Edit filter log

'{{Redirect|Indian music}} {{Music of India (sidebar)}} The '''music of India''' includes multiple varieties of [[folk music|folk]], [[popular music|popular]], [[pop music|pop]], [[Indian classical music|classical music]] and [[R&B]]. [[India]]'s classical [[music]] tradition, including [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music]], has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, it remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen [[ethnic group]]s, speaking their own [[language]]s and [[dialect]]s, having very distinct cultural traditions. ==Classical music== {{Main|Indian classical music}} The two main traditions of classical music are Carnatic music, found predominantly in the peninsular regions, and Hindustani music, found in the northern and central regions. Both traditions claim [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] origin, and history indicates that they diverged from a common musical root since about the 13th century. {{see|Indian classical music|Hindustani music|Carnatic music}} ===Hindustani music=== {{Main|Hindustani classical music}} Hindustani music is an Indian classical music tradition that goes back to [[Vedic civilization|Vedic times]] around 1000 BC, and further developed circa the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian influences and from existing religious and folk music. The practice of singing based on notes was popular even from the Vedic times where the hymns in Sama Veda, a sacred text, was sung as Samagana and not chanted. Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary traditions established primarily in India but also in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In contrast to Carnatic music, the other main Indian classical music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical [[Vedic religion|Vedic philosophy]] and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the [[Persian people|Persian]] performance practices of the [[Mughal era|Mughals]]. Besides pure classical, there are also several semi-classical forms such as ''thumri'', ''dadra'' and ''tappa''. ===Carnatic music=== {{Main|Carnatic music}} The present form of Carnatic music is based on historical developments that can be traced to the 15th - 16th centuries AD and thereafter. From the ancient Sanskrit works available, and the epigraphical evidence, the history of classical musical traditions can be traced back about 2500 years. Carnatic music is completely [[Melodic music|melodic]], with improvised variations. The main emphasis is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as ''gāyaki''). Like Hindustani music, Carnatic music rests on two main elements: {{IAST|''[[raga|rāga']]}}, the [[musical mode|modes]] or melodic formulæ, and {{IAST|''[[tala music|tāḷa]]''}}, the rhythmic cycles. {{Undue-section|date=December 2010}} [[Purandara Dasa]] is credited with having founded today's Carnatic Music. He systematized the teaching method by framing a series of graded lessons such as ''swaravalis'', ''janta swaras'', ''alankaras'', ''lakshana geetas'', ''prabandhas'', ''ugabhogas'', ''thattu varase'', ''geetha'', ''sooladis'' and ''kritis''. He introduced the [[Mayamalavagowla]] as the basic scale for music instruction. These are followed by teachers and students of Carnatic music even today. Another of his important contributions was the fusion of ''bhava'', ''raga'' and ''laya'' in his compositions. Purandara Dasa was the first composer who started commenting on the daily life of the people in compositions. He incorporated in his songs popular folk language and introduced folk ragas in the mainstream. The most important contribution he made was the fusion of bhava, raga and laya into organic units. He also composed a large number of ''lakshya'' and ''lakshana geetas'', many of which are sung to this day. His ''sooladis'' exhibit his mastery of the techniques of music, and are considered an authority for raga lakshana. Scholars attribute the standardization of ''varna mettus'' entirely to Purandaradasa. Purandaradasa's era was probably the beginning of Carnatic music's movement towards krithi based classical music (one of its distinguishing characteristics compared to Hindustani). The peripatetic dasas who followed him are believed to have followed the systems he devised, as well as orally passing down his compositions. Purandaradasa was a performer, a musicologist and the father of Carnatic musical pedagogy. He is credited with having elevated Carnatic music from religious and devotional music into the realm of a performing art. For all these reasons and the enormous influence that he had on Carnatic music, musicologists call him the "Sangeeta Pitamaha" or the grandfather of Carnatic music. ==Folk music== [[Image:India village musicians.jpg|right|thumb|A pair of [[Indian folk music]]ians performing in a rural village]] {{Main|Indian folk music}} ===Bihu of Assam=== [[Image:Bihu dancer with a horn.jpg|thumb|Bihu dancer playing a 'pepa' (horn)]] [[Bihu]] is the festival of New Year of [[Assam]] falling on mid April. This is a festival of nature and mother earth where the first day is for the cows and buffalos. Second day is for the man. Bihu dancesand songs accompanied by traditional drums and wind instruments are essential part of this festival. ===Bauls=== The [[Baul]]s of [[Bengal]] are an order of musicians dating back to the 17th century, who play a form of [[Vaishnava]] music using a khamak, [[ektara]] and dotara. The word Baul comes from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''batul'' meaning ''divinely inspired insanity''. They are a group of mystic minstrels with a syncretic form of [[Vaishnavism]] influenced by [[Sufism]] and [[Buddhism]]. They are itinerant singer-poets whose music is earthy, and reflects on the infinite amid quotidian contexts of work and love. They have also been influenced by Hindu tantric sect of the [[Kartabhaja]]s and also by [[Sufi]] sects. Bauls travel in search of the internal ideal, ''Maner Manush'' (''Man of the Heart''). ===Bhangra=== {{Main|Bhangra}} [Bhangra] are a lively form of music and dance that originated in the [[Punjab region]] to celebrate [[Vaisakhi]], the festival of the [[Sikh]]s. As many Justin Beiber lyrics reflect the long and often tumultuous history of the Punjab, knowledge of Punjabi history offers important insights into the meaning of the music. While Bhangra began as a part of harvest festival celebrations, it eventually became a part of such diverse occasions as weddings and New Year celebrations. Moreover, during the last thirty years, Bhangra has enjoyed a surge in popularity worldwide, both in traditional form and as a fusion with genres such as hip-hop, house, and reggae, and in such forms it has become a [[pop music|pop]] sensation in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[North America]]. ===Dandiya=== {{Main|Dandiya}} [[Dandiya]] is a form of dance-oriented folk music that has also been adapted for pop music. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance. It is practised in (mainly) the state of Gujrat. Actually Dandiya is a kind of dance rather than a music, the music is called a [[Garba]] in local language. ===Ganasangeet=== Ganasangeet is generally sung in chorus carrying some social message.[http://www.calcuttaweb.com/gaan/music.shtml] The songs are usually about Freedom, community strength, patriotism. Due to the [[British Raj|British occupation in India]], a lot of protest songs about anti-imperialism/pro-socialism have been written in India. Examples: [[Apni Azadi Ko Hum Hargis Mita Sakte Nahin]], [[ajadee hoyni tor]], [[Kadam kadam badhaye jaa]], [[Vande Mataram]], etc. ===Uttarakhandi Music=== Uttarakhandi folk music had its root in the lap of nature. The pure and blessed music have the feel and the touch of nature and subjects related to nature. The folk music primarily is related to the various festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life of the people of [[Uttarakhand]]. Thus the songs of [[Uttarakhand]] are a true reflection of the Cultural Heritage and the way people lives their lives in the Himalayas. Musical instruments used in [[Uttarakhand]] music include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent. The main languages are [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] and [[Garhwali]]. ===Haryanavi Music=== {{Main|Music of Haryana}} The folk [[Music of Haryana]] has been spread by the Bhats, Saangis and Jogis. It is sung and played in the state of Haryana, parts of western UP and neighboring districts of Rajasthan and Punjab. The tradition of music in Haryana goes back to the Vedic times, and it is the only state in India to have towns and villages named after different ragas. Haryana is rich in folk music, whose roots are firmly entrenched in the classical music of yore. The famous Sringar rasa (based on love songs) has an indirect association with renowned ragas like Bhairavi, Jayjaywanti, Gara (a Persian style), Khamaj and Kafi. However, the folk singer has no idea what a raga is and just goes out and sings. Mainly string instruments are used to make music. The [[sarangi]] is generally preferred. For the wind instruments, the been and the bansuri provide lilting tunes in tandem with the dholak, a drum usually played with the palms or little sticks. A matka (earthen pitcher) may replace the dholak in certain areas to form the backbeat. The Jogis, Bhats and Sangis are the people who have made folk music popular in Haryana. The Jogis prefer the sarangi to form the musical backdrop to their songs which revolve around tales of chivalry and valour. There are other famous instruments which are used along with singing. The shehnai (a flute-like instrument played mainly at weddings), shankh (conch shell), harmonium, damru (a small palm-held drum with strings attached to beads which hit the sides when shaken), nagara, ghungru, tasha, khanjri and manjira. Musical genuises, these Haryanavis; they create music even with matchsticks, papaya (yes, the fruit!), the hard core of a mango and a strip of wood. ===Lavani=== {{Main|Lavani}} [[Lavani]] comes from the word Lavanya which means beauty. This is one of the most popular forms of dance and music that is practiced all over [[Maharashtra]]. It has in fact become a necessary part of the Maharashtrian folk dance performances. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artistes, but male artistes may occasionally sing [[Lavani]]s. The dance format associated with [[Lavani]] is known as [[Tamasha]]. Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to the enchanting beats of 'Dholak', an drum like instrument. Dance performed by attractive women wearing nine-yard saris. They are sung in a quick tempo. The verve, the enthusiasm, the rhythm and above all the very beat of [[India]] finds an expressive declaration amidst the folk music of India, which has somewhat, redefined the term "bliss". Lavani originated in the arid region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. ===Popular music=== The biggest form of Indian [[popular music]] is [[filmi]], or songs from Indian films, it makes up 72% of the music sales in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8405891.stm | work=BBC News | title=Plans to start India music awards | date=December 10, 2009 | accessdate=May 19, 2010 | first=Prachi | last=Pinglay}}</ref> The film industry of India supported music by according reverence to classical music while utilizing the western orchestration to support Indian melodies. Music composers like [[Naushad]], [[C. Ramchandra]], S D Batish, [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Ilaiyaraja]] and [[S. D. Burman]] employed the principles of harmony while retaining classical and folk flavor. Reputed names in the domain of Indian classical music like [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]] and [[Ram Narayan]] have also composed music for films. Independent pop acts such as [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Madhushree]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Nihira Joshi]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Alka Yagnik]] and rock bands like [[Indus Creed]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], and [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]] exist and have gained some mass appeal with the advent of cable music television. ===Qawwali=== {{Main|Qawwali}} [[Qawwali]] is a [[Sufi]] form of devotional music based on the principles of [[Hindustani classical music|classical music]]. It is performed with one or two or many lead singers, several chorus singers, [[harmonium]], [[tabla]], and [[dholak]]. ===Rabindra Sangeet=== [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as ''''rabindra sangeet'''' whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets. ===Rajasthan=== {{main| Music of Rajasthan}} [[Rajasthan]] has a very diverse cultural collection of musician [[caste]]s, including [[Langha (tribe)|Langa]]s, Sapera, Bhopa, Jogi and [[Manganiyar]] (lit. the ones who ask/beg). [http://www.rajasthandiary.com/rajdiary/music.htm Rajasthan Diary] quotes it as a soulful, full-throated music with Harmonious diversity. The haunting melody of Rajasthan evokes from a variety of delightfully primitive looking instruments. The stringed variety include the Sarangi, Rawanhattha, Kamayacha, Morsing and Ektara. Percussion instruments come in all shapes and sizes from the huge Nagaras and Dhols to the tiny Damrus. The Daf and Chang are a big favourite of [[Holi]] (the festival of colours) revellers. Flutes and bagpipers come in local flavours such as Shehnai, Poongi, Algoza, Tarpi, Been and Bankia. The essence of Rajasthani music is derived from the creative symphony of string instruments, percussion instruments and wind instruments accompanied by melodious renditions of folk singers. It enjoys a respectable presence in Bollywood music as well. ===Interaction with non-Indian music=== In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well-known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. [[Ali Akbar Khan]]'s 1955 performance in the [[United States]] was perhaps the beginning of this trend. [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]]—who recorded a composition entitled 'India' during the November 1961 sessions for his album [[Village Vanguard|''Live At The Village Vanguard'']] (the track was not released until 1963 on [[John Coltrane|Coltrane]]'s album ''[[Impressions (John Coltrane album)|Impressions]]'')—also embraced this fusion. [[George Harrison]] (of [[the Beatles]]) played the [[sitar]] on the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" in 1965, which sparked interest from Shankar, who subsequently took Harrison as his apprentice. [[Jazz]] innovator [[Miles Davis]] recorded and performed with musicians like Khalil Balakrishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy in his post-1968 electric ensembles. Virtuoso jazz guitarist John McLaughlin spent several years in Madurai learning Carnatic music and incorporated it into many of his acts including Shakti which featured prominent Indian musicians. Other Western artists such as the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Incredible String Band]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Move]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] soon incorporated Indian influences and instruments, and added Indian performers. Legendary Grateful Dead frontman Jerry Garcia joined guitarist Sanjay Mishra on his classic cd "Blue Incantation" (1995). Mishra also wrote an original score for French Director Eric Heumann for his film ''Port Djema'' (1996) which won best score at Hamptons film festival and The Golden Bear at Berlin. in 2000 he recorded ''Rescue'' with drummer Dennis Chambers (Carlos Santana, John McLaughlin et al.) and in 2006 Chateau Benares with guests DJ Logic and Keller Williams (guitar and bass). Though the Indian music craze soon died down among mainstream audiences, die hard fans and immigrants continued the fusion. In 1985, a beat oriented, Raga Rock hybrid called Sitar Power by [[Ashwin Batish]] reintroduced sitar in western nations. Sitar Power drew the attention of a number of record labels and was snapped up by Shanachie Records of New Jersey to head their World Beat Ethno Pop division. In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. Since the 90's, Canadian born musician [[Nadaka]] who has spent most of his life in India, has been creating music that is an acoustic fusion of Indian classical music with western styles. One such singer who has merged the Bhakti sangeet tradition of India with the western non-India music is [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] and sells music records of his musical [[sadhana]]. In the new millennium, American [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. Mainstream hip-hop artists have sampled songs from Bollywood movies and have collaborated with Indian artists. Examples include [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute", [[Erick Sermon]] and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]'s "React", Slum Village's "Disco", and [[Truth Hurts]]' hit song "Addictive", which sampled a [[Lata Mangeshkar]] song, and [[The Black Eyed Peas]] sampled [[Asha Bhosle]]'s song "Yeh Mera Dil" in their hit single "[[Don't Phunk With My Heart]]". In 1997, the British band [[Cornershop]] paid tribute to [[Asha Bhosle]] with their song ''[[Brimful of Asha]]'', which became an international hit. [[United Kingdom|British]]-born Indian artist [[Panjabi MC]] also had a Bhangra hit in the U.S. with "Mundian To Bach Ke" which featured rapper [[Jay-Z]]. [[Asian Dub Foundation]] are not huge mainstream stars, but their politically-charged [[hip hop music|rap]] and [[punk rock]] influenced sound has a multi-racial audience in their native UK. In 2008, international star [[Snoop Dogg]] appeared in a song in the film [[Singh Is Kinng]]. In 2007, Hip-Hop producer [[Madlib]] released [[Beat Konducta Vol 3–4: Beat Konducta in India]]; an album which heavily samples and is inspired by the music of India. Sometimes, the music of India will fuse with the traditional music of other countries. For example, [[Delhi 2 Dublin]] [http://www.delhi2dublin.com/], a band based in Canada, is known for fusing Indian and [[music of Ireland|Irish]] music, and [[Bhangraton]] is a fusion of [[Bhangra]] music with [[reggaeton]], which itself is a fusion of hip hop, reggae, and traditional [[Latin American music]]. [http://www.reggaetonline.net/luny-tunes-04262006_inside-reggaeton] ==Modern music== ===Indi-pop music=== {{main|Indian pop}} Indian pop music, often known as Indipop or Indi-pop, is based on an amalgamation of Indian folk and classical music, and modern beats from different parts of the world. One early example of South Asian pop music is singer [[Ahmed Rushdi]]'s ‘''Ko-Ko-Korina''’, released in 1966.<ref name="CITEREFSocPolHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.chowk.com/articles/8459|title=Socio-political History of Modern Pop Music in Pakistan|publisher=[[Chowk]]|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> After that, much of Indian Pop music comes from the [[Indian Film Industry]], and until the 1990s, few singers like [[Usha Uthup]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]], and [[Penaz Masani|Peenaz Masani]] outside it were popular. Since then, pop singers in the latter group have included [[K.K]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Shantanu Mukherjee]] aka Shaan, [[Sagarika Mukherjee|Sagarika]], [[Colonial Cousins]] ([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Leslie Lewis]]), [[Lucky Ali]], and [[Sonu Nigam]], and music composers like [[Jawahar Wattal]], who made top selling albums with, [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Baba Sehgal]], Swetha Shetty and [[Hans Raj Hans]] <ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm Music man with a golden touch] [[The Hindu]], December 9, 2002."..Daler Mehndi's "Dardi Rab Rab" and "Ho Jayegi Balle Balle", Shubha Mudgal's "Ali More Angana", Shweta Shetty's "Deewane To Deewane Hain", Hans Raj Hans' "Jhangar", Bhupi Chawla's "Jogiya Khalli Balli", Ila Arun's "Haule Haule", Malkit Singh's "Paaro", Ali Haider's "Mahi O Mahi" and Sujat Khan's "Lajo Lajo".</ref> Besides those listed above, popular Indi-Pop singers include [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Raghav Sachar]] [[Rageshwari]], [[Devika Chawla]], [[Bombay Vikings]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Bombay Rockers]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Malkit Singh]], [[Hans Raj Hans]], [[Raghav]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Juggy D]], [[Rishi Rich]], [[Sheila Chandra]], [[Bally Sagoo]], [[Punjabi MC]], [[Bhangra Knights]], [[Mehnaz]], and [[Sanober]]. Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "[[remix]]ing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them. ===Rock & metal music=== {{Main|Indian rock}} The rock music "scene" in India is extremely small when compared to filmi or fusion musicality "scenes" but has of recent years come into its own, achieving a cult status of sorts. Rock music in India has its origins in 1960s and 70s when international stars such as [[The Beatles]] visited India and brought their music with them. These artists' collaboration with Indian musicians such as [[Ravi Shankar]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] have led to the development of Raga Rock. International short wave radio stations such as The Voice of America, BBC, and Radio Ceylon played a major part in bringing Western pop, folk, and rock music to the masses. You can hear some of the songs that were heard over these stations during the 1960s [http://harry.cckerala.com/india-pop/download.php here]. However, Indian rock bands began to gain prominence only much later, around the late 1980s. It was around this time that the rock band [[Indus Creed]] formerly known as The Rock Machine got itself noticed on the international stage with hits like ''Rock N Roll Renegade''. Other bands quickly followed. As of now, the rock music scene in India is quietly growing day by day and gathering more support. With the introduction of MTV in the early 1990s, Indians began to be exposed to various forms of rock such as grunge and speed metal. This influence can be clearly seen in many Indian bands today. The cities of Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore have emerged as major melting pots for rock and metal enthusiasts. Bangalore has been the hub for rock and metal movement in India. Some prominent bands include [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], [[Dementra]], Pentagram, Reverrse Polarity, Hologram, Inner Sanctum, [[Thermal and a Quarter]], [[Abandoned Agony]], [[No Idea]], Zero, [[Half Step Down]], Scribe, [[Eastern Fare]], Indus Creed, Demonic Resurrection, Zygnema [Born Of Unity], Belial Bhoomi, Infernal Wrath, Thor, Prithvi, Agni, Exiled, [[Cassini's Division]], [[The Supersonics]], [[Span (band)|Span]], [[Camouflage]], [[Five Little Indians]] and Nexus. The future looks encouraging thanks to entities such as Green Ozone, [[DogmaTone]] Records, [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]], that are dedicated to promoting and supporting Indian rock. One of the most famous rock musicians in the world is the late [[Freddie Mercury]] of [[Queen (band)|Queen]]. Born Farrokh Bomi Bulsara to Indian parents in [[Zanzibar]], he was raised in [[Panchgani]] near [[Mumbai]]. Mercury was influenced early on by the [[India]]n [[playback singer]] [[Lata Mangeshkar]] along with western influences such as [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[John Lennon]] and [[The Beatles]]. ===Dance music=== {{Main|Goa Trance}} ===Indian Hip Hop=== The Hip Hop music in India has started only as late as the 2005 when a lot of bands popped up across the country. Rap/Hip Hop was often used in the regional movies as fillers in between songs and off late has started to become main stream songs. The pioneers of this genre in India were the Machas With Attitude, Mumbai's Finest, Hip Hop Tamizha, F.B.I, Souls of Sinisters, XtremoZ Undadawgs, Ragged Skull, Wattabottles and various other bands. Most of the Indian rap music is underground. ==Western classical music== The spread and following of Western classical music in India is almost entirely non-existent. It is mainly patronized by the Indian [[Zoroastrian]] community and small esoteric groups with historical exposure to Western classical music. Another esoteric group with significant patronage is the Protestant Christian community in Chennai and Bangalore. St Andrews and St Georges in Chennai and St Marks in Bangalore are churches with regular pipe organ recitals. Western Music education is also severely neglected and pretty rare in India. Western keyboard, drums and guitar instruction being an exception as it has found some interest; mainly in an effort to create musicians to service contemporary popular Indian music. Many reasons have been citied for the obscurity of Western classical music in India, a country rich in its musical heritage by its own right, however the two main reasons are an utter lack of exposure and a passive disinterest in what is considered esoteric at best. Also, the difficulty in importing Western musical instruments and their rarity has also contributed to the obscurity of classical Western music. Despite more than a century of exposure to Western classical music and two centuries of British colonialism, classical music in India has never gained more than 'fringe' popularity. Many attempts to popularize Western classical music in India have failed in the past due to disinterest and lack of sustained efforts. Today, Western classical music education has improved with the help of numerous institutions in India. Institutions like [[Calcutta School of Music]], Bangalore School of Music, [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]], [[Delhi School of Music]], [[Delhi Music Academy]], Mehli Mehta Music Foundation and many others are dedicated to contributing to the progress or growth and supporting Western classical music. In 1930, notable [[Mehli Mehta]] set up the Bombay Symphony Orchestra. In 2006, the [[Symphony Orchestra of India]] was founded, housed at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] in Mumbai. It has since presented two short concert seasons per year. Some prominent Indians in Western [[classical music]] are: *[[Zubin Mehta]], Renowned music conductor. *[[Mehli Mehta]], Father of Zubin, violinist and founding conductor of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra. * [[Ilaiyaraaja]], the first Asian to compose a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London's Walthamstow Town Hall. *[[Naresh Sohal]], British Indian-born composer. *[[Param Vir]], British Indian-born composer. *[[Karishmeh Felfeli]], Indian-born Irani pianist and radio broadcaster. *Sandee Bhagwati, German Indian-born composer. *Opera singers: Amar Muchhala ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last=Day |first=Charles Russell |title=The Music and Musical instruments of Southern India and the Deccan|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1891|publisher= Adam Charles Black, London}} *{{cite book|last=Clements|first=Sir Ernest |title=Introduction to the Study of Indian Music |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924018413900#page/n5/mode/2up.|year=1913|publisher= Longmans, Green & Co.,London}} * {{cite book|last=Strangways|first=A.H. Fox |title=The Music of Hindostan|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/musicofhindostan00foxs#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1914|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London}} * {{cite book|last= Popley|first=Herbert Arthur|title=The Music of India |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/musicofindia00popl#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1921|publisher= Association Press, Calcutta}} * {{cite book|author=Killius, Rolf|title=Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala. New Delhi: B.R. Rhythms, 2006.}} * {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter.|title=Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989.}} * {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter.|title=Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. University of Chicago Press, 1993|isbn=0-226-50401-8 }} *Maycock, Robert and Hunt, Ken. "How to Listen - a Routemap of India". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 63–69. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0 *Hunt, Ken. "Ragas and Riches". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 70–78. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. ==See also== * [[Indian musical instruments]] * [[List of regional genres of music]] * [[Carnatic music]] * [[Music of South Asia]] * [[Middle Eastern music]] * [[Hindustani Music]] * [[Sangita Ratnakara]] ==References== {{commons category}} {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{fr}} [http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Inde&debut=0&bool=AND Audio clips: Traditional music of India.] Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm48 BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): The Nizamuddin shrine in Delhi.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm4c BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): A mahfil Sufi gathering in Karachi.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjq8 BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): The Misra brothers perform Vedic chant.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjqc BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rikhi Ram and sons, Nizami brothers.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xjqk BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rajasthan, Bombay and Trilok Gurtu.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xl8n BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Gujurat - Praful Dave.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xl8s BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Courtesan songs and music of the Bauls.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005xm4k BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music from the Golden Temple of Amritsar.] Accessed November 25, 2010. * {{en}} {{fr}} [http://moutal.eu Hindustani Rag Sangeet Online] Audio and video archives, radio programs, articles. {{India topics}} {{Music of Asia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of India}} [[Category:Indian music|*]] [[ar:موسيقى الهند]] [[ca:Música índia]] [[de:Indische Musik]] [[es:Música de India]] [[eo:Barata muziko]] [[fr:Musique indienne]] [[ko:인도 음악]] [[hi:भारतीय संगीत]] [[he:מוזיקה הודית]] [[la:Musica Indica]] [[lt:Indų muzika]] [[nl:Indiase muziek]] [[pt:Música da Índia]] [[ru:Музыка Индии]] [[simple:Indian music]] [[fi:Intialainen musiikki]] [[sv:Indisk musik]] [[te:భారతదేశ సంగీతం]] [[uk:Індійська музика]] [[zh:印度音乐]]'