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'{{Infobox language |name=Tetum |nativename=Tetun, Lia-Tetun |states={{flag|East Timor}}<br>{{flag|Indonesia}} |speakers=900,000 |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] (MP) |fam3=[[Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages|Nuclear MP]] |fam4=[[Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central–Eastern MP]] |fam5=[[Timor–Babar languages|Timor–Babar]] |fam6=Nuclear Timor ? |fam7=East Timor ? |fam8=Tetumic |script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Tetum alphabet]]) |nation={{flag|East Timor}} |agency=National Institute of Linguistics |iso2=tet|iso3=tet |notice=IPA}} '''Tetum''' (also '''Tetun''') is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]], a [[national language]] and one of the two [[official language]]s of [[East Timor]]. In East Timor Portuguese is also a main language spoken. It is also used in parts of [[West Timor]] that adjoin East Timor, particularly in [[Belu Regency]]. Some of its dialects have been greatly influenced by [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the other official language of the country, especially in their [[vocabulary]], but also in aspects of their [[grammar]]. ==History and dialects== [[File:Timor Sprache.jpg|thumb|Languages on [[Timor Island]]]] Tetum has four dialects: *''Tetun-Dili'', or ''Tetun-Prasa'' (literally "city’s Tetum"), is spoken in the capital, [[Dili]], and its surroundings, in the north of the country. *''Tetun-Terik'' is spoken in the south and southwestern coastal regions. *''Tetun-Belu'', or the Belunese dialect, is spoken in a central strip of the island of Timor from the Ombai Strait to the Timor Sea, and is split between East Timor and West Timor, where it is considered a ''bahasa daerah'' or "regional language", with no official status in [[Indonesia]], although it is used by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Atambua|Diocese]] of [[Atambua]] in Roman Catholic rites. *The ''Nana'ek'' dialect is spoken in the village of Metinaro, on the coastal road between Dili and Manatuto. ''Tetun-Belu'' and ''Tetun-Terik'' are not spoken or well understood outside their home territories. ''Tetun-Prasa'' is the form of Tetum that is spoken throughout East Timor. Although Portuguese was the official language of [[Portuguese Timor]] until 1975, ''Tetun-Prasa'' has always been the predominant ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the eastern part of the island. In the fifteenth century, before the arrival of the Portuguese, Tetum had spread through central and eastern Timor as a [[contact language]] under the aegis of the Belunese-speaking Kingdom of Wehali, at that time the most powerful kingdom in the island. The Portuguese (present in Timor from c. 1556) made most of their settlements in the west, where [[Atoni|Dawan]] was spoken, and it was not until 1769, when the capital was moved from Lifau ([[Oecusse District|Oecussi]]) to Dili that they began to promote Tetum as an inter-regional language in their colony. Timor was one of the few Portuguese colonies where a local language, and not a form of Portuguese, became the lingua franca: this is because Portuguese rule was indirect rather than direct, the Europeans governing through local kings who embraced Catholicism and became vassals of the [[King of Portugal]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html "The languages of East Timor", by Dr. Geoffrey Hull, at the Timorese National Institute of Linguistics]</ref> When [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Indonesia occupied East Timor]] between 1975 and 1999, declaring it "the Republic's 27th Province", the use of Portuguese was banned, and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] was declared the sole official language, but the [[Roman Catholic Church]] adopted Tetum as its liturgical language, making it a focus for cultural and national identity.<ref>[http://geo.ya.com/travelimages/timor/languages.html "Tetum and Other Languages of East Timor"], from Dr. Geoffrey Hull's Preface to ''Mai Kolia Tetun: A Course in Tetum-Praca (The Lingua Franca of East Timor)''</ref> When East Timor gained its independence on 20 May 2002, Tetum and Portuguese were declared as official languages. In addition to regional varieties of Tetum in East Timor, there are variations in vocabulary and pronunciation, partly due to Portuguese and Indonesian influence. The Tetum spoken by East Timorese migrants in [[Portugal]] and [[Australia]] is more Portuguese-influenced, as many of those speakers were not educated in Indonesian. ==Vocabulary== ===Indigenous=== The Tetum name for East Timor is ''Timór Lorosa'e'', which means "Timor of the rising sun", or, less poetically, "East Timor"; ''lorosa'e'' comes from ''loro'' "sun" and ''sa'e'' "to rise, to go up". The noun for "word" is ''liafuan'', from ''lia'' "voice" and ''fuan'' "fruit". Some more words in Tetum: <!--ARE THESE AUSTRONESIAN, OR FROM MALAY? They're Austronesian - the Malay equivalents would be besar, perempuan, gunung, kecil, lelaki, negara, laut--> [[Image:Kursu portuges 4.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (left) and Tetum (right). From a Portuguese course for Tetum speakers. The Portuguese text says: ''"Our generation sometimes has difficulty distinguishing between 'j' and 'z'"'']] *''aas'' - "high" *''aat'' - "bad" *''been'' - "water" *''belun'' - "friend" *''boot'' - "big" *''di'ak'' - "good" *''{{Lang|tet|domin}}'' - "love" *''ema'' - "person, people" *''fatin'' - "place" *''feto'' - "woman" *''foho'' - "mountain" *''fuan'' - "fruit" *''funu'' - "war" *''han'' - "food" *''hemu'' - "drink" *''hotu'' - "all" *''ida'' - "one" *''ki'ik'' - "little" *''kraik'' - "low" *''labarik'' - "child" *''lafaek'' - "crocodile" *''lais'' - "fast" *''lalenok'' - "mirror" *''laran'' - "inside" *''lia'' - "language" *''liafuan'' - "word" (from ''lian'' - voice and ''fuan'' - fruit) *''lian'' - "voice", "language" *''loos'' - "true" *''lulik'' - "sacred" *''mane'' - "man" *''maromak'' - "god" *''moris'' - "life" *''rain'' - "country" *''tasi'' - "sea" *''tebes'' - "very" *''teen'' - "dirt" *''toos'' - "hard" *''uluk'' - "first" *''ulun'' - "head" ===From Portuguese=== Words derived from Portuguese: *''adeus'' - "goodbye" *''ajuda'' - "help" *''aprende'' - "learn", from ''aprender'' *''demais'' - "too much" *''desizaun'' "decision", from ''decisão'' *''edukasaun'' "education", from ''educação'' *''envezde'' "instead of", from ''em vez de" *''entaun'' - "so", "well", from ''então'' *''eskola'' - "school", from ''escola'' *''governu'' - "government", from ''governo'' *''igreja'' - "church" *''istória'' – "history", from ''história'' *''keiju'' – "cheese", from ''queijo'' *''komprende'' – "understand", from ''compreender'' *''menus'' – "less", from ''menos'' *''obrigadu/a'' – "thanks", from ''obrigado/a'' *''paun'' – "bread", from ''pão'' *''povu'' – "people", from ''povo'' *''profesór'' – "teacher", from ''professor'' *''relijiaun'' – "religion", from ''religião'' *''semana'' – "week" *''serbisu'' – "work", from ''serviço'' *''serveja'' – "beer", from ''cerveja'' *''tenke'' – "must", from ''tem que'' *''xefe'' – "chief", from ''chefe'' ===From Indonesian=== [[Image:Kursu portuges 5.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Tetum (left) and Portuguese (right). From a Portuguese course for Tetum speakers. The Portuguese text says: ''"Some people pronounce erroneously '*meja', '*uja' and '*abuja' instead of '[[wikt:mesa#Portuguese|mesa]]', '[[wikt:usa#Portuguese|usa]]' and '[[wikt:abusa#Portuguese|abusa]]'."'']] Words derived from [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] include: *''atus'' "hundred", from ''ratus'' *''barak'' "much", from ''banyak'' *''bele'' "can", from ''boleh'' *''besi'' "iron", from ''besi'' *''malae'' "foreigner", from ''melayu'' "Malay" *''manas'' "hot", from ''panas'' *''rihun'' "thousand", from ''ribu'' *''sala'' "wrong", from ''salah'' *''tulun'' "help", from ''tolong'' *''uma'' "house", from ''rumah'' ===Numerals=== *''ida'' "one" *''rua'' "two" *''tolu'' "three" *''haat'' "four" *''lima'' "five" *''neen'' "six" *''hitu'' "seven" *''ualu'' "eight" *''sia'' "nine" *''sanulu'' "ten" *''ruanulu'' "twenty" However, Tetum speakers often use Malay/Indonesian or Portuguese numbers instead, such as ''delapan'' or ''oito'' "eight" instead of ''ualu'', especially for numbers over one thousand. ===Combinations=== Tetum has many hybrid words, which are [[Combining form|combinations]] of indigenous and Portuguese words. These often include an indigenous Tetum verb, with a Portuguese suffix ''-ór'' (similar to '-er'). For example: * ''han'' ("to eat") ''handór'' – glutton. * ''hemu'' ("to drink") ''hemudór'' – heavy drinker. * ''hateten'' ("to say") ''hatetendór'' – chatterbox, talkative person. * ''sisi'' ("to nag, pester") ''sisidór'' – nag, pest. ==Basic phrases== *''Bondia'' – "Good morning" (from Portuguese ''Bom dia''). *''Di'ak ka lae?'' – "How are you?" (literally "Are you well or not?") *''Ha'u di'ak'' – "I'm fine." *''Obrigadu/Obrigada'' – "Thank you", said by a male/female (from Portuguese ''Obrigado/Obrigada''). *''Ita bele ko'alia Tetun?'' – "Do you speak Tetum?" *''Loos'' – "Yes." *''Lae'' – "No." *''Ha'u''' [''la''] ''komprende'' – "I [do not] understand" (from Portuguese ''compreender''). ==Grammar== === Morphology === ==== Nouns and pronouns ==== ===== Plural ===== The plural is not normally marked on nouns, but the word ''sira'' "they" can express it when necessary. :''fetu'' "woman/women" → ''fetu sira'' "women" However, the plural ending ''-(e)s'' of nouns of Portuguese origin is retained. :''Estadus Unidus'' – United States (from ''Estados Unidos'') :''Nasoens Unidas'' – United Nations (from ''Nações Unidas'') ===== Definiteness ===== Tetum has an indefinite [[Article (grammar)|article]] ''ida'' ("one"), used after nouns: :''labarik ida'' – a child There is no definite article, but the [[demonstrative]]s ''ida-ne'e'' ("this one") and ''ida-ne'ebá'' ("that one") may be used to express definiteness: :''labarik ida-ne'e'' – this child, the child :''labarik ida-ne'ebá'' – that child, the child In the plural, ''sira-ne'e'' ("these") or ''sira-ne'ebá'' ("those") are used: :''labarik sira-ne'e'' – these children, the children :''labarik sira-ne'ebá'' – those children, the children ===== Possessive and genitive ===== The particle ''nia'' forms the [[possessive case|possessive]], and can be used in a similar way to the [[Saxon genitive]] in English, e.g.: :''João nia uma'' – João's house :''Cristina nia livru'' – Cristina's book The [[genitive case|genitive]] is formed with ''nian'', so that: :''povu Timór Lorosa'e nian'' – the people of East Timor ===== Inclusive and exclusive "we" ===== Like other Austronesian languages, Tetum has two forms of "we", ''ami'' (equivalent to Indonesian and Malay ''kami'') which is exclusive, e.g. "I and they", and ''ita'' (equivalent to Indonesian and Malay ''kita''), which is [[Clusivity|inclusive]], e.g. "you, I, and they". :''ami-nia karreta'' – our [family's] car :''ita-nia rain'' – our country ===== Nominalization ===== Nouns derived from verbs or adjectives are usually formed with [[affix]]es, for example the [[suffix]] ''-na'in'', similar to "-er" in English. :''hakerek'' "write" → ''hakerek-na'in'' "writer" In more traditional forms of Tetum, the [[circumfix]] ''ma(k)- -k'' is used instead of ''-na'in''. For example, the nouns "sinner" or "wrongdoer" can be derived from the word ''sala'' as either ''maksalak'', or ''sala-na'in''. Only the [[prefix]] ''ma(k)-'' is used when the root word ends with a consonant; for example, the noun "cook" or "chef" can be derived from the word ''te'in'' as ''makte'in'' as well as ''te'in-na'in''. The suffix ''-teen'' (from the word for "dirt" or "excrement") can be used with adjectives to form derogatory terms: :''bosok'' "false" → ''bosok-teen'' "liar" ==== Adjectives ==== ===== Derivation from nouns ===== To turn a noun into an adjective, the [[grammatical particle|particle]] ''oan'' is added to it. :''malae'' "foreigner" → ''malae-oan'' "foreign" Thus, "Timorese" is ''Timor-oan'', as opposed to the country of Timor, ''rai-Timor''. To form adjectives from verbs, the suffix ''-dór'' (derived from Portuguese) can be added: :''hateten'' "tell" → ''hatetendór'' "talkative" ===== Gender ===== Tetum does not have separate masculine and feminine forms of the third person singular, hence ''nia'' (similar to ''dia'' in Indonesian and Malay) can mean either "he", "she" or "it". Different forms for the genders only occur in Portuguese-derived adjectives, hence ''obrigadu'' ("thank you") is used by males, and ''obrigada'' by females. The masculine and feminine forms of other adjectives derived from Portuguese are sometimes used with Portuguese loanwords, particularly by Portuguese-educated speakers of Tetum. :''governu demokrátiku'' – democratic government (from ''governo democrático'', masculine) :''nasaun demokrátika'' – democratic nation (from ''nação democrática'', feminine) In some instances, the different gender forms have distinct translations into English: :''bonitu'' – handsome :''bonita'' – pretty In indigenous Tetum words, the suffixes ''-mane'' ("male") and ''-feto'' ("female") are sometimes used to differentiate between the genders: :''oan-mane'' "son" → ''oan-feto'' "daughter" ===== Comparatives and superlatives ===== Superlatives can be formed from adjectives by [[reduplication]]: :''barak'' "much", "many" → ''babarak'' "very much", "many" :''boot'' "big", "great" → ''boboot'' "huge", "enormous" :''di'ak'' "good" → ''didi'ak'' "very good" :''ikus'' "last" → ''ikuikus'' "the very last", "final" :''moos'' "clean", "clear" → ''momoos'' "spotless", "immaculate" When making comparisons, the word ''liu'' ("more") is used after the adjective, followed by ''duké'' ("than" from Portuguese ''do que''): :''Maria tuan liu duké Ana'' — Maria is older than Ana. To describe something as the most or least, the word ''hotu'' ("all") is added: :''Maria tuan liu hotu'' — Maria is the oldest. ==== Adverbs ==== Adverbs can be formed from adjectives or nouns by reduplication: :''di'ak'' "good" → ''didi'ak'' "well" :''foun'' "new", "recent" → ''foufoun'' "newly", "recently" :''kalan'' "night" → ''kalakalan'' "nightly" :''lais'' "quick" → ''lailais'' "quickly" :''loron'' "day" → ''loroloron'' "daily" ==== Prepositions and circumpositions ==== The most commonly used [[preposition]]s in Tetum are ''iha'' ("in") and ''ba'' ("to" or "for") while [[circumposition]]s are widely used. These are formed by using ''iha'', the object and the position. :iha uma ''laran'' — ''inside'' the house :iha foho ''tutun'' — ''on top of'' the mountain :iha meza ''leten'' — ''on'' the table :iha kadeira ''okos'' — ''under'' the chair :iha rai ''li'ur'' — ''outside'' the country :iha ema ''leet'' — ''between'' the people ==== Verbs ==== ===== Copula and negation ===== There is no [[Copula (linguistics)|verb "to be"]] as such, but the word ''la'ós'', which translates as "not to be", is used for negation: :''Timor-oan sira la'ós Indonézia-oan.'' — The Timorese are not Indonesians. The word ''maka'', which roughly translates as "who is" or "what is", can be used with an adjective for emphasis: :''João maka gosta serveja.'' — It's John who likes beer. ===== Interrogation ===== The [[Grammatical polarity|interrogative]] is formed by using the words ''ka'' ("or") or ''ka lae'' ("or not"). :''O bulak ka?'' — Are you crazy? :''O gosta ha'u ka lae?'' — Don't you like me? ===== Derivation from nouns and adjectives ===== [[Transitive verb]]s are formed by adding the prefix ''ha-'' or ''hak-'' to a noun or adjective: :''been'' "liquid" → ''habeen'' "to liquify", "to melt" :''bulak'' "mad" → ''habulak'' "to drive mad" :''klibur'' "union" → ''haklibur'' "to unite" :''mahon'' "shade" → ''hamahon'' "to shade", "to cover" :''manas'' "hot" → ''hamanas'' "to heat up" [[Intransitive verb]]s are formed by adding the prefix ''na-'' or ''nak-'' to a noun or adjective: :''nabeen'' — (to be) liquified, melted :''nabulak'' — (to be) driven mad :''naklibur'' — (to be) united :''namahon'' — (to be) shaded, covered :''namanas'' — (to become) heated up ===== Conjugations and [[inflection]]s (in Tetun-Terik) ===== In ''Tetun-Terik'', [[inflection]] of verbs occurs, with [[consonant mutation|mutation]] of the first consonant. For example, the verb ''haree'' (to see) in ''Tetun-Terik'' would be [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] as follows: :''ha'u '''k'''aree'' — I see :''ó '''m'''aree'' — you (sing.) see :''nia '''n'''aree'' — he/she/it sees :''ami '''h'''aree'' — we see :''imi '''h'''aree'' — you (pl.) see :''sira '''r'''aree'' — they see === Tenses === ==== Past ==== Whenever possible, the past tense is simply inferred from the context, for example: :''Horisehik ha'u han etu '' – Yesterday I ate rice. However, it can be expressed by placing the adverb ''ona'' ("already") at the end of a sentence. :''Ha'u han etu ona'' – I've (already) eaten rice. When ''ona'' is used with ''la'' ("not") this means "no more" or "no longer", rather than "have not": :''Ha'u la han etu ona'' – I don't eat rice anymore. In order to convey that an action has not occurred, the word ''seidauk'' ("not yet") is used: :''Ha'u seidauk han etu'' – I haven't eaten rice (yet). When relating an action that occurred in the past, the word ''tiha'' ("finally" or "well and truly") is used with the verb. :''Ha'u han tiha etu'' – I ate rice. ==== Future ==== The [[future tense]] is formed by placing the word ''sei'' ("will") before a verb: :''Ha'u'' sei ''fó hahán ba sira'' – I ''will'' give them food. The negative is formed by adding ''la'' ("not") between ''sei'' and the verb: :''Ha'u'' sei la ''fó hahán ba sira'' – I ''will not'' give them food. === Aspects === ==== Perfect ==== The perfect [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] can be formed by using ''tiha ona''. :''Ha'u han etu tiha ona'' – I have eaten rice / I ate rice. When negated, ''tiha ona'' indicates that an action ceased to occur: :''Ha'u la han etu tiha ona'' – I didn't eat rice anymore. In order to convey that a past action had not or never occurred, the word ''ladauk'' ("not yet" or "never") is used: :''Ha'u ladauk han etu'' – I didn't eat rice / I hadn't eaten rice. ==== Progressive ==== The [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect]] can be obtained by placing the word ''hela'' ("stay") after a verb: :''Sira serbisu hela.'' – They're (still) working. === Imperative === The [[imperative mood]] is formed using the word ''ba'' ("go") at the end of a sentence, hence: :''Lee surat ba!'' – Read the letter! The word ''lai'' ("just" or "a bit") may also be used when making a request rather than a command: :''Lee surat lai'' – Just read the letter. When forbidding an action ''labele'' ("cannot") or ''keta'' ("do not") are used: :''Labele fuma iha ne'e!'' – Don't smoke here! :''Keta oho sira!'' – Don't kill them! ==Orthography and phonology== {{See also|Tetum alphabet}} As Tetum did not have any official recognition or support under either Portuguese or Indonesian rule, it is only recently that a standardised orthography has been established by the [[National Institute of Linguistics, Timor|National Institute of Linguistics]] (INL). However, there are still widespread variations in spelling, one example being the word ''bainhira'' or "when", which has also been written as ''bain-hira'', ''wainhira'', ''waihira'', ''uaihira''. The use of "w" or "u" is a reflection of the pronunciation in some rural dialects of ''Tetun-Terik''. The current orthography originates from the spelling reforms undertaken by [[Fretilin]] in 1974, when it launched literacy campaigns across East Timor, and also from the system used by the Catholic Church when it adopted Tetum as its liturgical language during the Indonesian occupation. These involved the [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] of many Portuguese words that were formerly written in their original spelling, for example, ''educação'' → ''edukasaun'' "education", and ''colonialismo'' → ''kolonializmu'' "colonialism". More recent reforms by the INL include the replacement of the [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] "[[nh (digraph)|nh]]" and "[[lh (digraph)|lh]]" (borrowed from Portuguese, where they stand for the phonemes {{IPA|/ɲ/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}}) by "[[ñ]]" and "[[ll]]", respectively (as in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), to avoid confusion with the [[consonant cluster]]s {{IPA|/nh/}} and {{IPA|/lh/}}, which also occur in Tetum. Thus, ''senhor'' "sir" became ''señór'', and ''trabalhador'' "worker" became ''traballadór''. Some linguists favoured using "[[ny (digraph)|ny]]" (as in [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Filipino language|Filipino]]) and "[[ly (digraph)|ly]]" for these sounds, but the latter spellings were rejected for being similar to the Indonesian system. However, most speakers actually pronounce ''ñ'' and ''ll'' as {{IPA|[i̯n]}} and {{IPA|[i̯l]}}, respectively, with a [[semivowel]] {{IPA|[i̯]}} which forms a [[diphthong]] with the preceding vowel (but reduced to {{IPA|[n]}}, {{IPA|[l]}} after {{IPA|/i/}}), not as the [[palatal consonant]]s of Portuguese and Spanish. Thus, ''señór'', ''traballadór'' are pronounced {{IPA|[sei̯ˈnoɾ]}}, {{IPA|[tɾabai̯laˈdoɾ]}}, and ''liña'', ''kartilla'' are pronounced {{IPA|[ˈlina]}}, {{IPA|[kaɾˈtila]}}. As a result, some writers use "in" and "il" instead, for example ''Juinu'' and ''Juilu'' for June and July (''Junho'' and ''Julho'' in Portuguese). As well as variations in the transliteration of Portuguese loanwords, there are also variations in the spelling of indigenous words. These include the use of double vowels and the [[apostrophe]] for the [[glottal stop]], for example ''boot'' → ''bot'' "large" and ''ki'ik'' → ''kiik'' "small". The sound {{IPA|[z]}}, which is not indigenous to Tetum but appears in many loanwords from Portuguese and Malay, often changed to {{IPA|[s]}} in old Tetum and to {{IPA|[ʒ]}} (written "j") in the speech of young speakers: for example, ''meja'' "table" from Portuguese ''mesa'', and ''kamija'' "shirt" from Portuguese ''camisa''. In the sociolect of Tetum that is still used by the generation educated during the Indonesian occupation, {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}} may occur in [[free variation]]. For instance, the Portuguese-derived word ''ezemplu'' "example" is pronounced {{IPA|[eˈʒemplu]}} by some speakers, and conversely ''Janeiru'' "January" is pronounced {{IPA|[zanˈeiru]}}. The sound {{IPA|[v]}}, also not native to the language, often shifted to {{IPA|[b]}}, as in ''serbisu'' "work" from Portuguese ''serviço'' (also note that a modern INL convention promotes the use of ''serbisu'' for "work" and ''servisu'' for "service"). ==Name== The English spelling "Tetum" is derived from Portuguese, rather than from modern Tetum orthography. Consequently, some people regard "Tetun" as more appropriate.<ref>[http://www.gnu.org/software/tetum/contributors/cliffMorris-xhtml/index.html A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun, by Cliff Morris]</ref> Although this coincides with the favoured Indonesian spelling, and the spelling with "m" has a longer history in English, "Tetun" has also been used by some Portuguese-educated Timorese, such as [[José Ramos-Horta]] and [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]]. Similar disagreements over nomenclature have emerged regarding the names of other languages, such as [[Swahili language|Swahili/Kiswahili]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi/Panjabi]]. ==See also== {{InterWiki|code=tet}} *[[Languages of East Timor]] *[[oldwikisource:Ami Aman|The Lord's Prayer in Tetum]] at [[Wikisource]] ==References== {{reflist}} *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/ National Institute of Linguistics, National University of East Timor (Archived)] includes several bilingual Tetum dictionaries, and articles about Tetum *Hull, Geoffrey, ''Standard Tetum-English Dictionary'' 2nd Ed, Allen & Unwin Publishers ISBN 978-1-86508-599-9 *[http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/rellang.htm Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste - Religion & Language] *[http://web.archive.org/web/20070927042437/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/orthhist.pdf The standard orthography of the Tetum language] (PDF) *[http://www.uc.pt/timor/language.htm Colonization, Decolonization and Integration: Language Policies in East Timor, Indonesia, by Nancy Melissa Lutz] *[http://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/speech1.html Current Language Issues in East Timor (Dr. Geoffrey Hull)] ==External links== {{Wikibooks|Tetum}} *[http://www.tetundit.tl/PeaceCorps.html Peace Corps East Timor Tetun Language Manual (2003)] *[http://www.tetundit.tl/courses.html Intensive Tetun language courses at Dili Institute of Technology] *[[commons:Category:Mai ita aprende portugés ho Emília|Pictures from a Portuguese language course]], using Tetum, published in the East Timorese newspaper [[:pt:Lia Foun|Lia Foun]] in Díli (from [[Wikimedia Commons]]) *[http://vcsymposium.massey.ac.nz/presenters/presentations/Newman/www/Tetun/home.html Tetun] website with sound files *[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/ling/stories/s476770.htm Teach yourself Tetum...] an interview with some information on the history of Tetum *[http://www.tetundit.tl/index.html Wordfinder (Tetun/English minidictionary)] and other publications available from Dili Institute of Technology website *[http://www.gnu.org/software/tetum/contributors/cliffMorris-xhtml/index.html A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun] includes some information on grammar, based on the ''Tetun-Terik'' dialect *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tet Ethnologue report for Tetum] *[http://laurel.ocs.mq.edu.au/~leccles/easttimor.html Sebastião Aparício da Silva Project for the Protection and Promotion of East Timorese Languages] *[http://www.suara-timor-lorosae.com/ ''Suara Timor Lorosae'' Daily newspaper in Tetum and Indonesian] *[http://www.semanario.tp/nacional%20tetum.htm ''Jornal Nacional Semanário'' Tetum page] *[http://www.1000dictionaries.com/tetum_dictionaries_1.html Tetum dictionaries] *[http://www.tetundit.tl/index.html Tetun 1, Tetun 2] Tetun writing courses for East Timorese university students, by Catharina Williams-van Klinken, Dili Institute of Technology {{Languages of East Timor}} [[Category:Languages of East Timor]] [[Category:Languages of Indonesia]] [[Category:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages]] [[ar:لغة تيتومية]] [[bg:Тетун]] [[ca:Tetum]] [[cs:Tetum]] [[cy:Tetwm]] [[de:Tetum]] [[es:Idioma tetun]] [[eo:Tetuna lingvo]] [[fr:Tétoum]] [[gl:Tetún]] [[ko:테툼어]] [[hr:Tetumski jezik]] [[id:Bahasa Tetun]] [[it:Lingua tetum]] [[jv:Basa Tetun]] [[kv:Тетун (кыв)]] [[lv:Tetunu valoda]] [[lt:Tetum kalba]] [[ms:Bahasa Tetum]] [[nl:Tetun]] [[ja:テトゥン語]] [[no:Tetum]] [[pms:Lenga Tetun]] [[pl:Tetum]] [[pt:Língua tétum]] [[ru:Тетум]] [[fi:Tetumin kieli]] [[sv:Tetum]] [[tl:Tetum]] [[ta:தேதுன மொழி]] [[tet:Lia-tetun]] [[th:ภาษาเตตุม]] [[tr:Tetum]] [[uk:Тетум (мова)]] [[vi:Tiếng Tetum]] [[zh:德顿语]]'