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#REDIRECT [[Chongzhen Emperor]] |
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{{Short description|Ming dynasty era name}} |
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[[File:万国人物图卷轴中的大明人.jpg|thumb|right|Han Chinese costume during the Chongzhen period]] |
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[[File:Chong Zhen Tong Bao (崇禎通寶) - Scott Semans 02.jpg|thumb|250px|"Chongzhen Tongbao" (崇禎通寶) issued during the Chongzhen era]] |
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'''Chongzhen''' ({{zh|t=崇禎|s=崇祯|p=Chóngzhēn|w=Ch'ung-chen|l=honorable and auspicious}}; 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the [[Chinese era name|era name]] (''nianhao'') of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]]. It was also the final era of the Ming, lasting for 17 years. |
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In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the [[Tianqi Emperor]]. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), the Tianqi Emperor died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The Grand Secretariat proposed four era names—"Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞)—for Zhu Youjian to choose from. He ultimately chose "Chongzhen" (崇貞).<ref>Sun Chengze (孫承澤). ''Siling dianli ji'' (思陵典禮記)</ref> Another account states that the four proposed era names were "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), and Zhu Youjian chose "Chongzhen" and changed the character "貞" to "禎".<ref>Wen Bing (文秉). ''Lie huang xiao shi'' (烈皇小識)</ref> The following year (1628), the era was changed to Chongzhen. |
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In February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), [[Li Zicheng]] established the [[Shun dynasty]] in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured [[Beijing]], the capital of the Ming dynasty. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide by hanging himself on the Coal Hill in Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), leading to the downfall of the Ming. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in [[Nanjing]], the [[temporary capital]], on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the [[Hongguang Emperor]], and established the [[Southern Ming]] regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of the year on New Year's Eve of Chongzhen 17, and the following year, the era was changed to [[Hongguang]].<ref>[[Qian Haiyue]] (錢海岳). ''History of Southern Ming'', Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』</ref> |
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After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the [[Joseon|Korean Yi dynasty]] aristocrats, out of [[anti-Qing sentiment]] and [[Little China (ideology)|Little China ideology]], still used the Chongzhen era name in their country, which was known as the "Chongzhen jiyuan" or "Sungjeong giwon" (崇禎紀元).<ref>{{Cite web|title=小史 使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎|url=https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222144729/https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|archive-date=2021-02-22}}</ref> |
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==Change of era== |
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* '''5 February 1628''' (Tianqi 8, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Chongzhen 1 (崇禎元年, "the first year of Chongzhen"). |
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* '''28 January 1645''' (Chongzhen 18, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Hongguang 1 (弘光元年, " the first year of Hongguang"). |
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==Comparison table== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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!Chongzhen!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10 |
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|- |
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|[[AD]] |
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|1628||1629||1630||1631||1632||1633||1634||1635||1636||1637 |
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|- |
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|[[Sexagenary cycle]] |
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|Wùchén (戊辰)||Jǐsì (己巳)||Gēngwǔ (庚午)||Xīnwèi (辛未)||Rénshēn (壬申)||Guǐyǒu (癸酉)||Jiǎxū (甲戌)||Yǐhài (乙亥)||Bǐngzǐ (丙子)||Dīngchǒu (丁丑) |
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|- |
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!Chongzhen!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!16!!17 |
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|- |
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|[[AD]] |
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|1638||1639||1640||1641||1642||1643||1644 |
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|- |
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|[[Sexagenary cycle]] |
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|Wùyín (戊寅)||Jǐmǎo (己卯)||Gēngchén (庚辰)||Xīnsì (辛巳)||Rénwǔ (壬午)||Guǐwèi (癸未)||Jiǎshēn (甲申) |
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|} |
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==Other regimes' era names that existed during the same period== |
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* China |
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** ''Tiancong'' (天聰, 1627–1636): [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]— era name of [[Hong Taiji]] |
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** ''Chongde'' (崇德, 1636–1643): [[Qing dynasty]]—era name of Hong Taiji |
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** ''Shunzhi'' (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty—era name of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] |
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** ''Ruiying'' (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period—era name of She Chongming (奢崇明) |
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** ''Yongxing'' (永興, 1628): Ming period—era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元) |
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** ''Tianyun'' (天運, 1637): Ming period—era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽) |
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** ''Tianding'' (天定, 1644): Ming period—era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分) |
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** ''Chongxing'' (重興, 1644): Ming period—era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行) |
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** ''Xingwu'' (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period—era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥) |
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** ''Yongchang'' (永昌, 1644–1645): [[Shun dynasty]]—era name of [[Li Zicheng]] |
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** ''Yiwu'' (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty—era name of [[Zhang Xianzhong]] |
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** ''Dashun'' (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong |
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* Vietnam |
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** ''Vĩnh Tộ'' (永祚, 1619–1629): [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]]—era name of [[Lê Thần Tông]] |
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** ''Đức Long'' (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông |
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** ''Dương Hòa'' (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông |
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** ''Phúc Thái'' (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty—era name of [[Lê Chân Tông]] |
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** ''Long Thái'' (隆泰, 1618–1625): [[Mạc dynasty]]—era name of [[Mạc Kính Khoan]] |
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** ''Thuận Đức'' (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty—era name of [[Mạc Kính Vũ]] |
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* Japan |
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** ''[[Kan'ei]]'' (寛永, 1624–1644): era name of [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], [[Empress Meishō]] and [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]] |
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** ''[[Shōhō]]'' (正保, 1644–1648): era name of Emperor Go-Kōmyō |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of Chinese era names]] |
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* [[List of Ming dynasty era names]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* {{cite book|first=Chongzhi|last=Li|title=中國歷代年號考|trans-title=Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao|language=Chinese|year=December 2004|publisher=Zhonghua Book Co.|location=Beijing|isbn=7101025129}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Hongbo|last=Deng|title=東亞歷史年表|trans-title=Chronology of East Asian History|language=Chinese|url=http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|year=March 2005|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|publisher=National Taiwan University Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures|location=Taipei|isbn=9789860005189}} |
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{{s-start}} |
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{{succession box |
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| before = [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi]] |
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| title = [[Ming dynasty]] [[Chinese era name|era name]] |
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| years = 1628–1644 |
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| after = [[Qing dynasty]]: [[Shunzhi]]<br>[[Southern Ming]]: [[Hongguang]] |
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}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chongzhen}} |
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[[Category:Ming dynasty eras]] |
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Revision as of 12:56, 31 March 2024
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