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'{{unreferenced|date=July 2010}} [[Image:Shochikubai_kanzashi.jpg|300px|thumb|A modern January tsumami kanzashi worn by [[maiko]]]] <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Kanzashi.jpg|200px|right|A model wearing a kanzashi.]] --> {{nihongo|'''Kanzashi'''|簪|}} are hair [[human physical appearance|ornaments]] used in traditional [[Japan]]ese [[hairstyle]]s. Some believe they may also have been used for defence in an emergency. In the English-speaking world, the term "kanzashi" is sometimes applied to the folded fabric-petal flowers that traditionally adorned ''tsumami kanzashi'' (see [[#Basic kanzashi]] below), or to the technique used to make those flowers.<ref>[http://kanzashi-in-bloom.com/ An English-language "kanzashi" craft book]</ref> ==History== [[Image:Kanzashi1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Gold plated brass kanzashi. Period unknown.]] Kanzashi were first used in Japan during the [[Jōmon period]]. During that time, a single thin rod or stick was considered to have mystical powers which could ward off evil spirits, so people would wear them in their hair. This is also when some of the first predecessors of the modern Japanese hair comb began to appear. During the [[Nara period]], a variety of Chinese cultural aspects and items were brought to Japan, including ''[[zan]]'' (written with the same [[kanji|Chinese character]] as ''kanzashi'') and other hair ornaments. During the [[Heian period]], the traditional style of putting hair up was changed to wearing it long, tied back, and down. It was at this time that ''kanzashi'' began to be used as a general term for any hair ornament, including combs and hairpins. During the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]], the hairstyles changed from the {{nihongo|''taregami''|垂髪|}}, or long straight hair, to the wider variety of {{nihongo|"Japanese hair"|日本髪|Nihongami}} which make more use of hair ornaments. Kanzashi came into wide use during the [[Edo period]], when hairstyles became larger and more complicated, using a larger number of ornaments. Artisans began to produce more finely crafted products, including some hair ornaments which could be used as defensive weapons. During the latter part of the Edo period, the craftsmanship of kanzashi reached a high point, with many different styles and designs being created (see [[#Types of kanzashi|Types of kanzashi]], below). Currently, the use of kanzashi has declined significantly in favor of more Western hairstyles. The most common use of kanzashi now is in [[Shinto]] weddings and use by geisha. Nowadays, kanzashi are most often worn by brides; by professional [[kimono]] wearers such as [[geisha]], [[tayu]] and [[yujo]]; or by adepts in [[Japanese tea ceremony]] and [[ikebana]]. However, there is currently a revival among young Japanese women who wish to add an elegant touch to their [[business suit]]. There are many varieties and many styles of wearing them. The way in which a geisha wears her kanzashi indicates her status immediately to an informed audience; according to the type and location of the kanzashi. Maiko (apprentice geisha) usually wear more numerous and elaborate kanzashi than older geisha and progress through several hairstyles where the kanzashi must be worn in a fixed pattern. ==Types of kanzashi== Kanzashi are fabricated from a wide range of materials such as lacquered wood, [[gold]] and [[silver]] plated metal, [[tortoiseshell material|tortoiseshell]] and [[silk]], and recently, [[plastic]]. In fact, early [[bakelite]] kanzashi are extremely collectible. There are several basic kanzashi styles, along with more complex ''hana'' ([[flower]]) and [[seasonal]] arrangements as well. ===Basic kanzashi=== *'''Bira-bira''' - also called '''Fluttering''' or '''Dangling style''', these are composed of metal strips attached by rings to the body of the ornament so that they move independently, pleasantly tinkling (which is sometimes accentuated by additional bells) or long chains of silk flowers called ''shidare''. *'''Kogai''' - rods of Becco (tortoiseshell or artificial) or other materials such as ceramics or metals. Kogai means sword in Japanese. This is appropriate because many kogai kanzashi are formed as a pin and a sleeve, like a sword and its sheath. They are often sold as a set with an accompanying kushi comb. *'''Kushi''' are comb kanzashi rather than pins like the majority of kanzashi. These are usually rounded combs made of tortoiseshell or lacquered wood, often with inlaid [[mother of pearl]] or [[gilding]], placed into a ''mage'' (bun-style hairdo). The spine of the comb is often wide in order to allow maximum space for the design, and in many cases, the design will extend into the teeth. Also, there are "flower-combs" called ''hanagushi'' which are made by gluing folded pieces of silk to a wooden base comb. *'''Kanoko Dome''' - are heavily jeweled accessories crafted with some or all of the following: gold, silver, tortoiseshell, jade, coral, pearls and other semi-precious stones. While the general shape is rounded, they are also found in other shapes, with flowers and butterflies being the most popular. The kanoko dome is worn at the back of the wareshinobu hairstyle of the junior maiko and has two prongs that hold it securely in the "mage". *'''Ōgi''' - also called '''Princess style''', they are metal, [[Fan (implement)#Asia|fan]]-shaped and [[kamon]]-imprinted kanzashi with [[aluminum]] [[streamer]]s held in place by a long pin. These are usually worn by maiko in the hair just above the temple. Very junior maiko wear two. *'''Tsumami Kanzashi''' - literally, 'folded fabric hair ornament'. Tsumami kanzashi are made from tiny (usually 1") squares of silk which are folded into petals using origami techniques. Flowers are made from these folded fabric petals and may contain anywhere from five petals to 75 or more, depending on the particular flower made. A 'hana kanzashi' is a cluster of these flowers, and may or may not include bira-bira and/or long streamers of tsumami petals, fashioned to look like hanging wisteria petals. Generally, hana kanzashi are worn in pairs, one on either side of the head, often with a complimentary kushi and/or with several individual flowers scattered about the hair. ===Hana kanzashi=== With '''hana kanzashi''', the long fluttering flower is characteristic of maiko. These are created by Japanese artisans from squares of silk by a technique known as ''[[tsumami]]''. Each square is multiply folded with the aid of pincers and cut into a single petal. These are attached to backings of metal to create whole flowers, or attached to silken threads to create strings of blossom. Butterflies and birds are also common in this art form. Additional detailing of [[stamen]]s is created by the use of ''[[mizuhiki]]'', which is a strong thin twine made from [[washi]] paper, and is often coloured and used for decorative works. Geisha wear different hana kanzashi according to the month, or public holiday. In the summer months (June to September), [[jade]] ornaments with white or silver themes are worn. During the winter months (October to May), tortoiseshell and [[Coral (precious)|coral]] kanzashi are worn. Tsumami kanzashi is the national designated traditional handcraft which has been carried by refined skillful artisans with profound understandings of Japanese language, culture, history, the beauty of Japanese seasons and nature, materials, and most importantly, the responsibility of carrying this art for the future generations by correctly succeeding the will from ancestors. There are many amateurs who make modern kanzashi, but only those who receive classical training are allowed to commercially sell, strictly under the National designated master's permission. ===Seasonal kanzashi=== The seasons dictate which kind of hair ornament is worn in Japan. Usually this applies above all to the [[geisha]] and maiko, who tend to be the only Japanese women to wear kanzashi often enough for seasonal changes to be noticeable. Since maiko wear more kanzashi than senior geisha, seasonal changes are even more important for them. *'''January''' - The design of January kanzashi differs from year to year, but usually has an auspicious [[Japanese New Year]] theme. ''Shouchikubai'' is a popular choice, a combination of pine (''matsu''), bamboo (''take'') and ''[[ume]]'' plum blossoms, (green, red and white) which are usually associated with celebrations. *'''February''' - Usually trailing deep pink, or sometimes red, ''[[ume]]'' plum blossoms, which are to be seen everywhere in Japan at this time and symbolize young love and the approach of spring. Another less common theme is the pinwheel. *'''March''' - Trailing yellow and white [[rape blossom]]s (''[[nanohana]]'') and butterflies, as well as [[peach]] blossoms (''momo''), [[narcissi]] (''suisen''), and [[peonies]] (''botan''). *'''April''' - Trailing soft pink cherry blossom (''sakura'') mixed with butterflies and ''[[bonbori]]'' lanterns, signaling the approach of summer. Cherry blossom viewing at this time of year is a major cultural event in Japan. Also, kanzashi consisting of a single silver (or sometimes gold) butterfly (''cho'') made of ''mizuhiki'' cord are common. *'''May''' - Trailing purple [[wisteria]] (''fuji'') and [[flag irises]] (''ayame''), usually of the blue variety. Irises denote the height of spring. Small silver butterflies also pop up as extra decorations in May. *'''June''' - Trailing [[green willow]] (''yanagi'') leaves with [[dianthus| pinks]], or less commonly [[hydrangea]] (''ajisai'') flowers. Willow is a traditional image associated with geisha. This month is the rainy season in Japan, and therefore willow (a water-loving tree) and the washy blue of hydrangea are appropriate. *'''July''' - Kanzashi featuring a display of fans. These will usually be of the round ''uchiwa'' variety, but occasionally folding dancing fans are also featured. The fans refer to the [[Gion Festival]] which takes place at this time, a huge event held at the Gion geisha district in [[Kyoto]], which involves hundreds of traditional dances by geisha. Fans are a staple component of traditional Japanese dance. The fans featured in a maiko's July kanzashi vary each year, in line with the Festival. There are common themes such as dragonflies and lines denoting swirling water. Other kanzashi worn during July are the fireworks kanzashi and ''tsuyushiba'' (dewdrops on grass). [[Image:Maneki_kanzashi.jpg|300px|thumb|left|December maneki kanzashi with blank tags for authographs]] *'''August''' - Purple [[morning glory]] (''asagao'') or [[Miscanthus sinensis|susuki grass]]. The susuki grass appears as a starburst of spines. Senior maiko wear silver-white and junior maiko wear pink or red. *'''September''' - Japanese [[bellflower]] (''kikyo''). The purple tones are traditionally associated with autumn. Often these will be mixed with the other autumn flowers: [[bush clover]], [[patrinia]], [[chrysanthemum]], [[Japanese boneset]], [[kudzu]], and [[pinks]]. *'''October''' - Chrysanthemum (''kiku''). These are well-loved in Japan, and are a symbol of the Imperial Family. Usually the chrysanthemums featured are red and white, a combination which signals the height of autumn. *'''November''' - Trailing autumnal leaves. These may be a generic yellow leaf or the characteristic red maple leaf. Maple viewing is the autumnal equivalent in Japan of cherry blossom viewing. Ginkgo and liquidambar leaves are also employed. *'''December''' - The Japanese make [[mochi]] at this time of year, and often decorate trees with them to represent white flowers. It is thought to be good luck to wear kanzashi featuring ''mochibana'', or rice-cake flowers. December kanzashi also feature two ''maneki'', which are tiny blank tags. Traditionally maiko visit the Minamiza Theatre and ask two of their favourite [[Kabuki]] actors to autograph them with their Kabuki nom de plume. Some December kanzashi also include bamboo leaves. *'''New Year''' - At this time of year all maiko and geisha wear unhusked rice ears on the right side of their coiffure. These kanzashi also feature eyeless white doves. The maiko and geisha fill in one eye and ask somebody they like to draw the other. ==See also== *[[Hair stick]] *[[Hairpin]] *[[Comb]] == References == <references/> == External links == * [http://www.immortalgeisha.com/hairstyles_maiko.php Hairstyles of Kyoto Maiko], from [http://www.immortalgeisha.com/ Immortal Geisha] * [http://www.vivcore.com/kanzashi_core.html Kanzashi-Core] A growing gallery of tsumami kanzashi * [http://www.mookychick.co.uk/diy_ethic/kanzashi_tutorial.php How to make kanzashi] * {{ja icon}} [http://www.kanzasi.co.jp/cgi-bin/kanzasi/sitemaker.cgi?mode=page&page=page4&category=2 History of Kanzashi] * [http://atelierkanawa.com Site of a certified tsumami-kanzashi master] [[Category:Japanese clothing]] [[Category:Hairdressing]] [[ar:كانزاشي]] [[ca:Kanzashi]] [[de:Kanzashi]] [[es:Kanzashi]] [[ko:비녀]] [[it:Kanzashi]] [[ja:簪]] [[pl:Kanzashi]] [[ru:Кандзаси]] [[fi:Kanzashi]] [[zh:簪]]'