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'{{about|the volcano|the Ecuadorian province|Tungurahua Province}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Tungurahua | photo = Volcán Tungurahua Riobamba - Ecuador.jpg | photo_caption = View from [[Riobamba]] (September 2011) | elevation_m = 5,023 | elevation_ref = <ref>Several elevation data between 5,016 and 5,029 m are used, 5,023 m is the one used on IGM maps. Used extremes are: 5,087 m (Stübel 1897) and 5,005 m (Neate 1994).</ref> | prominence_m = 1554 | prominence_ref= | listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] | location = [[Ecuador]] | range = [[Andes]] | coordinates= {{coord|1|28|1|S|78|26|30|W|display=inline, title}} | coordinates_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp| vnum = 1502-08=| name = Tungurahua| accessdate = 2009-01-01 }}</ref> | topo = IGM, CT-ÑIV-D1<ref name=IGM89/> | type = [[Stratovolcano]] (active) | age = [[Holocene]] (Gomez 1994) | Volcano number = 1502-08 | volcanic_arc/belt = [[Northern Volcanic Zone]] | last_eruption = 2013 (ongoing) | first_ascent = 1873 by [[Alphons Stübel]] and [[Wilhelm Reiss]] | easiest_route = Scrambling/Snow/Ice [[Grade (climbing)#French numerical grades|PD]] }} '''Tungurahua''', ({{IPAc-en|t|ʊ|ŋ|ɡ|ʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|w|ə}}; from [[Quechua languages|Quichua]] ''tunguri'' (throat), ''rahua'' (fire): "Throat of Fire"<ref name=BBC2006sep07>{{cite news|title=In the shadow of the Tungurahua volcano |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5319818.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=7 September 2006}}</ref> or from [[Panzaleo language|Panzaleo]]) is an active [[stratovolcano]] located in the [[Cordillera Real (Ecuador)|Cordillera Oriental]] of [[Ecuador]]. The volcano gives its name to the province of [[Tungurahua Province|Tungurahua]]. Volcanic activity restarted on August 19, 1999,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/19/13366108-tungurahua-volcano-erupts-in-ecuador?lite}}</ref> and is ongoing {{As of|2012|lc=on}}, with major eruptions on 16 August 2006, 6 February 2008, 28 May 2010, 4 December 2010 and 26 April 2011, and again in March 2013. ==Geography and geology== {{Volcanoes in Ecuador|left}} ===Location=== Tungurahua (5,023 m) is located in the Cordillera Oriental of the [[Andes]] of central Ecuador, {{convert|140|km}} south of the capital [[Quito]]. Nearby notable mountains are [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] (6,267 m) and [[El Altar]] (5,319 m). It rises above the small thermal springs town of [[Baños de Agua Santa]] (1,800 m) which is located at its foot 8&nbsp;km to the north. Other nearby towns are [[Ambato, Ecuador|Ambato]] (30&nbsp;km to the northwest) and [[Riobamba]] (30&nbsp;km to the southwest). Tungurahua is part of the [[Sangay National Park]]. ===Glacier=== With its elevation of 5,023 m, Tungurahua just over tops the [[snow line]] (about 4,900 m). Tungurahua's top is snow covered and did feature a small summit glacier which melted away after the increase of volcanic activity in 1999. [[Image:ChimborazoTungurahua ETM 20010916.jpg|thumb|False-color satellite image of Tungurahura (center right, with plume of ash emanating from it) and its neighbor [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] (center left).]] ===Volcanism=== Today's volcanic edifice (Tungurahua III) is constructed inside its predecessor's (Tungurahua II) caldera which collapsed about 3000 (±90) years ago. The original edifice (Tungurahua I) collapsed at the end of the [[late Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060116060752/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/geologia.htm|url=http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/geologia.htm|archivedate=2006-01-16|title=Geología|work=Volcán Tungurahua|publisher=IGEPN}}</ref> ====Historical volcanic activity==== Tungurahua's eruptions are [[Strombolian eruption|strombolian]]. They produce [[andesite]] and [[dacite]]. All historical eruptions originated from the summit crater and have been accompanied by strong explosions, pyroclastic flows and sometimes lava flows. In the last 1,300 years Tungurahua entered every 80 to 100 years into an activity phase of which the major have been the ones of 1773, 1886 and 1916–1918.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216090909/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/historia.htm|url=http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/historia.htm|archivedate=2005-12-16|title=Historia|work=Volcán Tungurahua|publisher=IGEPN}}</ref> [[Image:19991102 Tung large.jpg|thumb|left|Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night (1999).]] ====Recent volcanic activity==== In 1999, after a long period of quiescence, the volcano entered an eruptive phase that continues to this day ({{As of|2013|01|lc=on}}). The renewed activity in October 1999 produced major ashfall and led to the temporary evacuation of more than 25,000 inhabitants from Baños and the surrounding area<ref name=Nytimes99>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/world/ecuadoreans-wait-uneasily-on-volcanoes.html|title=Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes|date=1999-11-28|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> Activity continued at a medium level until May 2006, when activity increased dramatically, culminating in violent eruptions on 14 July 2006 and 16 August 2006. The 16 August 2006 eruption has been the most violent since activity commenced in 1999. This eruption was accompanied by a 10&nbsp;km high ash plume which spread over an area of 740 by 180&nbsp;km,<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050907120441/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/actividad/ijueves.htm|url=http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/actividad/ijueves.htm|archivedate=2005-09-07|title=Volcán Tungurahua - Ecuador|publisher=IGEPN}}</ref> depositing ash and tephra to the southwest of the volcano. Several [[pyroclastic flow]]s were generated that killed at least five people, and destroyed a number of hamlets and roads on the eastern and northwestern slopes of the volcano.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationalledger.com/news-tech/tungurahua-volcano-erupts-241928.shtml|title=Volcano Erupts|first=Jack|last=Kramer|newspaper=National Ledger|date=2006-08-16}}</ref> A further eruption and evacuation occurred on 4 December 2010. Ecuador's National Agency of Risk Control issued a "red alert", later downgraded to orange.<ref name=cnn20101204>{{cite news|author=CNN Wire Staff|publisher=CNN Wire |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/12/04/ecuador.volcano/ |title=Volcano known as the 'Throat of Fire' erupts in Ecuador|date=5 December 2010|accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> The Ecuadorean Institute for Geophysics reported a rapid increase in seismic activity, a number of explosions and an ash cloud reaching {{convert|2|km|mi}} in height.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11920406 | work=BBC News | title=Tungurahua volcano prompts evacuation in Ecuador | date=4 December 2010}}</ref> Another eruption occurred on 18 December 2012 forcing evacuation of those living on the volcano's slopes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20765920 | work=BBC News | title=Ecuador's Tungurahua volcano threatens local villages | date=18 December 2012}}</ref> ==History== [[Image:Tungurahua eruption.JPG|thumb|upright|Eruption, November 2006]] ===Etymology=== According to one theory the name ''Tungurahua'' is a combination of the [[Quechua languages|Quichua]] ''tunguri'' (throat) and ''rahua'' (fire) meaning "Throat of Fire".<ref name=BBC2006sep07/> According to another theory it is based on the Quichua ''uraua'' for crater.<ref name=Schmudlach01/> Tungurahua is also known as "The Black Giant" and, in local indigenous mythology it is allegedly referred to as ''Mama Tungurahua'' ("Mother Tungurahua"). ===First ascent=== During their 7 year long [[South America]] expedition (1868 to 1876) the two German [[volcanology|volcanologists]] [[Alphons Stübel]] and [[Wilhelm Reiss]] climbed [[Cotopaxi]] (Reiss with Angel Escobar; 28 November 1872) and Tungurahua (Stübel with Eusebio Rodruguez; 9 February 1873).<ref name=Schmudlach01/> {{clear}} {{clear}} ==See also== {{portal|Geography|Ecuador|Mountains|Volcanoes}} *[[Lists of volcanoes]] **[[List of volcanoes in Ecuador]] **[[List of stratovolcanoes]] {{clear}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=IGM89>{{cite web | last = IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador) | title = Baños Ecuador, CT-ÑIV-D1 | year = 1989 | url = http://www.igm.gov.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_D1_ALTA.jpg | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20081219153428/http://www.igm.gov.ec/cms/files/cartabase/enie/imagenes/ENIEIV_D1_ALTA.jpg | archivedate = 2008-12-19 | accessdate = 2008-01-26}}</ref> <ref name=Schmudlach01>{{cite book | last = Schmudlach | first = Günter | title = Bergführer Ecuador | publisher = Panico Alpinverlag | year = 2001 | isbn = 3-926807-82-2}}</ref> }} {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | last = Gomez | first = Nelson | title = Atlas del Ecuador | publisher = Editorial Ediguias | year = 1994 | isbn = 9978-89-009-2 }} *{{cite web | last = IG-EPN (Instituto Geofisico Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Ecuador) | title = Tungurahua | url = http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/tungurahua.htm | accessdate = 2006-08-18 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060824060911/http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/tungurahua.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-08-24}} *{{cite book | last = Neate | first = Jill | title = Mountaineering in the Andes | publisher = Expedition Advisory Centre | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-907649-64-5 }} *{{cite book | last = Ruiz | first = M | coauthors= et. al. | title = Source constraints of Tungurahua volcano explosion events | publisher = Springer | year = 2006 | journal = Bulletin of Volcanology }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons category}} {{wikinews|Volcano eruption in Ecuador kills six and destroys several small villages}} * [http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ Instituto Geofisico del Ecuador] (Spanish) * [http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/152901/tungurahua.html Climbing information for Tungurahua on summitpost.org] * [http://banosecuador.com/welcome-to-banos-city-in-ecuador/banos-todays-weather/ Banos Ecuador Weather | Daily Report] {{Andean volcanoes}} [[Category:Active volcanoes]] [[Category:Mountains of Ecuador]] [[Category:Stratovolcanoes]] [[Category:Subduction volcanoes]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Ecuador]]'