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'{{Infobox Treaty | name = Treaty of Tlatelolco | long_name = Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean | image = Atomic blast Nevada Yucca 1951.jpg | image_width = 200px | caption = 14 [[kiloton]] atomic explosion, [[Nevada Test Site]], [[United States|USA]]. | type = | date_drafted = | date_signed = 14 February 1967 | location_signed = [[Mexico City]] | date_sealed = | date_effective = 22 April 1968 | condition_effective = Deposit of ratifications (Art. 29) / waiver according to Article 29 | date_expiration = | signatories = | parties = 33 | depositor = | language = | languages = | website = | wikisource = }} The '''Treaty of Tlatelolco''' is the conventional name given to the '''Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean'''. It is embodied in '''the [[OPANAL]]''' ({{lang-es|el Organismo para la Proscripción de las Armas Nucleares en la América Latina y el Caribe}}, {{lang-en|the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean}}). Meeting in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] district of [[Mexico City]] on 14 February 1967, the nations of [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]] drafted this treaty to keep their region of the world free of [[nuclear weapon]]s. Whereas [[Antarctica]] had earlier been declared a [[Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone|nuclear-weapon-free zone]] under the [[1961]] [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]], this was the first time such a ban was put in place over such a vast, populated area. The Latin American countries other than [[Argentina]] and [[Cuba]] all signed the treaty in 1967, along with [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and all of these ratified the treaty by 1972. The treaty came into force on 22 April 1968, after [[El Salvador]] had joined [[Mexico]] in ratifying it and waived the conditions for its entry into force in accordance with its Article 28. [[Argentina]] ratified in 1994, more than 26 years after signature, and was thus unprotected by the zone during the [[Falklands War]]. Other English-speaking Caribbean nations signed either soon after independence from Britain (1968, 1975, 1983) or years later (1989, 1992, 1994, 1995), all ratifying within 4 years after signing. However, as British territories they had been covered since 1969 when Britain ratified Protocol I. The [[Netherlands]] ratified Protocol I in 1971; [[Suriname]] signed the Treaty in 1976 soon after independence from the Netherlands but did not ratify until 1997, 21 years after signing. The U.S. signed Protocol I applying to [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Virgin Islands]] in 1977 and ratified in 1981. France signed Protocol I applying to its Caribbean islands and [[French Guiana]] in 1979 but only ratified in 1992. All five NPT-recognized [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear weapon states]] ratignjdbsdjvgfmed Protocol II by 1979. [[Cuba]] was the last country to sign and to ratify, in 1995 and on 23 October 2002, completing signature and ratification by all 33 nations of Latin America and the Caribbean. Cuba ratified with a reservation that achieving a solution to the United States hostility to Cuba and the use of the [[Guantánamo Bay]] military base for U.S. nuclear weapons was a precondition to Cuba's continued adherence.<ref>[http://disarmament.un.org/treatystatus.nsf/82debb5ddd99db958525688f006b9c26/7093693e091f11018525688f006d233a?OpenDocument Treaty of Tlatelolco - Cuba], United Nations treaty records</ref> Under the treaty, the states parties agree to prohibit and prevent the "testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition by any means whatsoever of any nuclear weapons" and the "receipt, storage, installation, deployment and any form of possession of any nuclear weapons." There are two additional protocols to the treaty: Protocol I binds those overseas countries with territories in the region (the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and the [[Netherlands]]) to the terms of the treaty. Protocol II requires the world's declared nuclear weapons states to refrain from undermining in any way the nuclear-free status of the region; it has been signed and ratified by the USA, the UK, France, [[China]], and [[Russia]]. The treaty also provides for a comprehensive control and verification mechanism, overseen by the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL), based in Mexico City. [[Alfonso García Robles]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1982 for his efforts in promoting the treaty. ==See also== [[Image:nwfz.svg|thumb|400px| {{legend0|#0000FF|[[Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone]]s}} {{legend0|#FF0000|[[Nuclear weapons states|NW states]]}} {{legend0|#FF8800|[[Nuclear sharing]]}} {{legend0|#dddd00|[[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|NPT]] only}}<br> {| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align: right" !Treaty!!Region!!Land area!!States!!In force |- |[[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic]]|| [[Antarctica]]|| align="right"|14,000,000&nbsp;km²|| align="right"| || 1961-06-23 |- |[[Outer Space Treaty|Space]]|| [[Outer Space]]|| ||align="right"| || 1967-10-10 |- |Tlatelolco|| [[Latin America]]<br/>[[Caribbean]]|| align="right"|21,069,501&nbsp;km²<!--from [[Latin America]]--><!--1,958,201+521,499+17,840,000+-->|| align="right"|33|| 1969-04-25 |- |[[Seabed Treaty|Seabed]]|| [[Seabed]] || ||align="right"| || 1972-05-18 |- |[[Treaty of Rarotonga|Rarotonga]]|| [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]]|| align="right"|9,008,458&nbsp;km²||align="right"|13||<ref>http://www.opanal.org/Docs/Desarme/NWFZ/SPNFZ_and_Protocols_Status_Report.pdf</ref> 1986-12-11 |- |[[Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty|Bangkok]]|| [[ASEAN]]|| align="right"|4,465,501&nbsp;km²||align="right"|10||<ref>http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1997_04/seanfwz</ref> 1997-03-28 |- |[[Mongolian NWFS|MNWFS]]|| [[Mongolia]]|| align="right"|1,564,116&nbsp;km²|| align="right"|1|| 2000-02-28 |- |[[Central Asian NWFZ|CANWFZ]]|| [[Central Asia]]|| align="right"|4,003,451&nbsp;km²<!--488,100+447,400+2,724,900+199,951+143,100-->||align="right"|5||<ref>http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/260825,nuclear-free-zone-in-central-asia-enters-into-force-saturday.html</ref> 2009-03-21 |- |[[Treaty of Pelindaba|Pelindaba]]|| [[Africa]]|| align="right"|30,221,532&nbsp;km²|| align="right"|53|| 2009-07-15 |- | || align="right"|Total:|| align="right"|84,000,000&nbsp;km²||align="right"|116 |} ]] [[Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone]]s include: *[[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]] (1959): Antarctic nuclear-free zone *[[Treaty of Rarotonga]] (1985): South Pacific nuclear-free zone *[[Treaty of Bangkok]] (1995): Southeast Asia nuclear-free zone *[[Treaty of Pelindaba]] (1996): African nuclear-free zone *[[Treaty of Semipalatinsk]] (2006): Central Asian nuclear-free zone ==External links== * [http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/Tlatelolco-i.htm Treaty text] * [http://www.opanal.org/index-i.html OPANAL website] * [http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/maptlatel-i.htm Zone of Application map including oceans] * [http://www.opanal.org/opanal/Tlatelolco/P-Tlatelolco-i.htm Status of Signatures and Ratifications] * [http://books.google.com/books?id=PSsxmXWChqIC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=falkland+tlatelolco The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: War and diplomacy] By Lawrence Freedman ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of the Caribbean]] [[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]] [[Category:Cold War treaties]] [[Category:Treaties concluded in 1967]] [[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1969]] [[Category:Treaties of Argentina]] [[Category:Treaties of Barbados]] [[Category:Treaties of Belize]] [[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]] [[Category:Treaties of Brazil]] [[Category:Treaties of Chile]] [[Category:Treaties of Colombia]] [[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]] [[Category:Treaties of Cuba]] [[Category:Treaties of Dominica]] [[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]] [[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]] [[Category:Treaties of Grenada]] [[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]] [[Category:Treaties of Guyana]] [[Category:Treaties of Haiti]] [[Category:Treaties of Honduras]] [[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]] [[Category:Treaties of Mexico]] [[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]] [[Category:Treaties of Panama]] [[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]] [[Category:Treaties of Peru]] [[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]] [[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] [[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]] [[Category:Treaties of Suriname]] [[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]] [[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]] [[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]] [[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Treaties of the Bahamas]] [[Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda]] [[Category:Treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones]] [[da:Tlatelolco-traktaten]] [[de:Vertrag von Tlatelolco]] [[es:Tratado de Tlatelolco]] [[fr:Traité de Tlatelolco]] [[nl:Verdrag van Tlatelolco]] [[ja:ラテンアメリカ及びカリブ核兵器禁止条約]] [[no:Tlatelolco-traktaten]] [[pl:Traktat o zakazie broni jądrowej w Ameryce Łacińskiej i na Karaibach]] [[pt:Tratado de Tlatelolco]] [[ru:Договор Тлателолько]]'