Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Redirect|Windshield wiper|the film|The Windshield Wiper}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2023}}
{{short description|Device on vehicle}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2008}}
{{Missing information|specific designs of wiper blades|date=March 2021}}
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[[File:Heckscheibenwischer kl.jpg|thumb|right|Windscreen wiper on a parked car. In this common design, the [[force]] from the arm is distributed evenly with a series of linkages known as a [[Whippletree (mechanism)|''whippletree'']].]]
[[File:2008-04-24 Windshield wiper parts.jpg|thumb|A common windscreen wiper arm and blade]]
[[File:Jakarta MRT train windscreen wiper.webm|thumb|A train windscreen wiper in operation (MRT Jakarta)]]
A '''windscreen wiper''' ([[Commonwealth English]]) or '''windshield wiper''' ([[American English]]) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice, washer fluid, water, or other debris from a [[windscreen|vehicle's front window]]. Almost all [[motor vehicle]]s, including [[car]]s, [[truck]]s, [[bus]]es, [[train]] [[locomotive]]s, and [[watercraft]] with a [[Cabin (ship)|cabin]]—and some [[aircraft]]—are equipped with one or more such wipers, which are usually a legal requirement.
A wiper generally consists of a metal arm; one end [[Lever|pivots]], and the other end has a long rubber blade attached to it. The arm is powered by a [[motor]], often an [[electric motor]], although [[pneumatic power]] is also used for some vehicles. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water, other [[precipitation]], or any other impediments to visibility from its surface. The speed is usually adjustable on vehicles made after 1969, with several continuous rates and often one or more ''intermittent'' settings. Most personal automobiles use two synchronized ''radial''-type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more ''[[pantograph]]'' arms.
On some vehicles, a '''windscreen washer''' system is also used to improve and expand the function of the wiper(s) to dry or icy conditions. This system sprays water, or an [[antifreeze]] [[Windshield washer fluid|window washer fluid]], at the windscreen using several well-positioned [[nozzle]]s. This system helps remove dirt or dust from the windscreen when used in concert with the wiper blades. When antifreeze washer fluid is used, it can help the wipers remove snow or ice. For these types of winter conditions, some vehicles have additional [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|heaters]] aimed at the windows, embedded [[Heating element|heating wire(s)]] in the glass, or embedded [[Heating element|heating wire(s)]] in the wiper blade; these [[Defogger|defroster systems]] can melt ice or help to keep snow and ice from building up on the windscreen. Less frequently, miniature wipers are installed on [[headlight]]s to ensure they function optimally.
== History ==
=== Early versions ===
[[File:Windshield Cleaner - from Patent.jpg|thumb|Patent illustration of 'window cleaner' by GEORGE J. CAPEWELL, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT]]
One of the earliest recorded patents for the windscreen wiper is by [[George Capewell|George J. Capewell]] of Hartford Connecticut, which was filed on August 6, 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US609787A/en|title=WINDOW CLEAN.|website=google.com|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> His invention was for "windows of slow-moving craft; but it is more particularly adapted and intended for windows of rapidly-moving vehicles, such as high-speed locomotives and cars, with which it is necessary that the observer or driver should have a clear view of the path or track." Similar to current automotive wiper designs, his invention involves "usually two of these wipers, and they can be secured to the frame below the front board of the vehicle or behind the housing surrounding the window in position to be out of sight and in such manner that one will scrape off the heaviest part of the substance collected upon the glass." His patent illustration shows a circular window, although the patent notes "it is not essential that the glass be circular in form."
Other early designs for the windscreen wiper are credited to Polish concert [[pianist]] [[Józef Hofmann]],<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Day T |title=A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09401-5 |page=11 |language=en}}</ref> and to Mills Munitions, [[Birmingham]], who also claimed to have been the first to patent windscreen wipers in England.
At least three inventors patented windscreen cleaning devices at around the same time in 1903; [[Mary Anderson (inventor)|Mary Anderson]], Robert Douglass, and John Apjohn. In April 1911, a patent for windscreen wipers was registered by Sloan & Lloyd Barnes, patent agents of Liverpool, England, for [[Gladstone Adams]] of [[Whitley Bay]].
[[File:Anderson Window Cleaning Device 1903.png|thumb|upright|Anderson's 1903 window cleaner design]]
American inventor [[Mary Anderson (inventor)|Mary Anderson]] is popularly credited with devising the first operational windscreen wiper in 1903.<ref name="AmHer">{{cite web|title=The Windshield Wiper|publisher=American Heritage|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml|access-date=2010-12-23|archive-date=2007-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911215242/http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Windshield Wipers |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/mary-anderson}}</ref> In Anderson's patent, she called her invention a "window cleaning device" for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle, her version of windscreen wipers closely resembles the windscreen wiper found on many early car models. Anderson had a model of her design manufactured, then filed a patent (US 743,801) on June 18, 1903 that was issued to her by the US Patent Office on November 10, 1903.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mary Anderson|publisher=Encyclopedia of Alabama|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2553|access-date=2010-12-20|archive-date=2014-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145616/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2553|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Window-Cleaning Device|publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office|url=https://www.google.com/patents?id=Zv5MAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220131404/http://www.google.com/patents?id=Zv5MAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Locomotive-cab-window cleaner 1903.png|thumb|upright|A "locomotive-cab-window cleaner" on 12 March 1903<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US762889A/en|title=Locomotive-cab-window cleaner.|website=google.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:Apjohn 1903 Window cleaning aparatus.jpg|thumb|upright|Apjohn's 1903 window cleaning apparatus design|alt=|left]]
Irish born inventor James Henry Apjohn (1845–1914) patented an "Apparatus for Cleaning Carriage, Motor Car and other Windows" which was stated to use either brushes or wipers and could be either motor driven or hand driven. The brushes or wipers were intended to clean either both up and down or in just one direction on a vertical window. Apjohn's invention had a priority date in the UK of 9 October 1903.<ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=8&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19040811&CC=GB&NR=190321790A&KC=A Espacenet – Bibliographic data<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[John R. Oishei]] (1886-1968) formed the Tri-Continental Corporation in 1917. This company introduced the first windscreen wiper, Rain Rubber, for the slotted, two-piece windscreens found on many of the automobiles of the time. Today [[Trico]] Products is one of the world's largest manufacturers of windscreen wipers.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}} [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] has the world's biggest windscreen wiper factory in [[Tienen]], Belgium, which produces 350,000 wiper blades every day.<ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |url=http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/html/715_5615.htm |title=BoschLive |publisher=Bosch.com.au |date=2009-01-16 |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-date=2011-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911015108/http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/html/715_5615.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first automatic electric wiper arms were patented in 1917 by Charlotte Bridgwood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/11/09/the-evolution-of-wind-shield-wipers-a-patent-history/id=52085/|title=The Evolution of Wind Shield Wipers - A Patent History - IPWatchdog.com {{!}} Patents & Patent Law|date=2014-11-09|work=IPWatchdog.com {{!}} Patents & Patent Law|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
Inventor William M. Folberth and his brother, Fred, applied for a patent for an automatic windscreen wiper apparatus in 1919, which was granted in 1921.<ref name=":0" /> It was the first automatic mechanism to be developed by an American, but the original invention is attributed by others to Hawaiian, Ormand Wall.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Automatic_Windshield_Wipers?rec=2747|title=Automatic Windshield Wipers - Ohio History Central|website=www.ohiohistorycentral.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Trico later settled a patent dispute with Folberth and purchased Folberth's Cleveland company, the Folberth Auto Specialty Co. The new vacuum-powered system quickly became standard equipment on automobiles, and the vacuum principle was in use until about 1960. In the late 1950s, a feature common on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three passes when the windscreen washer button was pressed, making it unnecessary to manually turn the wipers on as well. Today, an electronic timer is used, but originally a small vacuum cylinder mechanically linked to a switch provided the delay as the vacuum leaked off.
=== Intermittent wipers ===
The [[inventor]] of intermittent wipers (non-continuous, now including variable-rate wipers) might have been Raymond Anderson, who, in 1923, proposed an [[electro-mechanical]] design. (US Patent 1,588,399). In 1958, Oishei et al. filed a [[patent application]] describing not only electro-mechanical, but also [[Thermal engineering|thermal]] and [[Hydraulics|hydraulic]] designs. (US Patent 2,987,747). Then, in 1961, John Amos, an engineer for the UK [[automotive engineering]] company [[Lucas Industries]], filed the first patent application in the UK for a [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state electronic]] design. (US patent 3,262,042).
In 1963, another form of intermittent wiper was invented by [[Robert Kearns]], an [[engineering professor]] at [[Wayne State University]] in [[Detroit]], Michigan.<ref name="AmHer" /> (United States Patent 3,351,836 – 1964 filing date). Kearns's design was intended to mimic the function of the [[human eye]], which [[Blinking|blinks]] only once every few seconds. In 1963, Kearns built his first intermittent wiper system using off-the-shelf electronic components. The interval between wipes was determined by the [[RC time constant|rate of current flow into a capacitor]]; when the charge in the [[capacitor]] reached a certain [[voltage]], the capacitor would be discharged, activating one cycle of the wiper motor, and then repeating the process. Kearns showed his wiper design to the [[Ford Motor Company]] and proposed that they manufacture the design. Ford [[Business executive|executives]] rejected Kearns' proposal at the time, but later offered a similar design as an option on the company's [[Ford Mercury|Mercury line]], beginning with the 1969 models.<ref name="AmHer" /> Kearns sued Ford in a multi-year [[patent dispute]] that Kearns eventually won in court,<ref>{{cite news |title=Accomplished, Frustrated Inventor Dies|first=Matt|last=Schudel|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54564-2005Feb25.html|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=26 February 2005|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> inspiring the [[2008 film|2008 feature film]] ''[[Flash of Genius (film)|Flash of Genius]]'' based on a 1993 [[New Yorker Magazine|New Yorker]] article that covered the legal battle.
In March 1970, French automotive manufacturer [[Citroën]] introduced more advanced [[rain]]-sensitive intermittent windscreen wipers on its [[Citroën SM|SM model]]. When the intermittent function was selected, the wiper would make one sweep. If the windscreen was relatively dry, the wiper motor drew high [[Electric current|current]], which would set the control [[Electric Circuit|circuit]] timer to a long delay for the next wipe. If the motor drew little current, it indicated that the glass was still wet, and would set the timer to minimize the delay.
== Power ==
[[File:Nahverkehrsmunseum-Triebwagen-431-DSC 6417.jpg|thumb|[[Pneumatic motor]] drive on a railroad locomotive windscreen wiper. The lever on the motor operates a valve to supply pressurized air.]]
Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in use today are powered by an [[electric motor]] through a series of mechanical components, typically two [[4-bar linkage]]s in series or [[Parallel circuits|parallel]].
Vehicles with air-operated brakes sometimes use [[pneumatic]] wipers, powered by tapping a small amount of pressurized air from the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted on or just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.
Early wipers were often driven by a [[vacuum motor]] powered by [[manifold vacuum]]. This had the drawback that manifold vacuum varies depending on [[throttle]] position, and is almost non-existent under wide-open throttle, when the wipers would slow down or even stop. That problem was overcome somewhat by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump.
Some cars, mostly from the 1960s and 1970s, had variable-speed, hydraulically-driven wipers, most notably the '61–'69 [[Lincoln Continental]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2014/06/25/10186/|title=The Cars of James Bond: Lincoln Continental|date=25 June 2014|website=wordpress.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> '69–'71 [[Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (but not all '70 models),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivemileposts.com/contentsmark3.html|title=Automotive Mileposts, 1969-1971 Lincoln Continental Mark III|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> and '63–'71 [[Ford Thunderbird]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivemileposts.com/contentstbird.html|title=Automotive Mileposts, 1955-1979 Ford Thunderbird|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174124/http://automotivemileposts.com/contentstbird.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> These were powered by the same hydraulic pump also used for the power steering mechanism.
On the earlier [[Citroën 2CV]], the windscreen wipers were powered by a purely mechanical system, a cable connected to the transmission; to reduce cost, this cable also powered the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was stationary, the wipers were not powered, but a handle under the speedometer allowed the driver to power them by hand.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}
== Shape ==
[[File:Patent US2596063A Illustration.png|thumb|Illustration showing the construction of multi-branched windshield wiper blade holder]]
Most early wipers used a rubber blade attached to a flat metal base. But as aerodynamic and styling concerns introduced curved windshields, these proved insufficient. In 1945, John W. Anderson, founder of Trico rival Anco, filed a patent for a wiper with branched arms to keep the blade pressed uniformly against both curved and flat glass,<ref>{{cite web |title=Windshield Wipers 101 |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/tip-sheet/windshield-wipers-101-how-and-when-to-replace-your-blades-a36-20161107 |website=Top Gear Philippines}}</ref> adaptable to almost any windscreen curvature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2596063|title=Windshield wiper blade linkage assembly }}</ref> As curved windshields became more popular and widespread, following the debut of the 1947 Studebaker Starlight Coupe,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tech 101: What you need to know about windshield wipers |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2013/12/27/tech-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-windshield-wipers |website=hemmings.com}}</ref> these soon became standard equipment. While they have been superseded by "beam-type" wipers with bodies made of flexible material, this type still remains the most popular.
Wiper blades are made of [[natural rubber]], [[EPDM rubber]] (or [[ethylene propylene rubber]])<ref>{{Cite patent|number=20150047142|title=Epdm Wiper Rubber|gdate=2015-02-19|invent1=Gotzen|inventor1-first=Nicolaas|url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2015/0047142.html}}</ref> or a combination of both, as natural rubber performs better in cold weather but EPDM rubber doesn't "set" and resists better to thermal aging, [[Ultraviolet|UV]], ozone and tearing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The science and ingenuity behind the humble wiper blade|url=https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/the-science-and-ingenuity-behind-the-humble-wiper-blade|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.imeche.org}}</ref> Some manufacturers coat them with [[graphite]].<ref name=":1" />
== Geometry ==
[[File:Scheibenwischer eines IFA, Bj. 1954 (2008-07-12).jpg|thumb|Windscreen wiper arms and blades on a 1954 [[DKW F8|DKW-IFA F8 "Luxuscabriolet"]] from [[East Germany]], using a simple radial design with no visible linkages]]
[[File:Windscreen Wiper.gif|thumb|Lever mechanism of a windscreen wiper. The motor in the middle converts the circular rotation to an intermittent rotation. The lever arms have different lengths, so the stop position at the reverse point is different.]]
[[File:Pfannenstiel - ZSG-Werft Wollishofen 2011-04-06 14-16-24.JPG|thumb|Simple parallelogram linkages on a boat windscreen]]
[[File:Mercedes-Benz 220D, circa 1974, Schaffen Diest, Fly-Drive 2013.JPG|thumb|This 1974 Mercedes-Benz 220D uses oppositely-pivoted wiper blades. (Fig. 2)]]
[[File:Transperth Volgren CR225L bodied Mercedes-Benz O405NH CNG.jpg|thumb|Pantograph windscreen wipers (Fig. 6) used on [[Mercedes-Benz O405|Mercedes-Benz O 405 NH]]]]
[[File:Daf_A.Reijerse_&_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg|thumb|right|Triple windshield wipers (Fig.7) used on a DAF XF truck]]
Most wipers are of the pivot (or radial) type: they are attached to a single arm, which in turn is attached to the motor. These are commonly found on many cars, trucks, trains, boats, airplanes, etc.
Modern windscreen wipers usually move in parallel (Fig. 1, below). However, various [[Mercedes-Benz]] models and other cars such as the [[Volkswagen Sharan]] employ wipers configured to move in opposite directions (Fig. 2), which is mechanically more complex but can avoid leaving a large unwiped corner of the windscreen in front of the front-seat passenger. A cost benefit to the auto-maker occurs when wipers configured to move in opposite directions do not need to be repositioned for cars exported to [[right hand drive]] countries such as the UK and Japan.
Another wiper design (Fig. 6) is pantograph-based, used on many commercial vehicles, especially buses with large windscreens. Pantograph wipers feature two arms for each blade, with the blade assembly itself supported on a horizontal bar connecting the two arms. One of the arms is attached to the motor, while the other is on an idle pivot.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} The pantograph mechanism, while being more complex, allows the blade to cover more of the windscreen on each wipe. However, it also usually requires the wiper to be "parked" in the middle of the windscreen, where it may partially obstruct the driver's view when not in use. A few models of automobile sometimes employ a pantograph arm on the driver's side and a normal arm for the passenger. The Triumph Stag, Lexus and several US makes employ this method to cover more glass area where the windscreen is quite wide but also very shallow. The reduced height of the windscreen would need the use of short wiper arms which would not have the reach to the edge of the windscreen.
A simple single-blade setup with a center pivot (Fig. 4) is commonly used on rear windscreens, as well as on the front of some cars. [[Mercedes-Benz]] pioneered a system (Fig. 5) called the "Monoblade", based on [[cantilever]]s, in which a single arm extends outward to reach the top corners of the windscreen, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke, sweeping out a somewhat M-shaped path. This way, a single blade is able to cover more of the windscreen, displacing any residual streaks away from the centre of the windscreen.
Some larger cars in the late '70s and early '80s, especially [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Driver seating position|LH driver]] American cars{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}, had a pantograph wiper on the driver's side, with a conventional pivot on the passenger side. Asymmetric wiper arrangements are usually configured to clear more windscreen area on the driver's side, and so are mostly mirrored for left and right-hand-drive vehicles (for example, Fig. 1 vs. Fig 10). One exception is found on the second generations of the [[Renault Clio]], [[Renault Twingo|Twingo]] and [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]] as well as [[BMW]]'s [[BMW 5 Series (E60)|E60 5 Series]] and [[BMW 6 Series (E63)|E63 6 Series]], the [[Peugeot 206]] and the [[Nissan Almera Tino]], where the wipers always sweep towards the left. On right-hand-drive models, a linkage allows the right-hand wiper to move outwards towards the corner of the windscreen and clear more area.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:scheibenwischer1.svg| Fig. 1: Most common geometry, found on vast majority of vehicles, mainly [[Right- and left-hand traffic|LHD]] cars; RHD [[Mercedes-Benz W140]] and some earlier British cars
File:scheibenwischer2.svg| Fig. 2: Widely used alternative configuration suiting either LHD or RHD operation{{refn|[[Buick Verano]], [[Mercedes-Benz W114]], [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W168|W168]], [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W169|W169]], [[Mercedes-Benz B-Class|W245]], [[Mercedes-Benz Vaneo|W414]] and [[Mercedes-Benz Vito|W639]], [[Smart Fortwo]] (1998-2015), [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Volkswagen Golf Plus]], [[Volkswagen Sharan]] I/[[SEAT Alhambra]] I, [[Volkswagen Touran]] (some models until 2011), [[Datsun 510]] (1968 only), [[Mitsubishi Delica#Fourth generation (1994)|Mitsubishi Delica]], [[Mitsubishi Grandis]], [[Honda Civic]] (2005–2011), [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (5th Generation), some [[minivans]], some [[bus]]es, [[Peugeot 307]], [[Peugeot 308]] (2007-2013), [[Peugeot 407]], [[Peugeot 508]], [[Peugeot 3008]], [[Peugeot 5008]], [[Peugeot RCZ]], [[Ford Focus (third generation)]], [[Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)]], [[Ford B-Max]], [[Ford C-Max]] (second generation), [[Ford S-Max]], [[Ford Galaxy]], [[Ford Kuga]] (second generation), [[Ford Transit Connect]] (second generation), [[Ford Transit Custom]], [[Citroën C4]], [[Citroën Xsara Picasso]], [[Citroën C4 Picasso]], [[Citroën C5]] II, [[Citroën C6]], [[Eurovans|Citroën C8/Fiat Ulysse II/Lancia Phedra/Peugeot 807]], [[Citroën DS4|DS 4]], [[DS 5]], [[BMW i3]], [[BMW i8]], [[Opel Meriva]], [[Opel Zafira]], [[Opel Astra]] J, [[Opel Cascada]], [[Chevrolet Volt]]/Opel Ampera, [[Renault Scénic]] III, [[Renault Espace]] (2002–present), [[Renault Vel Satis]], [[Plymouth Voyager]]/[[Dodge Caravan]]/[[Chrysler Voyager]]/[[Chrysler Town & Country]], [[Mazda MPV]], some first generation [[Toyota Previa]]s, third generation [[Kia Carens]] |group=lower-alpha}}
File:scheibenwischer9.svg| Fig. 3: [[SEAT Altea]], [[SEAT León]] II, [[SEAT Toledo]] III
File:scheibenwischer3.svg| Fig. 4: Simple-arc single-blade system, used on the [[VAZ-1111 Oka]], [[Fiat Panda]] I/[[SEAT Marbella]], [[Fiat Uno]], [[Citroën AX]], [[Citroën BX]], [[Citroën ZX]], [[SEAT Ibiza]] I and 1986-2003 [[Jaguar XJ]]s
File:scheibenwischer4.svg| Fig. 5: Complex- or eccentric-arc system, used on the [[Subaru XT]] as well as the [[Mercedes-Benz W124]], [[Mercedes-Benz R129|R129]], [[Mercedes-Benz W201|W201]], [[Mercedes-Benz W202|W202]], [[Mercedes-Benz C208|C208]] and [[Mercedes-Benz W210|W210]]; eccentric design used for passenger wiper on most late-model Mercedes-Benzes
File:scheibenwischer5.svg| Fig. 6: Pantograph system, used on some [[bus]]es (e.g. [[Mercedes-Benz O305]]), some [[school bus]]es, some [[trolleybus]]es (e.g. [[Ikarus 415T]] and [[ZiU-9]]) and the [[Kenworth T600]] as well as the rear wiper for the [[Honda CR-X]] Si and the [[Porsche 928]] and for the driver's side of the [[Triumph TR7]]
File:scheibenwischer8.svg| Fig. 7: [[MAN SE|MAN]], [[DAF XF]], [[Hino 700]], [[Toyota FJ Cruiser]], [[Jaguar E-Type]], [[MG MGB|MGB]], [[MG Midget]], [[Austin Healey Sprite]], [[GMC Hummer EV]] (a 1968 US-only ruling required a certain percentage of the windscreen to be wiped)
File:scheibenwischer7.svg| Fig. 8: Obsolete design, found on some older [[fire trucks]], utility vehicles and military vehicles, (e.g. [[ZIL-131]], some [[school buses]]; same design on single windscreen for [[Jeep Wrangler]] YJ
File:scheibenwischer6.svg| Fig. 9: [[US military]] wheeled vehicles, [[jeepney]]s, some [[school bus]]es and utility vehicles, [[Hummer H1]] and [[HUMVEE]]
File:scheibenwischer10.svg|Fig. 10: Like Fig. 1 but mirror-reversed, mainly seen on [[Right- and left-hand traffic|RHD]] cars, LHD [[Mercedes-Benz W140]], [[Mercedes-Benz R107/C107]]
</gallery>
===Other wiper geometries===
[[File:V3A 039 on line 21 on Calea Moșilor.jpg|thumb|right|A V3A tram using a wiper geometry like Fig. 6, but uses a single wiper instead of two]]
*Works similar to Fig. 8 but not a split screen windscreen and rest state is at the bottom of the windscreen facing outwards.
**[[Alpine A310]] and [[Renault Alpine GTA/A610|Renault Alpine GTA]]
**[[Panhard Dyna Z]], [[Panhard PL 17]] and [[Panhard 24]]
*Works similar to Fig. 2 but one wiper has its resting position up and the other down.
**[[Simca Aronde]]
*Works similar to Fig. 9, but uses a single wiper.
**[[AEC Routemaster]]
*Works similar to Fig. 6, but uses only one wiper.
**[[Bucharest Articulated Tramcar|V2A/V2B/V3A/V3B]]
===Unusual wiper geometries===
[[File:'18 Toyota Yaris LE.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toyota Yaris]] with large single wiper]]
*Works as would Fig. 1, but uses a large, single pantograph wiper.
** [[Audi A2]]
** [[Honda Today]]
** [[Renault Twingo]] I
** [[Renault Kwid]]/[[Renault City K-ZE|City K-ZE]]
** [[Dacia Spring]]
** [[Citroën C1]]
** [[Peugeot 107]]
** [[Peugeot 108]]
** [[Toyota Aygo]]
** [[Lamborghini Murciélago]]
** [[Lexus LFA]]
** [[McLaren MP4-12C]]
** [[Mercedes W140]]
** [[Mitsubishi i]]
** [[Datsun Go]]
** [[Toyota Etios]]/[[Toyota Yaris|Yaris/Vitz]] (XP130)
*Works as would Fig. 6, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
**[[Renault PR100]] and its articulated [[Renault PR180]] version
**[[British Rail Class 92]]
*Works as would Fig. 1 or Fig. 10, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
**[[Borismaster]]
**[[Alexander Dennis Enviro400]], [[Alexander Dennis Enviro500]]
== Other automotive applications ==
=== Rear wipers ===
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Some vehicles are fitted with wipers (with or without washers) on the back window as well. Rear-window wipers are typically found on [[hatchback]]s, [[station wagons]] / estates, [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[minivan]]s, and other vehicles with more vertically-oriented rear windows that tend to accumulate dust. First offered in the 1940s, they achieved widespread popularity in the 1970s after their introduction on the Porsche 911 in 1966 and the Volvo 145 in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/the-rear-wiper-a-vital-strand-of-porsche-dna/|title=The Rear Wiper: A Vital Strand of Porsche DNA|date=30 April 2015|website=wordpress.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
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=== Headlight wipers ===
In the 1960s, as interest in auto safety grew, engineers began researching various headlamp cleaning systems. In late 1968, Chevrolet introduced high pressure fluid headlamp washers on a variety of their 1969 models. In 1970, [[Saab Automobile]] introduced [[headlight]] wipers across their product range. These operated on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They were later superseded by a radial spindle action wiper mechanism, with individual motors on each headlamp. In 1972, headlamp cleaning systems became mandatory in Sweden.
Headlamp wipers have all but disappeared today with most modern designs relying solely on pressurized fluid spray to clean the headlights. This reduces manufacturing cost, minimizes aerodynamic drag, and complies with EU regulations limiting headlamp wiper use to glass-lensed units only (the majority of lenses today are made of plastic.)
== Other features ==
[[File:Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg|thumb|upright|Windscreen washer in operation]]
=== Windscreen washer ===
{{See also|Windscreen washer fluid}}
Most windscreen wipers operate together with a windscreen washer; a [[pump]] that supplies a mixture of water, [[ethanol|alcohol]], and [[detergent]] (a blend called [[windscreen washer fluid]]) from a tank to the windscreen. The fluid is dispensed through small [[nozzle]]s mounted on the [[Hood (vehicle)|hood]]. Conventional nozzles are usually used, but some designs use a [[fluidic]] [[oscillator]] to disperse the fluid more effectively.
In warmer climates, water may also work, but it can freeze in colder climates, damaging the pump. Although automobile [[antifreeze]] is chemically similar to windscreen wiper fluid, it should not be used because it can damage paint. The earliest documented idea for having a windscreen wiper unit hooked up to a windscreen washer fluid reservoir was in 1931, Richland Auto Parts Co, Mansfield, Ohio.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA248 Windshield Freed Of Snow With Alcohol Wiper", February 1931, Popular Mechanics] article bottom half of page</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=car detailing services |url=https://www.bowtiedetailing.com/}}</ref> Uruguayan racecar driver and mechanic [[Héctor Suppici Sedes]] developed a windscreen washer in the late 1930s.<ref>[http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/2001/0101/nota8051_1.htm Supicci Sedes, un espíritu creador] - La Voz del Interior, 1 January 2001</ref>
Since 2012, nozzles are replaced on some cars (Tesla, Volvo XC60 2018-2021, Citroen C4 Cactus) by a system called AquaBlade, developed by the company Valeo. This system supplies the washing liquid directly from the spoiler element of the wiper blade. This system suppresses visual disturbances during driving and so reduces the reaction time of the driver in case of incident.<ref>ATZ, Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift, June 2015</ref>
=== Hidden wipers ===
Some larger cars are equipped with '''hidden wipers''' (or '''depressed-park wipers'''). When wipers are switched off in standard non-hidden designs, a "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area near the bottom of the windscreen, but still in sight. For designs that hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear edge of the bonnet. The wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom of the windscreen, but out of sight. Late model vehicles that hide wiper blades under the windscreen need to be placed in a service position in order to lift the wiper blade from the windscreen using the wiper service position.
=== Rain-sensing wipers ===
Some vehicles are now available with automatic or driver-programmable windscreen wipers that detect the presence and amount of rain using a [[rain sensor]]. The sensor automatically adjusts the speed and frequency of the blades according to the amount of rain detected. These controls usually have a manual override.
Rain-sensing windscreen wipers appeared on various models in the late 20th century, one of the first being the [[Citroën SM]]. {{As of|2006|alt=As of early 2006}}, rain-sensing wipers are optional or standard on all [[Cadillac]]s and most [[Volkswagen]]s, and are available on many other mainstream manufacturers.
The rain-sensing wipers system currently employed by most car manufacturers today was originally invented and patented in 1978 by Australian, Raymond J. Noack, see U.S. Patents 4,355,271 and 5,796,106. The original system automatically operated the wipers, lights and windscreen washers.
==Bladeless alternatives==
[[File:Rotating windshield wiper.jpg|thumb|[[Clear view screen]] provides a window of visibility, even in rough seas.]]
A common alternative design used on ships, called a [[clear view screen]], avoids the use of rubber wiper blades. A round portion of the windscreen has two layers, the outer one of which is spun at high speed to shed water.
High speed aircraft may use [[bleed air]] which uses compressed air from the turbine engine to remove water, rather than mechanical wipers, to save weight and drag.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Effectiveness of this method also depends on [[hydrophobic|water-repellent]] glass treatments similar to [[Rain-X]].
== Legislation ==
Many jurisdictions have legal requirements that vehicles be equipped with windscreen wipers. Windscreen wipers may be a required safety item in auto [[safety inspection]]s. Some US states have a "wipers on, lights on" rule for cars.<ref name="AAA">{{cite web |url= http://drivinglaws.aaa.com/tag/headlight-use/ |title= AAA Digest of Motor Laws: Headlight Use: United States Canada |author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website= drivinglaws.aaa.com |publisher= [[American Automobile Association]] |access-date= 4 September 2017 |archive-date= 24 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170624101824/http://drivinglaws.aaa.com/tag/headlight-use/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Cape Cod Times">{{cite news |last= Tuoti |first= Gerry |title= New state law: Wipers on, lights on |url= http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150407/NEWS/150409546/1994/NEWS |date= 7 April 2015 |newspaper= [[Cape Cod Times]] |location= [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]] |access-date= 4 September 2017 |archive-date= 5 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170905054620/http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150407/NEWS/150409546/1994/NEWS |url-status= dead }}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
In the 1999 television commercial ''Synchronicity'' for the [[Volkswagen Jetta]] automobile,<ref name="Adweek">{{cite news |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/vw-unveils-da-da-da-jetta-spot-36367/ |title=VW Unveils 'Da Da Da'-Like Jetta Spot |first=Judy |last=Warner |date=January 11, 1999 |work=Adweek | access-date=January 30, 2020 }}</ref> windscreen wipers were synchronized with events seen through the car windows, and with the song "Jung at Heart", which was commissioned for the advertising agency [[Arnold Worldwide]] and composed by Peter du Charme<ref name="AdAge">{{cite news |url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-global-marketers/sound-vision-music-latest-drive-time-hit-vw-a-winning-indie-tradition/91681 |title=Sound & Vision: Music: The Latest Drive-Time Hit from VW Follows in a Winning Indie Tradition|first=Terry |last=Kattleman|date=February 1, 2003 |work=Ad Age| access-date=January 30, 2020 }}</ref> under the name "Master Cylinder".<ref name="Bandcamp">{{cite web |url=https://peterducharme.bandcamp.com/track/jung-at-heart |title=Jung at Heart by Peter du Charme |first=Peter |last=du Charme |work=Bandcamp | access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Automobile ancillary power]]
* [[List of auto parts]]
* [[Squeegee]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Windshield wipers}}
* {{HowStuffWorks|wiper|How Windshield Wipers Work}}
{{CarDesign nav}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Windscreen Wiper}}
[[Category:Windscreen wiper| ]]
[[Category:Vehicle parts]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Safety equipment]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1903]]
[[Category:Rain]]
[[Category:Car windows]]' |
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[[File:Heckscheibenwischer kl.jpg|thumb|right|Windscreen wiper on a parked car. In this common design, the [[force]] from the arm is distributed evenly with a series of linkages known as a [[Whippletree (mechanism)|''whippletree'']].]]
[[File:2008-04-24 Windshield wiper parts.jpg|thumb|A common windscreen wiper arm and blade]]
[[File:Jakarta MRT train windscreen wiper.webm|thumb|A train windscreen wiper in operation (MRT Ronaldo suiiiiiii
A '''windscreen wiper''' ([[Commonwealth English]]) or '''windshield wiper''' ([[American English]]) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice, washer fluid, water, or other debris from a [[windscreen|vehicle's front window]]. Almost all [[motor vehicle]]s, including [[car]]s, [[truck]]s, [[bus]]es, [[train]] [[locomotive]]s, and [[watercraft]] with a [[Cabin (ship)|cabin]]—and some [[aircraft]]—are equipped with one or more such wipers, which are usually a legal requirement.
A wiper generally consists of a metal arm; one end [[Lever|pivots]], and the other end has a long rubber blade attached to it. The arm is powered by a [[motor]], often an [[electric motor]], although [[pneumatic power]] is also used for some vehicles. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water, other [[precipitation]], or any other impediments to visibility from its surface. The speed is usually adjustable on vehicles made after 1969, with several continuous rates and often one or more ''intermittent'' settings. Most personal automobiles use two synchronized ''radial''-type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more ''[[pantograph]]'' arms.
On some vehicles, a '''windscreen washer''' system is also used to improve and expand the function of the wiper(s) to dry or icy conditions. This system sprays water, or an [[antifreeze]] [[Windshield washer fluid|window washer fluid]], at the windscreen using several well-positioned [[nozzle]]s. This system helps remove dirt or dust from the windscreen when used in concert with the wiper blades. When antifreeze washer fluid is used, it can help the wipers remove snow or ice. For these types of winter conditions, some vehicles have additional [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|heaters]] aimed at the windows, embedded [[Heating element|heating wire(s)]] in the glass, or embedded [[Heating element|heating wire(s)]] in the wiper blade; these [[Defogger|defroster systems]] can melt ice or help to keep snow and ice from building up on the windscreen. Less frequently, miniature wipers are installed on [[headlight]]s to ensure they function optimally.
== History ==
=== Early versions ===
[[File:Windshield Cleaner - from Patent.jpg|thumb|Patent illustration of 'window cleaner' by GEORGE J. CAPEWELL, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT]]
One of the earliest recorded patents for the windscreen wiper is by [[George Capewell|George J. Capewell]] of Hartford Connecticut, which was filed on August 6, 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US609787A/en|title=WINDOW CLEAN.|website=google.com|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> His invention was for "windows of slow-moving craft; but it is more particularly adapted and intended for windows of rapidly-moving vehicles, such as high-speed locomotives and cars, with which it is necessary that the observer or driver should have a clear view of the path or track." Similar to current automotive wiper designs, his invention involves "usually two of these wipers, and they can be secured to the frame below the front board of the vehicle or behind the housing surrounding the window in position to be out of sight and in such manner that one will scrape off the heaviest part of the substance collected upon the glass." His patent illustration shows a circular window, although the patent notes "it is not essential that the glass be circular in form."
Other early designs for the windscreen wiper are credited to Polish concert [[pianist]] [[Józef Hofmann]],<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Day T |title=A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09401-5 |page=11 |language=en}}</ref> and to Mills Munitions, [[Birmingham]], who also claimed to have been the first to patent windscreen wipers in England.
At least three inventors patented windscreen cleaning devices at around the same time in 1903; [[Mary Anderson (inventor)|Mary Anderson]], Robert Douglass, and John Apjohn. In April 1911, a patent for windscreen wipers was registered by Sloan & Lloyd Barnes, patent agents of Liverpool, England, for [[Gladstone Adams]] of [[Whitley Bay]].
[[File:Anderson Window Cleaning Device 1903.png|thumb|upright|Anderson's 1903 window cleaner design]]
American inventor [[Mary Anderson (inventor)|Mary Anderson]] is popularly credited with devising the first operational windscreen wiper in 1903.<ref name="AmHer">{{cite web|title=The Windshield Wiper|publisher=American Heritage|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml|access-date=2010-12-23|archive-date=2007-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911215242/http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Windshield Wipers |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/mary-anderson}}</ref> In Anderson's patent, she called her invention a "window cleaning device" for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle, her version of windscreen wipers closely resembles the windscreen wiper found on many early car models. Anderson had a model of her design manufactured, then filed a patent (US 743,801) on June 18, 1903 that was issued to her by the US Patent Office on November 10, 1903.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mary Anderson|publisher=Encyclopedia of Alabama|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2553|access-date=2010-12-20|archive-date=2014-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145616/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2553|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Window-Cleaning Device|publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office|url=https://www.google.com/patents?id=Zv5MAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220131404/http://www.google.com/patents?id=Zv5MAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Locomotive-cab-window cleaner 1903.png|thumb|upright|A "locomotive-cab-window cleaner" on 12 March 1903<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US762889A/en|title=Locomotive-cab-window cleaner.|website=google.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>]]
[[File:Apjohn 1903 Window cleaning aparatus.jpg|thumb|upright|Apjohn's 1903 window cleaning apparatus design|alt=|left]]
Irish born inventor James Henry Apjohn (1845–1914) patented an "Apparatus for Cleaning Carriage, Motor Car and other Windows" which was stated to use either brushes or wipers and could be either motor driven or hand driven. The brushes or wipers were intended to clean either both up and down or in just one direction on a vertical window. Apjohn's invention had a priority date in the UK of 9 October 1903.<ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=8&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19040811&CC=GB&NR=190321790A&KC=A Espacenet – Bibliographic data<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[John R. Oishei]] (1886-1968) formed the Tri-Continental Corporation in 1917. This company introduced the first windscreen wiper, Rain Rubber, for the slotted, two-piece windscreens found on many of the automobiles of the time. Today [[Trico]] Products is one of the world's largest manufacturers of windscreen wipers.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}} [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] has the world's biggest windscreen wiper factory in [[Tienen]], Belgium, which produces 350,000 wiper blades every day.<ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |url=http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/html/715_5615.htm |title=BoschLive |publisher=Bosch.com.au |date=2009-01-16 |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-date=2011-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911015108/http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/html/715_5615.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first automatic electric wiper arms were patented in 1917 by Charlotte Bridgwood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/11/09/the-evolution-of-wind-shield-wipers-a-patent-history/id=52085/|title=The Evolution of Wind Shield Wipers - A Patent History - IPWatchdog.com {{!}} Patents & Patent Law|date=2014-11-09|work=IPWatchdog.com {{!}} Patents & Patent Law|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
Inventor William M. Folberth and his brother, Fred, applied for a patent for an automatic windscreen wiper apparatus in 1919, which was granted in 1921.<ref name=":0" /> It was the first automatic mechanism to be developed by an American, but the original invention is attributed by others to Hawaiian, Ormand Wall.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Automatic_Windshield_Wipers?rec=2747|title=Automatic Windshield Wipers - Ohio History Central|website=www.ohiohistorycentral.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref> Trico later settled a patent dispute with Folberth and purchased Folberth's Cleveland company, the Folberth Auto Specialty Co. The new vacuum-powered system quickly became standard equipment on automobiles, and the vacuum principle was in use until about 1960. In the late 1950s, a feature common on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three passes when the windscreen washer button was pressed, making it unnecessary to manually turn the wipers on as well. Today, an electronic timer is used, but originally a small vacuum cylinder mechanically linked to a switch provided the delay as the vacuum leaked off.
=== Intermittent wipers ===
The [[inventor]] of intermittent wipers (non-continuous, now including variable-rate wipers) might have been Raymond Anderson, who, in 1923, proposed an [[electro-mechanical]] design. (US Patent 1,588,399). In 1958, Oishei et al. filed a [[patent application]] describing not only electro-mechanical, but also [[Thermal engineering|thermal]] and [[Hydraulics|hydraulic]] designs. (US Patent 2,987,747). Then, in 1961, John Amos, an engineer for the UK [[automotive engineering]] company [[Lucas Industries]], filed the first patent application in the UK for a [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state electronic]] design. (US patent 3,262,042).
In 1963, another form of intermittent wiper was invented by [[Robert Kearns]], an [[engineering professor]] at [[Wayne State University]] in [[Detroit]], Michigan.<ref name="AmHer" /> (United States Patent 3,351,836 – 1964 filing date). Kearns's design was intended to mimic the function of the [[human eye]], which [[Blinking|blinks]] only once every few seconds. In 1963, Kearns built his first intermittent wiper system using off-the-shelf electronic components. The interval between wipes was determined by the [[RC time constant|rate of current flow into a capacitor]]; when the charge in the [[capacitor]] reached a certain [[voltage]], the capacitor would be discharged, activating one cycle of the wiper motor, and then repeating the process. Kearns showed his wiper design to the [[Ford Motor Company]] and proposed that they manufacture the design. Ford [[Business executive|executives]] rejected Kearns' proposal at the time, but later offered a similar design as an option on the company's [[Ford Mercury|Mercury line]], beginning with the 1969 models.<ref name="AmHer" /> Kearns sued Ford in a multi-year [[patent dispute]] that Kearns eventually won in court,<ref>{{cite news |title=Accomplished, Frustrated Inventor Dies|first=Matt|last=Schudel|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54564-2005Feb25.html|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=26 February 2005|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> inspiring the [[2008 film|2008 feature film]] ''[[Flash of Genius (film)|Flash of Genius]]'' based on a 1993 [[New Yorker Magazine|New Yorker]] article that covered the legal battle.
In March 1970, French automotive manufacturer [[Citroën]] introduced more advanced [[rain]]-sensitive intermittent windscreen wipers on its [[Citroën SM|SM model]]. When the intermittent function was selected, the wiper would make one sweep. If the windscreen was relatively dry, the wiper motor drew high [[Electric current|current]], which would set the control [[Electric Circuit|circuit]] timer to a long delay for the next wipe. If the motor drew little current, it indicated that the glass was still wet, and would set the timer to minimize the delay.
== Power ==
[[File:Nahverkehrsmunseum-Triebwagen-431-DSC 6417.jpg|thumb|[[Pneumatic motor]] drive on a railroad locomotive windscreen wiper. The lever on the motor operates a valve to supply pressurized air.]]
Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in use today are powered by an [[electric motor]] through a series of mechanical components, typically two [[4-bar linkage]]s in series or [[Parallel circuits|parallel]].
Vehicles with air-operated brakes sometimes use [[pneumatic]] wipers, powered by tapping a small amount of pressurized air from the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted on or just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.
Early wipers were often driven by a [[vacuum motor]] powered by [[manifold vacuum]]. This had the drawback that manifold vacuum varies depending on [[throttle]] position, and is almost non-existent under wide-open throttle, when the wipers would slow down or even stop. That problem was overcome somewhat by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump.
Some cars, mostly from the 1960s and 1970s, had variable-speed, hydraulically-driven wipers, most notably the '61–'69 [[Lincoln Continental]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2014/06/25/10186/|title=The Cars of James Bond: Lincoln Continental|date=25 June 2014|website=wordpress.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> '69–'71 [[Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (but not all '70 models),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivemileposts.com/contentsmark3.html|title=Automotive Mileposts, 1969-1971 Lincoln Continental Mark III|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> and '63–'71 [[Ford Thunderbird]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivemileposts.com/contentstbird.html|title=Automotive Mileposts, 1955-1979 Ford Thunderbird|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174124/http://automotivemileposts.com/contentstbird.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> These were powered by the same hydraulic pump also used for the power steering mechanism.
On the earlier [[Citroën 2CV]], the windscreen wipers were powered by a purely mechanical system, a cable connected to the transmission; to reduce cost, this cable also powered the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was stationary, the wipers were not powered, but a handle under the speedometer allowed the driver to power them by hand.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}
== Shape ==
[[File:Patent US2596063A Illustration.png|thumb|Illustration showing the construction of multi-branched windshield wiper blade holder]]
Most early wipers used a rubber blade attached to a flat metal base. But as aerodynamic and styling concerns introduced curved windshields, these proved insufficient. In 1945, John W. Anderson, founder of Trico rival Anco, filed a patent for a wiper with branched arms to keep the blade pressed uniformly against both curved and flat glass,<ref>{{cite web |title=Windshield Wipers 101 |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/tip-sheet/windshield-wipers-101-how-and-when-to-replace-your-blades-a36-20161107 |website=Top Gear Philippines}}</ref> adaptable to almost any windscreen curvature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2596063|title=Windshield wiper blade linkage assembly }}</ref> As curved windshields became more popular and widespread, following the debut of the 1947 Studebaker Starlight Coupe,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tech 101: What you need to know about windshield wipers |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2013/12/27/tech-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-windshield-wipers |website=hemmings.com}}</ref> these soon became standard equipment. While they have been superseded by "beam-type" wipers with bodies made of flexible material, this type still remains the most popular.
Wiper blades are made of [[natural rubber]], [[EPDM rubber]] (or [[ethylene propylene rubber]])<ref>{{Cite patent|number=20150047142|title=Epdm Wiper Rubber|gdate=2015-02-19|invent1=Gotzen|inventor1-first=Nicolaas|url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2015/0047142.html}}</ref> or a combination of both, as natural rubber performs better in cold weather but EPDM rubber doesn't "set" and resists better to thermal aging, [[Ultraviolet|UV]], ozone and tearing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The science and ingenuity behind the humble wiper blade|url=https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/the-science-and-ingenuity-behind-the-humble-wiper-blade|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.imeche.org}}</ref> Some manufacturers coat them with [[graphite]].<ref name=":1" />
== Geometry ==
[[File:Scheibenwischer eines IFA, Bj. 1954 (2008-07-12).jpg|thumb|Windscreen wiper arms and blades on a 1954 [[DKW F8|DKW-IFA F8 "Luxuscabriolet"]] from [[East Germany]], using a simple radial design with no visible linkages]]
[[File:Windscreen Wiper.gif|thumb|Lever mechanism of a windscreen wiper. The motor in the middle converts the circular rotation to an intermittent rotation. The lever arms have different lengths, so the stop position at the reverse point is different.]]
[[File:Pfannenstiel - ZSG-Werft Wollishofen 2011-04-06 14-16-24.JPG|thumb|Simple parallelogram linkages on a boat windscreen]]
[[File:Mercedes-Benz 220D, circa 1974, Schaffen Diest, Fly-Drive 2013.JPG|thumb|This 1974 Mercedes-Benz 220D uses oppositely-pivoted wiper blades. (Fig. 2)]]
[[File:Transperth Volgren CR225L bodied Mercedes-Benz O405NH CNG.jpg|thumb|Pantograph windscreen wipers (Fig. 6) used on [[Mercedes-Benz O405|Mercedes-Benz O 405 NH]]]]
[[File:Daf_A.Reijerse_&_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg|thumb|right|Triple windshield wipers (Fig.7) used on a DAF XF truck]]
Most wipers are of the pivot (or radial) type: they are attached to a single arm, which in turn is attached to the motor. These are commonly found on many cars, trucks, trains, boats, airplanes, etc.
Modern windscreen wipers usually move in parallel (Fig. 1, below). However, various [[Mercedes-Benz]] models and other cars such as the [[Volkswagen Sharan]] employ wipers configured to move in opposite directions (Fig. 2), which is mechanically more complex but can avoid leaving a large unwiped corner of the windscreen in front of the front-seat passenger. A cost benefit to the auto-maker occurs when wipers configured to move in opposite directions do not need to be repositioned for cars exported to [[right hand drive]] countries such as the UK and Japan.
Another wiper design (Fig. 6) is pantograph-based, used on many commercial vehicles, especially buses with large windscreens. Pantograph wipers feature two arms for each blade, with the blade assembly itself supported on a horizontal bar connecting the two arms. One of the arms is attached to the motor, while the other is on an idle pivot.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} The pantograph mechanism, while being more complex, allows the blade to cover more of the windscreen on each wipe. However, it also usually requires the wiper to be "parked" in the middle of the windscreen, where it may partially obstruct the driver's view when not in use. A few models of automobile sometimes employ a pantograph arm on the driver's side and a normal arm for the passenger. The Triumph Stag, Lexus and several US makes employ this method to cover more glass area where the windscreen is quite wide but also very shallow. The reduced height of the windscreen would need the use of short wiper arms which would not have the reach to the edge of the windscreen.
A simple single-blade setup with a center pivot (Fig. 4) is commonly used on rear windscreens, as well as on the front of some cars. [[Mercedes-Benz]] pioneered a system (Fig. 5) called the "Monoblade", based on [[cantilever]]s, in which a single arm extends outward to reach the top corners of the windscreen, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke, sweeping out a somewhat M-shaped path. This way, a single blade is able to cover more of the windscreen, displacing any residual streaks away from the centre of the windscreen.
Some larger cars in the late '70s and early '80s, especially [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Driver seating position|LH driver]] American cars{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}, had a pantograph wiper on the driver's side, with a conventional pivot on the passenger side. Asymmetric wiper arrangements are usually configured to clear more windscreen area on the driver's side, and so are mostly mirrored for left and right-hand-drive vehicles (for example, Fig. 1 vs. Fig 10). One exception is found on the second generations of the [[Renault Clio]], [[Renault Twingo|Twingo]] and [[Renault Scénic|Scénic]] as well as [[BMW]]'s [[BMW 5 Series (E60)|E60 5 Series]] and [[BMW 6 Series (E63)|E63 6 Series]], the [[Peugeot 206]] and the [[Nissan Almera Tino]], where the wipers always sweep towards the left. On right-hand-drive models, a linkage allows the right-hand wiper to move outwards towards the corner of the windscreen and clear more area.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:scheibenwischer1.svg| Fig. 1: Most common geometry, found on vast majority of vehicles, mainly [[Right- and left-hand traffic|LHD]] cars; RHD [[Mercedes-Benz W140]] and some earlier British cars
File:scheibenwischer2.svg| Fig. 2: Widely used alternative configuration suiting either LHD or RHD operation{{refn|[[Buick Verano]], [[Mercedes-Benz W114]], [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W168|W168]], [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W169|W169]], [[Mercedes-Benz B-Class|W245]], [[Mercedes-Benz Vaneo|W414]] and [[Mercedes-Benz Vito|W639]], [[Smart Fortwo]] (1998-2015), [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Volkswagen Golf Plus]], [[Volkswagen Sharan]] I/[[SEAT Alhambra]] I, [[Volkswagen Touran]] (some models until 2011), [[Datsun 510]] (1968 only), [[Mitsubishi Delica#Fourth generation (1994)|Mitsubishi Delica]], [[Mitsubishi Grandis]], [[Honda Civic]] (2005–2011), [[Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (5th Generation), some [[minivans]], some [[bus]]es, [[Peugeot 307]], [[Peugeot 308]] (2007-2013), [[Peugeot 407]], [[Peugeot 508]], [[Peugeot 3008]], [[Peugeot 5008]], [[Peugeot RCZ]], [[Ford Focus (third generation)]], [[Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)]], [[Ford B-Max]], [[Ford C-Max]] (second generation), [[Ford S-Max]], [[Ford Galaxy]], [[Ford Kuga]] (second generation), [[Ford Transit Connect]] (second generation), [[Ford Transit Custom]], [[Citroën C4]], [[Citroën Xsara Picasso]], [[Citroën C4 Picasso]], [[Citroën C5]] II, [[Citroën C6]], [[Eurovans|Citroën C8/Fiat Ulysse II/Lancia Phedra/Peugeot 807]], [[Citroën DS4|DS 4]], [[DS 5]], [[BMW i3]], [[BMW i8]], [[Opel Meriva]], [[Opel Zafira]], [[Opel Astra]] J, [[Opel Cascada]], [[Chevrolet Volt]]/Opel Ampera, [[Renault Scénic]] III, [[Renault Espace]] (2002–present), [[Renault Vel Satis]], [[Plymouth Voyager]]/[[Dodge Caravan]]/[[Chrysler Voyager]]/[[Chrysler Town & Country]], [[Mazda MPV]], some first generation [[Toyota Previa]]s, third generation [[Kia Carens]] |group=lower-alpha}}
File:scheibenwischer9.svg| Fig. 3: [[SEAT Altea]], [[SEAT León]] II, [[SEAT Toledo]] III
File:scheibenwischer3.svg| Fig. 4: Simple-arc single-blade system, used on the [[VAZ-1111 Oka]], [[Fiat Panda]] I/[[SEAT Marbella]], [[Fiat Uno]], [[Citroën AX]], [[Citroën BX]], [[Citroën ZX]], [[SEAT Ibiza]] I and 1986-2003 [[Jaguar XJ]]s
File:scheibenwischer4.svg| Fig. 5: Complex- or eccentric-arc system, used on the [[Subaru XT]] as well as the [[Mercedes-Benz W124]], [[Mercedes-Benz R129|R129]], [[Mercedes-Benz W201|W201]], [[Mercedes-Benz W202|W202]], [[Mercedes-Benz C208|C208]] and [[Mercedes-Benz W210|W210]]; eccentric design used for passenger wiper on most late-model Mercedes-Benzes
File:scheibenwischer5.svg| Fig. 6: Pantograph system, used on some [[bus]]es (e.g. [[Mercedes-Benz O305]]), some [[school bus]]es, some [[trolleybus]]es (e.g. [[Ikarus 415T]] and [[ZiU-9]]) and the [[Kenworth T600]] as well as the rear wiper for the [[Honda CR-X]] Si and the [[Porsche 928]] and for the driver's side of the [[Triumph TR7]]
File:scheibenwischer8.svg| Fig. 7: [[MAN SE|MAN]], [[DAF XF]], [[Hino 700]], [[Toyota FJ Cruiser]], [[Jaguar E-Type]], [[MG MGB|MGB]], [[MG Midget]], [[Austin Healey Sprite]], [[GMC Hummer EV]] (a 1968 US-only ruling required a certain percentage of the windscreen to be wiped)
File:scheibenwischer7.svg| Fig. 8: Obsolete design, found on some older [[fire trucks]], utility vehicles and military vehicles, (e.g. [[ZIL-131]], some [[school buses]]; same design on single windscreen for [[Jeep Wrangler]] YJ
File:scheibenwischer6.svg| Fig. 9: [[US military]] wheeled vehicles, [[jeepney]]s, some [[school bus]]es and utility vehicles, [[Hummer H1]] and [[HUMVEE]]
File:scheibenwischer10.svg|Fig. 10: Like Fig. 1 but mirror-reversed, mainly seen on [[Right- and left-hand traffic|RHD]] cars, LHD [[Mercedes-Benz W140]], [[Mercedes-Benz R107/C107]]
</gallery>
===Other wiper geometries===
[[File:V3A 039 on line 21 on Calea Moșilor.jpg|thumb|right|A V3A tram using a wiper geometry like Fig. 6, but uses a single wiper instead of two]]
*Works similar to Fig. 8 but not a split screen windscreen and rest state is at the bottom of the windscreen facing outwards.
**[[Alpine A310]] and [[Renault Alpine GTA/A610|Renault Alpine GTA]]
**[[Panhard Dyna Z]], [[Panhard PL 17]] and [[Panhard 24]]
*Works similar to Fig. 2 but one wiper has its resting position up and the other down.
**[[Simca Aronde]]
*Works similar to Fig. 9, but uses a single wiper.
**[[AEC Routemaster]]
*Works similar to Fig. 6, but uses only one wiper.
**[[Bucharest Articulated Tramcar|V2A/V2B/V3A/V3B]]
===Unusual wiper geometries===
[[File:'18 Toyota Yaris LE.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toyota Yaris]] with large single wiper]]
*Works as would Fig. 1, but uses a large, single pantograph wiper.
** [[Audi A2]]
** [[Honda Today]]
** [[Renault Twingo]] I
** [[Renault Kwid]]/[[Renault City K-ZE|City K-ZE]]
** [[Dacia Spring]]
** [[Citroën C1]]
** [[Peugeot 107]]
** [[Peugeot 108]]
** [[Toyota Aygo]]
** [[Lamborghini Murciélago]]
** [[Lexus LFA]]
** [[McLaren MP4-12C]]
** [[Mercedes W140]]
** [[Mitsubishi i]]
** [[Datsun Go]]
** [[Toyota Etios]]/[[Toyota Yaris|Yaris/Vitz]] (XP130)
*Works as would Fig. 6, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
**[[Renault PR100]] and its articulated [[Renault PR180]] version
**[[British Rail Class 92]]
*Works as would Fig. 1 or Fig. 10, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
**[[Borismaster]]
**[[Alexander Dennis Enviro400]], [[Alexander Dennis Enviro500]]
== Other automotive applications ==
=== Rear wipers ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Rear wiper on an SUV.jpg
| caption1 = Single rear wiper on a [[Mitsubishi Outlander]]
| image2 = Double rear wipers.jpg
| caption2 = Double rear wipers on a [[Toyota Camry (XV10)]] station wagon
| footer_background =
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}}
Some vehicles are fitted with wipers (with or without washers) on the back window as well. Rear-window wipers are typically found on [[hatchback]]s, [[station wagons]] / estates, [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[minivan]]s, and other vehicles with more vertically-oriented rear windows that tend to accumulate dust. First offered in the 1940s, they achieved widespread popularity in the 1970s after their introduction on the Porsche 911 in 1966 and the Volvo 145 in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/the-rear-wiper-a-vital-strand-of-porsche-dna/|title=The Rear Wiper: A Vital Strand of Porsche DNA|date=30 April 2015|website=wordpress.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
{{clear right}}
=== Headlight wipers ===
In the 1960s, as interest in auto safety grew, engineers began researching various headlamp cleaning systems. In late 1968, Chevrolet introduced high pressure fluid headlamp washers on a variety of their 1969 models. In 1970, [[Saab Automobile]] introduced [[headlight]] wipers across their product range. These operated on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They were later superseded by a radial spindle action wiper mechanism, with individual motors on each headlamp. In 1972, headlamp cleaning systems became mandatory in Sweden.
Headlamp wipers have all but disappeared today with most modern designs relying solely on pressurized fluid spray to clean the headlights. This reduces manufacturing cost, minimizes aerodynamic drag, and complies with EU regulations limiting headlamp wiper use to glass-lensed units only (the majority of lenses today are made of plastic.)
== Other features ==
[[File:Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg|thumb|upright|Windscreen washer in operation]]
=== Windscreen washer ===
{{See also|Windscreen washer fluid}}
Most windscreen wipers operate together with a windscreen washer; a [[pump]] that supplies a mixture of water, [[ethanol|alcohol]], and [[detergent]] (a blend called [[windscreen washer fluid]]) from a tank to the windscreen. The fluid is dispensed through small [[nozzle]]s mounted on the [[Hood (vehicle)|hood]]. Conventional nozzles are usually used, but some designs use a [[fluidic]] [[oscillator]] to disperse the fluid more effectively.
In warmer climates, water may also work, but it can freeze in colder climates, damaging the pump. Although automobile [[antifreeze]] is chemically similar to windscreen wiper fluid, it should not be used because it can damage paint. The earliest documented idea for having a windscreen wiper unit hooked up to a windscreen washer fluid reservoir was in 1931, Richland Auto Parts Co, Mansfield, Ohio.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA248 Windshield Freed Of Snow With Alcohol Wiper", February 1931, Popular Mechanics] article bottom half of page</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=car detailing services |url=https://www.bowtiedetailing.com/}}</ref> Uruguayan racecar driver and mechanic [[Héctor Suppici Sedes]] developed a windscreen washer in the late 1930s.<ref>[http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/2001/0101/nota8051_1.htm Supicci Sedes, un espíritu creador] - La Voz del Interior, 1 January 2001</ref>
Since 2012, nozzles are replaced on some cars (Tesla, Volvo XC60 2018-2021, Citroen C4 Cactus) by a system called AquaBlade, developed by the company Valeo. This system supplies the washing liquid directly from the spoiler element of the wiper blade. This system suppresses visual disturbances during driving and so reduces the reaction time of the driver in case of incident.<ref>ATZ, Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift, June 2015</ref>
=== Hidden wipers ===
Some larger cars are equipped with '''hidden wipers''' (or '''depressed-park wipers'''). When wipers are switched off in standard non-hidden designs, a "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area near the bottom of the windscreen, but still in sight. For designs that hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear edge of the bonnet. The wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom of the windscreen, but out of sight. Late model vehicles that hide wiper blades under the windscreen need to be placed in a service position in order to lift the wiper blade from the windscreen using the wiper service position.
=== Rain-sensing wipers ===
Some vehicles are now available with automatic or driver-programmable windscreen wipers that detect the presence and amount of rain using a [[rain sensor]]. The sensor automatically adjusts the speed and frequency of the blades according to the amount of rain detected. These controls usually have a manual override.
Rain-sensing windscreen wipers appeared on various models in the late 20th century, one of the first being the [[Citroën SM]]. {{As of|2006|alt=As of early 2006}}, rain-sensing wipers are optional or standard on all [[Cadillac]]s and most [[Volkswagen]]s, and are available on many other mainstream manufacturers.
The rain-sensing wipers system currently employed by most car manufacturers today was originally invented and patented in 1978 by Australian, Raymond J. Noack, see U.S. Patents 4,355,271 and 5,796,106. The original system automatically operated the wipers, lights and windscreen washers.
==Bladeless alternatives==
[[File:Rotating windshield wiper.jpg|thumb|[[Clear view screen]] provides a window of visibility, even in rough seas.]]
A common alternative design used on ships, called a [[clear view screen]], avoids the use of rubber wiper blades. A round portion of the windscreen has two layers, the outer one of which is spun at high speed to shed water.
High speed aircraft may use [[bleed air]] which uses compressed air from the turbine engine to remove water, rather than mechanical wipers, to save weight and drag.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Effectiveness of this method also depends on [[hydrophobic|water-repellent]] glass treatments similar to [[Rain-X]].
== Legislation ==
Many jurisdictions have legal requirements that vehicles be equipped with windscreen wipers. Windscreen wipers may be a required safety item in auto [[safety inspection]]s. Some US states have a "wipers on, lights on" rule for cars.<ref name="AAA">{{cite web |url= http://drivinglaws.aaa.com/tag/headlight-use/ |title= AAA Digest of Motor Laws: Headlight Use: United States Canada |author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website= drivinglaws.aaa.com |publisher= [[American Automobile Association]] |access-date= 4 September 2017 |archive-date= 24 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170624101824/http://drivinglaws.aaa.com/tag/headlight-use/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Cape Cod Times">{{cite news |last= Tuoti |first= Gerry |title= New state law: Wipers on, lights on |url= http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150407/NEWS/150409546/1994/NEWS |date= 7 April 2015 |newspaper= [[Cape Cod Times]] |location= [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]] |access-date= 4 September 2017 |archive-date= 5 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170905054620/http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150407/NEWS/150409546/1994/NEWS |url-status= dead }}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
In the 1999 television commercial ''Synchronicity'' for the [[Volkswagen Jetta]] automobile,<ref name="Adweek">{{cite news |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/vw-unveils-da-da-da-jetta-spot-36367/ |title=VW Unveils 'Da Da Da'-Like Jetta Spot |first=Judy |last=Warner |date=January 11, 1999 |work=Adweek | access-date=January 30, 2020 }}</ref> windscreen wipers were synchronized with events seen through the car windows, and with the song "Jung at Heart", which was commissioned for the advertising agency [[Arnold Worldwide]] and composed by Peter du Charme<ref name="AdAge">{{cite news |url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-global-marketers/sound-vision-music-latest-drive-time-hit-vw-a-winning-indie-tradition/91681 |title=Sound & Vision: Music: The Latest Drive-Time Hit from VW Follows in a Winning Indie Tradition|first=Terry |last=Kattleman|date=February 1, 2003 |work=Ad Age| access-date=January 30, 2020 }}</ref> under the name "Master Cylinder".<ref name="Bandcamp">{{cite web |url=https://peterducharme.bandcamp.com/track/jung-at-heart |title=Jung at Heart by Peter du Charme |first=Peter |last=du Charme |work=Bandcamp | access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Automobile ancillary power]]
* [[List of auto parts]]
* [[Squeegee]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Windshield wipers}}
* {{HowStuffWorks|wiper|How Windshield Wipers Work}}
{{CarDesign nav}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Windscreen Wiper}}
[[Category:Windscreen wiper| ]]
[[Category:Vehicle parts]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Safety equipment]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1903]]
[[Category:Rain]]
[[Category:Car windows]]' |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Windscreen_wiper" title="Special:EditPage/Windscreen wiper">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Windscreen+wiper%22">"Windscreen wiper"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Windscreen+wiper%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Windscreen+wiper%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Windscreen+wiper%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Windscreen+wiper%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Windscreen+wiper%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about specific designs of wiper blades.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Windscreen_wiper" title="Talk:Windscreen wiper">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Heckscheibenwischer_kl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Heckscheibenwischer_kl.jpg/220px-Heckscheibenwischer_kl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Heckscheibenwischer_kl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Windscreen wiper on a parked car. In this common design, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> from the arm is distributed evenly with a series of linkages known as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)"><i>whippletree</i></a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg/220px-2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg/330px-2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg/440px-2008-04-24_Windshield_wiper_parts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>A common windscreen wiper arm and blade</figcaption></figure>
<p>[[File:Jakarta MRT train windscreen wiper.webm|thumb|A train windscreen wiper in operation (MRT Ronaldo suiiiiiii
</p><p>A <b>windscreen wiper</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>windshield wiper</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice, washer fluid, water, or other debris from a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windscreen" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscreen">vehicle's front window</a>. Almost all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">watercraft</a> with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">cabin</a>—and some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>—are equipped with one or more such wipers, which are usually a legal requirement.
</p><p>A wiper generally consists of a metal arm; one end <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">pivots</a>, and the other end has a long rubber blade attached to it. The arm is powered by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor">motor</a>, often an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, although <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pneumatic_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic power">pneumatic power</a> is also used for some vehicles. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water, other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, or any other impediments to visibility from its surface. The speed is usually adjustable on vehicles made after 1969, with several continuous rates and often one or more <i>intermittent</i> settings. Most personal automobiles use two synchronized <i>radial</i>-type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a></i> arms.
</p><p>On some vehicles, a <b>windscreen washer</b> system is also used to improve and expand the function of the wiper(s) to dry or icy conditions. This system sprays water, or an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">window washer fluid</a>, at the windscreen using several well-positioned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzles</a>. This system helps remove dirt or dust from the windscreen when used in concert with the wiper blades. When antifreeze washer fluid is used, it can help the wipers remove snow or ice. For these types of winter conditions, some vehicles have additional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">heaters</a> aimed at the windows, embedded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating wire(s)</a> in the glass, or embedded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating wire(s)</a> in the wiper blade; these <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defogger" title="Defogger">defroster systems</a> can melt ice or help to keep snow and ice from building up on the windscreen. Less frequently, miniature wipers are installed on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlight">headlights</a> to ensure they function optimally.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_versions"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early versions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Intermittent_wipers"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Intermittent wipers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Power"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Power</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Shape"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Shape</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Geometry"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geometry</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_wiper_geometries"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other wiper geometries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Unusual_wiper_geometries"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unusual wiper geometries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_automotive_applications"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other automotive applications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Rear_wipers"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rear wipers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Headlight_wipers"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Headlight wipers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_features"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Other features</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Windscreen_washer"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Windscreen washer</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hidden_wipers"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hidden wipers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Rain-sensing_wipers"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rain-sensing wipers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bladeless_alternatives"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bladeless alternatives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Legislation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Legislation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_versions">Early versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg/220px-Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg/330px-Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg/440px-Windshield_Cleaner_-_from_Patent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Patent illustration of 'window cleaner' by GEORGE J. CAPEWELL, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT</figcaption></figure>
<p>One of the earliest recorded patents for the windscreen wiper is by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Capewell" title="George Capewell">George J. Capewell</a> of Hartford Connecticut, which was filed on August 6, 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His invention was for "windows of slow-moving craft; but it is more particularly adapted and intended for windows of rapidly-moving vehicles, such as high-speed locomotives and cars, with which it is necessary that the observer or driver should have a clear view of the path or track." Similar to current automotive wiper designs, his invention involves "usually two of these wipers, and they can be secured to the frame below the front board of the vehicle or behind the housing surrounding the window in position to be out of sight and in such manner that one will scrape off the heaviest part of the substance collected upon the glass." His patent illustration shows a circular window, although the patent notes "it is not essential that the glass be circular in form."
</p><p>Other early designs for the windscreen wiper are credited to Polish concert <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Hofmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Hofmann">Józef Hofmann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to Mills Munitions, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, who also claimed to have been the first to patent windscreen wipers in England.
At least three inventors patented windscreen cleaning devices at around the same time in 1903; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Mary Anderson (inventor)">Mary Anderson</a>, Robert Douglass, and John Apjohn. In April 1911, a patent for windscreen wipers was registered by Sloan & Lloyd Barnes, patent agents of Liverpool, England, for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gladstone_Adams" title="Gladstone Adams">Gladstone Adams</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png/170px-Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png/255px-Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png/340px-Anderson_Window_Cleaning_Device_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>Anderson's 1903 window cleaner design</figcaption></figure>
<p>American inventor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Mary Anderson (inventor)">Mary Anderson</a> is popularly credited with devising the first operational windscreen wiper in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-AmHer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmHer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Anderson's patent, she called her invention a "window cleaning device" for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle, her version of windscreen wipers closely resembles the windscreen wiper found on many early car models. Anderson had a model of her design manufactured, then filed a patent (US 743,801) on June 18, 1903 that was issued to her by the US Patent Office on November 10, 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png/170px-Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png/255px-Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png/340px-Locomotive-cab-window_cleaner_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>A "locomotive-cab-window cleaner" on 12 March 1903<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Apjohn_1903_Window_cleaning_aparatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Apjohn_1903_Window_cleaning_aparatus.jpg/170px-Apjohn_1903_Window_cleaning_aparatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Apjohn_1903_Window_cleaning_aparatus.jpg/255px-Apjohn_1903_Window_cleaning_aparatus.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Apjohn_1903_Window_cleaning_aparatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Apjohn's 1903 window cleaning apparatus design</figcaption></figure>
<p>Irish born inventor James Henry Apjohn (1845–1914) patented an "Apparatus for Cleaning Carriage, Motor Car and other Windows" which was stated to use either brushes or wipers and could be either motor driven or hand driven. The brushes or wipers were intended to clean either both up and down or in just one direction on a vertical window. Apjohn's invention had a priority date in the UK of 9 October 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_R._Oishei" title="John R. Oishei">John R. Oishei</a> (1886-1968) formed the Tri-Continental Corporation in 1917. This company introduced the first windscreen wiper, Rain Rubber, for the slotted, two-piece windscreens found on many of the automobiles of the time. Today <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trico" title="Trico">Trico</a> Products is one of the world's largest manufacturers of windscreen wipers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> has the world's biggest windscreen wiper factory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tienen" title="Tienen">Tienen</a>, Belgium, which produces 350,000 wiper blades every day.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first automatic electric wiper arms were patented in 1917 by Charlotte Bridgwood.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Inventor William M. Folberth and his brother, Fred, applied for a patent for an automatic windscreen wiper apparatus in 1919, which was granted in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first automatic mechanism to be developed by an American, but the original invention is attributed by others to Hawaiian, Ormand Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trico later settled a patent dispute with Folberth and purchased Folberth's Cleveland company, the Folberth Auto Specialty Co. The new vacuum-powered system quickly became standard equipment on automobiles, and the vacuum principle was in use until about 1960. In the late 1950s, a feature common on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three passes when the windscreen washer button was pressed, making it unnecessary to manually turn the wipers on as well. Today, an electronic timer is used, but originally a small vacuum cylinder mechanically linked to a switch provided the delay as the vacuum leaked off.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermittent_wipers">Intermittent wipers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intermittent wipers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a> of intermittent wipers (non-continuous, now including variable-rate wipers) might have been Raymond Anderson, who, in 1923, proposed an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electro-mechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-mechanical">electro-mechanical</a> design. (US Patent 1,588,399). In 1958, Oishei et al. filed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent application</a> describing not only electro-mechanical, but also <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">thermal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a> designs. (US Patent 2,987,747). Then, in 1961, John Amos, an engineer for the UK <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive engineering</a> company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucas_Industries" title="Lucas Industries">Lucas Industries</a>, filed the first patent application in the UK for a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state electronic</a> design. (US patent 3,262,042).
</p><p>In 1963, another form of intermittent wiper was invented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Kearns" title="Robert Kearns">Robert Kearns</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Engineering_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering professor">engineering professor</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-AmHer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmHer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (United States Patent 3,351,836 – 1964 filing date). Kearns's design was intended to mimic the function of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a>, which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blinking" title="Blinking">blinks</a> only once every few seconds. In 1963, Kearns built his first intermittent wiper system using off-the-shelf electronic components. The interval between wipes was determined by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RC_time_constant" title="RC time constant">rate of current flow into a capacitor</a>; when the charge in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> reached a certain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>, the capacitor would be discharged, activating one cycle of the wiper motor, and then repeating the process. Kearns showed his wiper design to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> and proposed that they manufacture the design. Ford <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Business_executive" title="Business executive">executives</a> rejected Kearns' proposal at the time, but later offered a similar design as an option on the company's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Mercury">Mercury line</a>, beginning with the 1969 models.<sup id="cite_ref-AmHer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmHer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kearns sued Ford in a multi-year <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patent_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent dispute">patent dispute</a> that Kearns eventually won in court,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inspiring the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_film" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 film">2008 feature film</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flash_of_Genius_(film)" title="Flash of Genius (film)">Flash of Genius</a></i> based on a 1993 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Yorker_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yorker Magazine">New Yorker</a> article that covered the legal battle.
</p><p>In March 1970, French automotive manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> introduced more advanced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>-sensitive intermittent windscreen wipers on its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">SM model</a>. When the intermittent function was selected, the wiper would make one sweep. If the windscreen was relatively dry, the wiper motor drew high <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>, which would set the control <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electric_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Circuit">circuit</a> timer to a long delay for the next wipe. If the motor drew little current, it indicated that the glass was still wet, and would set the timer to minimize the delay.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power">Power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>[[File:Nahverkehrsmunseum-Triebwagen-431-DSC 6417.jpg|thumb|<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Pneumatic motor</a> drive on a railroad locomotive windscreen wiper. The lever on the motor operates a valve to supply pressurized air.]]
Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in use today are powered by an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> through a series of mechanical components, typically two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/4-bar_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="4-bar linkage">4-bar linkages</a> in series or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel circuits">parallel</a>.
</p><p>Vehicles with air-operated brakes sometimes use <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> wipers, powered by tapping a small amount of pressurized air from the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted on or just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.
</p><p>Early wipers were often driven by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vacuum_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum motor">vacuum motor</a> powered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manifold_vacuum" title="Manifold vacuum">manifold vacuum</a>. This had the drawback that manifold vacuum varies depending on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> position, and is almost non-existent under wide-open throttle, when the wipers would slow down or even stop. That problem was overcome somewhat by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump.
</p><p>Some cars, mostly from the 1960s and 1970s, had variable-speed, hydraulically-driven wipers, most notably the '61–'69 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln_Continental" title="Lincoln Continental">Lincoln Continental</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> '69–'71 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln_Continental_Mark_III" title="Lincoln Continental Mark III">Lincoln Continental Mark III</a> (but not all '70 models),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and '63–'71 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird" title="Ford Thunderbird">Ford Thunderbird</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were powered by the same hydraulic pump also used for the power steering mechanism.
</p><p>On the earlier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">Citroën 2CV</a>, the windscreen wipers were powered by a purely mechanical system, a cable connected to the transmission; to reduce cost, this cable also powered the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was stationary, the wipers were not powered, but a handle under the speedometer allowed the driver to power them by hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png/220px-Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png/330px-Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png/440px-Patent_US2596063A_Illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>Illustration showing the construction of multi-branched windshield wiper blade holder</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most early wipers used a rubber blade attached to a flat metal base. But as aerodynamic and styling concerns introduced curved windshields, these proved insufficient. In 1945, John W. Anderson, founder of Trico rival Anco, filed a patent for a wiper with branched arms to keep the blade pressed uniformly against both curved and flat glass,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adaptable to almost any windscreen curvature.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As curved windshields became more popular and widespread, following the debut of the 1947 Studebaker Starlight Coupe,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these soon became standard equipment. While they have been superseded by "beam-type" wipers with bodies made of flexible material, this type still remains the most popular.
</p><p>Wiper blades are made of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPDM_rubber" title="EPDM rubber">EPDM rubber</a> (or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethylene_propylene_rubber" title="Ethylene propylene rubber">ethylene propylene rubber</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a combination of both, as natural rubber performs better in cold weather but EPDM rubber doesn't "set" and resists better to thermal aging, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>, ozone and tearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some manufacturers coat them with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA,_Bj._1954_(2008-07-12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA%2C_Bj._1954_%282008-07-12%29.jpg/220px-Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA%2C_Bj._1954_%282008-07-12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA%2C_Bj._1954_%282008-07-12%29.jpg/330px-Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA%2C_Bj._1954_%282008-07-12%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA%2C_Bj._1954_%282008-07-12%29.jpg/440px-Scheibenwischer_eines_IFA%2C_Bj._1954_%282008-07-12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Windscreen wiper arms and blades on a 1954 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DKW_F8" title="DKW F8">DKW-IFA F8 "Luxuscabriolet"</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, using a simple radial design with no visible linkages</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Windscreen_Wiper.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Windscreen_Wiper.gif/220px-Windscreen_Wiper.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Windscreen_Wiper.gif/330px-Windscreen_Wiper.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Windscreen_Wiper.gif/440px-Windscreen_Wiper.gif 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Lever mechanism of a windscreen wiper. The motor in the middle converts the circular rotation to an intermittent rotation. The lever arms have different lengths, so the stop position at the reverse point is different.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG/220px-Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG/330px-Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG/440px-Pfannenstiel_-_ZSG-Werft_Wollishofen_2011-04-06_14-16-24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Simple parallelogram linkages on a boat windscreen</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_220D,_circa_1974,_Schaffen_Diest,_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mercedes-Benz_220D%2C_circa_1974%2C_Schaffen_Diest%2C_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG/220px-Mercedes-Benz_220D%2C_circa_1974%2C_Schaffen_Diest%2C_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mercedes-Benz_220D%2C_circa_1974%2C_Schaffen_Diest%2C_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG/330px-Mercedes-Benz_220D%2C_circa_1974%2C_Schaffen_Diest%2C_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mercedes-Benz_220D%2C_circa_1974%2C_Schaffen_Diest%2C_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG/440px-Mercedes-Benz_220D%2C_circa_1974%2C_Schaffen_Diest%2C_Fly-Drive_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>This 1974 Mercedes-Benz 220D uses oppositely-pivoted wiper blades. (Fig. 2)</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg/220px-Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg/330px-Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg/440px-Transperth_Volgren_CR225L_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_O405NH_CNG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4025" data-file-height="2899" /></a><figcaption>Pantograph windscreen wipers (Fig. 6) used on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_O405" title="Mercedes-Benz O405">Mercedes-Benz O 405 NH</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg/220px-Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg/330px-Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg/440px-Daf_A.Reijerse_%26_Zn._Wassenaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Triple windshield wipers (Fig.7) used on a DAF XF truck</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most wipers are of the pivot (or radial) type: they are attached to a single arm, which in turn is attached to the motor. These are commonly found on many cars, trucks, trains, boats, airplanes, etc.
</p><p>Modern windscreen wipers usually move in parallel (Fig. 1, below). However, various <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> models and other cars such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Volkswagen Sharan</a> employ wipers configured to move in opposite directions (Fig. 2), which is mechanically more complex but can avoid leaving a large unwiped corner of the windscreen in front of the front-seat passenger. A cost benefit to the auto-maker occurs when wipers configured to move in opposite directions do not need to be repositioned for cars exported to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right_hand_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hand drive">right hand drive</a> countries such as the UK and Japan.
</p><p>Another wiper design (Fig. 6) is pantograph-based, used on many commercial vehicles, especially buses with large windscreens. Pantograph wipers feature two arms for each blade, with the blade assembly itself supported on a horizontal bar connecting the two arms. One of the arms is attached to the motor, while the other is on an idle pivot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The pantograph mechanism, while being more complex, allows the blade to cover more of the windscreen on each wipe. However, it also usually requires the wiper to be "parked" in the middle of the windscreen, where it may partially obstruct the driver's view when not in use. A few models of automobile sometimes employ a pantograph arm on the driver's side and a normal arm for the passenger. The Triumph Stag, Lexus and several US makes employ this method to cover more glass area where the windscreen is quite wide but also very shallow. The reduced height of the windscreen would need the use of short wiper arms which would not have the reach to the edge of the windscreen.
</p><p>A simple single-blade setup with a center pivot (Fig. 4) is commonly used on rear windscreens, as well as on the front of some cars. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> pioneered a system (Fig. 5) called the "Monoblade", based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilevers</a>, in which a single arm extends outward to reach the top corners of the windscreen, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke, sweeping out a somewhat M-shaped path. This way, a single blade is able to cover more of the windscreen, displacing any residual streaks away from the centre of the windscreen.
</p><p>Some larger cars in the late '70s and early '80s, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#Driver_seating_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">LH driver</a> American cars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, had a pantograph wiper on the driver's side, with a conventional pivot on the passenger side. Asymmetric wiper arrangements are usually configured to clear more windscreen area on the driver's side, and so are mostly mirrored for left and right-hand-drive vehicles (for example, Fig. 1 vs. Fig 10). One exception is found on the second generations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Clio" title="Renault Clio">Renault Clio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Twingo" title="Renault Twingo">Twingo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Scénic</a> as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_5_Series_(E60)" title="BMW 5 Series (E60)">E60 5 Series</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_6_Series_(E63)" title="BMW 6 Series (E63)">E63 6 Series</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_206" title="Peugeot 206">Peugeot 206</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_Almera_Tino" title="Nissan Almera Tino">Nissan Almera Tino</a>, where the wipers always sweep towards the left. On right-hand-drive models, a linkage allows the right-hand wiper to move outwards towards the corner of the windscreen and clear more area.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 1: Most common geometry, found on vast majority of vehicles, mainly LHD cars; RHD Mercedes-Benz W140 and some earlier British cars"><img alt="Fig. 1: Most common geometry, found on vast majority of vehicles, mainly LHD cars; RHD Mercedes-Benz W140 and some earlier British cars" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scheibenwischer1.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scheibenwischer1.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer1.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Scheibenwischer1.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 1: Most common geometry, found on vast majority of vehicles, mainly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">LHD</a> cars; RHD <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W140" title="Mercedes-Benz W140">Mercedes-Benz W140</a> and some earlier British cars</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 2: Widely used alternative configuration suiting either LHD or RHD operation[a]"><img alt="Fig. 2: Widely used alternative configuration suiting either LHD or RHD operation[a]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scheibenwischer2.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scheibenwischer2.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scheibenwischer2.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 2: Widely used alternative configuration suiting either LHD or RHD operation<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 3: SEAT Altea, SEAT León II, SEAT Toledo III"><img alt="Fig. 3: SEAT Altea, SEAT León II, SEAT Toledo III" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scheibenwischer9.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scheibenwischer9.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer9.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scheibenwischer9.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 3: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAT_Altea" title="SEAT Altea">SEAT Altea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAT_Le%C3%B3n" title="SEAT León">SEAT León</a> II, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAT_Toledo" title="SEAT Toledo">SEAT Toledo</a> III</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 4: Simple-arc single-blade system, used on the VAZ-1111 Oka, Fiat Panda I/SEAT Marbella, Fiat Uno, Citroën AX, Citroën BX, Citroën ZX, SEAT Ibiza I and 1986-2003 Jaguar XJs"><img alt="Fig. 4: Simple-arc single-blade system, used on the VAZ-1111 Oka, Fiat Panda I/SEAT Marbella, Fiat Uno, Citroën AX, Citroën BX, Citroën ZX, SEAT Ibiza I and 1986-2003 Jaguar XJs" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scheibenwischer3.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scheibenwischer3.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer3.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scheibenwischer3.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 4: Simple-arc single-blade system, used on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/VAZ-1111_Oka" class="mw-redirect" title="VAZ-1111 Oka">VAZ-1111 Oka</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiat_Panda" title="Fiat Panda">Fiat Panda</a> I/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAT_Marbella" title="SEAT Marbella">SEAT Marbella</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiat_Uno" title="Fiat Uno">Fiat Uno</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_AX" title="Citroën AX">Citroën AX</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_BX" title="Citroën BX">Citroën BX</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_ZX" title="Citroën ZX">Citroën ZX</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAT_Ibiza" title="SEAT Ibiza">SEAT Ibiza</a> I and 1986-2003 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaguar_XJ" title="Jaguar XJ">Jaguar XJs</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 5: Complex- or eccentric-arc system, used on the Subaru XT as well as the Mercedes-Benz W124, R129, W201, W202, C208 and W210; eccentric design used for passenger wiper on most late-model Mercedes-Benzes"><img alt="Fig. 5: Complex- or eccentric-arc system, used on the Subaru XT as well as the Mercedes-Benz W124, R129, W201, W202, C208 and W210; eccentric design used for passenger wiper on most late-model Mercedes-Benzes" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Scheibenwischer4.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Scheibenwischer4.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer4.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Scheibenwischer4.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 5: Complex- or eccentric-arc system, used on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subaru_XT" title="Subaru XT">Subaru XT</a> as well as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W124" title="Mercedes-Benz W124">Mercedes-Benz W124</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R129" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz R129">R129</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W201" title="Mercedes-Benz W201">W201</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W202" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz W202">W202</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C208" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C208">C208</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W210" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz W210">W210</a>; eccentric design used for passenger wiper on most late-model Mercedes-Benzes</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 6: Pantograph system, used on some buses (e.g. Mercedes-Benz O305), some school buses, some trolleybuses (e.g. Ikarus 415T and ZiU-9) and the Kenworth T600 as well as the rear wiper for the Honda CR-X Si and the Porsche 928 and for the driver's side of the Triumph TR7"><img alt="Fig. 6: Pantograph system, used on some buses (e.g. Mercedes-Benz O305), some school buses, some trolleybuses (e.g. Ikarus 415T and ZiU-9) and the Kenworth T600 as well as the rear wiper for the Honda CR-X Si and the Porsche 928 and for the driver's side of the Triumph TR7" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scheibenwischer5.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scheibenwischer5.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer5.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Scheibenwischer5.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 6: Pantograph system, used on some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_O305" title="Mercedes-Benz O305">Mercedes-Benz O305</a>), some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school buses</a>, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ikarus_415T" title="Ikarus 415T">Ikarus 415T</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZiU-9" title="ZiU-9">ZiU-9</a>) and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenworth_T600" title="Kenworth T600">Kenworth T600</a> as well as the rear wiper for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_CR-X" title="Honda CR-X">Honda CR-X</a> Si and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porsche_928" title="Porsche 928">Porsche 928</a> and for the driver's side of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triumph_TR7" title="Triumph TR7">Triumph TR7</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 7: MAN, DAF XF, Hino 700, Toyota FJ Cruiser, Jaguar E-Type, MGB, MG Midget, Austin Healey Sprite, GMC Hummer EV (a 1968 US-only ruling required a certain percentage of the windscreen to be wiped)"><img alt="Fig. 7: MAN, DAF XF, Hino 700, Toyota FJ Cruiser, Jaguar E-Type, MGB, MG Midget, Austin Healey Sprite, GMC Hummer EV (a 1968 US-only ruling required a certain percentage of the windscreen to be wiped)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scheibenwischer8.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scheibenwischer8.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer8.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scheibenwischer8.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 7: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DAF_XF" title="DAF XF">DAF XF</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_700" class="mw-redirect" title="Hino 700">Hino 700</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_FJ_Cruiser" title="Toyota FJ Cruiser">Toyota FJ Cruiser</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type" title="Jaguar E-Type">Jaguar E-Type</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG_MGB" title="MG MGB">MGB</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG_Midget" title="MG Midget">MG Midget</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_Healey_Sprite" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Healey Sprite">Austin Healey Sprite</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GMC_Hummer_EV" title="GMC Hummer EV">GMC Hummer EV</a> (a 1968 US-only ruling required a certain percentage of the windscreen to be wiped)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 8: Obsolete design, found on some older fire trucks, utility vehicles and military vehicles, (e.g. ZIL-131, some school buses; same design on single windscreen for Jeep Wrangler YJ"><img alt="Fig. 8: Obsolete design, found on some older fire trucks, utility vehicles and military vehicles, (e.g. ZIL-131, some school buses; same design on single windscreen for Jeep Wrangler YJ" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Scheibenwischer7.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Scheibenwischer7.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer7.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Scheibenwischer7.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 8: Obsolete design, found on some older <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire trucks">fire trucks</a>, utility vehicles and military vehicles, (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZIL-131" title="ZIL-131">ZIL-131</a>, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/School_buses" class="mw-redirect" title="School buses">school buses</a>; same design on single windscreen for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeep_Wrangler" title="Jeep Wrangler">Jeep Wrangler</a> YJ</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 9: US military wheeled vehicles, jeepneys, some school buses and utility vehicles, Hummer H1 and HUMVEE"><img alt="Fig. 9: US military wheeled vehicles, jeepneys, some school buses and utility vehicles, Hummer H1 and HUMVEE" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Scheibenwischer6.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Scheibenwischer6.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer6.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Scheibenwischer6.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> Fig. 9: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">US military</a> wheeled vehicles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">jeepneys</a>, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school buses</a> and utility vehicles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hummer_H1" title="Hummer H1">Hummer H1</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HUMVEE" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMVEE">HUMVEE</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Scheibenwischer10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 10: Like Fig. 1 but mirror-reversed, mainly seen on RHD cars, LHD Mercedes-Benz W140, Mercedes-Benz R107/C107"><img alt="Fig. 10: Like Fig. 1 but mirror-reversed, mainly seen on RHD cars, LHD Mercedes-Benz W140, Mercedes-Benz R107/C107" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Scheibenwischer10.svg/313px-Scheibenwischer10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Scheibenwischer10.svg/470px-Scheibenwischer10.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Scheibenwischer10.svg/626px-Scheibenwischer10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Fig. 10: Like Fig. 1 but mirror-reversed, mainly seen on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">RHD</a> cars, LHD <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W140" title="Mercedes-Benz W140">Mercedes-Benz W140</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_R107/C107&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercedes-Benz R107/C107 (page does not exist)">Mercedes-Benz R107/C107</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_wiper_geometries">Other wiper geometries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other wiper geometries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg/220px-V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg/330px-V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg/440px-V3A_039_on_line_21_on_Calea_Mo%C8%99ilor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A V3A tram using a wiper geometry like Fig. 6, but uses a single wiper instead of two</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li>Works similar to Fig. 8 but not a split screen windscreen and rest state is at the bottom of the windscreen facing outwards.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpine_A310" title="Alpine A310">Alpine A310</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Alpine_GTA/A610" title="Renault Alpine GTA/A610">Renault Alpine GTA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhard_Dyna_Z" title="Panhard Dyna Z">Panhard Dyna Z</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhard_PL_17" title="Panhard PL 17">Panhard PL 17</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhard_24" title="Panhard 24">Panhard 24</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Works similar to Fig. 2 but one wiper has its resting position up and the other down.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simca_Aronde" title="Simca Aronde">Simca Aronde</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Works similar to Fig. 9, but uses a single wiper.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">AEC Routemaster</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Works similar to Fig. 6, but uses only one wiper.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bucharest_Articulated_Tramcar" title="Bucharest Articulated Tramcar">V2A/V2B/V3A/V3B</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_wiper_geometries">Unusual wiper geometries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unusual wiper geometries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg/220px-%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg/330px-%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg/440px-%2718_Toyota_Yaris_LE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Toyota Yaris</a> with large single wiper</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li>Works as would Fig. 1, but uses a large, single pantograph wiper.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audi_A2" title="Audi A2">Audi A2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Today" title="Honda Today">Honda Today</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Twingo" title="Renault Twingo">Renault Twingo</a> I</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Kwid" title="Renault Kwid">Renault Kwid</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_City_K-ZE" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault City K-ZE">City K-ZE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dacia_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Spring">Dacia Spring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C1" title="Citroën C1">Citroën C1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_107" title="Peugeot 107">Peugeot 107</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_108" title="Peugeot 108">Peugeot 108</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Aygo" title="Toyota Aygo">Toyota Aygo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamborghini_Murci%C3%A9lago" title="Lamborghini Murciélago">Lamborghini Murciélago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lexus_LFA" title="Lexus LFA">Lexus LFA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McLaren_MP4-12C" class="mw-redirect" title="McLaren MP4-12C">McLaren MP4-12C</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes_W140" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes W140">Mercedes W140</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_i" title="Mitsubishi i">Mitsubishi i</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Datsun_Go" title="Datsun Go">Datsun Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Etios" title="Toyota Etios">Toyota Etios</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Yaris/Vitz</a> (XP130)</li></ul></li>
<li>Works as would Fig. 6, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_PR100" title="Renault PR100">Renault PR100</a> and its articulated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_PR180" title="Renault PR180">Renault PR180</a> version</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Rail_Class_92" title="British Rail Class 92">British Rail Class 92</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Works as would Fig. 1 or Fig. 10, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borismaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Borismaster">Borismaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400" title="Alexander Dennis Enviro400">Alexander Dennis Enviro400</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro500" title="Alexander Dennis Enviro500">Alexander Dennis Enviro500</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_automotive_applications">Other automotive applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other automotive applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rear_wipers">Rear wipers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rear wipers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg/199px-Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg/299px-Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg/398px-Rear_wiper_on_an_SUV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4609" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Single rear wiper on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander" title="Mitsubishi Outlander">Mitsubishi Outlander</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Double_rear_wipers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Double_rear_wipers.jpg/185px-Double_rear_wipers.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Double_rear_wipers.jpg/278px-Double_rear_wipers.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Double_rear_wipers.jpg/370px-Double_rear_wipers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Double rear wipers on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Camry_(XV10)" title="Toyota Camry (XV10)">Toyota Camry (XV10)</a> station wagon</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Some vehicles are fitted with wipers (with or without washers) on the back window as well. Rear-window wipers are typically found on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchbacks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Station_wagons" class="mw-redirect" title="Station wagons">station wagons</a> / estates, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a>, and other vehicles with more vertically-oriented rear windows that tend to accumulate dust. First offered in the 1940s, they achieved widespread popularity in the 1970s after their introduction on the Porsche 911 in 1966 and the Volvo 145 in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:right;" class=""></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headlight_wipers">Headlight wipers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Headlight wipers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In the 1960s, as interest in auto safety grew, engineers began researching various headlamp cleaning systems. In late 1968, Chevrolet introduced high pressure fluid headlamp washers on a variety of their 1969 models. In 1970, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab Automobile</a> introduced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlight">headlight</a> wipers across their product range. These operated on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They were later superseded by a radial spindle action wiper mechanism, with individual motors on each headlamp. In 1972, headlamp cleaning systems became mandatory in Sweden.
</p><p>Headlamp wipers have all but disappeared today with most modern designs relying solely on pressurized fluid spray to clean the headlights. This reduces manufacturing cost, minimizes aerodynamic drag, and complies with EU regulations limiting headlamp wiper use to glass-lensed units only (the majority of lenses today are made of plastic.)
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_features">Other features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg/170px-Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg/255px-Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg/340px-Wischwaschanlageinaktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Windscreen washer in operation</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windscreen_washer">Windscreen washer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Windscreen washer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windscreen_washer_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscreen washer fluid">Windscreen washer fluid</a></div>
<p>Most windscreen wipers operate together with a windscreen washer; a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> that supplies a mixture of water, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a> (a blend called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windscreen_washer_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscreen washer fluid">windscreen washer fluid</a>) from a tank to the windscreen. The fluid is dispensed through small <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzles</a> mounted on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hood_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hood (vehicle)">hood</a>. Conventional nozzles are usually used, but some designs use a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fluidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluidic">fluidic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillator</a> to disperse the fluid more effectively.
</p><p>In warmer climates, water may also work, but it can freeze in colder climates, damaging the pump. Although automobile <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> is chemically similar to windscreen wiper fluid, it should not be used because it can damage paint. The earliest documented idea for having a windscreen wiper unit hooked up to a windscreen washer fluid reservoir was in 1931, Richland Auto Parts Co, Mansfield, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uruguayan racecar driver and mechanic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Suppici_Sedes" title="Héctor Suppici Sedes">Héctor Suppici Sedes</a> developed a windscreen washer in the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2012, nozzles are replaced on some cars (Tesla, Volvo XC60 2018-2021, Citroen C4 Cactus) by a system called AquaBlade, developed by the company Valeo. This system supplies the washing liquid directly from the spoiler element of the wiper blade. This system suppresses visual disturbances during driving and so reduces the reaction time of the driver in case of incident.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidden_wipers">Hidden wipers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hidden wipers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Some larger cars are equipped with <b>hidden wipers</b> (or <b>depressed-park wipers</b>). When wipers are switched off in standard non-hidden designs, a "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area near the bottom of the windscreen, but still in sight. For designs that hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear edge of the bonnet. The wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom of the windscreen, but out of sight. Late model vehicles that hide wiper blades under the windscreen need to be placed in a service position in order to lift the wiper blade from the windscreen using the wiper service position.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain-sensing_wipers">Rain-sensing wipers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rain-sensing wipers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Some vehicles are now available with automatic or driver-programmable windscreen wipers that detect the presence and amount of rain using a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rain_sensor" title="Rain sensor">rain sensor</a>. The sensor automatically adjusts the speed and frequency of the blades according to the amount of rain detected. These controls usually have a manual override.
</p><p>Rain-sensing windscreen wipers appeared on various models in the late 20th century, one of the first being the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">Citroën SM</a>. As of early 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, rain-sensing wipers are optional or standard on all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillacs</a> and most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagens</a>, and are available on many other mainstream manufacturers.
</p><p>The rain-sensing wipers system currently employed by most car manufacturers today was originally invented and patented in 1978 by Australian, Raymond J. Noack, see U.S. Patents 4,355,271 and 5,796,106. The original system automatically operated the wipers, lights and windscreen washers.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bladeless_alternatives">Bladeless alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bladeless alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg/220px-Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg/330px-Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg/440px-Rotating_windshield_wiper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clear_view_screen" title="Clear view screen">Clear view screen</a> provides a window of visibility, even in rough seas.</figcaption></figure>
<p>A common alternative design used on ships, called a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clear_view_screen" title="Clear view screen">clear view screen</a>, avoids the use of rubber wiper blades. A round portion of the windscreen has two layers, the outer one of which is spun at high speed to shed water.
</p><p>High speed aircraft may use <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">bleed air</a> which uses compressed air from the turbine engine to remove water, rather than mechanical wipers, to save weight and drag.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Effectiveness of this method also depends on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">water-repellent</a> glass treatments similar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rain-X" title="Rain-X">Rain-X</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Many jurisdictions have legal requirements that vehicles be equipped with windscreen wipers. Windscreen wipers may be a required safety item in auto <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety inspection">safety inspections</a>. Some US states have a "wipers on, lights on" rule for cars.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cape_Cod_Times_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape_Cod_Times-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In the 1999 television commercial <i>Synchronicity</i> for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Volkswagen Jetta</a> automobile,<sup id="cite_ref-Adweek_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adweek-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> windscreen wipers were synchronized with events seen through the car windows, and with the song "Jung at Heart", which was commissioned for the advertising agency <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnold_Worldwide" title="Arnold Worldwide">Arnold Worldwide</a> and composed by Peter du Charme<sup id="cite_ref-AdAge_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdAge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the name "Master Cylinder".<sup id="cite_ref-Bandcamp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandcamp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automobile_ancillary_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile ancillary power">Automobile ancillary power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">List of auto parts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squeegee" title="Squeegee">Squeegee</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buick_Verano" title="Buick Verano">Buick Verano</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W114" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz W114">Mercedes-Benz W114</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class#W168" title="Mercedes-Benz A-Class">W168</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class#W169" title="Mercedes-Benz A-Class">W169</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz B-Class">W245</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vaneo" title="Mercedes-Benz Vaneo">W414</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vito" title="Mercedes-Benz Vito">W639</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smart_Fortwo" title="Smart Fortwo">Smart Fortwo</a> (1998-2015), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk5" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk5">Volkswagen Golf Plus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Volkswagen Sharan</a> I/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAT_Alhambra" title="SEAT Alhambra">SEAT Alhambra</a> I, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran" title="Volkswagen Touran">Volkswagen Touran</a> (some models until 2011), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Datsun_510" title="Datsun 510">Datsun 510</a> (1968 only), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Delica#Fourth_generation_(1994)" title="Mitsubishi Delica">Mitsubishi Delica</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Grandis" title="Mitsubishi Grandis">Mitsubishi Grandis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Honda Civic</a> (2005–2011), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oldsmobile_Cutlass_Supreme" title="Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme">Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme</a> (5th Generation), some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minivans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minivans">minivans</a>, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_307" title="Peugeot 307">Peugeot 307</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_308" title="Peugeot 308">Peugeot 308</a> (2007-2013), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_407" title="Peugeot 407">Peugeot 407</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_508" title="Peugeot 508">Peugeot 508</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_3008" title="Peugeot 3008">Peugeot 3008</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_5008" title="Peugeot 5008">Peugeot 5008</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot_RCZ" title="Peugeot RCZ">Peugeot RCZ</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Focus_(third_generation)" title="Ford Focus (third generation)">Ford Focus (third generation)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Mondeo_(fourth_generation)" title="Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)">Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_B-Max" title="Ford B-Max">Ford B-Max</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_C-Max" title="Ford C-Max">Ford C-Max</a> (second generation), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_S-Max" title="Ford S-Max">Ford S-Max</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Galaxy" title="Ford Galaxy">Ford Galaxy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Kuga" title="Ford Kuga">Ford Kuga</a> (second generation), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Transit_Connect" title="Ford Transit Connect">Ford Transit Connect</a> (second generation), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Transit_Custom" title="Ford Transit Custom">Ford Transit Custom</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4" title="Citroën C4">Citroën C4</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_Picasso" title="Citroën Xsara Picasso">Citroën Xsara Picasso</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Picasso" title="Citroën C4 Picasso">Citroën C4 Picasso</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5" title="Citroën C5">Citroën C5</a> II, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6" title="Citroën C6">Citroën C6</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">Citroën C8/Fiat Ulysse II/Lancia Phedra/Peugeot 807</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS4" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën DS4">DS 4</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DS_5" title="DS 5">DS 5</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_i8" title="BMW i8">BMW i8</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Meriva" title="Opel Meriva">Opel Meriva</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Zafira" title="Opel Zafira">Opel Zafira</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Astra" title="Opel Astra">Opel Astra</a> J, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Cascada" title="Opel Cascada">Opel Cascada</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>/Opel Ampera, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic" title="Renault Scénic">Renault Scénic</a> III, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a> (2002–present), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Vel_Satis" title="Renault Vel Satis">Renault Vel Satis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plymouth_Voyager" title="Plymouth Voyager">Plymouth Voyager</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dodge_Caravan" title="Dodge Caravan">Dodge Caravan</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chrysler_Voyager" title="Chrysler Voyager">Chrysler Voyager</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chrysler_Town_%26_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Town & Country">Chrysler Town & Country</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_MPV" title="Mazda MPV">Mazda MPV</a>, some first generation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Previa" title="Toyota Previa">Toyota Previas</a>, third generation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kia_Carens" title="Kia Carens">Kia Carens</a> </span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US609787A/en">"WINDOW CLEAN"</a>. <i>google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=WINDOW+CLEAN.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS609787A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2000" class="citation book cs1">Day T (2000). <i>A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History</i>. Yale University Press. p. 11. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09401-5"><bdi>978-0-300-09401-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Recorded+Music%3A+Listening+to+Musical+History&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09401-5&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AmHer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmHer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmHer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmHer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911215242/http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml">"The Windshield Wiper"</a>. American Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml">the original</a> on 2007-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Windshield+Wiper&rft.pub=American+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fevents%2Farticles%2Fweb%2F20070709-windshield-wiper-robert-kearns.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/mary-anderson">"Windshield Wipers"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windshield+Wipers&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flemelson.mit.edu%2Fresources%2Fmary-anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145616/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2553">"Mary Anderson"</a>. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2553">the original</a> on 2014-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Anderson&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-2553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220131404/http://www.google.com/patents?id=Zv5MAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Window-Cleaning Device"</a>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents?id=Zv5MAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false">the original</a> on December 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Window-Cleaning+Device&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%3Fid%3DZv5MAAAAEBAJ%26printsec%3Dabstract%26zoom%3D4%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US762889A/en">"Locomotive-cab-window cleaner"</a>. <i>google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=Locomotive-cab-window+cleaner.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS762889A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=8&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19040811&CC=GB&NR=190321790A&KC=A">Espacenet – Bibliographic data</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Bosch_GmbH2009" class="citation web cs1">Robert Bosch GmbH (2009-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911015108/http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/html/715_5615.htm">"BoschLive"</a>. Bosch.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bosch.com.au/content/language1/html/715_5615.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BoschLive&rft.pub=Bosch.com.au&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.au=Robert+Bosch+GmbH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bosch.com.au%2Fcontent%2Flanguage1%2Fhtml%2F715_5615.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/11/09/the-evolution-of-wind-shield-wipers-a-patent-history/id=52085/">"The Evolution of Wind Shield Wipers - A Patent History - IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law"</a>. <i>IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law</i>. 2014-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IPWatchdog.com+%7C+Patents+%26+Patent+Law&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Wind+Shield+Wipers+-+A+Patent+History+-+IPWatchdog.com+%7C+Patents+%26+Patent+Law&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipwatchdog.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fthe-evolution-of-wind-shield-wipers-a-patent-history%2Fid%3D52085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Automatic_Windshield_Wipers?rec=2747">"Automatic Windshield Wipers - Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>www.ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=Automatic+Windshield+Wipers+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FAutomatic_Windshield_Wipers%3Frec%3D2747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudel2005" class="citation news cs1">Schudel, Matt (26 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54564-2005Feb25.html">"Accomplished, Frustrated Inventor Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Accomplished%2C+Frustrated+Inventor+Dies&rft.date=2005-02-26&rft.aulast=Schudel&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA54564-2005Feb25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2014/06/25/10186/">"The Cars of James Bond: Lincoln Continental"</a>. <i>wordpress.com</i>. 25 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wordpress.com&rft.atitle=The+Cars+of+James+Bond%3A+Lincoln+Continental&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fautouniversum.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F06%2F25%2F10186%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://automotivemileposts.com/contentsmark3.html">"Automotive Mileposts, 1969-1971 Lincoln Continental Mark III"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automotive+Mileposts%2C+1969-1971+Lincoln+Continental+Mark+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomotivemileposts.com%2Fcontentsmark3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174124/http://automotivemileposts.com/contentstbird.html">"Automotive Mileposts, 1955-1979 Ford Thunderbird"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://automotivemileposts.com/contentstbird.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automotive+Mileposts%2C+1955-1979+Ford+Thunderbird&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomotivemileposts.com%2Fcontentstbird.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/tip-sheet/windshield-wipers-101-how-and-when-to-replace-your-blades-a36-20161107">"Windshield Wipers 101"</a>. <i>Top Gear Philippines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Gear+Philippines&rft.atitle=Windshield+Wipers+101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topgear.com.ph%2Ffeatures%2Ftip-sheet%2Fwindshield-wipers-101-how-and-when-to-replace-your-blades-a36-20161107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2596063">"Windshield wiper blade linkage assembly"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windshield+wiper+blade+linkage+assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2596063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2013/12/27/tech-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-windshield-wipers">"Tech 101: What you need to know about windshield wipers"</a>. <i>hemmings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hemmings.com&rft.atitle=Tech+101%3A+What+you+need+to+know+about+windshield+wipers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemmings.com%2Fstories%2F2013%2F12%2F27%2Ftech-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-windshield-wipers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFGotzen2015"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2015/0047142.html">20150047142</a>, Gotzen, Nicolaas, "Epdm Wiper Rubber", issued 2015-02-19</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=20150047142&rft.cc=&rft.title=Epdm+Wiper+Rubber&rft.inventor=Gotzen&rft.date=2015-02-19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imeche.org/news/news-article/the-science-and-ingenuity-behind-the-humble-wiper-blade">"The science and ingenuity behind the humble wiper blade"</a>. <i>www.imeche.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imeche.org&rft.atitle=The+science+and+ingenuity+behind+the+humble+wiper+blade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imeche.org%2Fnews%2Fnews-article%2Fthe-science-and-ingenuity-behind-the-humble-wiper-blade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2015/04/30/the-rear-wiper-a-vital-strand-of-porsche-dna/">"The Rear Wiper: A Vital Strand of Porsche DNA"</a>. <i>wordpress.com</i>. 30 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wordpress.com&rft.atitle=The+Rear+Wiper%3A+A+Vital+Strand+of+Porsche+DNA&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fautouniversum.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2F30%2Fthe-rear-wiper-a-vital-strand-of-porsche-dna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA248">Windshield Freed Of Snow With Alcohol Wiper", February 1931, Popular Mechanics</a> article bottom half of page</span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowtiedetailing.com/">"car detailing services"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=car+detailing+services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowtiedetailing.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/2001/0101/nota8051_1.htm">Supicci Sedes, un espíritu creador</a> - La Voz del Interior, 1 January 2001</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ATZ, Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift, June 2015</span>
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<li id="cite_note-AAA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAA_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624101824/http://drivinglaws.aaa.com/tag/headlight-use/">"AAA Digest of Motor Laws: Headlight Use: United States Canada"</a>. <i>drivinglaws.aaa.com</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">American Automobile Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drivinglaws.aaa.com/tag/headlight-use/">the original</a> on 24 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drivinglaws.aaa.com&rft.atitle=AAA+Digest+of+Motor+Laws%3A+Headlight+Use%3A+United+States+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrivinglaws.aaa.com%2Ftag%2Fheadlight-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cape_Cod_Times-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cape_Cod_Times_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuoti2015" class="citation news cs1">Tuoti, Gerry (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905054620/http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150407/NEWS/150409546/1994/NEWS">"New state law: Wipers on, lights on"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Cod_Times" title="Cape Cod Times">Cape Cod Times</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyannis,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis, Massachusetts">Hyannis, Massachusetts</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodtimes.com/article/20150407/NEWS/150409546/1994/NEWS">the original</a> on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cape+Cod+Times&rft.atitle=New+state+law%3A+Wipers+on%2C+lights+on&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=Tuoti&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capecodtimes.com%2Farticle%2F20150407%2FNEWS%2F150409546%2F1994%2FNEWS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Adweek-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adweek_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1999" class="citation news cs1">Warner, Judy (January 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/vw-unveils-da-da-da-jetta-spot-36367/">"VW Unveils 'Da Da Da'-Like Jetta Spot"</a>. <i>Adweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adweek&rft.atitle=VW+Unveils+%27Da+Da+Da%27-Like+Jetta+Spot&rft.date=1999-01-11&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fbrand-marketing%2Fvw-unveils-da-da-da-jetta-spot-36367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AdAge-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdAge_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKattleman2003" class="citation news cs1">Kattleman, Terry (February 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adage.com/article/special-report-global-marketers/sound-vision-music-latest-drive-time-hit-vw-a-winning-indie-tradition/91681">"Sound & Vision: Music: The Latest Drive-Time Hit from VW Follows in a Winning Indie Tradition"</a>. <i>Ad Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ad+Age&rft.atitle=Sound+%26+Vision%3A+Music%3A+The+Latest+Drive-Time+Hit+from+VW+Follows+in+a+Winning+Indie+Tradition&rft.date=2003-02-01&rft.aulast=Kattleman&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fspecial-report-global-marketers%2Fsound-vision-music-latest-drive-time-hit-vw-a-winning-indie-tradition%2F91681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bandcamp-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bandcamp_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdu_Charme" class="citation web cs1">du Charme, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peterducharme.bandcamp.com/track/jung-at-heart">"Jung at Heart by Peter du Charme"</a>. <i>Bandcamp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bandcamp&rft.atitle=Jung+at+Heart+by+Peter+du+Charme&rft.aulast=du+Charme&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeterducharme.bandcamp.com%2Ftrack%2Fjung-at-heart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindscreen+wiper" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Windscreen_wiper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/wiper.htm">How Windshield Wipers Work</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:CarDesign_nav" title="Template:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:CarDesign_nav" title="Template talk:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CarDesign_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of a series of articles on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehicle_frame" title="Vehicle frame">Framework</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backbone_chassis" title="Backbone chassis">Backbone chassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beltline_(automotive)" title="Beltline (automotive)">Beltline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Body-on-frame" title="Body-on-frame">Body-on-frame</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bumper_(car)" title="Bumper (car)">Bumper</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dagmar_bumper" title="Dagmar bumper">Dagmar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">Chassis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_tire" title="Continental tire">Continental tire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">Fender</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">ponton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fender_skirts" title="Fender skirts">skirts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grille_(car)" title="Grille (car)">Grille</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hood_scoop" title="Hood scoop">scoop</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaker_scoop" title="Shaker scoop">shaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">Monocoque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">Pillar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">Platform</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quarter_panel" title="Quarter panel">Quarter panel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">Roof</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roof_rack" title="Roof rack">rack</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spoiler_(car)" title="Spoiler (car)">Spoiler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stressed_member_engine" title="Stressed member engine">Stressed member engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subframe" title="Subframe">Subframe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trunk_lid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk lid">Trunk lid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Compartments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood/bonnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">Trunk/boot/dickie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_door" title="Car door">Doors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butterfly_doors" title="Butterfly doors">Butterfly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehicle_canopy" title="Vehicle canopy">Canopy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gull-wing_door" title="Gull-wing door">Gull-wing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scissor_doors" title="Scissor doors">Scissor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sliding_door_(car)" title="Sliding door (car)">Sliding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suicide_door" title="Suicide door">Suicide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_doors" title="Swan doors">Swan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehicle_glass" title="Vehicle glass">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glass_run_channel" title="Glass run channel">Glass run channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenhouse_(car)" title="Greenhouse (car)">Greenhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">Opera window</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">Power window</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quarter_glass" title="Quarter glass">Quarter glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield/windscreen</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">washer fluid</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wiper</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">Bumper sticker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Front-end_bra" title="Front-end bra">Front-end bra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood ornament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_vehicle_instruments" title="List of vehicle instruments">Instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerf_bar" title="Nerf bar">Nerf bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">Parts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire/tyre</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">run-flat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Approach_and_departure_angles" title="Approach and departure angles">Approach and departure angles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">Ride height</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roll_center" title="Roll center">Roll center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turning_radius" title="Turning radius">Turning radius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">Weight distribution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Exterior<br />equipment</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehicle_horn" title="Vehicle horn">Horn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">Side-view mirror</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_side-view_mirror" title="Power side-view mirror">power</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tow_hitch" title="Tow hitch">Tow hitch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Window_deflector" title="Window deflector">Window deflector</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Registration plate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanity_plate" title="Vanity plate">vanity plate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Theft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">Vehicle identification number (VIN)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobiles">Commons</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13692#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4321733-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Windshield wipers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010418">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123169692">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123169692">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295695305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
