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+#REDIRECT [[Sex change]]
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-{{Short description|Process by which a living being changes sexual characteristics}}
-{{Other uses}}
-'''Sex change''' is a process by which a living being changes [[sex]] – that is, by which female [[sexual characteristics]] are substituted for male ones or vice versa.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
+{{Rcat shell|
-Sex change may occur naturally, as in the case of the [[sequential hermaphroditism]] observed in some species. Most commonly, however, the term is used for [[sex reassignment therapy]], including [[sex reassignment surgery]], carried out on humans. It is also sometimes used for the medical procedures applied to [[intersex]] people. The term may also be applied to the broader process of changing [[gender role]] ("living as a woman" instead of living as a man, or vice versa), including but not necessarily limited to medical procedures.
+{{R to disambiguation}}
+}}
-==Natural sex change==
-===In animals===
-[[Image:Common clownfish.jpg|thumb|right|A clownfish – a species in which sex change from male to female is a normal process in biology]]
-Some species exhibit [[sequential hermaphroditism]]. In these species, such as many species of coral reef fishes, sex change is a normal anatomical process.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15287162 |year=2003 |last1=Black |first1=MP |last2=Grober |first2=MS |title=Group sex, sex change, and parasitic males: Sexual strategies among the fishes and their neurobiological correlates |volume=14 |pages=160–84 |journal=Annual Review of Sex Research}}</ref> [[Clownfish]], [[wrasse]]s, [[moray eel]]s, [[Goby|gobies]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lorenzi|first=V|author2=Earley, R.L. |author3=Grober, M.S. |title=Preventing behavioural interactions with a male facilitates sex change in female bluebanded gobies, Lythrypnus dalli|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|year=2006|volume=59|issue=6|pages=715–722|doi=10.1007/s00265-005-0101-0|s2cid=18416862}}</ref>  and other fish species are known to change sex, including reproductive functions. A school of clownfish is always built into a [[hierarchy]] with a female fish at the top. When she dies, the most dominant male changes sex and takes her place.<ref name="gumbii">{{cite web|url=https://beckman.illinois.edu/about/news/article/2011/03/16/149d1025-1260-41ed-8a92-8485a0d268f8 |title= Nemo Meets Neuroscience |format= Article|publisher= Beckman Institute |access-date=2020-12-23}}</ref> In the wrasses (the family Labridae), sex change is from female to male, with the largest female of the harem changing into a male and taking over the harem upon the disappearance of the previous dominant male.
-Natural sex change, in both directions, has also been reported in [[mushroom coral]]s. This is posited to take place in response to environmental or energetic constraints, and to improve the organism's evolutionary fitness; similar phenomena are observed in some [[dioecy|dioecious plants]].<ref>Yossi Loya and Kazuhiko Sakai,
-[http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1649/2335.short "Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals"], ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', 22 October 2008</ref>
-[[Chicken]]s can sometimes undergo natural sex changes. Normally, female chickens have just one functional ovary, on their left side. Although two sex organs are present during the embryonic stages of all birds, once a chicken's female hormones come into effect, it typically develops only the left ovary. The right gonad, which has yet to be defined as an ovary, testes, or both (called an [[ovotestis]]), typically remains dormant. Certain medical conditions can cause a chicken's left ovary to regress. In the absence of a functional left ovary, the dormant right sex organ may begin to grow; if the activated right gonad is an ovotestis or testes, it will begin secreting [[androgen]]s. The hen does not completely change into a rooster, however. This transition is limited to making the bird phenotypically male.<ref>{{cite web| author=Remy Melina |date=31 March 2011 |title=Sex-Change Chicken: Gertie the Hen Becomes Bertie the Cockerel |url=http://www.livescience.com/13514-sex-change-chicken-gertie-hen-bertie-cockerel.html|publisher=Live Science}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Investigation of Sex Reversal in Layer Chickens in Bangladesh |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3212/3e90aac57f9607210adcb3e53ddf98f51b5c.pdf?_ga=2.78224018.70789312.1525872700-808396487.1525872700 |journal=Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences |year = 2015|doi = 10.14737/JOURNAL.AAVS/2015/3.4.245.252|s2cid = 10764239|access-date=26 February 2020|last1 = Shaikat|first1 = Amir Hossan|volume = 3|issue = 4|pages = 245–252|doi-access = free}}</ref> The condition could also be caused by [[mycotoxin]]s that can develop when animal feed is stored, and these have the same effect as [[synthetic hormones]].<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2011 |title='Sex-change' chicken shocks Cambridgeshire owner |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-12906196 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In about 10 percent of cases, if eggs fertilized with male chromosomes are cooled by a few degrees for three days after laying, the relative activity of the sex hormones will favour development of female characteristics. The sex chromosomes work by coding for enzymes that affect the bird's development in the egg and during its life. This cooling will produce a chicken with a fully functioning and reproductively fertile female body-type, even though the chicken is genetically male.<ref>{{cite web |author= Luis Villazon |date=24 September 2009 |title=Can chickens really change gender? |url=http://www.sciencefocus.com/qa/can-chickens-really-change-gender |publisher=BBC Focus magazine}}</ref>
-===Apparent sex change in humans===
-{{Original research|date=May 2021|reason=None of the sources said anything about sex change.}}
-Several medical conditions can result in an apparent sex change in humans, where the appearance at birth is somewhat, mostly, or completely of one sex, but changes over the course of a lifetime to being somewhat, mostly, or completely of the other sex.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The overwhelming majority of natural sex changes are from a female appearance at birth to a male appearance after puberty, due to either [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency]] (5alpha-RD-2) or [[17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]] (17beta-HSD-3).<ref>{{cite journal |pages=399–410 |doi=10.1007/s10508-005-4339-4 |title=Gender Change in 46,XY Persons with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-3 Deficiency |year=2005 |last1=Cohen-Kettenis |first1=Peggy T. |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=34 |issue=4 |pmid=16010463|s2cid=146495456 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=488–94 |doi=10.1080/09513590600921358 |title=17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency: A rare endocrine cause of male-to-female sex reversal |year=2006 |last1=Bertelloni |first1=Silvano |last2=Maggio |first2=M. Cristina |last3=Federico |first3=Giovanni |last4=Baroncelli |first4=Giampiero |last5=Hiort |first5=Olaf |journal=Gynecological Endocrinology |volume=22 |issue=9 |pmid=17071532|s2cid=45138108 }}</ref>
-==Sex change as medical procedure==
-{{More medical citations needed|date=January 2021}}
-{{Main|Sex reassignment therapy}}
-{{See also|Transgender|Sex reassignment surgery}}
-The term "sex change" to refer to [[sex reassignment surgery]], that is, a set of medical procedures undergone by [[transgender]] people to alter their [[sexual characteristic]]s from male to female or from female to male, is considered offensive and inaccurate by some in the [[transgender community]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ennis |first1=Dawn |title=10 Words Transgender People Want You to Know (But Not Say) |url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2016/1/19/10-words-transgender-people-want-you-know-not-say |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Advocate |date=4 February 2016}}</ref> The term is also sometimes used for the medical procedures [[intersex]] people undergo, or, more often, are subjected to as children.
-The term "sex change" is sometimes also used for the whole process of changing [[gender role]] ("living as a woman" instead of living as a man, or vice versa), not limited to medical procedures. (This process is often much more important to transgender people than the medical procedures themselves, although medically induced changes and surgeries may be needed to make a change of gender role possible, both socially and legally; they can also have a very significant impact on the person's well-being.)
-Many people regard the term "sex reassignment surgery" as preferable to "sex change".<ref>{{cite book |author=Pfäfflin F, Junge A |title=Sex reassignment thirty years of international follow-up studies after sex reassignment surgery: a comprehensive review, 1961–1991 |publisher=Düsseldorf |location=Symposion |year=2003 |oclc=244295488 |series=International journal of transgenderism}}{{Page needed|date=August 2011}}</ref> [[Sex]] in humans is usually determined by four factors:
-* [[Chromosome]]s
-* [[Gonad]]s ([[Ovary|ovaries]] and/or [[testicle]]s and the associated gametes, eggs and sperm)
-* [[Hormones|Hormone]] status
-* [[Sex organ|Primary sex characteristics]] and [[secondary sex characteristic]]s
-Not all of these factors can be changed:
-* ''Chromosomes'' cannot be changed
-* ''Gonads'' can be removed, but not replaced
-* ''Hormone'' status can be changed
-* Existing ''[[secondary sex characteristic]]s'' can to some extent be changed; existing ones mostly through surgery, non-existing ones can be induced to grow through hormones. <br> For example: [[Sex reassignment surgery male-to-female|Changing a male genital anatomy]] into a good or even excellent female appearance with functioning is complicated but entirely possible; [[Sex reassignment surgery female-to-male|changing a female genital anatomy]] into an even reasonably male appearing one, however, is extremely complicated and not successful very often; function is always limited. {{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
-Sex reassignment is usually preceded by a period of feminization or masculinization. This is accomplished through [[hormone replacement therapy]], where, for those transitioning to female, [[estrogens]] and [[antiandrogens]] and sometimes [[progestogens]] are prescribed. For those transitioning to male, [[androgens]] are prescribed. The most common minimum waiting period before gender reassignment surgery is two years, as specified by the [[Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People]]. Hormone replacement therapy is normally started after sufficient counseling, and/or after a period of living 'full-time' (in the target gender) typically for a minimum of six months. This waiting period may vary depending on local regulations and is sometimes nonexistent. Many trans people become [[medical tourists]], as gender reassignment surgery is typically less expensive, less regulated, and sometimes performed by much more experienced surgeons in countries such as [[Thailand]].
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-{{Sex_(biology)|state=collapsed}}
-{{Transgender footer|state=collapsed}}
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Sex]]
-[[Category:Gender transitioning and medicine]]