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'{{one source|date=February 2012}} {{Infobox university | name = Pontifical Academy of Sciences | native_name = Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze | image_name = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg | latin_name = Pontificia Academia Scientiarum | motto = | mottoeng = | established = 1603<br>({{age|1603|1|1}} years ago) | closed = | type = [[Catholic school|Catholic]], [[Research institute]], [[Pontifical University]] | endowment = | president = Professor [[Werner Arber]] | chancellor = Bishop [[Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo]] | faculty = | staff = | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | city = Casina Pio IV<br>00120 [[Vatican City]] | country = [[Vatican City]] | coor = | colors = | website = [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/acdscien/index.htm] | footnotes = }} {{Coord|41|54|15|N|12|27|9|E|type:landmark_region:VA|display=title}} {{Politics of the Holy See}} [[File:0 Académie des Sciences - Casina Pio IV.JPG|right|thumb|The [[:w:Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] and the [[:w:Casina Pio IV|Casina Pio IV]].]] '''The Pontifical Academy of Sciences''' (Latin ''Pontificia Academia Scientiarum'') is a scientific academy of the [[Holy See|Vatican]], founded in 1603 and later re-established in 1936 by [[Pope Pius XI]]. It is placed under the protection of the reigning [[Supreme Pontiff]]. Its aim is to promote the progress of the mathematical, physical and natural sciences and the study of related [[epistemology|epistemological]] problems. The Academy has its origins in the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes"), founded in 1847 intended as a more closely supervised successor to the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] ("Academy of Lynxes") established in Rome in 1603, by the learned Roman Prince, [[Federico Cesi]] (1585–1630) who was a young botanist and naturalist, and which claimed [[Galileo Galilei]] as its president.The ''Accademia dei Lincei'' survives as a wholly separate institution. The Academy is headquartered in the [[Casina Pio IV]] in the heart of the [[Vatican Gardens]]. The academy holds a membership roster of the most respected names in 20th century science, including such [[Nobel laureates]] as [[Ernest Rutherford]], [[Max Planck]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Otto Hahn]], [[Charles Hard Townes]] and [[Stephen Hawking]]. ==History== [[File:Courtyard of the Casina Pio IV.jpg|thumb|Courtyard of the Academy]] Cesi wanted his Academicians to create a method of research based upon observation, experiment, and the inductive method. He thus called this Academy "dei Lincei" because the scientists which adhered to it had to have eyes as sharp as [[lynx]]es in order to penetrate the secrets of nature, observing it at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. The leader of the first academy was the famous scientist [[Galileo]] Galilei. It was dissolved after the death of its founder and re-created by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1847 and given the name ''Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei'' ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes"), and was re-founded in 1936 by [[Pope Pius XI]] and given its current name. [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1976 and [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1986 subsequently updated its statutes. Since 1936, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences has been concerned both with investigating specific scientific subjects belonging to individual disciplines and with the promotion of interdisciplinary co-operation. It has progressively increased the number of its Academicians and the international character of its membership. The Academy is an independent body within the Holy See and enjoys freedom of research. From the statutes of 1976: {{bquote|The Pontifical Academy of Sciences has as its goal the promotion of the progress of the mathematical, physical and natural sciences, and the study of related epistemological questions and issues.}} ==Activities== [[Image:Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican - entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.]] Since the Academy and its membership is not influenced by factors of a national, political, or religious character it represents a valuable source of objective scientific information which is made available to the Holy See and to the international scientific community. Today the work of the Academy covers six main areas: *fundamental science *the science and technology of global questions and issues *science in favor of the problems of the Third World *the ethics and politics of science *bioethics *epistemology The disciplines involved are sub-divided into nine fields: the disciplines of physics and related disciplines; astronomy; chemistry; the earth and environmental sciences; the life sciences (botany, agronomy, zoology, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, the neurosciences, surgery); mathematics; the applied sciences; and the philosophy and history of sciences. ==Goals and Hopes of the Academy== The goals and hopes of the Academy were expressed by [[Pope Pius XI]] in the ''Motu Proprio'' which brought about its re-foundation in 1936: :"Amongst the many consolations with which divine Goodness has wished to make happy the years of our Pontificate, I am happy to place that of our having being able to see not a few of those who dedicate themselves to the studies of the sciences mature their attitude and their intellectual approach towards religion. Science, when it is real cognition, is never in contrast with the truth of the Christian faith. Indeed, as is well known to those who study the history of science, it must be recognized on the one hand that the Roman Pontiffs and the Catholic Church have always fostered the research of the learned in the experimental field as well, and on the other hand that such research has opened up the way to the defense of the deposit of supernatural truths entrusted to the Church....We promise again that it is our strongly-held intention, that the 'Pontifical Academicians' through their work and our Institution, work ever more and ever more effectively for the progress of the sciences. Of them we do not ask anything else, since in this praiseworthy intent and this noble work in that service in favor of the truth that we expect of them." (Pius XI) Forty years later (10 November 1979), [[John Paul II]] once again emphasized the role and goals of the Academy, on the 100th anniversary (centenary) of the birth of [[Albert Einstein]]: :"...the existence of this Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of which in its ancient ancestry Galileo was a member and of which today eminent scientists are members, without any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, is a visible sign, raised amongst the peoples of the world, of the profound harmony that can exist between the truths of science and the truths of faith....The Church of Rome together with all the Churches spread throughout the world, attributes a great importance to the function of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. The title of 'Pontifical' given to the Academy means, as you know, the interest and the commitment of the Church, in different forms from the ancient patronage, but no less profound and effective in character....How could the Church have lacked interest in the most noble of the occupations which are most strictly human -- the search for truth?" :"....Both believing scientists and non-believing scientists are involved in deciphering the palimpsest of nature which has been built in a rather complex way, where the traces of the different stages of the long evolution of the world have been covered over and mixed up. The believer, perhaps, has the advantage of knowing that the puzzle has a solution, that the underlying writing is in the final analysis the work of an intelligent being, and that thus the problem posed by nature has been posed to be solved and that its difficulty is without doubt proportionate to the present or future capacity of humanity. This, perhaps, will not give him new resources for the investigation engaged in. But it will contribute to maintaining him in that healthy optimism without which a sustained effort cannot be engaged in for long." (John Paul II) ==Members== The new members of the Academy are elected by the body of Academicians and chosen from men and women of every race and religion based on the high scientific value of their activities and their high moral profile. They are then officially appointed by the Roman Pontiff. The Academy is governed by a President, appointed from its members by the Pope, who is helped by a scientific Council and by the Chancellor. Initially made up of 80 Academicians, 70 who were appointed for life, in 1986 [[John Paul II]] raised the number of members for life to 80, side by side with a limited number of Honorary Academicians chosen because they are highly qualified figures, and others who are Academicians because of the posts they hold, including: the Chancellor of the Academy, the Director of the [[Vatican Observatory]], the Prefect of the [[Vatican Apostolic Library]], and the Prefect of the [[Vatican Secret Archives]]. ===President=== The president of the Academy is appointed from its members by the Pope. The current president is Nobel laureate [[Werner Arber]] <ref>http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110116-314700/Vatican-appoints-Protestant-as-scientific-bodys-head</ref>, making him the first Protestant to hold the position. ===Current ordinary members=== {{multiCol}} * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Werner Arber]] (1981- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[David Baltimore]] (1978- ) * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Antonio M. Battro]] (2002- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Gary Becker]] (1997- ) * {{Flagicon|Ghana}} [[Daniel Adjei-Bekoe]] (1983- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Paul Berg]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Enrico Berti]] (2001- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Günter Blobel]] (2001- ) * {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Thierry Boon-Falleur]] (2002- ) * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Luis Caffarelli|Luís Caffarelli]] (1994- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] (1994- ) * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Aaron Ciechanover]] (2007- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] (1999- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Francis S. Collins]] (2009- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Bernardo M. Colombo]] (1992- ) * {{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Suzanne Cory]] (2004- ) * {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Paul J. Crutzen]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Stanislas Dehaene]] (2008- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Edward M. De Robertis]] (2009- ) * {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Christian de Duve]] (1970- ) {{ColBreak}} * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Manfred Eigen]] (1981- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Gerhard Ertl]] (2010- ) * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Albert Eschenmoser]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Antonio García-Bellido]] (2003- ) * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Takashi Gojobori]] (2007- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Theodor W. Hänsch]] (2006- ) * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Stephen Hawking]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Michał Heller]] (1990- ) * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Raymond Hide]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Fotis Kafatos]] (2003- ) * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan|Kr. Kasturirangan]] (2006- ) * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Vladimir Keilis-Borok]] (2004- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Klaus von Klitzing]] (2007- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Nicole Marthe Le Douarin]] (1999- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] (2003- ) * {{Flagicon|ROC}} [[Yuan Tseh Lee]] (2007- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Marie Lehn]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Pierre Léna]] (2001- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] (1974- ) {{ColBreak}} * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Yuri Ivanovich Manin]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon|Govind Menon]] (1981- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Beatrice Mintz]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Jürgen Mittelstrass]] (2002- ) * {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mario J. Molina]] (2000- ) * {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Rudolf Muradyan]] (1994- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Joseph Murray]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|Brazil}} [[Miguel Nicolelis]] (2011- ) * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Sergei Novikov (mathematician)|Sergej Novikov]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Ryōji Noyori]] (2002- ) * {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Czeslaw Olech]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[William D. Phillips]] (2004- ) * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[John Charles Polanyi]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Ingo Potrykus]] (2005- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Frank Press]] (1999- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Yves Quéré]] (2003- ) * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Veerabhadran Ramanathan|V. Ramanathan]] (2004- ) * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao|Chintamani Rao]] (1990- ) {{ColBreak}} * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peter H. Raven]] (1990- ) * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Martin J. Rees]] (1990- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alexander Rich]] (1978- ) * {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe]] (2007- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Carlo Rubbia]] (1985- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Vera Rubin]] (1996- ) * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Roald Sagdeev]] (1990- ) * {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Michael Sela]] (1975- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Maxine Singer]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Wolf Singer]] (1992- ) * {{Flagicon|India}} [[Govind Swarup]] (2008- ) * {{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Walter Thirring]] (1986- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Hard Townes]] (1983- ) * {{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Hans Tuppy]] (1970- ) * {{Flagicon|Chile}} [[Rafael Vicuña]] (2000- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Edward Witten]] (2006- ) * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Chen Ning Yang]] (1997- ) * {{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Ahmed Zewail]] (1999- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Antonino Zichichi]] (2000- ) {{EndMultiCol}} ===Current honorary members=== * {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Georges Cottier]], [[Ordo Praedicatorum|O.P.]] (1992- ) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Michel Maldamé]], O.P. (1997- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Carlo Maria Martini]], [[Societas Iesu|S.J.]] (2000- ) ===Current members ''perdurante munere''=== :''Note: These members are'' [[ex officio]] ''members'', i.e., ''they serve during the term of their office. * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} ''[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the Academy'': [[Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo]] (1998- ) * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} ''Director of the [[Vatican Observatory]]'': [[José Gabriel Funes|José Funes]], [[Societas Iesu|S.J.]] (2006- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} ''Prefect of the [[Vatican Apostolic Library]]'': [[Cesare Pasini]] (2007- ) * {{Flagicon|Italy}} ''Prefect of the [[Vatican Secret Archives]]'': [[Sergio Pagano]], [[Barnabites|B.]] (1997- ) ==Nobel Prize-winning members== During its various decades of activity, the Academy has had a number of [[Nobel Prize]] winners amongst its members, many of whom were appointed Academicians before they received this prestigious international award. {{multicol}} *[[Ernest Rutherford]] (Chemistry, 1908) *[[Guglielmo Marconi]] (Physics, 1909) *[[Alexis Carrel]] (Physiology, 1912) *[[Max von Laue]] (Physics, 1914) *[[Max Planck]] (Physics, 1918) *[[Niels Bohr]] (Physics, 1922) *[[Werner Heisenberg]] (Physics, 1932) *[[Paul Dirac]] (Physics, 1933) *[[Erwin Schrödinger]] (Physics, 1933) *[[Peter J.W. Debye]] (Chemistry, 1936) *[[Otto Hahn]] (Chemistry, 1944) *[[Sir Alexander Fleming]] (Physiology, 1945) *[[Chen Ning Yang]] and [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] (Physics, 1957) *[[Joshua Lederberg]] (Physiology, 1958) *[[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (Physics, 1961) *[[Max F. Perutz]] (Chemistry, 1962) *[[John Carew Eccles]] (Physiology, 1963) *[[Charles H. Townes]] (Physics, 1964) *[[Manfred Eigen]] and [[George Porter]] (Chemistry, 1967) *[[Har Gobind Khorana]] and [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]] (Physiology, 1968) *[[Christian de Duve]] (Physiology, 1974) *[[George Emil Palade]] (Physiology, 1974) {{multicol-break}} *[[David Baltimore]] (Physiology, 1975) *[[Aage Bohr]] (Physics, 1975) *[[Abdus Salam]] (Physics, 1979) *[[Paul Berg]] (Chemistry, 1980) *[[Kai Siegbahn]] (Physics, 1981) *[[Sune Bergstrom]] (Physiology, 1982) *[[Carlo Rubbia]] (Physics, 1984) *[[Klaus von Klitzing]] (Physics, 1985) *[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] (Physiology, 1986) *[[John C. Polanyi]] (Chemistry, 1986) *[[Yuan Tseh Lee]] (Chemistry, 1986) *[[Jean-Marie Lehn]] (Chemistry, 1987) *[[Joseph E. Murray]] (Physiology, 1990) *[[Gary S. Becker]] (Economics, 1992) *[[Paul J. Crutzen]] and [[Mario J. Molina]] (Chemistry, 1995) *[[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] (Physics, 1997) *[[Ahmed H. Zewail]] (Chemistry, 1999) *[[Günter Blobel]] (Physiology, 1999) *[[Ryoji Noyori]] (Chemistry, 2001) *[[Aaron Ciechanover]] (Chemistry, 2004) * [[Gerhard Ertl]] (Chemistry, 2007) {{multicol-end}} Other eminent Academicians include Padre [[Agostino Gemelli]] (1878–1959), founder of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart and President of the Academy after its re-foundation until 1959, and Mons. [[Georges Lemaitre]] (1894–1966), one of the fathers of contemporary cosmology who held the office of President from 1960 to 1966, and Brazilian neuroscientist [[Carlos Chagas Filho]]. ==See also== *[[Catholic Church and science#Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] *[[Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences]] *[[Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas]] ==Source== Based on [http://www.pas.va/documents/newpdf/es16en.pdf The Pontifical Academy of Sciences: A Historical Profile] (in PDF) {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.pas.va The Pontifical Academy of Sciences] -- The Academy's official Vatican site *[http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP961022.HTM Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution] by Pope John Paul II, 22 October 1996 *[http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/about/history.html History] *[http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/multimedia/photo.html Photo Galleries] *[http://discovermagazine.com/2008/sep/18-how-to-teach-science-to-the-pope/ Article about inner workings and relationship to other councils] {{Vatican City topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Catholicism|state=autocollapse}} {{Pontifical universities in Rome}} {{International Council for Science}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pontifical Academy Of Sciences}} [[Category:Roman Catholic Church organisation]] [[Category:Roman Catholicism and science]] [[Category:Roman Catholic cleric–scientists]] [[Category:National academies of sciences]] [[Category:Organizations based in Vatican City]] [[Category:Religion and science]] [[Category:Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] [[cs:Papežská akademie věd]] [[de:Päpstliche Akademie der Wissenschaften]] [[es:Academia Pontificia de las Ciencias]] [[eo:Papa Akademio de la Sciencoj]] [[fr:Académie pontificale des sciences]] [[id:Akademi Kepausan untuk Ilmu Pengetahuan]] [[it:Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze]] [[ka:პაპის მეცნიერებათა აკადემია]] [[la:Pontificia Academia Scientiarum]] [[nl:Pauselijke Academie voor de Wetenschappen]] [[pl:Papieska Akademia Nauk]] [[pt:Pontifícia Academia das Ciências]] [[ru:Папская академия наук]] [[simple:Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] [[sl:Papeška akademija znanosti]] [[fi:Paavillinen tiedeakatemia]] [[uk:Папська академія наук]] [[vi:Viện hàn lâm giáo hoàng về Khoa học]]'