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'{{Refimprove|date=September 2011}} A '''nonverbal learning disorder''' or '''nonverbal learning disability''' ('''NLD''' or '''NVLD''') is a condition characterized by a significant discrepancy between higher verbal and lower [[motor skills|motor]], [[Theory_of_multiple_intelligences#Visual-spatial|visuo-spatial]], and [[social skills]] on an [[Intelligence quotient|IQ test]].<ref name=treffert>{{cite web | first =Darold | last =Treffert | title =Nonverbal Learning Disorder (NLD or NVLD) | url =http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/savant_syndrome/savant_articles/nvld | publisher =[http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org Wisconsin Medical Society] }}</ref> Some proponents of the category believe that this discrepancy is attributable to dysfunction in the right [[cerebral hemisphere]].<ref name=treffert /><ref name=nlda>{{cite web | title =Nonverbal Learning Disorders Association | url =http://www.nlda.org/ }}</ref> NLD involves deficits in [[perception]], [[Motor coordination|coordination]], [[socialisation]], non-verbal [[problem-solving]] and understanding of [[humour]], along with well-developed [[rote memory]].<ref name=apt>{{cite journal | last = Fitzgerald | first = Michael | authorlink = | coauthors = Corvin, Aiden | date = | year = 2001 | month = | title = Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome | journal = Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | series = | pages = 310–318 | publisher = The Royal College of Psychiatrists | location = | issn = 1472-1481 | pmid = | pmc = | doi = 10.1192/apt.7.4.310 | bibcode = | url = http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/310 | language = | format = | accessdate = | quote = }}</ref> As most people with [[Asperger syndrome]] (AS) fit the criteria for NLD, a diagnosis of AS is often preferred.<ref name=apt /> In this instance, some researchers assert that an AS diagnosis is more clinically useful than an NLD diagnosis, and argue that NLD would be an example of excessive diagnostic splitting. However, NLD can also occur with other disorders. As with [[Asperger syndrome]], NLD exists on a spectrum, and those affected can experience it in a range of ways. Those with an NLD diagnosis can experience some or all of the symptoms, and to varying degrees. Ongoing debate surrounds the relationship between [[Asperger syndrome]] and NLD, as research on the condition is ongoing and procedures can differ from AS research.<ref name=apt /> ==Symptoms== ===Non-verbal communication=== People with this disability may misunderstand non-verbal communications, or they may understand the communications but be unable to formulate an appropriate response. This can make establishing and maintaining social contacts difficult. [[Eye contact]] can also be difficult for people with NLD, either because they are uncomfortable with maintaining it or because they do not remember that others expect it. Similarly, knowing when and how to use physical contact and recognizing emotions in others and expressing them for oneself can be problematic. ===Verbal communication=== People with NLD will often tend to lapse into "cocktail-speech," talking too much and too quickly. People with NLD often have strong verbal communication skills and rely on verbal communication as their main method of gathering information. As a result, they must often find ways to use verbal reasoning skills to compensate in areas where they have deficits, such as by "talking themselves through" a problem involving a large quantity and/or a wide variety of visuo-spatial and/or numerical data. Despite these efforts, people with NLD can become confused and feel overwhelmed when the number and variety of nonverbal stimuli exceeds their processing abilities, especially when those stimuli must be processed in "[[real time]]." ===Numerical and spatial awareness=== Arithmetic and mathematics can be very difficult for people with NLD, and they often have problems with spatial awareness. Problematic areas may include: *Recognizing faces *Paying attention in noisy environments *Navigation *In mathematics: the confusion of X-axis and Y-axis *Remembering the names and locations of places *Map reading, or plotting or remembering routes. People with NLD are often best-served by giving landmarks along with repeated directions. *Estimating the speed of cars while crossing the road *Self-awareness of where their body is(frequently bump into other people and objects) *Driving a vehicle in reverse ===Motor=== People with NLD often have motor difficulties. This can manifest in their walking and running, which are sometimes stiff, or in difficulty balancing. They may also be more likely to run into things, due to judging distances poorly. Fine motor skills can also develop abnormally, causing difficulty with writing, drawing, and tying shoelaces. NLD sufferers are often labeled as "clumsy" or "stiff". ===Anxiety=== {{refimprove|date=November 2011}} People with NLD, more than many others, fear failure. They may feel that they have to do too much at once, and then do not know where to start. This allows them to stagnate, and then do nothing. Sometimes they try to multitask and again end up doing nothing, which can lead to frustration. They may experience the world around them as a chaos, the actions that they must perform well and quickly [[Learned helplessness|creating a sense of helplessness]]. Clumsiness in performing tasks may be criticized by teachers or in the workplace, causing further fear of failure.</br> {{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ===Sources=== ====Nonverbal learning disorder==== {{div col|cols=3|small=yes}} *{{cite pmid|16724792}} *{{cite pmid|16371824}} *{{cite pmid|15559896}} *{{cite pmid|14590164}} *{{cite pmid|12610774}} *{{cite pmid|12174811}} *{{cite pmid|11339385}} *{{cite pmid|10472543}} *{{cite pmid|10322476}} *{{cite pmid|2708895}} {{div col end}} ====Non-verbal learning disorder==== {{div col|cols=3|small=yes}} *{{cite pmid|19280580}} *{{cite pmid|19280579}} *{{cite pmid|19280578}} *{{cite pmid|18075984}} *{{cite pmid|16941424}} *{{cite pmid|15736099}} *{{cite pmid|15011158}} *{{cite pmid|15011155}} *{{cite pmid|15011152}} *{{cite pmid|11680298}} {{div col end}} ====Nonverbal learning disability==== {{div col|cols=3|small=yes}} *{{cite pmid|19041456}} *{{cite pmid|18516234}} *{{cite journal|author=Silver CH, Ring J, Pennett HD, Black JL|title=Verbal and visual short-term memory in children with arithmetic disabilities |journal=Developmental Neuropsychology|year=2007 |volume=32|issue=3|pages=847–860|issn=8756-5641|pmid=17956185|doi=10.1080/87565640701539717}} *{{cite journal|title=Russell-Silver syndrome and nonverbal learning disability: a case study|author=Plotts CA, Livermore CL|journal=Applied Neuropsychology|volume=14|issue=2|date=May 2007|pages=124–34|issn=0908-4282|pmid=17523887|doi=10.1080/09084280701322684}} *{{cite pmid|17182875}} *{{cite pmid|16474990}} *{{cite pmid|16328713}} *{{cite pmid|16307864}} *{{cite pmid|16210215}} *{{cite pmid|15717294}} *{{cite pmid|15634310}} *{{cite pmid|15590491}} *{{cite pmid|15559899}} *{{cite pmid|15502535}} *{{cite pmid|15198632}} *{{cite pmid|15194904}} *{{cite pmid|12542885}} *{{cite pmid|11992210}} *{{cite pmid|11992191}} *{{cite pmid|11815881}} *{{cite pmid|11686649}} *{{cite pmid|11585324}} *{{cite pmid|11579660}} *{{cite pmid|11291015}} *{{cite pmid|10925707}} *{{cite pmid|10857676}} *{{cite pmid|10386829}} *{{cite pmid|9931529}} *{{cite pmid|9742317}} *{{cite pmid|8774042}} *{{cite pmid|9117539}} *{{cite pmid|8729704}} *{{cite pmid|7884301}} *{{cite pmid|8021315}} *{{cite pmid|14589674}} *{{cite pmid|1709967}} *{{cite pmid|2593988}} *{{cite pmid|2708893}} {{div col end}} ====Non-verbal learning disability==== {{div col|cols=3|small=yes}} *{{cite pmid|19338720}} *{{cite pmid|17088272}} *{{cite pmid|15548490}} *{{cite pmid|15473168}} *{{cite pmid|12712646}} *{{cite pmid|11263469}} *{{cite pmid|10191433}} {{div col end}} ====Nonverbal learning disorder and nonverbal learning disability==== {{div col|cols=2|small=yes}} *{{cite pmid|18660478}} *{{cite pmid|16856784}} {{div col end}} == External Links == * [http://www.friendsofquinn.com Friends of Quinn] {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nonverbal Learning Disorder}} [[Category:Learning disabilities]] [[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]] [[da:Nonverbal Learning Disorder]] [[de:Nonverbale Lernstörung]] [[nl:Niet-verbale leerstoornis]] [[pl:Upośledzenie zdolności niewerbalnego uczenia się]]'