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'{{Distinguish2|[[Lath]], a thin piece of wood}} {{Other uses}} [[File:19th century knowledge carpentry and woodworking old tree lathe.PNG|thumb|A primitive type of spring pole lathe from the book Lathe design, construction and operation, with practical examples of the ... by Charles Oscar Eugene Perrigo. 1919]] [[File:Lathe.PNG|thumb|right|350px|A metalworking lathe from 1911 showing component parts. <br> a = bed, b = carriage (with cross-slide and toolpost), c = headstock, d = back gear (other geartrain nearby below drives leadscrew), e = cone pulley for [[Line shaft|belt drive]] from an external power source, f = faceplate mounted on spindle, g = tailstock. h = leadscrew. ]] {{Refimprove|date=January 2010}} A '''lathe''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|l|eɪ|ð}}) is a [[machine tool]] which rotates the workpiece on its [[Axis of rotation|axis]] to perform various operations such as [[cutting]], [[sanding]], [[knurling]], [[drilling]], or [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]], [[facing]], [[turning]], with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has [[rotational symmetry|symmetry]] about an [[axis of rotation]]. Lathes are used in [[woodturning]], [[metalworking]], [[metal spinning]], [[Thermal spraying]]/ parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape [[pottery]], the best-known design being the [[potter's wheel]]. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most [[Solid of revolution|solids of revolution]], plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material can be held in place by either one or two ''centers'', at least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include [[candlestick]] holders, [[gun barrel]]s, [[cue stick]]s, [[Furniture#Table|table]] legs, [[bowl (vessel)|bowl]]s, [[baseball bat]]s, musical instruments (especially [[woodwind|woodwind instruments]]), [[crankshaft]]s, and [[camshaft]]s. ==History== The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to ancient Egypt and known and used in Assyria and ancient Greece. The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BC when the Ancient Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work piece with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. Ancient Rome improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, freeing both the craftsman's hands to hold the woodturning tools. The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling. The system today is called the "spring pole" lathe. Spring pole lathes were in common use into the early 20th century. One of the first lathes in the UK was the Horizontal Boring Machine that was installed by [[w:nl:Jan Verbruggen|Jan Verbruggen (article in Dutch Wikipedia)]] in 1772 in the [[Royal Arsenal]] in [[Woolwich]]. It was horse-powered and allowed for the production of much more accurate and stronger cannon used with success in the [[American Revolutionary War]] late 18th century. One of the key characteristics of this Boring Machine was that the object was turning as opposed to the tool making it technically a lathe. (see attached drawing). [[Henry Maudslay]] who later developed many improvements to the lathe worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783 being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop.<ref>[http://ocw.tudelft.nl//courses/bachelor-werktuigbouwkunde/evolving-design/colleges/2-ontwikkeling-fabricagetechnologie/?jumpurl=uploads%2Fmedia%2FED2011_2_Fabrikagetechnologie.pdf presentation by Tetsuo Tomiyama of Technical University Delft on the development of production technology including the Verbruggen Lathe]</ref> [[File:Jan Verbruggen Foudary Drawing 47 Horizontal Boring Machine.JPG|thumb|Exact Drawing made with Camera Obscura of Horizontal Boring Machine by Jan Verbruggen in Woolwich Royal Brass Foundry approx 1778 (drawing 47 out of set of 50 drawings)]] During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, [[servomechanism]] were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control. Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries. ==Description== ===Parts===<!-- [[Back gear]] redirects here --> [[File:Wood-lathe-parts.svg|thumb|300px|right|Parts of a wood lathe]] A lathe may or may not have a '''stand''' (or '''legs'''), which sits on the floor and elevates the lathe bed to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on a '''workbench''' or '''table''', and do not have a stand. Almost all lathes have a '''bed''', which is (almost always) a horizontal beam (although [[CNC]] lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure that [[swarf]], or chips, falls free of the bed). Woodturning lathes specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock, merely a free-standing headstock and a cantilevered tool rest. At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a '''headstock'''. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the '''[[Spindle (tool)|spindle]]'''. Spindles are often hollow, and have exterior threads and/or an interior [[Morse taper]] on the "inboard" (i.e., facing to the right / towards the bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have exterior threads and/or an interior taper at their "outboard" (i.e., facing away from the bed) end, and/or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the workpiece. The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear drive to a '''power source'''. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand. In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the motor speed into various [[Speeds and feeds#Spindle speed|spindle speeds]]. Various types of '''speed-changing mechanism''' achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift auto [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]]. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears. The counterpoint to the headstock is the '''tailstock''', sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed, by undoing a locking nut, sliding it to the required area, and then re-locking it. The tail-stock contains a barrel which does not rotate, but can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed, and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The barrel is hollow, and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various type of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is used to support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are possible.<ref>[http://www.inthewoodshop.org/methods/trlathe.shtml Inthewoodshop.org]</ref> Metalworking lathes have a '''carriage''' (comprising a '''saddle''' and '''apron''') topped with a '''cross-slide''', which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed, and can be cranked at right angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a '''compound rest''', which provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a '''toolpost''', which holds a '''[[Tool bit|cutting tool]]''' which removes material from the workpiece. There may or may not be a '''[[leadscrew]]''', which moves the cross-slide along the bed. Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have '''banjos''', which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of a [[Banjo (wood lathe)|banjo]] can be adjusted by hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from the [[Banjo (wood lathe)|banjo]] is a tool-post, at the top of which is a horizontal '''toolrest'''. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and levered into the workpiece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the tool rest, and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into the workpiece. ===Accessories=== [[File:Luenette mit klappbarem oberteil.jpg|thumb|A steady rest]] {{See also|Lathe center}} Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the external threads on the spindle (two conditions which rarely exist), an accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle. A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a [[lathe faceplate|faceplate]], a large, flat disk that mounts to the spindle. In the alternative, [[faceplate dogs]] may be used to secure the work to the faceplate. A workpiece may be mounted on a [[mandrel]], or circular work clamped in a [[Chuck (engineering)#Three jaw|three- or four-jaw chuck]]. For irregular shaped workpieces it is usual to use a four jaw (independent moving jaws) chuck. These holding devices mount directly to the Lathe headstock spindle. In precision work, and in some classes of repetition work, cylindrical workpieces are usually held in a [[collet]] inserted into the spindle and secured either by a draw-bar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces. In precision toolmaking work such collets are usually of the draw-in variety, where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves slightly back into the headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length variety is preferred, as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move as the collet is tightened. A soft workpiece (wooden) may be pinched between centers by using a [[Lathe center#Drive center|spur drive]] at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it. [[File:CenterLiveDead.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Live center (top); dead center (bottom)]] A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with the centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The included angle is 60°. Traditionally, a hard [[lathe center#Dead center|dead center]] is used together with suitable lubricant in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In modern practice the dead center is frequently replaced by a [[Lathe center#Live center|live center]], as it turns freely with the workpiece&nbsp;&mdash; usually on ball bearings&nbsp;&mdash; reducing the frictional heat, especially important at high speeds. When clear facing a long length of material it must be supported at both ends. This can be achieved by the use of a [[lathe (metal)#Steady and follower rests|traveling or fixed steady]]. If a steady is not available, the end face being worked on may be supported by a dead (stationary) half center. A half center has a flat surface machined across a broad section of half of its diameter at the pointed end. A small section of the tip of the dead center is retained to ensure concentricity. Lubrication must be applied at this point of contact and tail stock pressure reduced. A [[lathe carrier]] or [[lathe dog]] may also be employed when turning between two centers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lathes.co.uk/page13.html|title=Hints & Tips for Using a Lathe|work=“George Wilson’s” Hints and Tips - Publication date unknown|publisher=Lathes.co.uk|accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> In woodturning, one variation of a live center is a [[Lathe center#Cup center|cup center]], which is a cone of metal surrounded by an annular ring of metal that decreases the chances of the workpiece splitting. A circular metal plate with even spaced holes around the periphery, mounted to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle to a precise angle, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated auxiliary operations done to the workpiece. Other accessories, including items such as taper turning attachments, knurling tools, vertical slides, fixed and traveling steadies, etc., increase the versatility of a lathe and the range of work it may perform. === Modes of use === When a workpiece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be "between centers". When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and more force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break loose. When a workpiece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to be "face work". When a workpiece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the workpiece rip free. Thus, most work must be done axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but gently. When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis turning". The result is that various cross sections of the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs. === Varieties === The smallest lathes are "jewelers lathes" or "watchmaker lathes", which are small enough that they may be held in one hand. The workpieces machined on a jeweler's lathe are metal. Jeweler's lathes can be used with hand-held "graver" tools or with compound rests that attach to the lathe bed. Graver tools are generally supported by a T-rest, not fixed to a cross slide or compound rest. The work is usually held in a collet. Common spindle bore sizes are 6&nbsp;mm, 8&nbsp;mm and 10&nbsp;mm. The term W/W refers to the Webster/Whitcomb collet and lathe, invented by the American Watch Tool Company of Waltham, Massachusetts. Most lathes commonly referred to as watchmakers lathes are of this design. In 1909, the American Watch Tool company introduced the Magnus type collet (a 10-mm body size collet) using a lathe of the same basic design, the Webster/Whitcomb Magnus. (F.W.Derbyshire, Inc. retains the trade names Webster/Whitcomb and Magnus and still produces these collets.) Two bed patterns are common: the WW (Webster Whitcomb) bed, a truncated triangular prism (found only on 8 and 10&nbsp;mm watchmakers' lathes); and the continental D-style bar bed (used on both 6&nbsp;mm and 8&nbsp;mm lathes by firms such as Lorch and Star). Other bed designs have been used, such a triangular prism on some Boley 6.5&nbsp;mm lathes, and a V-edged bed on IME's 8&nbsp;mm lathes. Smaller metalworking lathes that are larger than jewelers' lathes and can sit on a bench or table, but offer such features as tool holders and a screw-cutting gear train are called hobby lathes, and larger versions, "bench lathes". Even larger lathes offering similar features for producing or modifying individual parts are called "engine lathes". Lathes of these types do not have additional integral features for repetitive production, but rather are used for individual part production or modification as the primary role. Lathes of this size that are designed for mass manufacture, but not offering the versatile screw-cutting capabilities of the engine or bench lathe, are referred to as "second operation" lathes. Lathes with a very large spindle bore and a chuck on both ends of the spindle are called "oil field lathes". Fully automatic mechanical lathes, employing cams and gear trains for controlled movement, are called [[Automatic lathe#Screw machine|screw machine]]s. Lathes that are controlled by a computer are [[Lathe (metal)#CNC lathe / CNC turning center|CNC lathes]]. Lathes with the spindle mounted in a vertical configuration, instead of horizontal configuration, are called vertical lathes or vertical boring machines. They are used where very large diameters must be turned, and the workpiece (comparatively) is not very long. A lathe with a cylindrical tail-stock that can rotate around a vertical axis, so as to present different tools towards the headstock (and the workpiece) are [[Lathe (metal)#Turret lathe|turret lathes]]. A lathe equipped with indexing plates, profile cutters, spiral or helical guides, etc., so as to enable ornamental turning is an [[#Ornamental turning lathes|ornamental lathe]]. Various combinations are possible: for example, a vertical lathe have CNC as well (such as a [[CNC VTL]]). Lathes can be combined with other machine tools, such as a [[Drill#Drill press|drill press]] or [[milling machine|vertical milling machine]]. These are usually referred to as [[Lathe (metal)#Combination lathe|combination lathes]]. == Major categories == === Woodworking lathes === [[File:Woodlathe.JPG|thumb|right|A modern woodworking lathe.]] Woodworking lathes are the oldest variety. All other varieties are descended from these simple lathes. An adjustable horizontal metal rail - the tool rest - between the material and the operator accommodates the positioning of shaping tools, which are usually hand-held. With wood, it is common practice to press and slide sandpaper against the still-spinning object after shaping to smooth the surface made with the metal shaping tools. There are also woodworking lathes for making bowls and plates, which have no horizontal metal rail, as the bowl or plate needs only to be held by one side from a metal face plate. Without this rail, there is very little restriction to the width of the piece being turned. Further detail can be found on the [[woodturning]] page. === Metalworking lathes === [[File:draaibank.png|thumb|right|A CNC metalworking lathe]] {{Main|Lathe (metal)}} In a [[Lathe (metal)|metalworking lathe]], metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened [[tool bit|cutting tool]], which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting, either a tool-post or a turret, which is then moved against the workpiece using handwheels and/or computer controlled motors. These (cutting) tools come in a wide range of sizes and shapes depending upon their application. Some common styles are diamond, round, square and triangular. The tool-post is operated by lead-screws that can accurately position the tool in a variety of planes. The tool-post may be driven manually or automatically to produce the roughing and finishing cuts required to ''turn'' the workpiece to the desired shape and dimensions, or for cutting [[screw thread|threads]], [[worm gear]]s, etc. [[Cutting fluid]] may also be pumped to the cutting site to provide cooling, lubrication and clearing of [[swarf]] from the workpiece. Some [[Lathe (metal)#CNC lathe|lathes]] may be operated under control of a [[computer]] for [[mass production]] of parts (see "[[CNC|Computer Numerical Control]]"). Manually controlled metalworking lathes are commonly provided with a variable ratio gear train to drive the main lead-screw. This enables different [[Screw thread#Lead, pitch, and number of starts|thread pitches]] to be cut. On some older lathes or more affordable new lathes, the gear trains are changed by swapping gears with various numbers of teeth onto or off of the shafts, while more modern or expensive manually controlled lathes have a '''quick change box''' to provide commonly used ratios by the operation of a lever. CNC lathes use computers and servomechanisms to regulate the rates of movement. On manually controlled lathes, the thread pitches that can be cut are, in some ways, determined by the pitch of the lead-screw: A lathe with a [[metre|metric]] lead-screw will readily cut metric threads (including [[British Association screw threads|BA]]), while one with an imperial lead-screw will readily cut [[Imperial unit#Measures of length|imperial unit]] based threads such as [[British Standard Whitworth|BSW]] or [[Unified Thread Standard|UTS]] (UNF,UNC). This limitation is not insurmountable, because a 127-tooth gear, called a transposing gear, is used to translate between metric and inch thread pitches. However, this is optional equipment that many lathe owners do not own. It is also a larger change-wheel than the others, and on some lathes may be larger than the change-wheel mounting banjo is capable of mounting. The workpiece may be supported between a pair of points called [[Lathe center|centres]], or it may be bolted to a faceplate or held in a [[Chuck (engineering)|chuck]]. A chuck has movable jaws that can grip the workpiece securely. There are some effects on material properties when using a metalworking lathe. There are few chemical or physical effects, but there are many mechanical effects, which include residual stress, micro-cracks, work-hardening, and tempering in hardened materials. === Cue lathes === Cue lathes function similar to turning and spinning lathes allowing for a perfectly radially-symmetrical cut for [[cue stick|billiard cues]]. They can also be used to refinish cues that have been worn over the years. === Glass-working lathes === Glass-working lathes are similar in design to other lathes, but differ markedly in how the workpiece is modified. Glass-working lathes slowly rotate a hollow glass vessel over a fixed or variable temperature flame. The source of the flame may be either hand-held, or mounted to a banjo/cross slide that can be moved along the lathe bed. The flame serves to soften the glass being worked, so that the glass in a specific area of the workpiece becomes ductile, and subject to forming either by inflation ("[[glassblowing]]"), or by deformation with a heat resistant tool. Such lathes usually have two head-stocks with chucks holding the work, arranged so that they both rotate together in unison. Air can be introduced through the headstock chuck spindle for glassblowing. The tools to deform the glass and tubes to blow (inflate) the glass are usually handheld. In [[diamond turning]], a computer-controlled lathe with a diamond-tipped tool is used to make precision optical surfaces in glass or other optical materials. Unlike conventional optical grinding, complex [[aspheric lens|aspheric]] surfaces can be machined easily. Instead of the dovetailed ways used on the tool slide of a metal turning lathe, the ways typically float on air bearings and the position of the tool is measured by optical interferometry to achieve the necessary standard of precision for optical work. The finished work piece usually requires a small amount subsequent polishing by conventional techniques to achieve a finished surface suitably smooth for use in a lens, but the rough grinding time is significantly reduced for complex lenses. === Metal spinning lathes === {{Main|metal spinning}} In [[metal spinning]], a disk of sheet metal is held perpendicularly to the main axis of the lathe, and tools with polished tips (''spoons'') or roller tips are hand held, but levered by hand against fixed posts, to develop large amounts of torque/pressure that deform the spinning sheet of metal. Metal spinning lathes are almost as simple as woodturning lathes (and, at this point, lathes being used for metal spinning almost always ''are'' woodworking lathes). Typically, metal spinning lathes require a user-supplied rotationally symmetric mandrel, usually made of wood, which serves as a template onto which the workpiece is molded (non-symmetric shapes ''can'' be done, but it is a very advanced technique). For example, if you want to make a [[sheet metal]] bowl, you need a solid chunk of wood in the shape of the bowl; if you want to make a [[vase]], you need a solid template of a vase, etc. Given the advent of high speed, high pressure, industrial die forming, metal spinning is less common now than it once was, but still a valuable technique for producing one-off prototypes or small batches where die forming would be uneconomical. === Ornamental turning lathes === The [[ornamental turning]] lathe was developed around the same time as the industrial screw-cutting lathe in the nineteenth century. It was used not for making practical objects, but for [[decorative]] work - ''ornamental turning''. By using accessories such as the horizontal and vertical [[cutting frame]]s, eccentric [[chuck (engineering)|chuck]] and elliptical chuck, solids of extraordinary complexity may be produced by various generative procedures. A special purpose lathe, the [[Rose engine lathe]] is also used for ornamental turning, in particular for engine turning, typically in precious metals, for example to decorate pocket watch cases. As well as a wide range of accessories, these lathes usually have complex dividing arrangements to allow the exact rotation of the mandrel. Cutting is usually carried out by rotating cutters, rather than directly by the rotation of the work itself. Because of the difficulty of polishing such work, the materials turned, such as wood or ivory, are usually quite soft, and the cutter has to be exceptionally sharp. The finest ornamental lathes are generally considered to be those made by [[Holtzapffel]] around the turn of the 19th century. === Reducing lathe ===<!-- [[Reducing lathe]] redirects here --> Many types of lathes can be equipped with accessory components to allow them to reproduce an item: the original item is mounted on one spindle, the blank is mounted on another, and as both turn in synchronized manner, one end of an arm "reads" the original and the other end of the arm "carves" the duplicate. A '''reducing lathe''' is a specialized lathe that is designed with this feature, and which incorporates a mechanism similar to a [[pantograph]], so that when the "reading" end of the arm reads a detail that measures one inch (for example), the cutting end of the arm creates an analogous detail that is (for example) one quarter of an inch (a 4:1 reduction, although given appropriate machinery and appropriate settings, any reduction ratio is possible). Reducing lathes are used in coin-making, where a plaster original (or an epoxy master made from the plaster original, or a copper shelled master made from the plaster original, etc.) is duplicated and reduced on the reducing lathe, generating a [[Coining (mint)#Modern die production|master die]]. === Rotary lathes===<!-- This section is linked from [[Plywood]] --> A lathe in which softwood, like [[spruce]] or [[pine]], or hardwood, like [[birch]], logs are turned against a very sharp blade and peeled off in one continuous or semi-continuous roll. Invented by [[Immanuel Nobel]] (father of the more famous [[Alfred Nobel]]). The first such lathes were set up in the United States in the mid-19th century. The product is called [[wood veneer]] and it is used for making [[plywood]] and as a cosmetic surface veneer on some grades of [[particle board|chipboard]]. === Watchmaker's lathes === [[File:Watchmaker's lathe.jpg|thumb|Watchmaker's lathe]] Watchmakers lathes are delicate but precise metalworking lathes, usually without provision for [[screw]]cutting, and are still used by [[horologist]]s for work such as the turning of balance shafts. A handheld tool called a [[hand engraving|graver]] is often used in preference to a slide mounted tool. The original watchmaker's turns was a simple [[dead-center lathe]] with a moveable rest and two loose head-stocks. The workpiece would be rotated by a bow, typically of [[horsehair]], wrapped around it. ==Gallery== ===Examples of lathes=== <gallery> File:Conventional-lathe.jpg|Small metalworking lathe <!-- Deleted image removed: File:Copy Lathe.jpg|Woodworking copy lathe --> File:Atw1.jpg| Large old lathe File:PutnamLatheHagley02.jpg|Belt-driven metalworking lathe in the machine shop at [[Hagley Museum and Library|Hagley Museum]] </gallery> === Examples of work produced from a lathe === <gallery> File:Doorslag kraspen centerpons.jpg|Lathe exercise File:TurnedChessPieces.jpg|Turned chess pieces </gallery> == See also == * [[Arbor support]] * [[Diamond turning]] * [[Metal spinning]] * [[Milling machine]] * [[Segmented turning]] * [[Woodturning]] * [[Unimat]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite book | first=Richard | last=Raffan | year=2001 | title=Turning Wood With Richard Raffan | publisher=Taunton | isbn=1-56158-417-7 }} *{{Cite book | first=Charles | last=Holzapffel | year=1843-1897 | title=Turning and Mechanical Manipulation Volume V}} *{{Cite book | first=Lawrence | last=Sparey | year=1947 | title=The Amateur's Lathe | publisher=Special Interest Model Books | isbn=0-85242-288-1 }} *{{Cite book | first=Frank | last=Marlow | year=2008 | title=Machine Shop Essentials: Q & A | publisher=Metal Arts Press | isbn=978-0-9759963-3-1 }} *{{Cite book | first= Robert S, | last = Woodbury | title = History of the Lathe to 1850 | year = 1961 | publisher =Society for the History of Technology | location = Cleveland, Ohio | isbn = 978-0-262-73004-4}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Lathes}} * [http://lathes.co.uk/page21.html Historical lathe archive] * [http://www.bloodandsawdust.com/sca/lathes.html Medieval and Renaissance lathes] * [http://www.stuartking.co.uk/index.php/history-of-the-lathe-part-one-reciprocal-motion/ The history of the lathe] * [http://www.regia.org/woodwork.htm Early Wood-Working] * [http://www.historicgames.com/lathes/springpole.html Spring pole lathe] * [http://homepages.ihug.com.au/~dispater/turning.htm On ye art and mystery of Turning] * [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/collections/index.cfm?TitleID=274 Modern Machine Shop Practice] a historic Victorian text describing lathe design, construction and use in 1880s. * [http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2011/11/the-south-bend-lathe-library.html The South Bend Lathe Library] Make Magazine, November 16, 2011. Links to How to Run a Lathe and other publications by [[South Bend Lathe Works]]. * [http://books.google.com/books?id=wyoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA149&dq=popular+science+1930&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RV_9TvnvLI7iggemrO2gAg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBDhu#v=onepage&q&f=true "The Forgotten Power Tool."] ''Popular Science'', December 1959, pp.&nbsp;149–152. {{Metalworking navbox|machopen}} {{Types of tools}} [[Category:Lathes| ]] {{Link GA|de}} {{Link FA|uk}} {{Link GA|uk}}'