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'{{Other uses}} '''Hacienda system''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|h|æ|s|i|ˈ|ɛ|n|d|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|h|ɑː|s|i|ˈ|ɛ|n|d|ə}}; {{IPA-es|aˈθjenda|lang}} or <small>American Spanish:</small> {{IPA-es|aˈsjenda|}}) is a [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word for an [[Estate (land)|estate]]. Some ''haciendas'' were [[plantation]]s, [[Mining|mines]], or even business [[Factory|factories]]. Many ''haciendas'' combined these productive activities. The hacienda system of [[Argentina]], parts of [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Mexico]] and [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] was a system of large land-holdings that were an end in themselves as the marks of [[Social status|status]] (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the cognate term '''''[[fazenda]]''''' applies to the similar system in Brazil). The ''hacienda'' aimed for self-sufficiency in everything but luxuries meant for display, which were destined for the handful of people in the circle of the ''patrón''. ==Origins== [[File:Teatro de Atequiza, Mexico.JPG|thumb|right|[[Gristmill|Wheat mill]] and theatre of [[Gilberto Rincón Gallardo|Vicente Gallardo]]; Hacienda Atequiza, [[Jalisco, Mexico]], 1886.]] ''Haciendas'' originated in [[land <a class="inlineAdmedialink" href="#">grant</a>]]s, mostly made to ''[[conquistador]]s''. It is in Mexico that the ''hacienda'' system can be considered to have its origin in 1529,{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} when the Spanish crown granted to [[Hernán Cortés]] the title of [[Marquess]] of the [[Valley of Oaxaca]], which entailed a tract of land that included all of the present state of [[Morelos]]. Significantly, Cortés was also granted an [[encomienda]], which included all the Native Americans then living on the land and power of life and death over every soul on his domains. ==Personnel== In [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]], the owner of a ''hacienda'' was called the ''hacendado'' or ''patrón''. Aside from the small circle at the top of the ''hacienda'' society, the remainder were ''[[peon]]es'', ''[[Peasant|campesinos]]'' (peasants), or mounted ranch hands variously called ''[[Cowboy|vaqueros]]'', ''[[gaucho]]''s (in the [[Southern Cone]]), among other terms. The ''peones'' worked land that belonged to the ''patrón''. The ''campesinos'' worked small holdings, and owed a portion to the ''patrón.'' The economy of the eighteenth century was largely a [[barter]] system,{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} with little specie circulated on the ''hacienda''. There was no [[Appellate court|court of appeals]] governing a ''hacienda.''{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} <a class="inlineAdmedialink" href="#">Stock</a> raising was central to ranching haciendas. Where the ''hacienda'' included working [[mining|mine]]s, as in Mexico, the ''patrón'' might be immensely wealthy. The unusually large and profitable [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] ''hacienda'' Santa Lucía near Mexico City, established in 1576 and lasting to the expulsion in 1767, has been reconstructed by Herman Konrad from archival sources. This reconstruction has revealed the nature and operation of the ''hacienda'' system in Mexico, its ''[[peon]]es'', its systems of [[land tenure]] and the workings of its isolated, intradependent society. [[File:Hacienda San Gabriel.jpg|thumb|left|Gardens of the Hacienda San Gabriel in [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]].]] The [[Catholic Church]] and its [[Catholic religious order|orders]], especially the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]], were granted vast ''hacienda'' holdings, linking the interests of the church with the rest of the landholding class. In the history of Mexico and other [[Latin America]]n countries, this resulted in hostility to the church, including confiscations of their haciendas and other restrictions. In the Caribbean, haciendas, mostly in the forms of sugar [[plantation]]s, were staffed by slaves brought from [[Africa]].<ref name="Diaz">[http://web.archive.org/web/20071214000250/http://www.ipoaa.com/africa_puertorico.htm African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality by (the late) Dr. Robert A. Martinez, Baruch <a class="inlineAdmedialink" href="#">College</a>]. (Archived from [http://www.ipoaa.com/africa_puertorico.htm the original] on July 20, 2007). Retrioeved 13 July 2012.</ref> In Puerto Rico, this system ended with the [[African immigration to Puerto Rico|abolition of slavery]] in Puerto Rico on March 22, 1873.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/baldorioty.html ''Román Baldorioty de Castro.''] U.S. Library of Congress]. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</ref> ==South American haciendas== In [[South America]], the ''hacienda'' remained after the [[Spanish American wars of independence|collapse]] of the [[Spanish Empire|colonial system]] in the early nineteenth century. In some places, such as [[Santo Domingo]], the end of colonialism meant the fragmentation of the large plantation holdings into a myriad of small [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers']] holdings, an agrarian revolution. In Argentina and elsewhere, a second, international, money-based economy developed independently of the ''haciendas'' which sank into rural poverty.{{cn|date=July 2012}} [[File:Entrada al Palacio San José.JPG|thumb|right|[[Palacio San José]], Argentina; owned by [[Justo José de Urquiza]], 19th century.]] In most of [[Latin America]] the old holdings remained. In Mexico the ''haciendas'' were [[Agrarian land reform in Mexico|abolished]] by law in 1917 during the [[Mexican Revolution|revolution]], but remnants of the system affect Mexico today. In rural areas, the wealthiest people typically affect the style of the old hacendados even though their wealth these days derives from more capitalistic enterprises. In Bolivia, haciendas were more prevalent until the [[Victor Paz Estenssoro#The 1952 Revolution|1952 Revolution]] of [[Victor Paz Estenssoro]] which established an extensive program of land distribution as part of the [[Agrarian Reform]]. Peru had haciendas until the Agrarian Reform (1969) of [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]], who expropriated the land from the hacendados and redistributed it to the peasants. ==Other locations== ===Philippines=== In the [[Philippines]], the hacienda system and lifestyles were influenced by the [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish colonization]] that occurred via [[Mexico]] for more than 300 years. Attempts to break up the hacienda system in the Philippines through [[land reform]] laws during the second half of the 1900s have not been succeeded especially the [[Hacienda Luisita]] that resorted to protests.{{cn|date=July 2012}} ===Puerto Rico=== [[File:Francisco Oller - Hacienda Aurora.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Francisco Oller's depiction of ''Hacienda Aurora'' (1899) in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]]]] Haciendas in [[Puerto Rico]] developed during the time of Spanish colonization. An example of these was the 1833 [[Hacienda Buena Vista]], which dealt primarily with the cultivation, packaging, and exportation of coffee.<ref>Robert Sackett, Preservationist, PRSHPO (Original 1990 draft). Arleen Pabon, Certifying Official and State Historic Preservation Officer, State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico. September 9, 1994. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form—Hacienda Buena Vista. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.). Page 16.</ref> Today, Hacienda Buena Vista, which is listed in the United States [[National Register of Historic Places]], is a museum.<ref>[http://www.architectmagazine.com/blogs/postdetails.aspx?BlogId=beyondbuildingsblog&postId=100422 ''Exotic Vernacular: Hacienda Buena Vista in Puerto Rico.''] Aaron Betsky. "Beyond Buildings." Architect: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</ref> Another example is the 1861 [[Hacienda Mercedita]], a sugar [[plantation]] hacienda that once produced, packaged and sold sugar in the ''Snow White'' brand name.<ref>Nydia R. Suarez. ''The Rise and Decline of Puerto Rico's Sugar Industry.'' Sugar and Sweetener: S&O/SSS-224. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. December 1998. Page 25.</ref> The last of such haciendas decayed considerably starting in the 1950s with the industrialization of Puerto Rico via ''[[Operation Bootstrap|Operacion Manos a la Obra]]''.<ref>[http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=06102003 ''Operation Bootstrap (1947).''] Encyclopedia Puerto Rico. "History and Archaeology." Fundación Puertorriqueña para las Humanidades. Retieved 13 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.ocpr.gov.pr/comunicados_de_prensa/comunicados_98_99/division_cp/cp_98_17.htm ''Informes Publicados: Central y Refinería Mercedita.''] Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Oficina del Controlador. Corporación Azucarera de Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Informe Número: CP-98-17 (23 June 1998). Released: 1 July 1998. Retrieved: 13 July 2012.</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, coffee haciendas disappeared and the last few haciendas remaining, sugar-based haciendas, metamorphosed into ''centrales azucares.''<ref>[http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08111801 ''Sugar in Puerto Rico.''] Encyclopedia Puerto Rico. "Economy." Fundación Puertorriqueña para las Humanidades. Retieved 13 July 2012.</ref> Yet by the 1990s, and after significant government fiscal participation, the last 13 Puerto Rican ''centrales azucares'' were forced to shut down as well, marking the end of haciendas in Puerto Rico.<ref>Nydia R. Suarez. ''The Rise and Decline of Puerto Rico's Sugar Industry.'' Sugar and Sweetener: S&O/SSS-224. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. December 1998. Page 31.</ref> In the late 19th century Mercedita became the site of production of [[Don Q]] rum<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=l6ex-yW0Ds8C&pg=PA99 ''Rum: The Epic Story of the Drink That Conquered the World.''] Charles A. Coulombe. New York: Kensington Publishing. 2004. Page 99. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</ref> and the legacy of Hacienda Mercedita can be seen in a profitable rum business today called [[Destilería Serrallés]].<ref>[http://www.destileriaserralles.com/history.swf ''Our History.''] Destileria Serralles. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</ref> ==In popular culture== In popular culture, haciendas are often portrayed in telenovelas like ''[[A Escrava Isaura (2004 TV series)|A Escrava Isaura]]'' and ''[[Zorro: La Espada y la Rosa|Zorro]]''. ==Other uses== Nowadays, the ''"Ministerio de Hacienda"'' is the [[Ministry (government department)|government department]] in [[Spain]] that deals with [[finance]] and [[taxation]], and which is equivalent to the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]] in the United States or the [[HM Treasury|British Treasury]] in the United Kingdom. ==List of haciendas== [[File:LaChonita16.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Main house of the [[La Chonita Hacienda]], in [[Tabasco|Tabasco, Mexico]], still a working cacao farm]] *[[Hacienda Buena Vista]] *[[Juriquilla|Hacienda Juriquilla]] *[[Hacienda Aurora]] *[[Hacienda Mercedita]] *[[Hacienda Napoles]] *[[Hacienda San Antonio de Petrel]] *[[Palacio San José]] *[[Hacienda Chactun|Hacienda San Jose Chactún]] *[[Yorba Hacienda|Hacienda Yorba]] ==See also== * [[Encomienda]] * [[Estancia]] * [[Fazenda]] * [[Feudalism]] * [[Plantation]] * [[Ranch]] ==References== <references /> * Bauer, Arnold. "Modernizing landlords and constructive peasants: In the Mexican countryside," ''Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos'' (Winter 1998) 14#1 pp 191-212 *{{citation | last = Konrad| first = Herman W.| title = A Jesuit Hacienda in Colonial Mexico: Santa Lucía, 1576–1767| publisher = Stanford University Press| year = 1980| isbn = 978-0-8047-1050-3}} * Lyons, Barry J. ''Remembering the Hacienda: Religion, Authority and Social Change in Highland Ecuador'' (2006) * Mörner, Magnus. "The Spanish American Hacienda: A Survey of Recent Research and Debate," ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' (1973) 53#2 pp. 183-216 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2512251 in JSTOR] * Tayor, William B. "Landed Society in New Spain: A View from the South," ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' (1974) 54#3 pp. 387-413 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2512930 in JSTOR] ==Further reading== * Balletto, Barbara ''Insight Guide Puerto Rico'' * De Wagenheim, Olga J. ''Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History from Precolumbia Times to 1900'' * Figueroa, Luis A. ''Sugar, slavery and freedom in nineteenth century Puerto Rico'' * Scarano, Francisco A. ''Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico: The Plantation Economy of Ponce, 1800–1850'' * Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher ''Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1833–1874'' * Soler, Luis M. D. ''Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico'' ==External links== {{Wiktionary|hacienda}} *[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_10/lec_10.html Hacienda system described] *[http://www.yucatanliving.com/destinations/yucatan-haciendas.htm Haciendas in the Yucatan] *[http://www.colonial-estates.pvoss.de/mexico-historical-haciendas.htm historic Haciendas in Mexico] *[http://www.historicfazendasbrazil.peervoss.de/ historic Fazendas in Brazil] [[Category:Encomenderos]] [[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]] [[Category:Unfree labor]] [[Category:Debt bondage]] [[Category:History of Colombia]] [[Category:Culture in Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Category:Economic history of Mexico]] [[Category:Economic history of Brazil]] [[Category:Economic history of Argentina]] [[bg:Хасиенда]] [[ca:Hisenda]] [[ceb:Asyenda]] [[de:Hazienda]] [[es:Hacienda]] [[fr:Hacienda]] [[it:Hacienda]] [[kk:Асьенда]] [[lt:Asjenda]] [[ms:Hacienda]] [[nl:Haciënda]] [[ja:アシエンダ制]] [[no:Hacienda]] [[pl:Hacjenda]] [[ro:Haciendă]] [[qu:Asinda]] [[ru:Асьенда]] [[sv:Hacienda]] [[tl:Asyenda]] [[uk:Асьєнда]]'