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== Military History ==
== Military History ==
'''Gwalbans''' are found in lower Doäb, [[Awadh]], and [[Bihar]]. [[Gwalbansi]] septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as '''bullock'''-'''drivers'''; but the [[Jädubans]] of Gurgaon make excellent '''soldiers'''<ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</ref> <ref>https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans</ref>
From the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], they were also ones who were recruited in the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVZxDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+army+and+the+first+world+war+kaushik+roy |title=Indian Army and the First World War: 1914–18 |date=2018-06-29 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909367-0 |language=en}}</ref> Their special companies were also made and that class yielded more successful results than any other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newul Kishore Press |first=Lucknow |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208555 |title=Indias Services In The War Vol-iii |date=1922}}</ref>
From the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], they were also ones who were recruited in the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVZxDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+army+and+the+first+world+war+kaushik+roy |title=Indian Army and the First World War: 1914–18 |date=2018-06-29 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909367-0 |language=en}}</ref> Their special companies were also made and that class yielded more successful results than any other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newul Kishore Press |first=Lucknow |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208555 |title=Indias Services In The War Vol-iii |date=1922}}</ref>


Revision as of 12:42, 31 May 2024

Gwalvanshi or Gwala, whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and selling of milk.[1]Gwal women also sell milk and curd.[2] gwala means Cowherd (charwaha)[3] Gwalvanshi [4] is a dominant subdivison[5] of Ahirs.[6][7] They are populated in North-Western Provinces[8] and in Oudh (Awadh).[9]

Cowherd Gwala Tribe
Gwala Tribe

Origin

Gwal families are living alongwith the Gonds.since long time among the villages, Russell has also mentioned that " the Gowaris are admittedly descended from the unions of Gonds and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or Gowar caste is mixed descent from Ahirs and gonds.[10][11]

In Bijnor the Gual or Gwal have a low status because according to legend their lineage is linked to the servants (cattle herders) of the true Ahirs.[12]

'Gual or gwala Caste' is also mentioned as the Scheduled Caste under the castes of Uttar Pradesh in the Schedule attached to the Government of India Act 1935.[13] The Gwalvanshi Ahirs claim their descent from the cowherd s of Braj.[14][15]

History

Mirzapur

According to Harisen a 4th century Sanskrit poet and an important member of the Rajya Sabha of Samudra Gupta, Ahraura Pargana was originally occupied by the Kol community. Apart from the name, it has no connection with Abhira.[16] According to Ain-i-Akbari, they were zamindars of the Ahirwara pargana (present Ahraura) in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.[17] Their khap chaudharis held the title of 'Mahtus' clan of ahir in Agori pargana of the old Mirzapur.[18]

Varanasi

Gwalbans are found in lower Doäb, Awadh, and Bihar. Gwalbansi septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as bullock-drivers; but the Jädubans of Gurgaon make excellent soldiers[19] [20] They also made Warren Hastings fled from Varanasi.[21] When Goswami Tulsidas was taken hostage by Muslim soldiers of Akbar in Varanasi, they were the ones who made him free by attacking on the Muslim force.[22] As zamindars in the Varanasi district, they held properties like the Kashikarvat.[23][24] In the Hindi speaking community of Banaras, the word Sardar means two different kinds of people, one with ji and the other without ji. A person addressed as Sardar is a milkman gwala and a person addressed as Sardar ji is a Dhadhor Ahir.[25] They were called Sardars in Kashi.[26]

Basti

In Gonda, as in Basti, the Gwalbans sub-division are careful and laborious husbandmen. Although more numerous in Gonda and basti than in any other part of Oudh, they own no land in this district.[27][28] Dhadhor ahir clan to hold extensive land they were called Bhumidar in the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh.[29]

Ayodhya

Them in the Faizadad pargana (in today's Ayodhya district) 'dhadhor ahir landlords claimed to be descended from an Ahir raja of Berat (Rajasthan). Another account is, that they were settled there by Raja Chandra Sen.[30]

Azamgarh

In the Azamgarh district, they have a tradition that their ancestors were once the ruling race, holding the same position that Rajputs hold now. They also own the most of the land in Azamgarh district. In the Gopalpur pargana of Azamgarh, they held as much land as the other three castes (Rajputs, Brahmins & Kayasths) combined together..95% of people in azamgadh district are gwala.2% kurmi caste hold a equal land to the gwala. [31]

Jaunpur

Dhadhor' ahir clan In Jaunpur, hold a big land enlisted as 'big zamindars with hundreds of acres of land'[32][33]

Lakhimpur Kheri

Ahbaran was a dhadhor and ghosi Ahir chieftain of Khairigarh. He laid siege to Kheri (Khairigarh) which was under the Mughal Empire and had a strong independent rule over the region. Akbar mentioned him as a cruel king.[34]

Sitapur

In Awadh's Khairabad province, the propreitors of parganas of Pali and Bawan in Ain-i-Akbari were Dhadhor Ahirs.[35]

Military History

Gwalbans are found in lower Doäb, Awadh, and Bihar. Gwalbansi septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as bullock-drivers; but the Jädubans of Gurgaon make excellent soldiers[36] [37] From the United Provinces, they were also ones who were recruited in the First World War.[38] Their special companies were also made and that class yielded more successful results than any other.[39]

Physical Appearance

Physical Appearance

Gwala are more numerous in any villages and blocks.Generally they have a dark colour, stout body and a medium height with small hair on the head. Their womenfolk have a fairer complexion as compared with the males. They do not observe purdah and work freely with their husbands in the field.[40] Carleton S. Coon once stated about Ahirs of Senapur (a village in Jaunpur which is predominated by Dhadhor Ahirs)[41] that: Ahirs are, in average, quite light in skin color and pride themselves on their physical superiorty to other groups. Their robustness is usually attributed to the active, outdoor life they lead, but undoubtedly the greater amount of dairy products that they have at their disposal has some influence. The Ahirs are the athletes of Senapur. They excel at wrestling, at fencing with staves, at jumping, and at acrobatics of all kinds.[42]

Present circumstances

They were farmers and land-holders in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. At the turn of the century, they took up other occupations, including business in a big way.[43][44]

Notable people

Culture

The Goyala or gwala people celebrate a festival every year on the day of Diwali. This festival is called Gaidhar in the local language and Gokarira in Sanskrit. On this occasion the gwala people tie the legs of a pig and drive their cattle over it until it dies. After that they [[boil][ it in the fields and eat it.[58] They sing Loriki and Birahas.[59] They have started the Ramleela at Chaukaghat (Nati Imli) in Varanasi.[60] They also actively participate in the Bharat Milaap done in the Ramleela.[60] They are great devotee of Radha-Krishna.[61] Most of the Ahir Birs (deities who died gloriously) in Eastern Uttar Pradesh were Gwalvanshi Ahirs only.[48][41] They also wore the Janeo (the sacred-thread) and hence were called as "Janeodhari Ahirs". Which firmly places them within the kshatriya sect of the varna system.[62]

Kuldevi

Their clan deity (Kuldevi) is Mata Vindhyavasini Jogmaya.[61]

References

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