Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Genus of mammals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Howler monkeys<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=148–152|id=12100374}}</ref>
| image = Alouatta guariba.jpg
| image_caption = [[Brown howler monkey]]
| parent_authority = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1897 (1825)
| taxon = Alouatta
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[red-handed howler|Simia belzebul]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = * '''''Mycetes''''' <small>Illiger, 1811</small>
* '''''Stentor''''' <small>É. Geoffroy, 1812</small>
| range_map = Alouatta range map.png
| range_map_caption = ''Alouatta'' distribution
}}
'''Howler monkeys''' ([[genus]] '''''Alouatta''''', [[monotypic]] in [[subfamily]] '''Alouattinae''') are the most widespread primate genus in the [[Neotropical realm|Neotropics]] and are among the largest of the [[New World monkey|platyrrhines]] along with the [[muriqui]]s (''Brachyteles''), the [[spider monkey]]s (''Ateles'') and [[woolly monkey]]s (''Lagotrix''). The monkeys are native to [[South America|South]] and [[Central America|Central American]] forests. They are famous for their loud [[Howling|howls]], which can be heard up to three miles away through dense rain forest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Black howler monkey |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref> Fifteen [[species]] are recognized. Previously classified in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cebidae]], they are now placed in the family [[Atelidae]]. They are primarily [[folivores]] but also significant [[frugivores]], acting as seed dispersal agents through their digestive system and their [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]]. Threats include human predation, [[habitat destruction]], [[Wildlife trade|illegal wildlife trade]], and [[Captivity (animal)|capture]] for pets or zoo animals.
==Classification==
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Group !!Image !! Scientific name !! Subspecies !! Distribution
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ''A. palliata'' group
|
|[[Coiba Island howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis''
|
* ''[[Alouatta coibensis coibensis]]''
* [[Azuero howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis trabeata''
| Panama
|-
|[[File:Panamanian Male Adult Howler Monkey.jpg|120px]]
|[[Mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata''
|
* [[Ecuadorian mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata aequatorialis''
* [[Golden-mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata palliata''
* [[Mexican howler monkey]], ''Alouatta palliata mexicana''
| Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru
|-
|[[File:Alouatta pigra Belize Zoo 2.jpg|120px]]
| [[Guatemalan black howler]], ''Alouatta pigra''
|
|Belize, Guatemala and Mexico
|-
! rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"| ''A. seniculus'' group
|[[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide).jpg|120px]]
| [[Ursine howler]], ''Alouatta arctoidea''
|
| Venezuela and possibly Colombia
|-
|[[File:Alouatta belzebul Tucurui PA Brazil.jpg|120px]]
| [[Red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta belzebul''
|
|Brazil
|-
|[[File:Alouatta discolor MT 2.jpg|120px]]
| [[Spix's red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta discolor''
|
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Brown Howler Monkey 6.jpg|120px]]
| [[Brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba''
|
* [[Northern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba guariba''
* [[Southern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba clamitans''
|southeastern Brazil and far northeastern Argentina (Misiones)
|-
|
| [[Juruá red howler]], ''Alouatta juara''
|
| Peru and Brazil
|-
|[[File:Guyanan red howler 2.jpg|120px]]
| [[Guyanan red howler]], ''Alouatta macconnelli''
|
| Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad, French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil
|-
|
|[[Amazon black howler]], ''Alouatta nigerrima''
|
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Amazonia 571.jpg|120px]]
|[[Purus red howler]], ''Alouatta puruensis''
|
|Brazil, Peru and north of Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Alouatta sara (Bolivian red howler).jpg|120px]]
|[[Bolivian red howler]], ''Alouatta sara''
|
| Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Alouatta seniculus.jpg|120px]]
|[[Venezuelan red howler]], ''Alouatta seniculus''
|
| Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil
|-
|
|[[Maranhão red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta ululata''
|
|Brazil
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| ''A. caraya'' group
|[[File:Black Howler Monkey (adult male) 4.jpg|120px]]
| [[Black howler]], ''Alouatta caraya''
|
|Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay
|-
|}
==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Allouataadulto 500px.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Male [[mantled howler]]]]
Howler monkeys have short snouts and wide-set, round nostrils. Their noses are very keen, and they can smell out food (primarily fruit and nuts) up to 2 km away. Their noses are usually roundish snout-type, and the nostrils have many sensory hairs growing from the interior. They range in size from {{convert|56|to|92|cm|in|abbr=on}}, excluding their tails, which can be equally long; in fact in some cases the tail has been found to be almost five times the body length.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} This is a prime characteristic. Like many New World monkeys, they have [[prehensile tail]]s, which they use while picking fruit and nuts from trees. Unlike other [[New World monkey#Characteristics|New World monkey]]s, both male and female howler monkeys have [[trichromat]]ic color vision.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=G. H.|author2=Neitz, M. |author3=Deegan, J. F. |author4=Neitz, J. |year=1996|title=Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys|journal=Nature|issue= 6587|pages=156–158|doi=10.1038/382156a0|volume=382|pmid=8700203|bibcode=1996Natur.382..156J |s2cid=4305822 }}</ref> This has [[Evolution of color vision in primates|evolved independently]] from other New World monkeys due to [[gene duplication]].<ref name=Lucas2003>{{cite journal |author1=Lucas, P. W. |author2=N. J. Dominy | year = 2003 | title = Evolution and function of routine trichromatic vision in primates | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 |pages = 2636–43 | pmid = 14686538 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1554/03-168}}</ref> They have lifespans of 15 to 20 years. Howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic (i.e. ''Alouatta caraya''). Males are typically 1.5 to 2.0 kg heavier than females.
[[File:Alouatta seniculus 5perspective.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Skull]]
Males experience an evolutionary trade off between investments in [[Sexual selection in mammals|precopulatory]] traits, larger [[hyoid bone|hyoids]] but smaller [[testes]], or [[Copulation (zoology)|post-copulatory]] traits, larger testes and smaller hyoids.The hyoid of ''Alouatta'' is [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]], one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the [[Saurischia]]. The volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes, and with the number of males per group. Larger hyoids decrease space between [[formant]], and offers impression of larger body size.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Jacob C. |last2=Halenar |first2=Lauren B. |last3=Davies |first3=Thomas G. |last4=Cristobal-Azkarate |first4=Jurgi |last5=Reby |first5=David |last6=Sykes |first6=Dan |last7=Dengg |first7=Sabine |last8=Fitch |first8=W. Tecumseh |last9=Knapp |first9=Leslie A. |date=2015-11-02 |title=Evolutionary Trade-Off between Vocal Tract and Testes Dimensions in Howler Monkeys |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=2839–2844 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.029 |pmid=26592343 |pmc=4635310 |bibcode=2015CBio...25.2839D |issn=0960-9822}}</ref> They have a flat cranial shape due to a folivorous diet and an advanced vocal system. Their brain growth is posterior rather than superior or inferior as in other platyrrhines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorenza |first1=Luca |last2=Bruner |first2=Emiliano |title=Cranial shape variation in adult howler monkeys(Alouatta seniculus) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.22729 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |year=2018 |volume=80 |issue=1|pages=e22729 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22729 |pmid=29206291 |s2cid=29382338 }}</ref>
===Locomotion===
Howler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches, usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight. Fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full-body support, but juveniles do so more frequently. A significant amount of their travel is done through the ground, with sitting and resting being their most frequent postures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ybarra |first=Miguel A. Schön |date=1984 |title=Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest-savanna interface |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330630109 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=65–76|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330630109 |pmid=6703035 }}</ref>
==Behaviour==
[[File:Alouatta sara (Bolivian red howler).jpg|thumb|200px|left|A [[Bolivian red howler]] (''Alouatta sara'')]]
===Social systems===
Most howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. Mantled howler monkeys are an exception, commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely correlated with the size of their hyoids and is positively correlated with testes size. [[File:2006-08-08 Brüllaffe mit Jungtier, Monteverde (Costa Rica).jpg|thumb|200px|right|A Red Howler with child in [[Monteverde]] Cloud Forest Biological Reserve]] This results in two distinct groups, wherein one male with a larger hyoid and smaller testes copulates exclusively with a group of females, suggesting precopulatory vocal competition. The other group has more males, which have smaller hyoids, and larger testes. The larger the number of males, the smaller the hyoid, and the larger the testes.<ref name=":1" /> Female howler monkeys breed with multiple males within their group, with males in neighboring groups, and with solitary males. Central males tie up fellowship with cycling females.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kowalewski |first1=Martín M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnK1BQAAQBAJ&dq=Howler+monkeys%3A+behavior%2C+ecology%2C+and+conservation.+Springer.&pg=PR5 |title=Howler monkeys: behavior, ecology, and conservation |last2=Garber |first2=Paul A |last3=Cortés-Ortiz |first3=Liliana |last4=Urbani |first4=Bernardo |last5=Youlato |first5=Dionisios |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |pages=10–11|isbn=9781493919604 }}</ref> Unlike most New World monkeys, in which one sex remains in natal groups, juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups,<ref name=Sussman>{{cite book | author = Sussman, R. | title = Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition | pages = 142–145| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall |date=July 2003 | isbn = 978-0-536-74364-0}}</ref> such that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys.
Physical fighting among group members is infrequent and generally of short duration, but serious injuries can result. Both males and females rarely fight with each other, but physical aggression is even more rare between sexes.<ref name=Sussman/><ref>{{cite book |author = Crockett | chapter = Family Feuds | title = Primate Anthology, The: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology and Conservation from Natural History | pages = 32 |editor1=Ciochon, R. L. |editor2=Nisbett, R. A. | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-613845-7 | date = 1997-10-02}}</ref> Group size varies by species and by location, with an approximate ratio of one male to four females.<ref name=Sussman/>
===Communication===
[[File:howler monkey.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Alouatta caraya|black howler monkeys]] (''Alouatta caraya'') vocalising]]
[[File:Howler monkey.ogg|Howler monkey growls]]
As their name suggests, vocal [[Animal communication|communication]] forms an important part of their [[social behavior]]. They each have an enlarged basihyal or [[hyoid bone]], which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. Their main vocals consist of loud, deep, guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animals. According to ''Guinness Book of World Records'', their vocalizations can be heard clearly for {{Convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey | title=Black howler monkey| website=Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute| date=4 April 2016| access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> The function of [[howling]] is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding. Howlers call usually when they are in areas with major feeding sites, which in some sort lead to advertise major feeding sites and their willingness to defend locally available fruit trees. Black howler monkeys incorporate information on resource availability along with neighbors’ current location. And the abundance of flowers are found to be an important factor that influenced behavior. Neighbors are more likely to move towards these calls when resource are scarce, and the reverse is true.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Belle |first1=Sarie |last2=Estrada |first2=Alejandro |date=2020-04-01 |title=The Influence of Loud Calls on Intergroup Spacing Mechanism in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00121-x |journal=International Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=265–286 |doi=10.1007/s10764-019-00121-x |s2cid=209481526 |issn=1573-8604}}</ref>
===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide) 2.jpg|thumb|An [[ursine howler]]]]
These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only [[folivore]]s of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy [[leaf|leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, [[flower]]s, and [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain [[toxin]]s that can poison them.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Glander, Kenneth E. | title = Poison in a monkey's Garden of Eden | journal = Natural History |date=March 1977 | pages = 146–151 | volume = 86|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7016/77%20Glander%20poison.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests, chicken coops, and consume the eggs.<ref name="BBC Earth News">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8270000/8270801.stm |title=Monkeys 'reject vegetarianism'|last1=Walker |first1=Matt|access-date=3 September 2022|date=30 September 2009|website=Earth News |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> When in smaller groups (up to twelve individuals) and low rainfall (up to {{cvt|2200|mm}}), they are more frugivorous. In larger groups and increased rainfall, frugivory decreases as a result of competition and fast food depletion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dias |first1=Pedro Américo D. |chapter=Diets of Howler Monkeys |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2 |title=Howler Monkeys: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation |pages=21–56 |editor-last=Kowalewski |editor-first=Martín M. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2 |isbn=978-1-4939-1960-4 |access-date=2022-11-30 |last2=Rangel-Negrín |first2=Ariadna |editor2-last=Garber |editor2-first=Paul A. |editor3-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor3-first=Liliana |editor4-last=Urbani |editor4-first=Bernardo}}</ref> As they digest fruit, more than 90% of the fruits' seeds are excreted without damage, which results in seed dispersal and distribution in tropical forests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cortés-Ortiz |first1=Liliana |chapter=The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3 |title=Howler Monkeys: Adaptive Radiation, Systematics, and Morphology |pages=55–84 |editor-last=Kowalewski |editor-first=Martín M. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3 |isbn=978-1-4939-1957-4 |access-date=2022-12-02 |last2=Rylands |first2=Anthony B. |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Russell A. |editor2-last=Garber |editor2-first=Paul A. |editor3-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor3-first=Liliana |editor4-last=Urbani |editor4-first=Bernardo}}</ref>
=== Sleeping ===
Howlers use the upper-middle part of their sleeping tree and use large branches on the 70% of nights that potentially allow for grouped sleeping or resistance to weather conditions and risk of branch breaking. Their sleeping sites are usually close to morning feeding sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brividoro |first1=M.V |last2=Kowalewski |first2=M.M |last3=Scarry |first3=C.J |year=2019 |title=Patterns of Sleeping Site and Sleeping Tree Selection by Black-and-Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Northern Argentina. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00094-x |journal=Int J Primatol |volume=40 |issue=2019 |pages=374–392|doi=10.1007/s10764-019-00094-x |s2cid=190648043 }}</ref>
==Relationship with humans==
While they are not usually aggressive, brown howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of bad-tempered and unfriendly disposition. However, the [[black howler|black howler monkey]] (''Alouatta caraya'') is a relatively common pet in contemporary [[Argentina]] due to its gentle nature (in comparison to the [[capuchin monkey]]'s aggressive tendencies), in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities of the size of its droppings and the male monkey’s loud vocalizations.
[[John Lloyd Stephens]] described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of [[Copán]] as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán, in particular, is famous for its representations of [[howler monkey gods]]. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the [[Maya Hero Twins]] included in the ''[[Popol Vuh]]'', a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/alouatta Primate Info Net ''Alouatta'' Factsheets]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031146/http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/how/how1.html Information about howler monkeys from Belize Zoo (photos, video and audio included)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425105823/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/Exhibits/HowlerMonkeys/LoudestAnimal/default.cfm "The Loudest Animal in the New World," Smithsonian National Zoological Park]
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q504247}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Folivores]]
[[Category:Howler monkeys| ]]
[[Category:Primates of South America]]
[[Category:Primates of Central America]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Genus of mammals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Howler monkeys<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=148–152|id=12100374}}</ref>
| image = Alouatta guariba.jpg
| image_caption = [[Brown howler monkey]]
| parent_authority = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1897 (1825)
| taxon = Alouatta
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[red-handed howler|Simia belzebul]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = * '''''Mycetes''''' <small>Illiger, 1811</small>
* '''''Stentor''''' <small>É. Geoffroy, 1812</small>
| range_map = Alouatta range map.png
| range_map_caption = ''Alouatta'' distribution
}}
'''Howler monkeys''' ([[genus]] '''''Alouatta''''', [[monotypic]] in [[subfamily]] '''Alouattinae''') are the most widespread primate genus in the [[Neotropical realm|Neotropics]] and are among the largest of the [[New World monkey|platyrrhines]] along with the [[muriqui]]s (''Brachyteles''), the [[spider monkey]]s (''Ateles'') and [[woolly monkey]]s (''Lagotrix''). The monkeys are native to [[South America|South]] and [[Central America|Central American]] forests. They are famous for their loud [[Howling|howls]], which can be heard up to three miles away through dense rain forest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-25 |title=Black howler monkey |url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Smithsonian's National Zoo |language=en}}</ref> Fifteen [[species]] are recognized. Previously classified in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cebidae]], they are now placed in the family [[Atelidae]]. They are primarily [[folivores]] but also significant [[frugivores]], acting as seed dispersal agents through their digestive system and their [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]]. Threats include human predation, [[habitat destruction]], [[Wildlife trade|illegal wildlife trade]], and [[Captivity (animal)|capture]] for pets or zoo animals.
==Classification==
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Group !!Image !! Scientific name !! Subspecies !! Distribution
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ''A. palliata'' group
|
|[[Coiba Island howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis''
|
* ''[[Alouatta coibensis coibensis]]''
* [[Azuero howler]], ''Alouatta coibensis trabeata''
| Panama
|-
|[[File:Panamanian Male Adult Howler Monkey.jpg|120px]]
|[[Mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata''
|
* [[Ecuadorian mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata aequatorialis''
* [[Golden-mantled howler]], ''Alouatta palliata palliata''
* [[Mexican howler monkey]], ''Alouatta palliata mexicana''
| Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru
|-
|[[File:Alouatta pigra Belize Zoo 2.jpg|120px]]
| [[Guatemalan black howler]], ''Alouatta pigra''
|
|Belize, Guatemala and Mexico
|-
! rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"| ''A. seniculus'' group
|[[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide).jpg|120px]]
| [[Ursine howler]], ''Alouatta arctoidea''
|
| Venezuela and possibly Colombia
|-
|[[File:Alouatta belzebul Tucurui PA Brazil.jpg|120px]]
| [[Red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta belzebul''
|
|Brazil
|-
|[[File:Alouatta discolor MT 2.jpg|120px]]
| [[Spix's red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta discolor''
|
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Brown Howler Monkey 6.jpg|120px]]
| [[Brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba''
|
* [[Northern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba guariba''
* [[Southern brown howler]], ''Alouatta guariba clamitans''
|southeastern Brazil and far northeastern Argentina (Misiones)
|-
|
| [[Juruá red howler]], ''Alouatta juara''
|
| Peru and Brazil
|-
|[[File:Guyanan red howler 2.jpg|120px]]
| [[Guyanan red howler]], ''Alouatta macconnelli''
|
| Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad, French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil
|-
|
|[[Amazon black howler]], ''Alouatta nigerrima''
|
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Amazonia 571.jpg|120px]]
|[[Purus red howler]], ''Alouatta puruensis''
|
|Brazil, Peru and north of Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Alouatta sara (Bolivian red howler).jpg|120px]]
|[[Bolivian red howler]], ''Alouatta sara''
|
| Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Alouatta seniculus.jpg|120px]]
|[[Venezuelan red howler]], ''Alouatta seniculus''
|
| Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil
|-
|
|[[Maranhão red-handed howler]], ''Alouatta ululata''
|
|Brazil
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| ''A. caraya'' group
|[[File:Black Howler Monkey (adult male) 4.jpg|120px]]
| [[Black howler]], ''Alouatta caraya''
|
|Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Ur
|}
==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Allouataadulto 500px.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Male [[mantled howler]]]]
Howler monkeys have short snouts and wide-set, round nostrils. Their noses are very keen, and they can smell out food (primarily fruit and nuts) up to 2 km away. Their noses are usually roundish snout-type, and the nostrils have many sensory hairs growing from the interior. They range in size from {{convert|56|to|92|cm|in|abbr=on}}, excluding their tails, which can be equally long; in fact in some cases the tail has been found to be almost five times the body length.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} This is a prime characteristic. Like many New World monkeys, they have [[prehensile tail]]s, which they use while picking fruit and nuts from trees. Unlike other [[New World monkey#Characteristics|New World monkey]]s, both male and female howler monkeys have [[trichromat]]ic color vision.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=G. H.|author2=Neitz, M. |author3=Deegan, J. F. |author4=Neitz, J. |year=1996|title=Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys|journal=Nature|issue= 6587|pages=156–158|doi=10.1038/382156a0|volume=382|pmid=8700203|bibcode=1996Natur.382..156J |s2cid=4305822 }}</ref> This has [[Evolution of color vision in primates|evolved independently]] from other New World monkeys due to [[gene duplication]].<ref name=Lucas2003>{{cite journal |author1=Lucas, P. W. |author2=N. J. Dominy | year = 2003 | title = Evolution and function of routine trichromatic vision in primates | journal = Evolution | volume = 57 |pages = 2636–43 | pmid = 14686538 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1554/03-168}}</ref> They have lifespans of 15 to 20 years. Howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic (i.e. ''Alouatta caraya''). Males are typically 1.5 to 2.0 kg heavier than females.
[[File:Alouatta seniculus 5perspective.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Skull]]
Males experience an evolutionary trade off between investments in [[Sexual selection in mammals|precopulatory]] traits, larger [[hyoid bone|hyoids]] but smaller [[testes]], or [[Copulation (zoology)|post-copulatory]] traits, larger testes and smaller hyoids.The hyoid of ''Alouatta'' is [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]], one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the [[Saurischia]]. The volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes, and with the number of males per group. Larger hyoids decrease space between [[formant]], and offers impression of larger body size.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Jacob C. |last2=Halenar |first2=Lauren B. |last3=Davies |first3=Thomas G. |last4=Cristobal-Azkarate |first4=Jurgi |last5=Reby |first5=David |last6=Sykes |first6=Dan |last7=Dengg |first7=Sabine |last8=Fitch |first8=W. Tecumseh |last9=Knapp |first9=Leslie A. |date=2015-11-02 |title=Evolutionary Trade-Off between Vocal Tract and Testes Dimensions in Howler Monkeys |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=2839–2844 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.029 |pmid=26592343 |pmc=4635310 |bibcode=2015CBio...25.2839D |issn=0960-9822}}</ref> They have a flat cranial shape due to a folivorous diet and an advanced vocal system. Their brain growth is posterior rather than superior or inferior as in other platyrrhines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorenza |first1=Luca |last2=Bruner |first2=Emiliano |title=Cranial shape variation in adult howler monkeys(Alouatta seniculus) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.22729 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |year=2018 |volume=80 |issue=1|pages=e22729 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22729 |pmid=29206291 |s2cid=29382338 }}</ref>
===Locomotion===
Howler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches, usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight. Fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full-body support, but juveniles do so more frequently. A significant amount of their travel is done through the ground, with sitting and resting being their most frequent postures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ybarra |first=Miguel A. Schön |date=1984 |title=Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest-savanna interface |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330630109 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=65–76|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330630109 |pmid=6703035 }}</ref>
==Behaviour==
[[File:Alouatta sara (Bolivian red howler).jpg|thumb|200px|left|A [[Bolivian red howler]] (''Alouatta sara'')]]
===Social systems===
Most howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. Mantled howler monkeys are an exception, commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely correlated with the size of their hyoids and is positively correlated with testes size. [[File:2006-08-08 Brüllaffe mit Jungtier, Monteverde (Costa Rica).jpg|thumb|200px|right|A Red Howler with child in [[Monteverde]] Cloud Forest Biological Reserve]] This results in two distinct groups, wherein one male with a larger hyoid and smaller testes copulates exclusively with a group of females, suggesting precopulatory vocal competition. The other group has more males, which have smaller hyoids, and larger testes. The larger the number of males, the smaller the hyoid, and the larger the testes.<ref name=":1" /> Female howler monkeys breed with multiple males within their group, with males in neighboring groups, and with solitary males. Central males tie up fellowship with cycling females.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kowalewski |first1=Martín M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnK1BQAAQBAJ&dq=Howler+monkeys%3A+behavior%2C+ecology%2C+and+conservation.+Springer.&pg=PR5 |title=Howler monkeys: behavior, ecology, and conservation |last2=Garber |first2=Paul A |last3=Cortés-Ortiz |first3=Liliana |last4=Urbani |first4=Bernardo |last5=Youlato |first5=Dionisios |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |pages=10–11|isbn=9781493919604 }}</ref> Unlike most New World monkeys, in which one sex remains in natal groups, juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups,<ref name=Sussman>{{cite book | author = Sussman, R. | title = Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition | pages = 142–145| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall |date=July 2003 | isbn = 978-0-536-74364-0}}</ref> such that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys.
Physical fighting among group members is infrequent and generally of short duration, but serious injuries can result. Both males and females rarely fight with each other, but physical aggression is even more rare between sexes.<ref name=Sussman/><ref>{{cite book |author = Crockett | chapter = Family Feuds | title = Primate Anthology, The: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology and Conservation from Natural History | pages = 32 |editor1=Ciochon, R. L. |editor2=Nisbett, R. A. | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-613845-7 | date = 1997-10-02}}</ref> Group size varies by species and by location, with an approximate ratio of one male to four females.<ref name=Sussman/>
===Communication===
[[File:howler monkey.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[Alouatta caraya|black howler monkeys]] (''Alouatta caraya'') vocalising]]
[[File:Howler monkey.ogg|Howler monkey growls]]
As their name suggests, vocal [[Animal communication|communication]] forms an important part of their [[social behavior]]. They each have an enlarged basihyal or [[hyoid bone]], which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. Their main vocals consist of loud, deep, guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animals. According to ''Guinness Book of World Records'', their vocalizations can be heard clearly for {{Convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey | title=Black howler monkey| website=Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute| date=4 April 2016| access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> The function of [[howling]] is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding. Howlers call usually when they are in areas with major feeding sites, which in some sort lead to advertise major feeding sites and their willingness to defend locally available fruit trees. Black howler monkeys incorporate information on resource availability along with neighbors’ current location. And the abundance of flowers are found to be an important factor that influenced behavior. Neighbors are more likely to move towards these calls when resource are scarce, and the reverse is true.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Belle |first1=Sarie |last2=Estrada |first2=Alejandro |date=2020-04-01 |title=The Influence of Loud Calls on Intergroup Spacing Mechanism in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00121-x |journal=International Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=265–286 |doi=10.1007/s10764-019-00121-x |s2cid=209481526 |issn=1573-8604}}</ref>
===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide) 2.jpg|thumb|An [[ursine howler]]]]
These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only [[folivore]]s of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy [[leaf|leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, [[flower]]s, and [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain [[toxin]]s that can poison them.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Glander, Kenneth E. | title = Poison in a monkey's Garden of Eden | journal = Natural History |date=March 1977 | pages = 146–151 | volume = 86|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7016/77%20Glander%20poison.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests, chicken coops, and consume the eggs.<ref name="BBC Earth News">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8270000/8270801.stm |title=Monkeys 'reject vegetarianism'|last1=Walker |first1=Matt|access-date=3 September 2022|date=30 September 2009|website=Earth News |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> When in smaller groups (up to twelve individuals) and low rainfall (up to {{cvt|2200|mm}}), they are more frugivorous. In larger groups and increased rainfall, frugivory decreases as a result of competition and fast food depletion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dias |first1=Pedro Américo D. |chapter=Diets of Howler Monkeys |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2 |title=Howler Monkeys: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation |pages=21–56 |editor-last=Kowalewski |editor-first=Martín M. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2 |isbn=978-1-4939-1960-4 |access-date=2022-11-30 |last2=Rangel-Negrín |first2=Ariadna |editor2-last=Garber |editor2-first=Paul A. |editor3-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor3-first=Liliana |editor4-last=Urbani |editor4-first=Bernardo}}</ref> As they digest fruit, more than 90% of the fruits' seeds are excreted without damage, which results in seed dispersal and distribution in tropical forests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cortés-Ortiz |first1=Liliana |chapter=The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3 |title=Howler Monkeys: Adaptive Radiation, Systematics, and Morphology |pages=55–84 |editor-last=Kowalewski |editor-first=Martín M. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3 |isbn=978-1-4939-1957-4 |access-date=2022-12-02 |last2=Rylands |first2=Anthony B. |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Russell A. |editor2-last=Garber |editor2-first=Paul A. |editor3-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor3-first=Liliana |editor4-last=Urbani |editor4-first=Bernardo}}</ref>
=== Sleeping ===
Howlers use the upper-middle part of their sleeping tree and use large branches on the 70% of nights that potentially allow for grouped sleeping or resistance to weather conditions and risk of branch breaking. Their sleeping sites are usually close to morning feeding sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brividoro |first1=M.V |last2=Kowalewski |first2=M.M |last3=Scarry |first3=C.J |year=2019 |title=Patterns of Sleeping Site and Sleeping Tree Selection by Black-and-Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Northern Argentina. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00094-x |journal=Int J Primatol |volume=40 |issue=2019 |pages=374–392|doi=10.1007/s10764-019-00094-x |s2cid=190648043 }}</ref>
==Relationship with humans==
While they are not usually aggressive, brown howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of bad-tempered and unfriendly disposition. However, the [[black howler|black howler monkey]] (''Alouatta caraya'') is a relatively common pet in contemporary [[Argentina]] due to its gentle nature (in comparison to the [[capuchin monkey]]'s aggressive tendencies), in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities of the size of its droppings and the male monkey’s loud vocalizations.
[[John Lloyd Stephens]] described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of [[Copán]] as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán, in particular, is famous for its representations of [[howler monkey gods]]. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the [[Maya Hero Twins]] included in the ''[[Popol Vuh]]'', a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/alouatta Primate Info Net ''Alouatta'' Factsheets]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031146/http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/how/how1.html Information about howler monkeys from Belize Zoo (photos, video and audio included)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425105823/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/Exhibits/HowlerMonkeys/LoudestAnimal/default.cfm "The Loudest Animal in the New World," Smithsonian National Zoological Park]
{{Atelidae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q504247}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Folivores]]
[[Category:Howler monkeys| ]]
[[Category:Primates of South America]]
[[Category:Primates of Central America]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]' |
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Howler monkeys<sup id="cite_ref-msw3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_howler_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown howler monkey">Brown howler monkey</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alouatta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Suborder:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Infraorder:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alouattinae</a><br /><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89douard_Louis_Trouessart" title="Édouard Louis Trouessart">Trouessart</a>, 1897 (1825)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Alouatta</i></a><br /><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Lacépède</a>, 1799</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-handed_howler" title="Red-handed howler">Simia belzebul</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1766</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<p>See text
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_range_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alouatta_range_map.png/220px-Alouatta_range_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alouatta_range_map.png/330px-Alouatta_range_map.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alouatta_range_map.png/440px-Alouatta_range_map.png 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Alouatta</i> distribution
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<ul><li><i><b>Mycetes</b></i> <small>Illiger, 1811</small></li>
<li><i><b>Stentor</b></i> <small>É. Geoffroy, 1812</small></li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style>
<p><b>Howler monkeys</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Alouatta</b></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <b>Alouattinae</b>) are the most widespread primate genus in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropics</a> and are among the largest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">platyrrhines</a> along with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muriqui" title="Muriqui">muriquis</a> (<i>Brachyteles</i>), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">spider monkeys</a> (<i>Ateles</i>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">woolly monkeys</a> (<i>Lagotrix</i>). The monkeys are native to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> forests. They are famous for their loud <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">howls</a>, which can be heard up to three miles away through dense rain forest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are recognized. Previously classified in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a>, they are now placed in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a>. They are primarily <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Folivores">folivores</a> but also significant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frugivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivores">frugivores</a>, acting as seed dispersal agents through their digestive system and their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>. Threats include human predation, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">illegal wildlife trade</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">capture</a> for pets or zoo animals.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Anatomy_and_physiology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Anatomy and physiology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Locomotion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Locomotion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Behaviour</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Social_systems"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Social systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Diet_and_feeding"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diet and feeding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sleeping"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sleeping</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Relationship_with_humans"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with humans</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<table class="wikitable collapsible">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Group</th>
<th>Image</th>
<th>Scientific name</th>
<th>Subspecies</th>
<th>Distribution
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><i>A. palliata</i> group
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coiba_Island_howler" title="Coiba Island howler">Coiba Island howler</a>, <i>Alouatta coibensis</i>
</td>
<td>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_coibensis_coibensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta coibensis coibensis">Alouatta coibensis coibensis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azuero_howler" title="Azuero howler">Azuero howler</a>, <i>Alouatta coibensis trabeata</i></li></ul>
</td>
<td>Panama
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg/120px-Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg/180px-Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg/240px-Panamanian_Male_Adult_Howler_Monkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantled_howler" title="Mantled howler">Mantled howler</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata</i>
</td>
<td>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuadorian_mantled_howler" title="Ecuadorian mantled howler">Ecuadorian mantled howler</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata aequatorialis</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden-mantled_howler" title="Golden-mantled howler">Golden-mantled howler</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata palliata</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_howler_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican howler monkey">Mexican howler monkey</a>, <i>Alouatta palliata mexicana</i></li></ul>
</td>
<td>Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg/120px-Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg/180px-Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg/240px-Alouatta_pigra_Belize_Zoo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1421" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemalan_black_howler" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan black howler">Guatemalan black howler</a>, <i>Alouatta pigra</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Belize, Guatemala and Mexico
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"><i>A. seniculus</i> group
</th>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ursine_howler_monkey_(Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29.jpg/120px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29.jpg/180px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29.jpg/240px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursine_howler" title="Ursine howler">Ursine howler</a>, <i>Alouatta arctoidea</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Venezuela and possibly Colombia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg/120px-Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg/180px-Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg/240px-Alouatta_belzebul_Tucurui_PA_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1725" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-handed_howler" title="Red-handed howler">Red-handed howler</a>, <i>Alouatta belzebul</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg/120px-Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg/180px-Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg/240px-Alouatta_discolor_MT_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spix%27s_red-handed_howler" title="Spix's red-handed howler">Spix's red-handed howler</a>, <i>Alouatta discolor</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg/120px-Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg/180px-Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg/240px-Brown_Howler_Monkey_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_howler" title="Brown howler">Brown howler</a>, <i>Alouatta guariba</i>
</td>
<td>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_brown_howler" title="Northern brown howler">Northern brown howler</a>, <i>Alouatta guariba guariba</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_brown_howler" title="Southern brown howler">Southern brown howler</a>, <i>Alouatta guariba clamitans</i></li></ul>
</td>
<td>southeastern Brazil and far northeastern Argentina (Misiones)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_red_howler" title="Juruá red howler">Juruá red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta juara</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Peru and Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg/120px-Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg/180px-Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg/240px-Guyanan_red_howler_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyanan_red_howler" title="Guyanan red howler">Guyanan red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta macconnelli</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad, French Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_black_howler" title="Amazon black howler">Amazon black howler</a>, <i>Alouatta nigerrima</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Amazonia_571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amazonia_571.jpg/120px-Amazonia_571.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amazonia_571.jpg/180px-Amazonia_571.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amazonia_571.jpg/240px-Amazonia_571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purus_red_howler" title="Purus red howler">Purus red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta puruensis</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Brazil, Peru and north of Bolivia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_sara_(Bolivian_red_howler).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/120px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/180px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/240px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_red_howler" title="Bolivian red howler">Bolivian red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta sara</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Bolivia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_seniculus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alouatta_seniculus.jpg/120px-Alouatta_seniculus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alouatta_seniculus.jpg/180px-Alouatta_seniculus.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alouatta_seniculus.jpg/240px-Alouatta_seniculus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="489" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_red_howler" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan red howler">Venezuelan red howler</a>, <i>Alouatta seniculus</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o_red-handed_howler" title="Maranhão red-handed howler">Maranhão red-handed howler</a>, <i>Alouatta ululata</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Brazil
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"><i>A. caraya</i> group
</th>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Black_Howler_Monkey_(adult_male)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Black_Howler_Monkey_%28adult_male%29_4.jpg/120px-Black_Howler_Monkey_%28adult_male%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Black_Howler_Monkey_%28adult_male%29_4.jpg/180px-Black_Howler_Monkey_%28adult_male%29_4.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Black_Howler_Monkey_%28adult_male%29_4.jpg/240px-Black_Howler_Monkey_%28adult_male%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2588" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_howler" title="Black howler">Black howler</a>, <i>Alouatta caraya</i>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Paraguay, southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Ur
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Allouataadulto_500px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allouataadulto_500px.jpg/170px-Allouataadulto_500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allouataadulto_500px.jpg/255px-Allouataadulto_500px.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allouataadulto_500px.jpg/340px-Allouataadulto_500px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantled_howler" title="Mantled howler">mantled howler</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Howler monkeys have short snouts and wide-set, round nostrils. Their noses are very keen, and they can smell out food (primarily fruit and nuts) up to 2 km away. Their noses are usually roundish snout-type, and the nostrils have many sensory hairs growing from the interior. They range in size from 56 to 92 cm (22 to 36 in), excluding their tails, which can be equally long; in fact in some cases the tail has been found to be almost five times the body length.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is a prime characteristic. Like many New World monkeys, they have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehensile_tail" title="Prehensile tail">prehensile tails</a>, which they use while picking fruit and nuts from trees. Unlike other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_monkey#Characteristics" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a>, both male and female howler monkeys have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trichromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromat">trichromatic</a> color vision.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">evolved independently</a> from other New World monkeys due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">gene duplication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have lifespans of 15 to 20 years. Howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic (i.e. <i>Alouatta caraya</i>). Males are typically 1.5 to 2.0 kg heavier than females.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg/180px-Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg/270px-Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg/360px-Alouatta_seniculus_5perspective.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption>Skull</figcaption></figure>
<p>Males experience an evolutionary trade off between investments in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_mammals" title="Sexual selection in mammals">precopulatory</a> traits, larger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoids</a> but smaller <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">post-copulatory</a> traits, larger testes and smaller hyoids.The hyoid of <i>Alouatta</i> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">pneumatized</a>, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a>. The volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes, and with the number of males per group. Larger hyoids decrease space between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formant</a>, and offers impression of larger body size.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a flat cranial shape due to a folivorous diet and an advanced vocal system. Their brain growth is posterior rather than superior or inferior as in other platyrrhines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Howler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches, usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight. Fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full-body support, but juveniles do so more frequently. A significant amount of their travel is done through the ground, with sitting and resting being their most frequent postures.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alouatta_sara_(Bolivian_red_howler).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/200px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/300px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg/400px-Alouatta_sara_%28Bolivian_red_howler%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_red_howler" title="Bolivian red howler">Bolivian red howler</a> (<i>Alouatta sara</i>)</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_systems">Social systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p>
Most howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. Mantled howler monkeys are an exception, commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely correlated with the size of their hyoids and is positively correlated with testes size. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier,_Monteverde_(Costa_Rica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier%2C_Monteverde_%28Costa_Rica%29.jpg/200px-2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier%2C_Monteverde_%28Costa_Rica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier%2C_Monteverde_%28Costa_Rica%29.jpg/300px-2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier%2C_Monteverde_%28Costa_Rica%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier%2C_Monteverde_%28Costa_Rica%29.jpg/400px-2006-08-08_Br%C3%BCllaffe_mit_Jungtier%2C_Monteverde_%28Costa_Rica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>A Red Howler with child in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monteverde" title="Monteverde">Monteverde</a> Cloud Forest Biological Reserve</figcaption></figure><p> This results in two distinct groups, wherein one male with a larger hyoid and smaller testes copulates exclusively with a group of females, suggesting precopulatory vocal competition. The other group has more males, which have smaller hyoids, and larger testes. The larger the number of males, the smaller the hyoid, and the larger the testes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female howler monkeys breed with multiple males within their group, with males in neighboring groups, and with solitary males. Central males tie up fellowship with cycling females.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most New World monkeys, in which one sex remains in natal groups, juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups,<sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys.
</p><p>Physical fighting among group members is infrequent and generally of short duration, but serious injuries can result. Both males and females rarely fight with each other, but physical aggression is even more rare between sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group size varies by species and by location, with an approximate ratio of one male to four females.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussman_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Howler_monkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Howler_monkey.jpg/220px-Howler_monkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Howler_monkey.jpg/330px-Howler_monkey.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Howler_monkey.jpg/440px-Howler_monkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alouatta_caraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouatta caraya">black howler monkeys</a> (<i>Alouatta caraya</i>) vocalising</figcaption></figure>
<p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Howler_monkey.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Howler_monkey.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Howler_monkey.ogg/Howler_monkey.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHowler_monkey.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHowler_monkey.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe (tr)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span>
As their name suggests, vocal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">communication</a> forms an important part of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a>. They each have an enlarged basihyal or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a>, which helps them make their loud vocalizations. Group males generally call at dawn and dusk, as well as interspersed times throughout the day. Their main vocals consist of loud, deep, guttural growls or "howls". Howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animals. According to <i>Guinness Book of World Records</i>, their vocalizations can be heard clearly for 3 mi (4.8 km).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">howling</a> is thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection, as well as possibly to mate-guarding. Howlers call usually when they are in areas with major feeding sites, which in some sort lead to advertise major feeding sites and their willingness to defend locally available fruit trees. Black howler monkeys incorporate information on resource availability along with neighbors’ current location. And the abundance of flowers are found to be an important factor that influenced behavior. Neighbors are more likely to move towards these calls when resource are scarce, and the reverse is true.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ursine_howler_monkey_(Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg/220px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg/330px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg/440px-Ursine_howler_monkey_%28Alouatta_seniculus_arctoide%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursine_howler" title="Ursine howler">ursine howler</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">folivores</a> of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, together with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, buds, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> that can poison them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests, chicken coops, and consume the eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Earth_News_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Earth_News-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in smaller groups (up to twelve individuals) and low rainfall (up to 2,200 mm (87 in)), they are more frugivorous. In larger groups and increased rainfall, frugivory decreases as a result of competition and fast food depletion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they digest fruit, more than 90% of the fruits' seeds are excreted without damage, which results in seed dispersal and distribution in tropical forests.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleeping">Sleeping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sleeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Howlers use the upper-middle part of their sleeping tree and use large branches on the 70% of nights that potentially allow for grouped sleeping or resistance to weather conditions and risk of branch breaking. Their sleeping sites are usually close to morning feeding sites.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>While they are not usually aggressive, brown howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of bad-tempered and unfriendly disposition. However, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_howler" title="Black howler">black howler monkey</a> (<i>Alouatta caraya</i>) is a relatively common pet in contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> due to its gentle nature (in comparison to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capuchin_monkey" title="Capuchin monkey">capuchin monkey</a>'s aggressive tendencies), in spite of its lesser intelligence, as well as the liabilities of the size of its droppings and the male monkey’s loud vocalizations.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a> described the howler monkeys at the Maya ruins of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> as "grave and solemn, almost emotionally wounded, as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. They were seen as gods in some tribes, and the long, sleek tail was worshipped for its beauty. Copán, in particular, is famous for its representations of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">howler monkey gods</a>. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the myth of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Maya Hero Twins</a> included in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i>, a widely feared tale of soul and passion.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey">"Black howler monkey"</a>. <i>Smithsonian's National Zoo</i>. 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian%27s+National+Zoo&rft.atitle=Black+howler+monkey&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2Fanimals%2Fblack-howler-monkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsNeitz,_M.Deegan,_J._F.Neitz,_J.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, G. H.; Neitz, M.; Deegan, J. F.; Neitz, J. (1996). "Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys". <i>Nature</i>. <b>382</b> (6587): 156–158. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.382..156J">1996Natur.382..156J</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F382156a0">10.1038/382156a0</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8700203">8700203</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4305822">4305822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Trichromatic+colour+vision+in+New+World+monkeys&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6587&rft.pages=156-158&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F382156a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4305822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8700203&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.382..156J&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Neitz%2C+M.&rft.au=Deegan%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Neitz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lucas2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas2003_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas,_P._W.N._J._Dominy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, P. W.; N. J. Dominy (2003). "Evolution and function of routine trichromatic vision in primates". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>57</b> (11): 2636–43. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1554%2F03-168">10.1554/03-168</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14686538">14686538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+function+of+routine+trichromatic+vision+in+primates&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2636-43&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1554%2F03-168&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14686538&rft.au=Lucas%2C+P.+W.&rft.au=N.+J.+Dominy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnHalenarDaviesCristobal-Azkarate2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Jacob C.; Halenar, Lauren B.; Davies, Thomas G.; Cristobal-Azkarate, Jurgi; Reby, David; Sykes, Dan; Dengg, Sabine; Fitch, W. Tecumseh; Knapp, Leslie A. (2 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635310">"Evolutionary Trade-Off between Vocal Tract and Testes Dimensions in Howler Monkeys"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (21): 2839–2844. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.2839D">2015CBio...25.2839D</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.09.029">10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.029</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635310">4635310</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26592343">26592343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Trade-Off+between+Vocal+Tract+and+Testes+Dimensions+in+Howler+Monkeys&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2839-2844&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4635310%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.2839D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26592343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.09.029&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Jacob+C.&rft.au=Halenar%2C+Lauren+B.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Cristobal-Azkarate%2C+Jurgi&rft.au=Reby%2C+David&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Dan&rft.au=Dengg%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Fitch%2C+W.+Tecumseh&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Leslie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4635310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiorenzaBruner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fiorenza, Luca; Bruner, Emiliano (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.22729">"Cranial shape variation in adult howler monkeys(Alouatta seniculus)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>80</b> (1): e22729. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.22729">10.1002/ajp.22729</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29206291">29206291</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29382338">29382338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.atitle=Cranial+shape+variation+in+adult+howler+monkeys%28Alouatta+seniculus%29&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e22729&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29382338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29206291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajp.22729&rft.aulast=Fiorenza&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Bruner%2C+Emiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1002%2Fajp.22729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYbarra1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ybarra, Miguel A. Schön (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330630109">"Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest-savanna interface"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 65–76. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330630109">10.1002/ajpa.1330630109</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6703035">6703035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Locomotion+and+postures+of+red+howlers+in+a+deciduous+forest-savanna+interface&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-76&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330630109&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6703035&rft.aulast=Ybarra&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.+Sch%C3%B6n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330630109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalewskiGarberCortés-OrtizUrbani2014" class="citation book cs1">Kowalewski, Martín M; Garber, Paul A; Cortés-Ortiz, Liliana; Urbani, Bernardo; Youlato, Dionisios (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnK1BQAAQBAJ&dq=Howler+monkeys%3A+behavior%2C+ecology%2C+and+conservation.+Springer.&pg=PR5"><i>Howler monkeys: behavior, ecology, and conservation</i></a>. Springer. pp. 10–11. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493919604" title="Special:BookSources/9781493919604"><bdi>9781493919604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howler+monkeys%3A+behavior%2C+ecology%2C+and+conservation&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781493919604&rft.aulast=Kowalewski&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn+M&rft.au=Garber%2C+Paul+A&rft.au=Cort%C3%A9s-Ortiz%2C+Liliana&rft.au=Urbani%2C+Bernardo&rft.au=Youlato%2C+Dionisios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnK1BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHowler%2Bmonkeys%253A%2Bbehavior%252C%2Becology%252C%2Band%2Bconservation.%2BSpringer.%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sussman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sussman_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussman,_R.2003" class="citation book cs1">Sussman, R. (July 2003). <i>Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 142–145. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-536-74364-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-536-74364-0"><bdi>978-0-536-74364-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primate+Ecology+and+Social+Structure%2C+Vol.+2%3A+New+World+Monkeys%2C+Revised+First+Edition&rft.pages=142-145&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003-07&rft.isbn=978-0-536-74364-0&rft.au=Sussman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockett1997" class="citation book cs1">Crockett (2 October 1997). "Family Feuds". In Ciochon, R. L.; Nisbett, R. A. (eds.). <i>Primate Anthology, The: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology and Conservation from Natural History</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 32. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-613845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-613845-7"><bdi>978-0-13-613845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Feuds&rft.btitle=Primate+Anthology%2C+The%3A+Essays+on+Primate+Behavior%2C+Ecology+and+Conservation+from+Natural+History&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997-10-02&rft.isbn=978-0-13-613845-7&rft.au=Crockett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-howler-monkey">"Black howler monkey"</a>. <i>Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute</i>. 4 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian%E2%80%99s+National+Zoo+%26+Conservation+Biology+Institute&rft.atitle=Black+howler+monkey&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2Fanimals%2Fblack-howler-monkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_BelleEstrada2020" class="citation journal cs1">Van Belle, Sarie; Estrada, Alejandro (1 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00121-x">"The Influence of Loud Calls on Intergroup Spacing Mechanism in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 265–286. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00121-x">10.1007/s10764-019-00121-x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-8604">1573-8604</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209481526">209481526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Loud+Calls+on+Intergroup+Spacing+Mechanism+in+Black+Howler+Monkeys+%28Alouatta+pigra%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-286&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209481526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-8604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00121-x&rft.aulast=Van+Belle&rft.aufirst=Sarie&rft.au=Estrada%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00121-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiasRangel-Negrín2015" class="citation book cs1">Dias, Pedro Américo D.; Rangel-Negrín, Ariadna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2">"Diets of Howler Monkeys"</a>. In Kowalewski, Martín M.; Garber, Paul A.; Cortés-Ortiz, Liliana; Urbani, Bernardo (eds.). <i>Howler Monkeys: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation</i>. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 21–56. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1960-4_2">10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1960-4"><bdi>978-1-4939-1960-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diets+of+Howler+Monkeys&rft.btitle=Howler+Monkeys%3A+Behavior%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Conservation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=21-56&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1960-4_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-1960-4&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Am%C3%A9rico+D.&rft.au=Rangel-Negr%C3%ADn%2C+Ariadna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1960-4_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés-OrtizRylandsMittermeier2015" class="citation book cs1">Cortés-Ortiz, Liliana; Rylands, Anthony B.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3">"The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies"</a>. In Kowalewski, Martín M.; Garber, Paul A.; Cortés-Ortiz, Liliana; Urbani, Bernardo (eds.). <i>Howler Monkeys: Adaptive Radiation, Systematics, and Morphology</i>. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 55–84. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1957-4_3">10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1957-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1957-4"><bdi>978-1-4939-1957-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taxonomy+of+Howler+Monkeys%3A+Integrating+Old+and+New+Knowledge+from+Morphological+and+Genetic+Studies&rft.btitle=Howler+Monkeys%3A+Adaptive+Radiation%2C+Systematics%2C+and+Morphology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=55-84&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1957-4_3&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-1957-4&rft.aulast=Cort%C3%A9s-Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft.au=Rylands%2C+Anthony+B.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+Russell+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-1957-4_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrividoroKowalewskiScarry2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brividoro, M.V; Kowalewski, M.M; Scarry, C.J (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00094-x">"Patterns of Sleeping Site and Sleeping Tree Selection by Black-and-Gold Howler Monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Northern Argentina"</a>. <i>Int J Primatol</i>. <b>40</b> (2019): 374–392. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00094-x">10.1007/s10764-019-00094-x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190648043">190648043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Primatol&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Sleeping+Site+and+Sleeping+Tree+Selection+by+Black-and-Gold+Howler+Monkeys+%28Alouatta+caraya%29+in+Northern+Argentina.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2019&rft.pages=374-392&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00094-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190648043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brividoro&rft.aufirst=M.V&rft.au=Kowalewski%2C+M.M&rft.au=Scarry%2C+C.J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-019-00094-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHowler+monkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Howler_monkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/alouatta">Primate Info Net <i>Alouatta</i> Factsheets</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801031146/http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/how/how1.html">Information about howler monkeys from Belize Zoo (photos, video and audio included)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425105823/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/Exhibits/HowlerMonkeys/LoudestAnimal/default.cfm">"The Loudest Animal in the New World," Smithsonian National Zoological Park</a></li></ul>
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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Atelidae_nav" title="Template:Atelidae nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Atelidae_nav" title="Template talk:Atelidae nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atelidae_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atelidae nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_species_of_family_Atelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Class: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>
<li>Order: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li>
<li>Suborder: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alouattinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alouatta(Howler_monkeys)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alouatta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Howler monkeys)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><u><i>A. palliata</i> group</u>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coiba_Island_howler" title="Coiba Island howler">Coiba Island howler (<i>A. coibensis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mantled_howler" title="Mantled howler">Mantled howler (<i>A. palliata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_black_howler" title="Yucatán black howler">Yucatán black howler (<i>A. pigra</i>)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><u><i>A. seniculus</i> group</u>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursine_howler" title="Ursine howler">Ursine howler (<i>A. arctoidea</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-handed_howler" title="Red-handed howler">Red-handed howler (<i>A. belzebul</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spix%27s_red-handed_howler" title="Spix's red-handed howler">Spix's red-handed howler (<i>A. discolor</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_howler" title="Brown howler">Brown howler (<i>A. guariba</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_red_howler" title="Juruá red howler">Juruá red howler (<i>A. juara</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyanan_red_howler" title="Guyanan red howler">Guyanan red howler (<i>A. macconnelli</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_black_howler" title="Amazon black howler">Amazon black howler (<i>A. nigerrima</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purus_red_howler" title="Purus red howler">Purus red howler (<i>A. puruensis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivian_red_howler" title="Bolivian red howler">Bolivian red howler (<i>A. sara</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_red_howler" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan red howler">Venezuelan red howler (<i>A. seniculus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o_red-handed_howler" title="Maranhão red-handed howler">Maranhão red-handed howler (<i>A. ululata</i>)</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><u><i>A. caraya</i> group</u>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_howler" title="Black howler">Black howler (<i>A. caraya</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelinae" title="Atelinae">Atelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Spider monkeys)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red-faced_spider_monkey" title="Red-faced spider monkey">Red-faced spider monkey (<i>A. paniscus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-bellied_spider_monkey" title="White-bellied spider monkey">White-bellied spider monkey (<i>A. belzebuth</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_spider_monkey" title="Peruvian spider monkey">Peruvian spider monkey (<i>A. chamek</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_spider_monkey" title="Brown spider monkey">Brown spider monkey (<i>A. hybridus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-cheeked_spider_monkey" title="White-cheeked spider monkey">White-cheeked spider monkey (<i>A. marginatus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black-headed_spider_monkey" title="Black-headed spider monkey">Black-headed spider monkey (<i>A. fusciceps</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey" title="Geoffroy's spider monkey">Geoffroy's spider monkey (<i>A. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Muriquis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_muriqui" title="Southern muriqui">Southern muriqui (<i>B. arachnoides</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_muriqui" title="Northern muriqui">Northern muriqui (<i>B. hypoxanthus</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Woolly monkeys)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Yellow-tailed woolly monkey (<i>L. flavicauda</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_woolly_monkey" title="Common woolly monkey">Common woolly monkey (<i>L. lagotricha</i>)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:New_World_monkeys" title="Category:New World monkeys">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haplorhini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Haplorhini" title="Template:Haplorhini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Haplorhini" title="Template talk:Haplorhini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haplorhini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haplorhini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haplorhini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Class: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>
<li>Order: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Haplorhini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†&quot;Omomyidae&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altanius" title="Altanius">Altanius</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bownomomys" title="Bownomomys">Bownomomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kohatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohatius (page does not exist)">Kohatius</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Microchoerinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microchoerinae (page does not exist)">Microchoerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Indusomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indusomys (page does not exist)">Indusomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Melaneremia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melaneremia (page does not exist)">Melaneremia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Microchoerus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microchoerus (page does not exist)">Microchoerus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nannopithex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nannopithex (page does not exist)">Nannopithex</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Necrolemur" title="Necrolemur">Necrolemur</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paraloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraloris (page does not exist)">Paraloris</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pseudoloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudoloris (page does not exist)">Pseudoloris</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Quercyloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quercyloris (page does not exist)">Quercyloris</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vectipithex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vectipithex (page does not exist)">Vectipithex</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anaptomorphinae" title="Anaptomorphinae">Anaptomorphinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absarokius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absarokius (page does not exist)">Absarokius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anaptomorphus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaptomorphus (page does not exist)">Anaptomorphus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anemorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anemorhysis (page does not exist)">Anemorhysis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arapahovius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arapahovius (page does not exist)">Arapahovius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aycrossia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aycrossia (page does not exist)">Aycrossia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chlororhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlororhysis (page does not exist)">Chlororhysis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gazinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazinius (page does not exist)">Gazinius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pseudotetonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudotetonius (page does not exist)">Pseudotetonius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sphacorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphacorhysis (page does not exist)">Sphacorhysis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Strigorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strigorhysis (page does not exist)">Strigorhysis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tatmanius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatmanius (page does not exist)">Tatmanius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tetonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetonius (page does not exist)">Tetonius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tetonoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetonoides (page does not exist)">Tetonoides</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Trogolemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trogolemur (page does not exist)">Trogolemur</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Walshina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walshina (page does not exist)">Walshina</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Omomyinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omomyinae (page does not exist)">Omomyinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ageitodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ageitodendron (page does not exist)">Ageitodendron</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Asiomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiomomys (page does not exist)">Asiomomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brontomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brontomomys (page does not exist)">Brontomomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chipetaia" title="Chipetaia">Chipetaia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chumashius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumashius (page does not exist)">Chumashius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Diablomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diablomomys (page does not exist)">Diablomomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dyseolemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyseolemur (page does not exist)">Dyseolemur</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ekwiiyemakius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekwiiyemakius (page does not exist)">Ekwiiyemakius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gunnelltarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunnelltarsius (page does not exist)">Gunnelltarsius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hemiacodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemiacodon (page does not exist)">Hemiacodon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jemezius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemezius (page does not exist)">Jemezius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Loveina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loveina (page does not exist)">Loveina</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Macrotarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrotarsius (page does not exist)">Macrotarsius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nesomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nesomomys (page does not exist)">Nesomomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Omomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omomys (page does not exist)">Omomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ourayia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ourayia (page does not exist)">Ourayia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rooneyia" title="Rooneyia">Rooneyia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshonius" title="Shoshonius">Shoshonius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Steinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steinius (page does not exist)">Steinius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stockia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockia (page does not exist)">Stockia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uintanius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uintanius (page does not exist)">Uintanius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Utahia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utahia (page does not exist)">Utahia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Washakius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washakius (page does not exist)">Washakius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wyomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyomomys (page does not exist)">Wyomomys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yaquius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaquius (page does not exist)">Yaquius</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tarkadectinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkadectinae (page does not exist)">Tarkadectinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tarka_(mammal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarka (mammal) (page does not exist)">Tarka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tarkadectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkadectes (page does not exist)">Tarkadectes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tarkops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkops (page does not exist)">Tarkops</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarsiiformes" title="Tarsiiformes">Tarsiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archicebus" title="Archicebus">Archicebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a></b>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</b>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarsier" title="Tarsier">Tarsiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_tarsier" title="Philippine tarsier">Carlito</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horsfield%27s_tarsier" title="Horsfield's tarsier">Cephalopachus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hesperotarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesperotarsius (page does not exist)">Hesperotarsius</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oligotarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligotarsius (page does not exist)">Oligotarsius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarsius" title="Tarsius">Tarsius</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Xanthorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthorhysis (page does not exist)">Xanthorhysis</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TeilhardinaDB15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teilhardina sp."><img alt="Teilhardina sp." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TeilhardinaDB15.jpg/100px-TeilhardinaDB15.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TeilhardinaDB15.jpg/150px-TeilhardinaDB15.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TeilhardinaDB15.jpg/200px-TeilhardinaDB15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Simiiformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simiiformes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Amamria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amamria (page does not exist)">Amamria</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aseanpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseanpithecus (page does not exist)">Aseanpithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nosmips" title="Nosmips">Nosmips</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phileosimias" title="Phileosimias">Phileosimias</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrasia_djijidae" title="Afrasia djijidae">Afrasia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrotarsius" title="Afrotarsius">Afrotarsius</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eosimiidae" title="Eosimiidae">Eosimiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bahinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahinia (page does not exist)">Bahinia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eosimias" title="Eosimias">Eosimias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Phenacopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenacopithecus (page does not exist)">Phenacopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amphipithecidae" title="Amphipithecidae">Amphipithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amphipithecus" title="Amphipithecus">Amphipithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bugtipithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bugtipithecus (page does not exist)">Bugtipithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganlea" title="Ganlea">Ganlea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Krabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krabia (page does not exist)">Krabia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Myanmarpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myanmarpithecus (page does not exist)">Myanmarpithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pondaungia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pondaungia (page does not exist)">Pondaungia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Siamopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamopithecus (page does not exist)">Siamopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parapithecoidea" title="Parapithecoidea">Parapithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsinoea" title="Arsinoea">Arsinoea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biretia" title="Biretia">Biretia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proteopithecidae" title="Proteopithecidae">Proteopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Proteopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteopithecus (page does not exist)">Proteopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serapia_eocaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapia eocaena">Serapia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parapithecidae" title="Parapithecidae">Parapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abuqatrania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abuqatrania (page does not exist)">Abuqatrania</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apidium" title="Apidium">Apidium</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parapithecus" title="Parapithecus">Parapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatrania" title="Qatrania">Qatrania</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ucayalipithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ucayalipithecus (page does not exist)">Ucayalipithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">Platyrrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Parvimico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvimico (page does not exist)">Parvimico</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Perupithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perupithecus (page does not exist)">Perupithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Szalatavus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szalatavus (page does not exist)">Szalatavus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaanimico" title="Canaanimico">Canaanimico</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Branisella" title="Branisella">Branisella</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotidae">Aotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">Aotus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tremacebus" title="Tremacebus">Tremacebus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pitheciidae" title="Pitheciidae">Pitheciidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispaniola_monkey" title="Hispaniola monkey">Antillothrix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uakari" title="Uakari">Cacajao</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callicebus" title="Callicebus">Callicebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Carlocebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlocebus (page does not exist)">Carlocebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheracebus" title="Cheracebus">Cheracebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bearded_saki" title="Bearded saki">Chiropotes</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homunculus_patagonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homunculus patagonicus">Homunculus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insulacebus" title="Insulacebus">Insulacebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mazzonicebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazzonicebus (page does not exist)">Mazzonicebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saki_monkey" title="Saki monkey">Pithecia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plecturocebus" title="Plecturocebus">Plecturocebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Proteropithecia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteropithecia (page does not exist)">Proteropithecia</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soriacebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soriacebus (page does not exist)">Soriacebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaican_monkey" title="Jamaican monkey">Xenothrix</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alouatta</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caipora_bambuiorum" title="Caipora bambuiorum">Caipora</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cartelles" title="Cartelles">Cartelles</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilecebus" title="Chilecebus">Chilecebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paralouatta" title="Paralouatta">Paralouatta</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protopithecus" title="Protopithecus">Protopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solimoea" title="Solimoea">Solimoea</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acrecebus" title="Acrecebus">Acrecebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gracile_capuchin_monkey" title="Gracile capuchin monkey">Cebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolichocebus" title="Dolichocebus">Dolichocebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killikaike" title="Killikaike">Killikaike</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panamacebus" title="Panamacebus">Panamacebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patasola_magdalenae" title="Patasola magdalenae">Patasola</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">Saimiri</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robust_capuchin_monkey" title="Robust capuchin monkey">Sapajus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goeldi%27s_marmoset" title="Goeldi's marmoset">Callimico</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callithrix" title="Callithrix">Callithrix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pygmy_marmoset" title="Pygmy marmoset">Cebuella</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle-back_tamarin" title="Saddle-back tamarin">Leontocebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lion_tamarin" title="Lion tamarin">Leontopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mico_(genus)" title="Mico (genus)">Mico</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamarin" title="Tamarin">Saguinus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:EosimiasDB15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eosimias sinensis"><img alt="Eosimias sinensis" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EosimiasDB15.jpg/140px-EosimiasDB15.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EosimiasDB15.jpg/210px-EosimiasDB15.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EosimiasDB15.jpg/280px-EosimiasDB15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Catarrhini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oligopithecidae" title="Oligopithecidae">Oligopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catopithecus" title="Catopithecus">Catopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oligopithecus" title="Oligopithecus">Oligopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Talahpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talahpithecus (page does not exist)">Talahpithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propliopithecoidea" title="Propliopithecoidea">Propliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propliopithecus" title="Propliopithecus">Propliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pliopithecoidea" title="Pliopithecoidea">Pliopithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Krishnapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishnapithecus (page does not exist)">Krishnapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paidopithex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paidopithex (page does not exist)">Paidopithex</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapi_ramnagarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapi ramnagarensis">Kapi</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pliopithecidae" title="Pliopithecidae">Pliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epipliopithecus" title="Epipliopithecus">Epipliopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pliopithecus" title="Pliopithecus">Pliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dionysopithecidae" title="Dionysopithecidae">Dionysopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dionysopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysopithecus (page does not exist)">Dionysopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Platodontopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platodontopithecus (page does not exist)">Platodontopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crouzeliinae" title="Crouzeliinae">Crouzeliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anapithecus" title="Anapithecus">Anapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barberapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberapithecus (page does not exist)">Barberapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Crouzelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzelia (page does not exist)">Crouzelia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Egarapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egarapithecus (page does not exist)">Egarapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fanchangia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanchangia (page does not exist)">Fanchangia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Laccopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laccopithecus (page does not exist)">Laccopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Plesiopliopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plesiopliopithecus (page does not exist)">Plesiopliopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pliobates" title="Pliobates">Pliobates</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alophe" title="Alophe">Alophe</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Victoriapithecidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoriapithecidae (page does not exist)">Victoriapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noropithecus" title="Noropithecus">Noropithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nsungwepithecus" title="Nsungwepithecus">Nsungwepithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Prohylobates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prohylobates (page does not exist)">Prohylobates</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoriapithecus" title="Victoriapithecus">Victoriapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Zaltanpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaltanpithecus (page does not exist)">Zaltanpithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cercopithecoides" title="Cercopithecoides">Cercopithecoides</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolichopithecus" title="Dolichopithecus">Dolichopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kuseracolobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuseracolobus (page does not exist)">Kuseracolobus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libypithecus" title="Libypithecus">Libypithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopithecus" title="Mesopithecus">Mesopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microcolobus" title="Microcolobus">Microcolobus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paracolobus" title="Paracolobus">Paracolobus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parapresbytis" title="Parapresbytis">Parapresbytis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhinocolobus" title="Rhinocolobus">Rhinocolobus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawecolobus" title="Sawecolobus">Sawecolobus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semnopithecus" title="Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cercopithecinae" title="Cercopithecinae">Cercopithecinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cercopithecini" title="Cercopithecini">Cercopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen%27s_swamp_monkey" title="Allen's swamp monkey">Allenopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allochrocebus" title="Allochrocebus">Allochrocebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guenon" title="Guenon">Cercopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">Chlorocebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talapoin" title="Talapoin">Miopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nanopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanopithecus (page does not exist)">Nanopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papionini" title="Papionini">Papionini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White-eyelid_mangabey" title="White-eyelid mangabey">Cercocebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinopithecus" title="Dinopithecus">Dinopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorgopithecus" title="Gorgopithecus">Gorgopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crested_mangabey" title="Crested mangabey">Lophocebus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaca</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandrillus" title="Mandrillus">Mandrillus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">Papio</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paradolichopithecus" title="Paradolichopithecus">Paradolichopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parapapio" title="Parapapio">Parapapio</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Procercocebus" title="Procercocebus">Procercocebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Procynocephalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procynocephalus (page does not exist)">Procynocephalus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kipunji" title="Kipunji">Rungwecebus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soromandrillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soromandrillus (page does not exist)">Soromandrillus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theropithecus" title="Theropithecus">Theropithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aegyptopithecus zeuxis"><img alt="Aegyptopithecus zeuxis" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/140px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/210px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/280px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hominoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afropithecus" title="Afropithecus">Afropithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekembo" title="Ekembo">Ekembo</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorius" title="Equatorius">Equatorius</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griphopithecus" title="Griphopithecus">Griphopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamoyapithecus" title="Kamoyapithecus">Kamoyapithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyapithecus" title="Kenyapithecus">Kenyapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morotopithecus" title="Morotopithecus">Morotopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nacholapithecus" title="Nacholapithecus">Nacholapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otavipithecus" title="Otavipithecus">Otavipithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proconsul_(mammal)" title="Proconsul (mammal)">Proconsul</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dendropithecidae" title="Dendropithecidae">Dendropithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dendropithecus" title="Dendropithecus">Dendropithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyanzapithecus" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangwapithecus" title="Rangwapithecus">Rangwapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rukwapithecus" title="Rukwapithecus">Rukwapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simiolus" title="Simiolus">Simiolus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Turkanapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkanapithecus (page does not exist)">Turkanapithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Hylobatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">Hoolock</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junzi_imperialis" title="Junzi imperialis">Junzi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomascus" title="Nomascus">Nomascus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siamang" title="Siamang">Symphalangus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuanmoupithecus" title="Yuanmoupithecus">Yuanmoupithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buronius" title="Buronius">Buronius</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dryopithecini" title="Dryopithecini">Dryopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anoiapithecus" title="Anoiapithecus">Anoiapithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanopithecus" title="Hispanopithecus">Hispanopithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierolapithecus" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudapithecus" title="Rudapithecus">Rudapithecus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gigantopithecus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gigantopithecus blacki"><img alt="Gigantopithecus blacki" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gigantopithecus.png/140px-Gigantopithecus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gigantopithecus.png/210px-Gigantopithecus.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gigantopithecus.png/280px-Gigantopithecus.png 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="2123" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alouatta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504247" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q504247">Q504247</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alouatta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alouatta">Alouatta</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alouattinae/">Alouattinae</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=296352">296352</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6295H">6295H</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/41553">41553</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALOUG">1ALOUG</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2436647">2436647</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43434">43434</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1007369">1007369</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=572810">572810</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100374">12100374</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9499">9499</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=489216">489216</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92602">92602</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/95778C36-20A8-F10F-D45F-80BA0D5D1EFA">95778C36-20A8-F10F-D45F-80BA0D5D1EFA</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/01FA1E29-EE76-4844-A05E-7D5D10E1871F">01FA1E29-EE76-4844-A05E-7D5D10E1871F</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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