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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Morocco-Spain|Morocco|Spain}}'''Morocco''' '''and''' '''Spain''' maintain extensive diplomatic, commercial, and military ties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arieff |first=Alexis |title=Morocco: Current Issues |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS21579 |website=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> Morocco’s foreign policy has focused on Western partners, including neighboring Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arieff |first=Alexis |title=Morocco: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45387 |website=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> They have, however, been historically intense and conflictive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pino |first=Domingo del |year=2004 |title=España-Marruecos, miradas cruzadas: dejemos el pasado y hablemos de futuro |url=https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/afkar/afkar-ideas-2/domingo.pdf/ |journal=Afkar/Ideas |page=103 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519170205/https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/afkar/afkar-ideas-2/domingo.pdf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sagnella |first=Angela |year=2020 |title=En los pliegues del Mediterráneo: Ceuta y Melilla |url=http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/ruae/v5n2/2393-6886-ruae-5-02-31.pdf |journal=Revista Uruguaya de Antropología y Etnografía |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.29112/ruae.v5.n2.2 |doi-broken-date=1 August 2023 |issn=2393-7068}}</ref>
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Morocco-Spain|Morocco|Spain}}'''Morocco''' '''and''' '''Spain''' maintain extensive diplomatic, commercial, and military ties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arieff |first=Alexis |title=Morocco: Current Issues |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS21579 |website=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> They spanish frontier lies on [[Melilla]] and [[Ceuta]], on the Mediterranean coast. Morocco’s foreign policy has focused on Western partners, including neighboring Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arieff |first=Alexis |title=Morocco: Background and U.S. Relations |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45387 |website=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> They have, however, been historically intense and conflictive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pino |first=Domingo del |year=2004 |title=España-Marruecos, miradas cruzadas: dejemos el pasado y hablemos de futuro |url=https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/afkar/afkar-ideas-2/domingo.pdf/ |journal=Afkar/Ideas |page=103 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519170205/https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/afkar/afkar-ideas-2/domingo.pdf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sagnella |first=Angela |year=2020 |title=En los pliegues del Mediterráneo: Ceuta y Melilla |url=http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/ruae/v5n2/2393-6886-ruae-5-02-31.pdf |journal=Revista Uruguaya de Antropología y Etnografía |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.29112/ruae.v5.n2.2 |doi-broken-date=1 August 2023 |issn=2393-7068}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
=== Middle Ages ===
{{expand section|date=July 2019}}
Taking advantage of the disputes related to the struggle for control in the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] army led by [[Tariq ibn Ziyad|Táriq ibn Ziyad]] crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in 711. This gave way to the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA1 ''Tricolor and crescent: France and the Islamic world'' by William E. Watson p.1]</ref> In the years to come, the cristian rulers fought or stablished political or commercial relations with the muslim rulers, gaining control over the Iberian peninsula.
[[File:Batalla de las navas-huelgas.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] XVII century painting in [[Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas|Las Huelgas Abbey.]]]]
In the [[Battle of Simancas|Simancas battle]] (839) against the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], the [[kingdom of León]] gained control of the [[Douro|Duero]] in today´s [[province of Valladolid]]. This Caliphate lasted until its demise in the early 11th century and ensuing replacement by ephemeral Islamic statelets.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Jaume Vicens i Vives|first=Jaime|last=Vicens Vives|title=Approaches to the History of Spain|url=https://archive.org/details/approachestohist00vice|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/approachestohist00vice/page/37 37]|year=1970|orig-year=1967|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-01422-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n-TErluCqQC&pg=PA38|last=Safran|first=Janina M.|title=The Second Umayyad Caliphate: The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in Al-Andalus|isbn=0-932885-24-1|year=2000|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=38–42}}</ref>


⚫
The Almohad dynasty had conquered Marrakesh in 1147 and had taken over the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]] in [[Al-Andalus]] at the same time. The milestone of this period is [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa|Las Navas de Tolosa battle]] (1212) in which an array of christian kingdoms supported the [[Kingdom of Castile|king of Castille]] against [[Almohad Caliphate]] in the north of [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén´s province]]. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bennison|first=Amira K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003199570|title=The Almoravid and Almohad empires|date=2016|isbn=978-0-7486-4682-1|location=Edinburgh|oclc=1003199570}}</ref>
⚫
=== Precedents ===
⚫
[[File:MoorandChristianBattle.png|thumb|Detail of the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria|''Cantiga de Santa Maria'']] No. 181. It depicts a "miracle" during the successful 1261–62 defence of Marrakesh by Almohad ruler [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada|Al-Murtada]] (with help from Christian militias from the Iberian Peninsula depicted in the illustration) from the siege laid on by Marinid ruler [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf]].<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30218/CEM-008-009.001-Art%EDculo-005.pdf;jsessionid=5F7B068A8C27E573E69C2E8561889CAF?sequence=1|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas |volume=8–9|pages=183–192|year=1983|first=Jesús|last=Montoya|title=El frustrado cerco de Marrakech (1261–1262)|publisher=[[University of Granada|Universidad de Granada. Servicio de Publicaciones]]|issn=1132-7553|language=es|access-date=31 May 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215255/https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30218/CEM-008-009.001-Art%EF%BF%BDculo-005.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D5F7B068A8C27E573E69C2E8561889CAF?sequence=1}}</ref>]]Vowing to counter the Castilian expansion initiated by 1265, [[Emirate of Granada|Nasrid Granada]] required assistance from Fez in late 1274 and ceded the places of [[Algeciras]] and [[Tarifa]] to the [[Marinid]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1987|journal=Estudios de historia y de arqueología medievales|volume=7–8|pages=61|url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/51464/ALGECIRAS%20%20%201344-1369.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Algeciras 1344–1369|first=Manuel|last=García Fernández}}</ref> which thus gained a foothold in the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula. The Marinid grip over Algeciras further increased in the ensuing decades, and the place turned into a Marinid power base from which [[Raid (military)|razzia]]s were launched into the still incipient Christian settlements in the Lower Guadalquivir and the Guadalete area.{{Sfn|García Fernández|1987|p=62}}
After crossing the Strait of Gibraltar in 711, Muslims from North Africa led by the Umayyad commander [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]] seized the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania]] in the wake of the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA1 ''Tricolor and crescent: France and the Islamic world'' by William E. Watson p.1]</ref> In the first generations after the conquest, the [[African Romance]] (argued to be part of a continuum with [[Ibero-Romance]]) presumably spoken by the Berber invaders may have facilitated communication with the native population,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:34081/|doi=10.17613/1pw1-ss38|pages=986–987|chapter=Vat. lat. 12900. El fragmento latino visigótico de la epístola a los gálatas y su versión árabe andalusí|first=Francisco|last=Marcos Marín|author-link=Francisco A. Marcos-Marín|title= Vir bonus dicendi peritus: homenaje al profesor Miguel Ángel Garrido Gallardo|year=2019|publisher=Humanities Commons |isbn=9788400104580}}</ref> prior to the latter's arabization. Following the [[Abbasid Revolution|Abbasid takeover of the Umayyad caliphate]], a branch of Umayyads established an independent [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]-centered Islamic polity in the Iberian Peninsula (initially [[Emirate of Córdoba|an emirate]] and [[Caliphate of Córdoba|later a caliphate]]), which lasted until its demise in the early 11th century and ensuing replacement by ephemeral Islamic statelets. In the 10th century, Córdoba waged an expansionist policy to expand its clout in the Maghreb, vying a struggle against the [[Fatimid Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Jaume Vicens i Vives|first=Jaime|last=Vicens Vives|title=Approaches to the History of Spain|url=https://archive.org/details/approachestohist00vice|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/approachestohist00vice/page/37 37]|year=1970|orig-year=1967|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-01422-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n-TErluCqQC&pg=PA38|last=Safran|first=Janina M.|title=The Second Umayyad Caliphate: The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in Al-Andalus|isbn=0-932885-24-1|year=2000|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=38–42}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:MoorandChristianBattle.png|thumb|Detail of the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria|''Cantiga de Santa Maria'']] No. 181. It depicts a "miracle" during the successful 1261–62 defence of Marrakesh by Almohad ruler [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada|Al-Murtada]] (with help from Christian militias from the Iberian Peninsula depicted in the illustration) from the siege laid on by Marinid ruler [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf]].<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30218/CEM-008-009.001-Art%EDculo-005.pdf;jsessionid=5F7B068A8C27E573E69C2E8561889CAF?sequence=1|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas |volume=8–9|pages=183–192|year=1983|first=Jesús|last=Montoya|title=El frustrado cerco de Marrakech (1261–1262)|publisher=[[University of Granada|Universidad de Granada. Servicio de Publicaciones]]|issn=1132-7553|language=es|access-date=31 May 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215255/https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30218/CEM-008-009.001-Art%EF%BF%BDculo-005.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D5F7B068A8C27E573E69C2E8561889CAF?sequence=1}}</ref>]]
⚫
Under the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] and the [[Almohads|Almohad]] dynasties, both of which had [[Marrakesh]] as a capital, most of the Muslim-controlled territory in the Iberian Peninsula came under Maghrebi imperial rule.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bennison|first=Amira K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003199570|title=The Almoravid and Almohad empires|date=2016|isbn=978-0-7486-4682-1|location=Edinburgh|oclc=1003199570}}</ref>


In the aftermath of the [[Granada War]], the [[Catholic Monarchs]], with the [[Alhambra Decree]] of 1492, ordered the expulsion of the [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] from the crowns of Castile and Aragon. Many of these Jewish refugees settled in the territory of current-day Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gottreich|first=Emily|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1259534890|title=Jewish Morocco : a history from pre-Islamic to postcolonial times|date=26 August 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-7556-4436-0|oclc=1259534890}}</ref> <!--For the rest of the 16th century, exited from the realms of the Hispanic Monarchy.-->
Vowing to counter the Castilian expansion initiated by 1265, [[Emirate of Granada|Nasrid Granada]] required assistance from Fez in late 1274 and ceded the places of [[Algeciras]] and [[Tarifa]] to the [[Marinid]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1987|journal=Estudios de historia y de arqueología medievales|volume=7–8|pages=61|url=https://idus.us.es/bitstream/handle/11441/51464/ALGECIRAS%20%20%201344-1369.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Algeciras 1344–1369|first=Manuel|last=García Fernández}}</ref> which thus gained a foothold in the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula. The Marinid grip over Algeciras further increased in the ensuing decades, and the place turned into a Marinid power base from which [[Raid (military)|razzia]]s were launched into the still incipient Christian settlements in the Lower Guadalquivir and the Guadalete area.{{Sfn|García Fernández|1987|p=62}}


=== Early modern period ===
In the aftermath of the [[Granada War]], the [[Catholic Monarchs]], with the [[Alhambra Decree]] of 1492, ordered the expulsion of the [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] from the crowns of Castile and Aragon. Many of these Jewish refugees settled in the territory of current-day Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gottreich|first=Emily|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1259534890|title=Jewish Morocco : a history from pre-Islamic to postcolonial times|date=26 August 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-7556-4436-0|oclc=1259534890}}</ref> <!--For the rest of the 16th century, exited from the realms of the Hispanic Monarchy.--> Some 40,000 ''[[Morisco]]s'' arrived there after their [[Expulsion of the moriscos|final expulsion in 1609]], dressed in the Spanish way and speaking Spanish.<ref name=bahri /> Unlike their more welcoming situation in other places of the Maghreb such as Tunis, they were generally not well received, were accused of being Christians and sometimes suffered martyrdom.<ref name=bahri>{{Cite journal|page=267|first=Raja Yassine|last=Bahri|doi=10.14198/RHM2009.27.10|url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/12709/1/RHM_27_10.pdf|title=Aportes culturales de los Moriscos en Túnez|issn=1989-9823|journal=Revista de Historia Moderna|location=San Vicente del Raspeig|publisher=[[University of Alicante|Universidad de Alicante]]|issue=27|year=2009}}</ref> ''Morisco'' refugees from [[Hornachos]] founded the pirate [[Republic of Salé]] on the [[Bou Regreg]] river bank.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coindreau|first1=Roger|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3642263|title=Les corsaires de Salé|last2=Bosco|first2=Henri|date=1948|language=French|oclc=3642263}}</ref>
Some 40,000 ''[[Morisco]]s'' arrived there after their [[Expulsion of the moriscos|final expulsion in 1609]], dressed in the Spanish way and speaking Spanish.<ref name="bahri" /> Unlike their more welcoming situation in other places of the Maghreb such as Tunis, they were generally not well received, were accused of being Christians and sometimes suffered martyrdom.<ref name="bahri">{{Cite journal|page=267|first=Raja Yassine|last=Bahri|doi=10.14198/RHM2009.27.10|url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/12709/1/RHM_27_10.pdf|title=Aportes culturales de los Moriscos en Túnez|issn=1989-9823|journal=Revista de Historia Moderna|location=San Vicente del Raspeig|publisher=[[University of Alicante|Universidad de Alicante]]|issue=27|year=2009}}</ref> ''Morisco'' refugees from [[Hornachos]] founded the pirate [[Republic of Salé]] on the [[Bou Regreg]] river bank.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coindreau|first1=Roger|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3642263|title=Les corsaires de Salé|last2=Bosco|first2=Henri|date=1948|language=French|oclc=3642263}}</ref>


The [[cession of Larache]] effectively took place on 20 November 1610, when [[Juan de Mendoza, Marquis de la Hinojosa|Juan de Mendoza y Velasco]], Marquis of San Germán, assumed control over the Atlantic port of [[Larache]] on behalf of the [[Spanish Empire|Hispanic Monarchy]]. The harbour had been promised by [[Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun]] in exchange for the Spanish support in the internal struggles of the [[Saadi dynasty|Saadi sultanate]] against his brother [[Zidan Abu Maali]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lomas Cortés|first=Manuel|title=El proceso de expulsión de los moriscos de España (1609–1614)|publisher=[[Universidad de Valencia|Publicacions de la Universitat de València]], [[Universidad de Granada|Editorial Universidad de Granada]], [[Universidad de Zaragoza|Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Zaragoza]]|year=2011|isbn=978-84-370-8896-9|location=Valencia, Granada & Zaragoza|page=238}}</ref> The place remained under Spanish control until 1689,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gandin|first=Jehanne-Marie|year=1970|title=La remise de Larache aux Espagnols en 1610|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1970_num_7_1_1059|journal=Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée|location=Aix-en-Provence|publisher=Association pour l'étude des sciences humaines en Afrique du Nord|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.3406/remmm.1970.1059|issn=0035-1474|page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cabanelas|first=Darío|year=1960|title=El problema de Larache en tiempos de Felipe II|url=http://meaharabe.com/index.php/meaharabe/article/view/578/572|journal=Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebreos (Sección Árabe-Islam)|location=Granada|publisher=[[Universidad de Granada]]|volume=9|pages=55|issn=0544-408X}}</ref> when [[Siege of Larache (1689)|it was seized]] by the troops of the Alaouite sultan [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]].
The [[cession of Larache]] effectively took place on 20 November 1610, when [[Juan de Mendoza, Marquis de la Hinojosa|Juan de Mendoza y Velasco]], Marquis of San Germán, assumed control over the Atlantic port of [[Larache]] on behalf of the [[Spanish Empire|Hispanic Monarchy]]. The harbour had been promised by [[Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun]] in exchange for the Spanish support in the internal struggles of the [[Saadi dynasty|Saadi sultanate]] against his brother [[Zidan Abu Maali]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lomas Cortés|first=Manuel|title=El proceso de expulsión de los moriscos de España (1609–1614)|publisher=[[Universidad de Valencia|Publicacions de la Universitat de València]], [[Universidad de Granada|Editorial Universidad de Granada]], [[Universidad de Zaragoza|Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Zaragoza]]|year=2011|isbn=978-84-370-8896-9|location=Valencia, Granada & Zaragoza|page=238}}</ref> The place remained under Spanish control until 1689,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gandin|first=Jehanne-Marie|year=1970|title=La remise de Larache aux Espagnols en 1610|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1970_num_7_1_1059|journal=Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée|location=Aix-en-Provence|publisher=Association pour l'étude des sciences humaines en Afrique du Nord|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.3406/remmm.1970.1059|issn=0035-1474|page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cabanelas|first=Darío|year=1960|title=El problema de Larache en tiempos de Felipe II|url=http://meaharabe.com/index.php/meaharabe/article/view/578/572|journal=Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebreos (Sección Árabe-Islam)|location=Granada|publisher=[[Universidad de Granada]]|volume=9|pages=55|issn=0544-408X}}</ref> when [[Siege of Larache (1689)|it was seized]] by the troops of the Alaouite sultan [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]].
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In 1612, Spanish privateers stole the [[Zaydani Library]], a collection of an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in literature and science belonging to Sultan [[Zidan Abu Maali|Zidan bin Ahmad]] of the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SIMIOT|first=BERNARD|year=1953|title=L'étrange aventure de Philippe CASTELLANE|journal=Hommes et Mondes|issue=87|pages=217–233|issn=0994-5873|jstor=44204814}}</ref> These manuscripts are still kept at [[El Escorial]].
In 1612, Spanish privateers stole the [[Zaydani Library]], a collection of an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in literature and science belonging to Sultan [[Zidan Abu Maali|Zidan bin Ahmad]] of the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SIMIOT|first=BERNARD|year=1953|title=L'étrange aventure de Philippe CASTELLANE|journal=Hommes et Mondes|issue=87|pages=217–233|issn=0994-5873|jstor=44204814}}</ref> These manuscripts are still kept at [[El Escorial]].


After a period of good bilateral relations between the Moroccan and the Spanish crowns, hostilities resumed when the emboldened Alaouite sultan [[Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)|attempted to take Melilla in 1774]] allied with the dey of Algiers.{{Sfn|Gómez Vozmediano|Martínez Torres|2008|pp=24–25}} The failure of the siege and that of the ensuing Spanish retaliation persuaded both parties to enter peace negotiations, signing a [[Treaty of Aranjuez (1780)|peace treaty]] in 1780.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:ETFserie4-2008-21-3010/Documento.pdf|title="Entre dos mundos" : las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-musulmanas durante la Edad Moderna : una breve síntesis|first2=José Antonio|last2=Martínez Torres|pages=24–25|last1=Gómez Vozmediano|first1=Miguel Fernando|year=2008|journal=Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna|issue=21|publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]]|location=Madrid|issn=1131-768X}}</ref>
During the wars between Spain and the [[regency of Algiers]], the cherifien empire [[Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)|sieged]] the Spanish city of Ceuta on several occasions during the late XVII century and the XVIII century with help from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. Also, on 1774 Melilla was [[Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)|sieged]] by the moroccans.{{Sfn|Gómez Vozmediano|Martínez Torres|2008|pp=24–25}} On 1780 Spain and Morocco signed the ''[[Treaty of Aranjuez (1780)|Treaty of Aranjuez]]'' regarding trade between the nations.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:ETFserie4-2008-21-3010/Documento.pdf|title="Entre dos mundos" : las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-musulmanas durante la Edad Moderna : una breve síntesis|first2=José Antonio|last2=Martínez Torres|pages=24–25|last1=Gómez Vozmediano|first1=Miguel Fernando|year=2008|journal=Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna|issue=21|publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]]|location=Madrid|issn=1131-768X}}</ref> However Ceuta was [[Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791)|sieged]] again on 1790-1791.


=== War and Spanish colonialism ===
=== Late modern period ===
The [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)|Hispano-Moroccan War]] took place in 1859 and 1860. The ''[[casus belli]]'' for Spain were the unrelenting attacks of [[Rifians|Riffian]] tribesmen on Spanish settlements in North Africa; following unfruitful negotiations with Sultan [[Abd al-Rahman of Morocco|Abd al-Rahman]] vis-à-vis the [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]] (the latter, unable to control the tribesmen, actually died in the midst of negotiations and was replaced by his brother [[Muhammad IV of Morocco|Muhammad IV]]), a declaration of war propelled by [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] was unanimously passed by the Spanish [[Congress of Deputies]] on 22 October 1859.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/16861/1/Enrique%20Fazio%20en%20la%20Guerra%20Africa.pdf|last=Fernández-Rivero|first=Juan-Antonio|chapter=La fotografía militar en la guerra de África: Enrique Facio|title=Ceuta y la Guerra de África de 1859–1860|location=Ceuta|year=2011|pages=470–471|publisher= Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes|isbn=978-84-92627-30-1}}</ref> In the [[Battle of Tétouan|Battle of Tetuan]], the ''[[Mellah]]'', or Jewish quarter, of Tetuan was sacked.<ref>{{Cite book|last=López Alvarez|first=Ana María|title=La comunidad judía de Tetuán, 1881-1940 : onomástica y sociología en el libro de registro de circuncisiones del rabino Yiṣḥaq Bar Vid Al Haṣerfaty|date=2003|publisher=Museo Sefardi|isbn=978-8436936803|location=Toledo, Spain|pages=80|trans-title=The Jewish community of Tetouan, 1881-1940: onomastics and sociology in Rabbi Yiṣḥaq Bar Vid Al Haṣerfaty's record book on circumcisions|oclc=55502651}}</ref> This was followed by appeals in the European Jewish press to support Jewish communities like the one in Tetuan, leading to an international effort called "The Morocco Relief Fund."<ref name=":222">{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Susan Gilson|title=A History of Modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-04583-4|location=Cambridge|pages=45|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139045834}}</ref>{{Refn|group=n.|As a result, the Paris-based international Jewish organization ''[[Alliance Israélite Universelle]],'' along with Rabbi [[Isaac Ben Walid]] of Tetuan, opened its first school in Tetuan in 1862.<ref>{{Cite book|last=A.|first=Tessler, Mark|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict|date=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253358486|location=Bloomington|pages=29|oclc=28799186}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=سلامة|first=حفيظ أبو|date=25 March 2015|title=ربورطاج : يهود "تطوان" هنا آثار أجدادهم و نعوش رفاتهم الباذخة و بيعهم 16 عشرة .|url=https://madinamedia.com/%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%ac-%d9%8a%d9%87%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%87%d9%86%d8%a7-%d8%a2%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87%d9%85/|access-date=1 November 2019|website=مدينة ميديا|language=ar}}</ref>}}
The [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)|Hispano-Moroccan War]] took place in 1859 and 1860. The ''[[casus belli]]'' for Spain were the unrelenting attacks of [[Rifians|Riffian]] tribesmen on Spanish settlements in North Africa; following unfruitful negotiations with Sultan [[Abd al-Rahman of Morocco|Abd al-Rahman]] vis-à-vis the [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]] (the latter, unable to control the tribesmen, actually died in the midst of negotiations and was replaced by his brother [[Muhammad IV of Morocco|Muhammad IV]]), a declaration of war propelled by [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] was unanimously passed by the Spanish [[Congress of Deputies]] on 22 October 1859.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/16861/1/Enrique%20Fazio%20en%20la%20Guerra%20Africa.pdf|last=Fernández-Rivero|first=Juan-Antonio|chapter=La fotografía militar en la guerra de África: Enrique Facio|title=Ceuta y la Guerra de África de 1859–1860|location=Ceuta|year=2011|pages=470–471|publisher= Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes|isbn=978-84-92627-30-1}}</ref> In the [[Battle of Tétouan|Battle of Tetuan]], the ''[[Mellah]]'', or Jewish quarter, of Tetuan was sacked.<ref>{{Cite book|last=López Alvarez|first=Ana María|title=La comunidad judía de Tetuán, 1881-1940 : onomástica y sociología en el libro de registro de circuncisiones del rabino Yiṣḥaq Bar Vid Al Haṣerfaty|date=2003|publisher=Museo Sefardi|isbn=978-8436936803|location=Toledo, Spain|pages=80|trans-title=The Jewish community of Tetouan, 1881-1940: onomastics and sociology in Rabbi Yiṣḥaq Bar Vid Al Haṣerfaty's record book on circumcisions|oclc=55502651}}</ref> This was followed by appeals in the European Jewish press to support Jewish communities like the one in Tetuan, leading to an international effort called "The Morocco Relief Fund."<ref name=":222">{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Susan Gilson|title=A History of Modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-04583-4|location=Cambridge|pages=45|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139045834}}</ref>{{Refn|group=n.|As a result, the Paris-based international Jewish organization ''[[Alliance Israélite Universelle]],'' along with Rabbi [[Isaac Ben Walid]] of Tetuan, opened its first school in Tetuan in 1862.<ref>{{Cite book|last=A.|first=Tessler, Mark|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict|date=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253358486|location=Bloomington|pages=29|oclc=28799186}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=سلامة|first=حفيظ أبو|date=25 March 2015|title=ربورطاج : يهود "تطوان" هنا آثار أجدادهم و نعوش رفاتهم الباذخة و بيعهم 16 عشرة .|url=https://madinamedia.com/%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%ac-%d9%8a%d9%87%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%87%d9%86%d8%a7-%d8%a2%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87%d9%85/|access-date=1 November 2019|website=مدينة ميديا|language=ar}}</ref>}}
[[File:La Paz de Wad-Ras.jpg|thumb|right|''The Peace of Wad-Ras'', by [[Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer]] (1870).]]
[[File:La Paz de Wad-Ras.jpg|thumb|right|''The Peace of Wad-Ras'', by [[Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer]] (1870).]]
Line 34: Line 36:
The [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Protectorate over Morocco]] was established 27 November 1912 by decree of the [[Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1913|title=Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212275|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=7|issue=2|pages=81–99|doi=10.2307/2212275|jstor=2212275 |s2cid=246007581 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref> Relative to France, which was assigned control over most of the Moroccan State, Spain ended up with a small territory in northern Morocco, largely mountainous and not easily accessible,<ref>{{Cite book|pages=99–100|first=G.|last=Priorelli|isbn=978-3-030-46055-6|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2020|title=Italian Fascism and Spanish Falangism in Comparison|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46056-3|s2cid=226723427 }}</ref> and to which the [[Cape Juby]] strip, a small strip of land in Southern Morocco, bordering with the [[Spanish Sahara]] added up.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Franquismo y descolonización española en África|last=Vilar|first=Juan B.|pages=143|publisher=[[University of the Basque Country]]|journal=Historia Contemporánea|year=2005|volume=30|location=Bilbao|issn=1130-2402|url=http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/HC/article/view/4273/3819}}</ref> The city of [[Tangier International Zone|Tangier became an international zone]].
The [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish Protectorate over Morocco]] was established 27 November 1912 by decree of the [[Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1913|title=Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212275|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=7|issue=2|pages=81–99|doi=10.2307/2212275|jstor=2212275 |s2cid=246007581 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref> Relative to France, which was assigned control over most of the Moroccan State, Spain ended up with a small territory in northern Morocco, largely mountainous and not easily accessible,<ref>{{Cite book|pages=99–100|first=G.|last=Priorelli|isbn=978-3-030-46055-6|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2020|title=Italian Fascism and Spanish Falangism in Comparison|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46056-3|s2cid=226723427 }}</ref> and to which the [[Cape Juby]] strip, a small strip of land in Southern Morocco, bordering with the [[Spanish Sahara]] added up.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Franquismo y descolonización española en África|last=Vilar|first=Juan B.|pages=143|publisher=[[University of the Basque Country]]|journal=Historia Contemporánea|year=2005|volume=30|location=Bilbao|issn=1130-2402|url=http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/HC/article/view/4273/3819}}</ref> The city of [[Tangier International Zone|Tangier became an international zone]].


=== 21st-century relations ===
== Contemporary relations ==
The relations deteriorated following the ascension to the Moroccan throne of [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] in 1999. Particularly the failure to reach a deal for fisheries between the European Union and Morocco in 2001 further complicated the relations between [[José María Aznar]] and Mohammed VI.<ref name=garciadefrutos>{{Cite journal|journal=Revista Aequitas|volume=1|pages=83–97|issn=2174-9493|title=Perejil, un conflicto simbólico por la información|first=Moira|last=García de Frutos|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3819454|year=2011|issue=1}}</ref>
The relations deteriorated following the ascension to the Moroccan throne of [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] in 1999. Particularly the failure to reach a deal for fisheries between the European Union and Morocco in 2001 further complicated the relations between [[José María Aznar]] and Mohammed VI.<ref name=garciadefrutos>{{Cite journal|journal=Revista Aequitas|volume=1|pages=83–97|issn=2174-9493|title=Perejil, un conflicto simbólico por la información|first=Moira|last=García de Frutos|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3819454|year=2011|issue=1}}</ref>


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On 22 June 2023, according to [[Human Rights Watch]], the victims of the horrific violence and deaths of asylum seekers and [[human migration|migrants]] at the border in 2022 between [[Morocco]] and the Spanish enclave of [[Melilla]] didn't get justice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spain/Morocco: No Justice for Deaths at Melilla Border|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/06/22/spain/morocco-no-justice-deaths-melilla-border|access-date=2023-03-22|language=en}}</ref>
On 22 June 2023, according to [[Human Rights Watch]], the victims of the horrific violence and deaths of asylum seekers and [[human migration|migrants]] at the border in 2022 between [[Morocco]] and the Spanish enclave of [[Melilla]] didn't get justice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spain/Morocco: No Justice for Deaths at Melilla Border|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/06/22/spain/morocco-no-justice-deaths-melilla-border|access-date=2023-03-22|language=en}}</ref>

== Migration ==
{{See also|Moroccans in Spain}}
According to the 2021 INE statistics, the moroccan are the largest inmigration community in Spain with 930.221 citizens with residence in this country. Moroccans in Spain live mainly in [[Province of Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]] and [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marroquíes en España. Padrón municipal 2022, cifras de población. |url=https://epa.com.es/padron/marroquies-en-espana/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=epa.com.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marroquíes en España. Padrón municipal 2022, cifras de población. |url=https://epa.com.es/padron/marroquies-en-espana/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=epa.com.es}}</ref>


==Resident diplomatic missions==
==Resident diplomatic missions==

Revision as of 16:27, 12 November 2023

Morocco-Spain relations
Map indicating locations of Morocco and Spain

Morocco
Spain

Morocco and Spain maintain extensive diplomatic, commercial, and military ties.[1] They spanish frontier lies on Melilla and Ceuta, on the Mediterranean coast. Morocco’s foreign policy has focused on Western partners, including neighboring Spain.[2] They have, however, been historically intense and conflictive.[3][4]

History

Middle Ages

Taking advantage of the disputes related to the struggle for control in the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania, the Umayyad Caliphate army led by Táriq ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in 711. This gave way to the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.[5] In the years to come, the cristian rulers fought or stablished political or commercial relations with the muslim rulers, gaining control over the Iberian peninsula.

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa XVII century painting in Las Huelgas Abbey.

In the Simancas battle (839) against the Caliphate of Córdoba, the kingdom of León gained control of the Duero in today´s province of Valladolid. This Caliphate lasted until its demise in the early 11th century and ensuing replacement by ephemeral Islamic statelets.[6][7]

The Almohad dynasty had conquered Marrakesh in 1147 and had taken over the Almoravids in Al-Andalus at the same time. The milestone of this period is Las Navas de Tolosa battle (1212) in which an array of christian kingdoms supported the king of Castille against Almohad Caliphate in the north of Jaén´s province. [8]

Detail of the Cantiga de Santa Maria No. 181. It depicts a "miracle" during the successful 1261–62 defence of Marrakesh by Almohad ruler Al-Murtada (with help from Christian militias from the Iberian Peninsula depicted in the illustration) from the siege laid on by Marinid ruler Abu Yusuf.[9]

Vowing to counter the Castilian expansion initiated by 1265, Nasrid Granada required assistance from Fez in late 1274 and ceded the places of Algeciras and Tarifa to the Marinids,[10] which thus gained a foothold in the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula. The Marinid grip over Algeciras further increased in the ensuing decades, and the place turned into a Marinid power base from which razzias were launched into the still incipient Christian settlements in the Lower Guadalquivir and the Guadalete area.[11]

In the aftermath of the Granada War, the Catholic Monarchs, with the Alhambra Decree of 1492, ordered the expulsion of the Jews from the crowns of Castile and Aragon. Many of these Jewish refugees settled in the territory of current-day Morocco.[12]

Early modern period

Some 40,000 Moriscos arrived there after their final expulsion in 1609, dressed in the Spanish way and speaking Spanish.[13] Unlike their more welcoming situation in other places of the Maghreb such as Tunis, they were generally not well received, were accused of being Christians and sometimes suffered martyrdom.[13] Morisco refugees from Hornachos founded the pirate Republic of Salé on the Bou Regreg river bank.[14]

The cession of Larache effectively took place on 20 November 1610, when Juan de Mendoza y Velasco, Marquis of San Germán, assumed control over the Atlantic port of Larache on behalf of the Hispanic Monarchy. The harbour had been promised by Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun in exchange for the Spanish support in the internal struggles of the Saadi sultanate against his brother Zidan Abu Maali.[15] The place remained under Spanish control until 1689,[16][17] when it was seized by the troops of the Alaouite sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif.

In 1612, Spanish privateers stole the Zaydani Library, a collection of an estimated 4,000 manuscripts in literature and science belonging to Sultan Zidan bin Ahmad of the Saadi dynasty.[18] These manuscripts are still kept at El Escorial.

During the wars between Spain and the regency of Algiers, the cherifien empire sieged the Spanish city of Ceuta on several occasions during the late XVII century and the XVIII century with help from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Also, on 1774 Melilla was sieged by the moroccans.[19] On 1780 Spain and Morocco signed the Treaty of Aranjuez regarding trade between the nations.[20] However Ceuta was sieged again on 1790-1791.

Late modern period

The Hispano-Moroccan War took place in 1859 and 1860. The casus belli for Spain were the unrelenting attacks of Riffian tribesmen on Spanish settlements in North Africa; following unfruitful negotiations with Sultan Abd al-Rahman vis-à-vis the reparations (the latter, unable to control the tribesmen, actually died in the midst of negotiations and was replaced by his brother Muhammad IV), a declaration of war propelled by Leopoldo O'Donnell was unanimously passed by the Spanish Congress of Deputies on 22 October 1859.[21] In the Battle of Tetuan, the Mellah, or Jewish quarter, of Tetuan was sacked.[22] This was followed by appeals in the European Jewish press to support Jewish communities like the one in Tetuan, leading to an international effort called "The Morocco Relief Fund."[23][n. 1]

The Peace of Wad-Ras, by Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer (1870).

Following an armistice of 32 days,[26] the Treaty of Wad Ras or Peace of Tétouan was signed on 26 April 1860, bringing the conflict to an end. The treaty contemplated the extension on perpetuity of the Spanish presence in Ceuta and Melilla, the end of tribal raids on those cities, the recognition by Morocco of Spanish sovereignty over the Chafarinas Islands, the retrocession of the historical fortress of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (a territory of uncertain location by that time) to Spain to establish a fishing post, the permission to missionaries for establishing a Christian church in Tétouan, and the Spanish administration over the latter city until massive reparations of 20,000,000 duros were paid.[27][28]

Once Morocco paid the compensation (partially through money lent by the British), O'Donnell retired his troops from Tétouan.[29]

After 1863, a Spanish diplomatic mission led by Francisco Merry y Colom was sent to the court of the Moroccan Sultan in Marrakesh,[30] with the specific goals of the rehabilitation of Muley El-Abbás, the sultan's hispanophile brother, the fostering of commercial activity in Ceuta and Melilla by means of the creation of a custom, the opening of the Port of Agadir to Spanish ships, facilitating the meat provision to Ceuta, and the improvement on the status of Spaniards in Morocco,[31] establishing the basis for the peacetime commercial and diplomatic relations of Spain with the Sherifian Empire.[32]

In the wake of the visit of a Spanish delegation to Fez in 1877, a joint Hispano-Moroccan committee was created to determine the location of the territory of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña,[33] retroceded in the 1860 Treaty of Wad Ras. This committee eventually misidentified Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña with Ifni,[33] actually located about 480 kilometers north of the real fortress. The Moroccan sultan accepted the identification in 1883, even if the border delimitation did not take place at the time and the effective Spanish occupation had to wait until 1934.[33]

French ambassador to Spain Léon Geoffray signs the French-Spanish treaty sealing the creation of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco (27 November 1912)

The Spanish Protectorate over Morocco was established 27 November 1912 by decree of the Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco.[34] Relative to France, which was assigned control over most of the Moroccan State, Spain ended up with a small territory in northern Morocco, largely mountainous and not easily accessible,[35] and to which the Cape Juby strip, a small strip of land in Southern Morocco, bordering with the Spanish Sahara added up.[36] The city of Tangier became an international zone.

Contemporary relations

The relations deteriorated following the ascension to the Moroccan throne of Mohammed VI in 1999. Particularly the failure to reach a deal for fisheries between the European Union and Morocco in 2001 further complicated the relations between José María Aznar and Mohammed VI.[37]

In October 2001, Morocco recalled its ambassador from Madrid after pro-Saharan groups in Spain conducted a mock referendum on the fate of the region.

On 6 July 2002 Spanish military operations in the Alhucemas Islands were perceived to be an act of aggression by Morocco.[37]

The fence between Ceuta and Morocco.

On 11 July 2002, the Perejil Island crisis erupted; members of the Royal Moroccan Navy occupied the uninhabited Perejil Island off the North-African coast; 6 days later Spain launched the "Operation Romeo-Sierra" and 28 members of the Special Operations Groups of the Spanish Army took control of the islet evicting the 6 Moroccan cadets then present in the islet, who offered no resistance.[38]

Diplomatic ties were not restored until January 2003. That July, Morocco complained that Spain lacked neutrality on the Sahara issue when it chaired the United Nations Security Council and, in October, Spain suspended arms sales to Morocco due to the Perejil crisis. Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero visited Morocco in April 2004, and King Juan Carlos I visited in January 2005; on both occasions, joint statements called for a negotiated settlement to the Sahara issue—the Moroccan position.

However, visits to Ceuta and Melilla by the Spanish prime minister in January 2006 and monarchs in November 2007 again set back relations. The two neighbours also have an unresolved dispute concerning territorial waters between Morocco and the Spanish Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco's "super port" near Tangier will pose competition that concerns Spanish ports. It is expected to achieve full capacity in 2014 at 5.5 million containers annually.[39]

Territorial disputes, despite their drama, are subordinate to the continuing and productive economic cooperation between both countries, there is also shared interests in counterterrorism, counternarcotics, and efforts to stem illegal immigration. Morocco notably assisted Spanish authorities in the investigation of the 2004 bombings in Madrid and this relationship continues. Moroccan soldiers have served under Spanish command in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti and Moroccan gendarmes have joined Spanish patrols to combat illegal immigration in the Strait of Gibraltar.[39]

On 31 July-1 August 2018 Morocco indefinitely closed the Beni Ansar Customs near Melilla.[40]

Following the breakdown of the ceasefire between the Polisario Front and Morocco, which led to armed clashes between both sides in November 2020, Spanish Second Deputy Prime Minister Pablo Iglesias tweeted the UN resolution of 1995 for the Western Sahara: "... It reiterates its commitment to hold, without further delay, a free, fair and impartial referendum for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara ...". Unidas Podemos, minor member of the coalition government, requested the Prime Minister the same referendum to be held,[41] clashing with the official position of the government expressed by Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs Arancha González Laya.[42]

On 21 December 2020, following the affirmations of the Moroccan Prime Minister, Saadeddine Othmani, stating that Ceuta and Melilla "are as Moroccan as the [Western] Sahara" after Trump's administration recognition of sovereignty over that territory, Spain's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Cristina Gallach urgently summoned the Moroccan Ambassador to Spain, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects respect from all its partners to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its country and asked for explanations about the words of Othmani.[43][44]

On 22 April 2021, Spanish officials had announced that the Polisario Front leader Brahim Ghali was sent to Spain for COVID-19 hospitalization.[45] Morocco reacted with several reciprocal and retaliatory measures, including granting the pro-Catalan independence politician Carles Puigdemont asylum on 30 April.[46]

On 17 May 2021, also as a response to Ghali's hospitalization in Spain, Morocco relaxed its controls over the frontier between the two countries and allowed more than five thousand Moroccan citizens and migrants (including more than 1,500 minors) to get through the Spanish city of Ceuta by passing around the jetties of Benzú and El Tarajal.[47][48][49] This prompted the reaction of Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez,[n. 2][n. 3] who visited Ceuta and Melilla together with the Interior Minister on 18 May.[51]

In a cryptic manner, the Moroccan ambassador warned that "there are acts that have consequences and must be assumed" just before being recalled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 18 June, in turn shortly after she was summoned by the Spanish foreign minister.[52] The Spanish military was deployed in the border to stop the influx. Moroccan actions were also rejected by various officials of the European Union.[n. 4]

European Commission Vice President Margaritis Schinas warned that Europe would not "be intimidated by anyone on the subject of migration".[59] The Moroccan move was described as an instance of "coercive engineered migration"[60] and a case of grey zone operation, similarly to other asymmetrical challenges posed by Morocco underpinned by incremental and ambiguous measures below the threshold of war.[61][62]

In a visit to Rabat, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez announced on 18 March 2022 that Spain would shift its policy on Morocco's plan for Western Saharan autonomy and said that Morocco's plan was the only way to solve the problem.[63] This, however, was refused by the vast majority of the Spanish congress, including PSOE's partners in government.[64][65] On 20 March 2022, Morocco officially returned its ambassador Karima Benyaich to Madrid.[66][67]

At a February 2023 Summit in Rabat, Spain and Morocco subsequently signed a series of multiple agreements to boost trade and investment, including credit lines of up to 800 million euros ($873 million). A joint declaration reiterated the Spanish Government's position supporting Morocco's autonomy plan for Western Sahara. Both countries were reported to have further agreed to cooperate on repatriations of illegal migrants.[68]

As of March 2023, Spain's Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation, Jose Manuel Albares, shared that the Morocco-Spain relationship has achieved its new all-time high.[69]

On 22 June 2023, according to Human Rights Watch, the victims of the horrific violence and deaths of asylum seekers and migrants at the border in 2022 between Morocco and the Spanish enclave of Melilla didn't get justice.[70]

Migration

See also: Moroccans in Spain

According to the 2021 INE statistics, the moroccan are the largest inmigration community in Spain with 930.221 citizens with residence in this country. Moroccans in Spain live mainly in Barcelona, Madrid and Murcia.[71][72]

Resident diplomatic missions

  • Embassy of Morocco in Madrid
    Embassy of Morocco in Madrid
  • Consulate-General of Morocco in Algeciras
    Consulate-General of Morocco in Algeciras
  • Consulate-General in Barcelona
    Consulate-General in Barcelona
  • Consulate-General of Spain in Larache
    Consulate-General of Spain in Larache

Common history

See also

References

Informational notes
  1. ^ As a result, the Paris-based international Jewish organization Alliance Israélite Universelle, along with Rabbi Isaac Ben Walid of Tetuan, opened its first school in Tetuan in 1862.[24][25]
  2. ^ Addressing the leader of the parliamentary opposition, Sánchez stated that "Spain is suffering a challenge from Morocco", wondering where the opposition stood at.[50]
  3. ^ Minor member of the coalition government, Unidas Podemos, accused Morocco of "diplomatic blackmail".
  4. ^ such as the Prime Minister of Slovenia, who tweeted (in Spanish) "The Spanish border of #Ceuta is a European border. Full solidarity with Spain.",[53] the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen, who said that "Europe expresses its solidarity with Ceuta and Spain. We need common European solutions to manage migration. We can do this by reaching an agreement on the new Migration Pact.",[54] the High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell "Ceuta is the European border with Morocco, and the EU will do what is necessary to support Spain in these difficult times.",[55] the President of the European Council Charles Michel, who tweeted "All our support and solidarity with Spain @sanchezcastejon. The borders of Spain are the borders of the European Union. Cooperation, trust and shared commitments should be the principles of a strong relationship between the European Union and Morocco."[56] and the European Commissioner of Migrations Margaritis Schinas, claiming that "The Spanish border of #Ceuta is a European border. Full solidarity with Spain. We now need the European Migration Policy Pact: agreements with third countries; a robust protection of our borders; solidarity between the Member States, and a policy of legal migration."[57][58]
Citations
  1. ^ Arieff, Alexis. "Morocco: Current Issues". Congressional Research Service.
  2. ^ Arieff, Alexis. "Morocco: Background and U.S. Relations". Congressional Research Service.
  3. ^ Pino, Domingo del (2004). "España-Marruecos, miradas cruzadas: dejemos el pasado y hablemos de futuro". Afkar/Ideas: 103. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
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