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It is believed that the rivers [[Lama (river)|Lama]], [[Yauza (river)|Yauza]], Nudol and Churilikha have Baltic origins.<ref name="Pospelov">{{cite web|date=2008|url=https://xn--80aegcb0anqti.xn--p1ai/moskraeved/info/pospelov_geonazvaniya_%20mosobl2007.pdf|title= Географические названия Московской области: топонимический словарь: более 3500 единиц|language=Russian|issn=0304-3487|author=Evgeny Mikhailovich Pospelov|pages=174|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian languege's]] name for narrow and and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad's themselves.<ref>{{cite web|title=В поисках реки Голедянки|url=http://goledyanka.narod.ru/River.htm|language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323061529/http://goledyanka.narod.ru/River.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2010|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi comes from the Golyads.<ref name="Pospelov"/><ref name="Friesen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=g20OEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=11 December 2020|author=Walther Friesen|title=The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History|chapter=1|isbn=9783752646337|publisher=Books on Demand|pages=20|access-date=2024-11-16}}</ref>
It is believed that the rivers [[Lama (river)|Lama]], [[Yauza (river)|Yauza]], Nudol and Churilikha have Baltic origins.<ref name="Pospelov">{{cite web|date=2008|url=https://xn--80aegcb0anqti.xn--p1ai/moskraeved/info/pospelov_geonazvaniya_%20mosobl2007.pdf|title= Географические названия Московской области: топонимический словарь: более 3500 единиц|language=Russian|issn=0304-3487|author=Evgeny Mikhailovich Pospelov|pages=174|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian languege's]] name for narrow and and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad's themselves.<ref>{{cite web|title=В поисках реки Голедянки|url=http://goledyanka.narod.ru/River.htm|language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323061529/http://goledyanka.narod.ru/River.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2010|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi has their names originate from the Golyads.<ref name="Pospelov"/><ref name="Friesen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=g20OEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=11 December 2020|author=Walther Friesen|title=The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History|chapter=1|isbn=9783752646337|publisher=Books on Demand|pages=20|access-date=2024-11-16}}</ref>


== Proposed relation with Galindian ==
== Proposed relation with West Galindian ==
Golyad and Galindian have been proposed by scientists to have had a common origin that is based on two ancient authors using the common name of Galindian for both of them.<ref>Dini (2014), p. 309.</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=pl|chapter=Zagadnienie Galindów|trans-chapter=The Galindian question|title=Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego|trans-title=Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work|editor-first=Aleksander|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|editor-last=Gieysztor|year=1958|place=Warsaw|pages=37–41|first=Jan Szczepan|last=Otrębski}}</ref> In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/Galindian and Golyad.<ref>Dini (2014), p. 309-310.</ref>
Golyad and [[Galindian language#West Galindian|West Galindian]] have been proposed by scientists to have had a common origin that is based on two ancient authors using the common name of [[Galindian language|Galindian]] for both of them.<ref>Dini (2014), p. 309.</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=pl|chapter=Zagadnienie Galindów|trans-chapter=The Galindian question|title=Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego|trans-title=Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work|editor-first=Aleksander|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|editor-last=Gieysztor|year=1958|place=Warsaw|pages=37–41|first=Jan Szczepan|last=Otrębski}}</ref> In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and Golyad.<ref>Dini (2014), p. 309-310.</ref>


[[Marija Gimbutas]] suggested that both the Golyads and Galindians name could both originate from the name for end or borderland in Lithuanian (gãlas) and [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (gàls).<ref>{{cite book|date=2004|author=[[Marija Gimbutas]]|title=Balts. People of the Amber Sea|publisher=Centerpoligraf|pages=31}}</ref> It has also been suggested that of the Galindians comes from the [[Old Prussian language|Prussian]] word for death (gallan).<ref name="Bojtar">{{cite book|date=2013|author=Pauli Rahkonen|title=South-Eastern contact area of Finnic languages in the light of onomastics|chapter=4|isbn=9789637326189|publisher=Central European University Press|pages=109–111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmDTEAAAQBAJ|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref>
[[Marija Gimbutas]] suggested that both the Golyads and West Galindians name could both originate from the name for end or borderland in Lithuanian (gãlas) and [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (gàls).<ref>{{cite book|date=2004|author=[[Marija Gimbutas]]|title=Balts. People of the Amber Sea|publisher=Centerpoligraf|pages=31}}</ref> It has also been suggested that the name Galindians comes from the [[Old Prussian language|Prussian]] word for death (gallan).<ref name="Bojtar">{{cite book|date=2013|author=Pauli Rahkonen|title=South-Eastern contact area of Finnic languages in the light of onomastics|chapter=4|isbn=9789637326189|publisher=Central European University Press|pages=109–111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmDTEAAAQBAJ|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref>


Some theories that propose a relationship between Galindian and Golyad are that the Galindians migrated from their homeland in [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]] towards the Provta basin.<ref name="Bojtar"/> People believe this migration would have been one in the [[Migration Period]] and would have occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|date=1 January 2000|author=Endre Bojtar|title=Foreword to The Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People|chapter=2|isbn=9789525866155|publisher=University of Helsinki|pages=209}}</ref> In this theory, another group who also migrated West during this period, the [[Goths]], are believed to have also inspired language and culture of the Golyads.<ref name="Friesen"/> Another theory is that Golyads were Galindians that were [[Prisoner of war|captured]] during wars with the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine|Russian duchies]], but this is unlikely as local Slavs wouldn't have replaced they're own names for regions for names from their POW's.<ref name="Bojtar"/>
Some theories that propose a relationship between West Galindian and Golyad are that the West Galindians migrated from their homeland in [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]] towards the Provta basin.<ref name="Bojtar"/> People believe this migration would have been one in the [[Migration Period]] and would have occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|date=1 January 2000|author=Endre Bojtar|title=Foreword to The Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People|chapter=2|isbn=9789525866155|publisher=University of Helsinki|pages=209}}</ref> In this theory, another group who also migrated West during this period, the [[Goths]], are believed to have also inspired language and culture of the Golyads.<ref name="Friesen"/> Another theory is that Golyads were West Galindians that were [[Prisoner of war|captured]] during wars with the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine|Russian duchies]], but this is unlikely as local Slavs wouldn't have replaced they're own names for regions for names from their POW's.<ref name="Bojtar"/>


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 08:28, 23 November 2024


Golyad
East Galindian
RegionProtva basin
Extinct12th century AD[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xgl Language codes are the same as West Galindian.
xgl
Eastern Europe in 7–8th century with Baltic tribes shown in dark purple and Golyad people being shown in the isolated pocket within Slavic territory.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Golyad or East Galindian (Russian: Голя́дский язык) is a poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva basin in present-day Russia.[2] The Golyad people are believed to have descended from the Moshchiny culture and are only known ethnonyn for the Dnieper-Oka language [ru]. Due to there being no written documents of the Golyad language, the language is poorly known.[3] The language went extinct in the 12th century due to Slavic conquest and assimilation.[1]

Phonology

[edit]

Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva Basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[4][5]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Velar
plain pal.
Nasal m n nʲ
Plosive voiceless p t tʲ tʃ k
voiced b d dʲ ɡ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ
voiced v z ʒ
Trill r rʲ
Approximant l lʲ j

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i iː u uː
Mid eː oː
Mid-low ɛ
Low a aː

Lexicon

[edit]

There are some Russian words from the Portva Basin region suspected to be Baltisms:[6]

Russian Transliteration Translation Proposed Baltic cognates
алáня alánja 'beer' Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš
кромсáть kromsát' 'to break something into pieces' Lithuanian: kramseti, Latvian: kramstīt
нóрот nórot 'fishing gear' Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink'
пикýлька pikúl'ka 'type of weed' Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium'

It is believed that the rivers Lama, Yauza, Nudol and Churilikha have Baltic origins.[7] Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the Lithuanian languege's name for narrow and and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad's themselves.[8] It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi has their names originate from the Golyads.[7][9]

Proposed relation with West Galindian

[edit]

Golyad and West Galindian have been proposed by scientists to have had a common origin that is based on two ancient authors using the common name of Galindian for both of them.[10][11] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and Golyad.[12]

Marija Gimbutas suggested that both the Golyads and West Galindians name could both originate from the name for end or borderland in Lithuanian (gãlas) and Latvian (gàls).[13] It has also been suggested that the name Galindians comes from the Prussian word for death (gallan).[14]

Some theories that propose a relationship between West Galindian and Golyad are that the West Galindians migrated from their homeland in Prussia towards the Provta basin.[14] People believe this migration would have been one in the Migration Period and would have occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries.[15] In this theory, another group who also migrated West during this period, the Goths, are believed to have also inspired language and culture of the Golyads.[9] Another theory is that Golyads were West Galindians that were captured during wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Russian duchies, but this is unlikely as local Slavs wouldn't have replaced they're own names for regions for names from their POW's.[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  2. ^ Dini (2014), p. 307.
  3. ^ "The Galindan language". tied.verbix. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  4. ^ Dini (2014), p. 311-312.
  5. ^ Лекомцева, Маргарита Ивановна (1983). "Zur phonologischen Rekonstruktion der Goljad'-Sprache" [On the phonological reconstruction of the Goljad' language]. Baltistica (in German). 19 (2). Vilnius: Baltų kalbų tyrinėjimai: 114–119. doi:10.15388/baltistica.19.2.1591.
  6. ^ Dini (2014), p. 312.
  7. ^ a b Evgeny Mikhailovich Pospelov (2008). "Географические названия Московской области: топонимический словарь: более 3500 единиц" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 174. ISSN 0304-3487. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  8. ^ "В поисках реки Голедянки" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  9. ^ a b Walther Friesen (11 December 2020). "1". The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History. Books on Demand. p. 20. ISBN 9783752646337. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  10. ^ Dini (2014), p. 309.
  11. ^ Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Galindian question]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
  12. ^ Dini (2014), p. 309-310.
  13. ^ Marija Gimbutas (2004). Balts. People of the Amber Sea. Centerpoligraf. p. 31.
  14. ^ a b c Pauli Rahkonen (2013). "4". South-Eastern contact area of Finnic languages in the light of onomastics. Central European University Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 9789637326189. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  15. ^ Endre Bojtar (1 January 2000). "2". Foreword to The Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. University of Helsinki. p. 209. ISBN 9789525866155.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Dini, Pietro U. (2014), Foundations of Baltic languages, translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E., Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, ISBN 978-609-437-263-6
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