeromovies.fr/articles.php?lng=en&pg=657&tconfig=0">"Review: Secret Weapons; Vo. Q Planes."</a> <i>Aeromovies</i> Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986261Holden1990137O'Connor1985106-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986261Holden1990137O'Connor1985106_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivier1986">Olivier 1986</a>, p. 261; <a href="#CITEREFHolden1990">Holden 1990</a>, p. 137; <a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1985">O'Connor 1985</a>, p. 106.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/britains-world-war-ii-films-were-more-than-just-propaganda-1780730.html#gallery">"Britain's World War II films were more than just propaganda."</a> <i>independent.co</i>, 22 October 2011. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwellWalkerWalker2003678-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwellWalkerWalker2003678_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwellWalkerWalker2003">Halliwell, Walker & Walker 2003</a>, p. 678.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley197722-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley197722_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1977">Morley 1977</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto19922,127-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto19922,127_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpoto1992">Spoto 1992</a>, p. 2,127.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986260–261-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier1986260–261_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivier1986">Olivier 1986</a>, pp. 260–261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorda2002138–139-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorda2002138–139_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorda2002">Korda 2002</a>, pp. 138–139.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nugent, Frank S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE5DF1530E53ABC4E52DFB0668382629EDE">"The Screen in Review: Comedy lifts its head again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall."</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 16 June 1939. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosher, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/">"The Current Cinema."</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, Volume XV, issue 18, 17 June 1939, p. 88. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200261-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200261_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman2002">Chapman 2002</a>, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Q Planes, Alex J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd">"Q Planes comes to DVD."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044736/http://www.conukopia.com/index.php/reviews/dvd-reviews-v15-79/item/1016-q-planes-comes-to-dvd">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Cult TV</i>, 10 February 2014. Retrieved: 6 December 2015.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldgateRichards1994" class="citation book cs1">Aldgate, Anthony; Richards, Jeffrey (1994). <i>Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War</i> (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0508-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-0508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Can+Take+it%3A+British+Cinema+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0508-8&rft.aulast=Aldgate&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Richards%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2002" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, James (2002). <i>Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s</i>. Popular TV Genres. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-754-3"><bdi>978-1-86064-754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Avengers%3A+British+Adventure+Series+of+the+1960s&rft.place=London&rft.series=Popular+TV+Genres&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-754-3&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliwellWalkerWalker2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leslie_Halliwell" title="Leslie Halliwell">Halliwell, Leslie</a>; Walker, John; Walker, Leslie (2003). <i>Halliwell's Film Guide</i> (18th ed.). London: Harper/Collins. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714412-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714412-9"><bdi>978-0-00-714412-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halliwell%27s+Film+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Harper%2FCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714412-9&rft.aulast=Halliwell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Walker%2C+John&rft.au=Walker%2C+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Holden" title="Anthony Holden">Holden, Anthony</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRgIAQAAMAAJ&q=Q+Planes"><i>Laurence Olivier</i></a>. London: Collier Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7221-4857-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7221-4857-0"><bdi>978-0-7221-4857-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laurence+Olivier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7221-4857-0&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRgIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DQ%2BPlanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1939" class="citation magazine cs1">Holland, Eunice (1939). "Q Planes". <i>Cinegram</i>. No. 78. London: Pilot Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559349626">559349626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinegram&rft.atitle=Q+Planes&rft.issue=78&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559349626&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Eunice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorda2002" class="citation book cs1">Korda, Michael (2002) [1979]. <i>Charmed Lives: A Family Romance</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0600-8556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0600-8556-8"><bdi>978-0-0600-8556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charmed+Lives%3A+A+Family+Romance&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-0600-8556-8&rft.aulast=Korda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1977" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Margaret (1977). <i>The Films of Laurence Olivier</i>. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0879-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-0879-5"><bdi>978-0-8065-0879-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Laurence+Olivier&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-0879-5&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1985" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Gary (1985). <i>Ralph Richardson: An Actor's Life</i>. London: Limelight Editions. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8791-0038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8791-0038-4"><bdi>978-0-8791-0038-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Richardson%3A+An+Actor%27s+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Limelight+Editions&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8791-0038-4&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier1982" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Laurence (1982). <i>Confessions of an Actor: An Autobiography</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6714-1701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6714-1701-7"><bdi>978-0-6714-1701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+an+Actor%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-6714-1701-7&rft.aulast=Olivier&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier1986" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Laurence (1986). <i>On Acting</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster (Touchstone). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6716-4562-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6716-4562-5"><bdi>978-0-6716-4562-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Acting&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+%28Touchstone%29&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-6716-4562-5&rft.aulast=Olivier&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Spoto, Donald</a> (1992). <i>Laurence Olivier: A Biography</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018315-8"><bdi>978-0-06-018315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laurence+Olivier%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-06-018315-8&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1986" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Charles, ed. (1986). <i>All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema</i>. London: British Film Institute. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85170-179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85170-179-0"><bdi>978-0-85170-179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Our+Yesterdays%3A+90+Years+of+British+Cinema&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85170-179-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2006" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Terry (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rHw_96VP_kC"><i>Olivier: The Authorised Biography</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Henry Holt. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7798-0"><bdi>978-0-7475-7798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olivier%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-7798-0&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rHw_96VP_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2000" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Robert (2000). <i>British Cinema and the Second World War</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5139-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5139-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-5139-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Cinema+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5139-2&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQ+Planes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Q_Planes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031831/"><i>Q Planes</i></a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/4344"><i>Clouds Over Europe</i></a> at the <em><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a></em></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/71112/enwp"><i>Clouds Over Europe</i></a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v10049"><i>Clouds Over Europe</i></a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></li></ul>
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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Arthur_B._Woods" title="Template:Arthur B. 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<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timbuctoo_(film)" title="Timbuctoo (film)">Timbuctoo</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On_Secret_Service" title="On Secret Service">On Secret Service</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Parade_of_1935" title="Radio Parade of 1935">Radio Parade of 1935</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Give_Her_a_Ring" title="Give Her a Ring">Give Her a Ring</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_Hath_Charms" title="Music Hath Charms">Music Hath Charms</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drake_of_England" title="Drake of England">Drake of England</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_in_a_Million" title="Once in a Million">Once in a Million</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythm_in_the_Air" title="Rhythm in the Air">Rhythm in the Air</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Where%27s_Sally%3F" title="Where's Sally?">Where's Sally?</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_for_Luck" title="Irish for Luck">Irish for Luck</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayfair_Melody" title="Mayfair Melody">Mayfair Melody</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Windmill_(1937_film)" title="The Windmill (1937 film)">The Windmill</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Compulsory_Wife" title="The Compulsory Wife">The Compulsory Wife</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don%27t_Get_Me_Wrong_(film)" title="Don't Get Me Wrong (film)">Don't Get Me Wrong</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/You_Live_and_Learn" title="You Live and Learn">You Live and Learn</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Singing_Cop_(film)" title="The Singing Cop (film)">The Singing Cop</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dark_Stairway" title="The Dark Stairway">The Dark Stairway</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mr._Satan_(film)" title="Mr. Satan (film)">Mr. Satan</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thistledown_(film)" title="Thistledown (film)">Thistledown</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glamour_Girl_(1938_film)" title="Glamour Girl (1938 film)">Glamour Girl</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Return_of_Carol_Deane" title="The Return of Carol Deane">The Return of Carol Deane</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dangerous_Medicine" title="Dangerous Medicine">Dangerous Medicine</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/They_Drive_by_Night_(1938_film)" title="They Drive by Night (1938 film)">They Drive by Night</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Q Planes</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Nursemaid_Who_Disappeared" title="The Nursemaid Who Disappeared">The Nursemaid Who Disappeared</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confidential_Lady" title="Confidential Lady">Confidential Lady</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busman%27s_Honeymoon_(film)" title="Busman's Honeymoon (film)">Busman's Honeymoon</a></i> (1940)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam%27s_Apple_(film)" title="Adam's Apple (film)">Adam's Apple</a></i> (1928)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/When_Knights_Were_Bold_(1929_film)" title="When Knights Were Bold (1929 film)">When Knights Were Bold</a></i> (1929)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/It%27s_a_Boy_(film)" title="It's a Boy (film)">It's a Boy</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aunt_Sally_(film)" title="Aunt Sally (film)">Aunt Sally</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Camels_are_Coming_(film)" title="The Camels are Coming (film)">The Camels are Coming</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Murder_Man" title="The Murder Man">The Murder Man</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Perfect_Gentleman_(film)" title="The Perfect Gentleman (film)">The Perfect Gentleman</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two%27s_Company_(film)" title="Two's Company (film)">Two's Company</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mill_on_the_Floss_(film)" title="The Mill on the Floss (film)">The Mill on the Floss</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farewell_Again" title="Farewell Again">Farewell Again</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_for_Slander" title="Action for Slander">Action for Slander</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smash_and_Grab_(1937_film)" title="Smash and Grab (1937 film)">Smash and Grab</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Divorce_of_Lady_X" title="The Divorce of Lady X">The Divorce of Lady X</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Lane_(film)" title="St. Martin's Lane (film)">St. Martin's Lane</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Q Planes</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Days_in_Paris" title="Ten Days in Paris">Ten Days in Paris</a></i> (1940)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i> (1940)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mad_Doctor_(1941_film)" title="The Mad Doctor (1941 film)">A Date with Destiny</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Lady" title="International Lady">International Lady</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twin_Beds_(1942_film)" title="Twin Beds (1942 film)">Twin Beds</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nightmare_(1942_film)" title="Nightmare (1942 film)">Nightmare</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Days%27_Leave_(1942_film)" title="Seven Days' Leave (1942 film)">Seven Days' Leave</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swing_Fever" title="Swing Fever">Swing Fever</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Higher_and_Higher_(film)" title="Higher and Higher (film)">Higher and Higher</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Step_Lively_(1944_film)" title="Step Lively (1944 film)">Step Lively</a></i> (1944)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badman%27s_Territory" title="Badman's Territory">Badman's Territory</a></i> (1946)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/This_Was_a_Woman" title="This Was a Woman">This Was a Woman</a></i> (1948)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rage_at_Dawn" title="Rage at Dawn">Rage at Dawn</a></i> (1955)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Lady" title="Texas Lady">Texas Lady</a></i> (1955)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_by_Alexander_Korda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Alexander_Korda" title="Template:Alexander Korda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Korda" title="Template talk:Alexander Korda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Korda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Korda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_by_Alexander_Korda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Korda" title="Alexander Korda">Alexander Korda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watchhouse_in_the_Carpathians" title="Watchhouse in the Carpathians">Watchhouse in the Carpathians</a></i> (1914)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Duped_Journalist" title="The Duped Journalist">The Duped Journalist</a></i> (1914)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutyu_and_Totyo" title="Tutyu and Totyo">Tutyu and Totyo</a></i> (1914)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyon_Lea" title="Lyon Lea">Lyon Lea</a></i> (1915)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Officer%27s_Swordknot" title="The Officer's Swordknot">The Officer's Swordknot</a></i> (1915)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Nights_(1916_film)" title="White Nights (1916 film)">White Nights</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Grandmother_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grandmother (film)">The Grandmother</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tales_of_the_Typewriter" title="Tales of the Typewriter">Tales of the Typewriter</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i>The Man with Two Hearts</i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_One_Million_Pound_Note" title="The One Million Pound Note">The One Million Pound Note</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyclamen_(film)" title="Cyclamen (film)">Cyclamen</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Struggling_Hearts" title="Struggling Hearts">Struggling Hearts</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Laughing_Saskia" title="The Laughing Saskia">The Laughing Saskia</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miska_the_Magnate" title="Miska the Magnate">Miska the Magnate</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Umbrella_(1917_film)" title="St. Peter's Umbrella (1917 film)">St. Peter's Umbrella</a></i> (1917)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Stork_Caliph" title="The Stork Caliph">The Stork Caliph</a></i> (1917)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_(1917_film)" title="Magic (1917 film)">Magic</a></i> (1917)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrison_and_Barrison" title="Harrison and Barrison">Harrison and Barrison</a></i> (1917)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faun_(film)" title="Faun (film)">Faun</a></i> (1918)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Touch" title="The Man with the Golden Touch">The Man with the Golden Touch</a></i> (1918)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Ann_(film)" title="Mary Ann (film)">Mary Ann</a></i> (1918)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ave_Caesar!" title="Ave Caesar!">Ave Caesar!</a></i> (1919)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Rose_(1919_film)" title="White Rose (1919 film)">White Rose</a></i> (1919)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamata" title="Yamata">Yamata</a></i> (1919)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Man_of_Gold_(film)" title="Man of Gold (film)">Man of Gold</a></i> (1919)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neither_at_Home_or_Abroad" title="Neither at Home or Abroad">Neither at Home or Abroad</a></i> (1919)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Number_111_(1919_film)" title="Number 111 (1919 film)">Number 111</a></i> (1919)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper_(1920_film)" title="The Prince and the Pauper (1920 film)">The Prince and the Pauper</a></i> (1920)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masters_of_the_Sea_(film)" title="Masters of the Sea (film)">Masters of the Sea</a></i> (1922)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Vanished_World" title="A Vanished World">A Vanished World</a></i> (1922)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1922_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1922 film)">Samson and Delilah</a></i> (1922)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Unknown_Tomorrow" title="The Unknown Tomorrow">The Unknown Tomorrow</a></i> (1923)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Everybody%27s_Woman_(1924_film)" title="Everybody's Woman (1924 film)">Everybody's Woman</a></i> (1924)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tragedy_in_the_House_of_Habsburg" title="Tragedy in the House of Habsburg">Tragedy in the House of Habsburg</a></i> (1924)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dancing_Mad" title="Dancing Mad">Dancing Mad</a></i> (1925)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madame_Wants_No_Children_(1926_film)" title="Madame Wants No Children (1926 film)">Madame Wants No Children</a></i> (1926)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Modern_Dubarry" title="A Modern Dubarry">A Modern Dubarry</a></i> (1927)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Stolen_Bride_(1927_film)" title="The Stolen Bride (1927 film)">The Stolen Bride</a></i> (1927)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Helen_of_Troy" title="The Private Life of Helen of Troy">The Private Life of Helen of Troy</a></i> (1927)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Lily" title="Yellow Lily">Yellow Lily</a></i> (1928)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_Watch_(1928_film)" title="Night Watch (1928 film)">Night Watch</a></i> (1928)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Love_and_the_Devil" title="Love and the Devil">Love and the Devil</a></i> (1929)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Squall" title="The Squall">The Squall</a></i> (1929)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Her_Private_Life" title="Her Private Life">Her Private Life</a></i> (1929)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lilies_of_the_Field_(1930_film)" title="Lilies of the Field (1930 film)">Lilies of the Field</a></i> (1930)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_Everywhere" title="Women Everywhere">Women Everywhere</a></i> (1930)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Plumber" title="The Princess and the Plumber">The Princess and the Plumber</a></i> (1930)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Men_Around_Lucy" title="The Men Around Lucy">The Men Around Lucy</a></i> (1931)</li>
<li><i>Rive gauche</i> (1931)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marius_(1931_film)" title="Marius (1931 film)">Marius</a></i> (1931)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longing_for_the_Sea" title="Longing for the Sea">Longing for the Sea</a></i> (1931)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Anchor" title="The Golden Anchor">The Golden Anchor</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Service_for_Ladies_(1932_film)" title="Service for Ladies (1932 film)">Service for Ladies</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wedding_Rehearsal" title="Wedding Rehearsal">Wedding Rehearsal</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Henry_VIII" title="The Private Life of Henry VIII">The Private Life of Henry VIII</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_dame_de_chez_Maxim%27s_(1933_film)" title="La dame de chez Maxim's (1933 film)">La dame de chez Maxim's</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Girl_from_Maxim%27s" title="The Girl from Maxim's">The Girl from Maxim's</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Don_Juan" title="The Private Life of Don Juan">The Private Life of Don Juan</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembrandt_(1936_film)" title="Rembrandt (1936 film)">Rembrandt</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/That_Hamilton_Woman" title="That Hamilton Woman">That Hamilton Woman</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(1945_film)" title="Perfect Strangers (1945 film)">Perfect Strangers</a></i> (1945)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband_(1947_film)" title="An Ideal Husband (1947 film)">An Ideal Husband</a></i> (1947)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As producer only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Men_of_Tomorrow_(1932_film)" title="Men of Tomorrow (1932 film)">Men of Tomorrow</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/That_Night_in_London" title="That Night in London">That Night in London</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_Who_Play" title="Women Who Play">Women Who Play</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strange_Evidence" title="Strange Evidence">Strange Evidence</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counsel%27s_Opinion" title="Counsel's Opinion">Counsel's Opinion</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cash_(1933_film)" title="Cash (1933 film)">Cash</a></i> (1933)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rise_of_Catherine_the_Great" title="The Rise of Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_the_Gannets" title="The Private Life of the Gannets">The Private Life of the Gannets</a></i> (1934) (short)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel_(1934_film)" title="The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934 film)">The Scarlet Pimpernel</a></i> (1934)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Things_Are_Looking_Up_(film)" title="Things Are Looking Up (film)">Things Are Looking Up</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ghost_Goes_West" title="The Ghost Goes West">The Ghost Goes West</a></i> (1935)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Things_to_Come" title="Things to Come">Things to Come</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow_Nights_(1935_film)" title="Moscow Nights (1935 film)">I Stand Condemned</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Men_Are_Not_Gods" title="Men Are Not Gods">Men Are Not Gods</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forget_Me_Not_(1936_film)" title="Forget Me Not (1936 film)">Forget Me Not</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Man_Who_Could_Work_Miracles" title="The Man Who Could Work Miracles">The Man Who Could Work Miracles</a></i> (1936)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_Over_England" title="Fire Over England">Fire Over England</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I,_Claudius_(film)" title="I, Claudius (film)">I, Claudius</a></i> (1937) (unfinished)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dark_Journey_(film)" title="Dark Journey (film)">Dark Journey</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elephant_Boy_(film)" title="Elephant Boy (film)">Elephant Boy</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farewell_Again" title="Farewell Again">Farewell Again</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storm_in_a_Teacup_(film)" title="Storm in a Teacup (film)">Storm in a Teacup</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knight_Without_Armour" title="Knight Without Armour">Knight Without Armour</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Squeaker_(1937_film)" title="The Squeaker (1937 film)">The Squeaker</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paradise_for_Two_(1937_film)" title="Paradise for Two (1937 film)">Paradise for Two</a></i> (1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Divorce_of_Lady_X" title="The Divorce of Lady X">The Divorce of Lady X</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Riding_(film)" title="South Riding (film)">South Riding</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Challenge_(1938_film)" title="The Challenge (1938 film)">The Challenge</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prison_Without_Bars" title="Prison Without Bars">Prison Without Bars</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Q Planes</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_Feathers_(1939_film)" title="The Four Feathers (1939 film)">The Four Feathers</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rebel_Son" title="The Rebel Son">The Rebel Son</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Spy_in_Black" title="The Spy in Black">The Spy in Black</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lion_Has_Wings" title="The Lion Has Wings">The Lion Has Wings</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Over_the_Moon_(1939_film)" title="Over the Moon (1939 film)">Over the Moon</a></i> (1939)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/21_Days" title="21 Days">21 Days</a></i> (1940)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Air" title="Conquest of the Air">Conquest of the Air</a></i> (1940)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i> (1940)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Bill_and_Son" title="Old Bill and Son">Old Bill and Son</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lydia_(film)" title="Lydia (film)">Lydia</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(1942_film)" title="To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)">To Be or Not to Be</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Jungle_Book" title="Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book">Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Code_of_Scotland_Yard" title="Code of Scotland Yard">The Shop at Sly Corner</a></i> (1947)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Man_About_the_House" title="A Man About the House">A Man About the House</a></i> (1947)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mine_Own_Executioner" title="Mine Own Executioner">Mine Own Executioner</a></i> (1947)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_Beat_(1947_film)" title="Night Beat (1947 film)">Night Beat</a></i> (1948)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1948_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1948 film)">Anna Karenina</a></i> (1948)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Winslow_Boy_(1948_film)" title="The Winslow Boy (1948 film)">The Winslow Boy</a></i> (1948)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fallen_Idol_(film)" title="The Fallen Idol (film)">The Fallen Idol</a></i> (1948)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_(1948_film)" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948 film)">Bonnie Prince Charlie</a></i> (1948)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/That_Dangerous_Age" title="That Dangerous Age">That Dangerous Age</a></i> (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Dolwyn" title="The Last Days of Dolwyn">The Last Days of Dolwyn</a></i> (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saints_and_Sinners_(1949_film)" title="Saints and Sinners (1949 film)">Saints and Sinners</a></i> (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a></i> (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Redheads" title="The Man Who Loved Redheads">The Man Who Loved Redheads</a></i> (1955)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Kid_for_Two_Farthings_(film)" title="A Kid for Two Farthings (film)">A Kid for Two Farthings</a></i> (1955)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Deep_Blue_Sea_(1955_film)" title="The Deep Blue Sea (1955 film)">The Deep Blue Sea</a></i> (1955)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Nile" title="Storm Over the Nile">Storm Over the Nile</a></i> (1955)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_III_(1955_film)" title="Richard III (1955 film)">Richard III</a></i> (1955)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smiley_(1956_film)" title="Smiley (1956 film)">Smiley</a></i> (1956)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
