Indigenous science: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Indigenous knowledge engaged with the scientific method}} |
{{Short description|Indigenous knowledge engaged with the scientific method}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} |
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'''Indigenous science''' is the application and intersection of [[Indigenous knowledge]] and [[science]]. |
'''Indigenous science''' is the application and intersection of [[Indigenous knowledge]] and [[science]]. This field has been around for centuries, based on careful observation of the environment, and through experimentation. It is a holistic field, informed by physical, social, mental and cultural knowledge.<ref name="Colorado 1988" /> When applied to [[ecology]] and the environment, it can be sometimes termed [[traditional ecological knowledge]].<ref name="Cajete 2000"/><ref name="Huntington 2000"/><ref name="Cajete 2020"/> Indigenous science involves the knowledge systems and practices of Indigenous peoples, which are rooted in their cultural traditions and relationships to their indigenous context. There are some similar [[Scientific method|methods of Western science]] including (but not limited to): observation, prediction, interpretation, and questioning.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henri |first1=Dominique A. |last2=Provencher |first2=Jennifer F. |last3=Bowles |first3=Ella |last4=Taylor |first4=Jessica J. |last5=Steel |first5=Jade |last6=Chelick |first6=Carmen |last7=Popp |first7=Jesse N. |last8=Cooke |first8=Steven J. |last9=Rytwinski |first9=Trina |last10=McGregor |first10=Deborah |last11=Ford |first11=Adam T. |last12=Alexander |first12=Steven M.|display-authors=3 |date=April 2021 |title=Weaving Indigenous knowledge systems and Western sciences in terrestrial research, monitoring and management in Canada: A protocol for a systematic map |url=https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2688-8319.12057|journal=Ecological Solutions and Evidence |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/2688-8319.12057 |bibcode=2021EcoSE...2E2057H |s2cid=235519593 |issn=2688-8319 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417035740/https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2688-8319.12057 |url-status=live }} {{open access}}</ref> However, there are large areas in which Western science and Indigenous science differ. Indigenous knowledge is place and case-specific and does not attempt to label or generalize natural processes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Living in Sacred Relationship with Our Ancestral Territory in the Sierra Nevada {{!}} Cultural Survival |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/living-sacred-relationship-our-ancestral-territory-sierra |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.culturalsurvival.org |language=en}}</ref> Western science strives to find commonalities and theories that can be applied to all areas, such as [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton’s Laws of Physics]]. This is because most Indigenous Knowledge stems from the relationship humans have with their environment, which is passed down through stories or is discovered through observation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mervis |first=Jeffrey |date=Oct 25, 2023 |title=Can Indigenous knowledge and Western science work together? New center bets yes |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/can-indigenous-knowledge-and-western-science-work-together-new-center-bets-yes#:~:text=Indigenous%20knowledge%20is%20place-specific%2C%20whereas%20Western%20science%20tends,rather%20than%20isolating%20study%20targets%20from%20their%20surroundings |url-status=live |access-date=Nov 11, 2024 |website=Science}}</ref> Western knowledge takes a different approach by isolating targets to study, splitting them from their surroundings and making sets of assumptions and theories. [[Community]] is a larger aspect of Indigenous Science, and conclusions are shared through oral tradition and family knowledge, whereas most Western science research is published in a journal specific to that scientific field, and may restrict access to various papers.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Many times, these differences in approaches, along with the violent and traumatic history of oppression caused by colonizers, have led to a culture in which European and American scientists and academics devalue or overlook the findings and knowledge of Indigenous people.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kimmerer |first=Robin Wall |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/829743464 |title=Braiding sweetgrass |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-57131-335-5 |edition=1st |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |oclc=829743464 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417035748/https://www.worldcat.org/title/829743464 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Norris |first=Ray |date=2014-04-20 |title=Aboriginal people – how to misunderstand their science |url=https://theconversation.com/aboriginal-people-how-to-misunderstand-their-science-23835 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> The field of Indigenous Science cannot be separated from the history of colonization, as science and research have been weaponized against Indigenous people for centuries, used to label Native people as “primitive” or to justify the massacres and land theft.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Linda Tuhiwai |title=Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous People |date=1999 |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=1 877133 67 1 |edition=12th impression |location=New York, NY}}</ref> Many researchers forced themselves into Native spaces and profited off of their knowledge, rewriting Native peoples’ experiences and [[Native american history|history]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Kelsey Dayle |last2=John |first2=Gilbert H. |date=2023-02-15 |title=A Review of Indigenous Perspectives in Animal Biosciences |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-animal-051622-091935 |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=307–319 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-051622-091935 |issn=2165-8102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thambinathan |first=Vivetha |last2=Kinsella |first2=Elizabeth Anne |date=2021-01-01 |title=Decolonizing Methodologies in Qualitative Research: Creating Spaces for Transformative Praxis |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/16094069211014766 |journal=International Journal of Qualitative Methods |language=en |volume=20 |doi=10.1177/16094069211014766 |issn=1609-4069}}</ref> This tumultuous history informs the field of Indigenous sciences. |
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==Traditional and scientific== |
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Higher recognition and advocacy of Indigenous people in the 21st century has increased the visibility of this important field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/indigenouspeoples#:~:text=Over%20the%20last%2030%20years,%20Indigenous%20Peoples%E2%80%99%20rights,the%20Indigenous%20and%20Tribal%20Peoples%20Convention%20from%201991 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> There has been a growing recognition of the benefits of incorporating Indigenous perspectives and knowledge, particularly in fields such as ecology and environmental management.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Battiste |first=Marie |year=2005 |editor-last=Hsieh |editor-first=Jolan |title=Indigenous Knowledge: Foundations for First Nations |url=https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/winhec/article/view/19251 |journal=International Journal of Indigenous Education Scholarship |volume=1 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415053856/https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/winhec/article/view/19251 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Berkes |first=Fikret |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136341731 |title=Sacred Ecology |date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-34173-1 |edition=1st |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203123843 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417035743/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203123843/sacred-ecology-fikret-berkes |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Indigenous knowledge and experiences are often passed down orally from generation to generation.<ref name="Reynolds Romano 2013"/><ref name="Nimmo Carvalho 2020"/> Indigenous knowledge has an empirical basis and has traditionally been used to predict and understand the world.<ref name="Stevenson 1996" /><ref name="Inglis 1993" /><ref name="Kadykalo Cooke 2021" /> Such knowledge has informed studies of human management of natural processes.<ref name="Colorado 1988" /><ref name="Johnson Howitt 2016" /> |
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==Oral Traditions in Indigenous Science== |
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| ⚫ | Indigenous knowledge and experiences are often passed down orally from generation to generation.<ref name="Reynolds Romano 2013" /><ref name="Nimmo Carvalho 2020" /> Indigenous knowledge has an empirical basis and has traditionally been used to predict and understand the world.<ref name="Stevenson 1996" /><ref name="Inglis 1993" /><ref name="Kadykalo Cooke 2021" /> Such knowledge has informed studies of human management of natural processes.<ref name="Colorado 1988" /><ref name="Johnson Howitt 2016" /> |
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This oral knowledge is embedded in songs and dances, which allows for accurate information to be passed down for centuries as songs and dances are easier to remember, and harder to change than spoken stories. It is important to understand that oral histories are not fairy tales or legends, but have arisen through intense observation and are a critical part of Indigenous culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basso |first=Keith H |title=Wisdom Sits in Places:Landscape and Language among the Western Apache |date=1996 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=1996 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |publication-date=1996}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-27 |title=Aboriginal stories accurate |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/greatmomentsinscience/aboriginal-stories-accurate/9576744 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref> |
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For instance, in Australian aboriginal tribes, oral traditions are a key tool for passing information of geological events. One recent application was the discovery of the Henbury Meteorite site, as songs and dances from various aboriginal tribes marked when and where the meteorites touched down, while no Western people had been able to determine its placement. Oral storytelling is also used to map ocean levels after the most recent ice age, and is used in astronomy, ecology, and agriculture.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamacher |first=Duane |date=2015-03-03 |title=Finding meteorite impacts in Aboriginal oral tradition |url=https://theconversation.com/finding-meteorite-impacts-in-aboriginal-oral-tradition-38052 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== In ecology == |
== In ecology == |
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Revision as of 21:25, 24 November 2024
Indigenous science is the application and intersection of Indigenous knowledge and science. This field has been around for centuries, based on careful observation of the environment, and through experimentation. It is a holistic field, informed by physical, social, mental and cultural knowledge.[1] When applied to ecology and the environment, it can be sometimes termed traditional ecological knowledge.[2][3][4] Indigenous science involves the knowledge systems and practices of Indigenous peoples, which are rooted in their cultural traditions and relationships to their indigenous context. There are some similar methods of Western science including (but not limited to): observation, prediction, interpretation, and questioning.[5] However, there are large areas in which Western science and Indigenous science differ. Indigenous knowledge is place and case-specific and does not attempt to label or generalize natural processes.[6] Western science strives to find commonalities and theories that can be applied to all areas, such as Newton’s Laws of Physics. This is because most Indigenous Knowledge stems from the relationship humans have with their environment, which is passed down through stories or is discovered through observation.[7] Western knowledge takes a different approach by isolating targets to study, splitting them from their surroundings and making sets of assumptions and theories. Community is a larger aspect of Indigenous Science, and conclusions are shared through oral tradition and family knowledge, whereas most Western science research is published in a journal specific to that scientific field, and may restrict access to various papers.[7]
Many times, these differences in approaches, along with the violent and traumatic history of oppression caused by colonizers, have led to a culture in which European and American scientists and academics devalue or overlook the findings and knowledge of Indigenous people.[8][9] The field of Indigenous Science cannot be separated from the history of colonization, as science and research have been weaponized against Indigenous people for centuries, used to label Native people as “primitive” or to justify the massacres and land theft.[10] Many researchers forced themselves into Native spaces and profited off of their knowledge, rewriting Native peoples’ experiences and history.[11][12] This tumultuous history informs the field of Indigenous sciences.
Higher recognition and advocacy of Indigenous people in the 21st century has increased the visibility of this important field.[13] There has been a growing recognition of the benefits of incorporating Indigenous perspectives and knowledge, particularly in fields such as ecology and environmental management.[14][15]
Oral Traditions in Indigenous Science
Indigenous knowledge and experiences are often passed down orally from generation to generation.[16][17] Indigenous knowledge has an empirical basis and has traditionally been used to predict and understand the world.[18][19][20] Such knowledge has informed studies of human management of natural processes.[1][21]
This oral knowledge is embedded in songs and dances, which allows for accurate information to be passed down for centuries as songs and dances are easier to remember, and harder to change than spoken stories. It is important to understand that oral histories are not fairy tales or legends, but have arisen through intense observation and are a critical part of Indigenous culture.[22][23]
For instance, in Australian aboriginal tribes, oral traditions are a key tool for passing information of geological events. One recent application was the discovery of the Henbury Meteorite site, as songs and dances from various aboriginal tribes marked when and where the meteorites touched down, while no Western people had been able to determine its placement. Oral storytelling is also used to map ocean levels after the most recent ice age, and is used in astronomy, ecology, and agriculture.[8][23][24]
In ecology
Indigenous science is related to the term "traditional ecological knowledge" or "TEK" which is specific category of Indigenous science.[25]
The study of ecology focuses on the relationships and patterns between organisms in their environment.[26] TEK is place-based, so the information and understanding are context-dependent.[27] One example of such work is ethnobiology which employs Indigenous knowledge and botany to identify and classify species.[28] TEK has been used to provide perspectives on matters such as how a declining fish population affects nature, the food web, and coastal ecosystems.[29]
Indigenous science has helped to address ecological challenges including the restoration of salmon,[30] management of seabird harvests,[31] outbreaks of hantavirus,[32] and addressing wildfires.[33]
Place based sciences
Indigenous science may offer a different perspective from what is traditionally thought of as "science".[34] In particular, Indigenous science is tied to territory, cultural practices, and experiences/teachings in explicit ways that are often absent in normal scientific discourse.[35]
Collaboration between Indigenous communities and research scientists has been described as a kind of "indigenizing" of the scientific method with Indigenous-led projects and community work enacted as a starting point for the collaborations.[36]
Climatology studies have made use of traditional knowledge (Qaujimajatuqangit) among the Inuit when studying long-term changes in sea ice.[37][38]
As well as in ecology, Indigenous knowledge has been used in biological areas including animal behaviour, evolution, physiology, life history, morphology, wildlife conservation, wildlife health, and taxonomy.[39][better source needed]
Indigenous technologies
The definition of technology is "the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.".[40] Examples of Indigenous technologies that were developed for specific use based on their location and culture include: clam gardens, fish weirs, and culturally modified trees (CMTs).[41] Indigenous technologies are available in a wide range of subjects such as: agri- and mari-culture, fishing, forest management and resource exploitation, atmospheric, and land based management techniques.[41] Chaco Canyon is an example of land-based Indigenous technologies which show keen insight into the scientific and mathematical underpinnings.[42]
Technology by area
The American Southeast
Agriculture in the southeast was based on a mixed-crop, shifting cultivation system[43] growing corn, beans, and squash together in the same mounds; an inter-cropping system known as the three sisters.[44] In this horticultural technique, each plant offers something to the others, thus improving the crop yield. Corn is a high-caloric food, supported by the beans, which provide nitrogen from nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live on their roots, and squash provide ground cover (suppresses weeds and keeps soil moist).[44] Other crops incorporated in the inter-cropping system included sunflowers or grains like barley or maygrass.[45]
Notable scholars
References
- ^ a b Colorado, Pam (1 January 1988). "Bridging Native and Western Science". Convergence. 21 (2). ProQuest 1437894282. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Cajete, Gregory (2000). Native science : natural laws of interdependence. Clear Light Publishers. ISBN 1-57416-035-4. OCLC 610678710.
- ^ Huntington, Henry P. (2000). "Using Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Science: Methods and Applications". Ecological Applications. 10 (5): 1270–1274. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1270:UTEKIS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1051-0761.
- ^ Cajete, Gregory A. (17 November 2020). "Indigenous Science, Climate Change, and Indigenous Community Building: A Framework of Foundational Perspectives for Indigenous Community Resilience and Revitalization". Sustainability. 12 (22): 9569. doi:10.3390/su12229569. ISSN 2071-1050.
- ^ Henri, Dominique A.; Provencher, Jennifer F.; Bowles, Ella; et al. (April 2021). "Weaving Indigenous knowledge systems and Western sciences in terrestrial research, monitoring and management in Canada: A protocol for a systematic map". Ecological Solutions and Evidence. 2 (2). Bibcode:2021EcoSE...2E2057H. doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12057. ISSN 2688-8319. S2CID 235519593. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ "Living in Sacred Relationship with Our Ancestral Territory in the Sierra Nevada | Cultural Survival". www.culturalsurvival.org. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ a b Mervis, Jeffrey (25 October 2023). "Can Indigenous knowledge and Western science work together? New center bets yes". Science. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Kimmerer, Robin Wall (2013). Braiding sweetgrass (1st ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota. ISBN 978-1-57131-335-5. OCLC 829743464. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Norris, Ray (20 April 2014). "Aboriginal people – how to misunderstand their science". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (1999). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous People (12th impression ed.). New York, NY: Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 1 877133 67 1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ John, Kelsey Dayle; John, Gilbert H. (15 February 2023). "A Review of Indigenous Perspectives in Animal Biosciences". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 11 (1): 307–319. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-051622-091935. ISSN 2165-8102.
- ^ Thambinathan, Vivetha; Kinsella, Elizabeth Anne (1 January 2021). "Decolonizing Methodologies in Qualitative Research: Creating Spaces for Transformative Praxis". International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 20. doi:10.1177/16094069211014766. ISSN 1609-4069.
- ^ "Indigenous Peoples". World Bank. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ Battiste, Marie (2005). Hsieh, Jolan (ed.). "Indigenous Knowledge: Foundations for First Nations". International Journal of Indigenous Education Scholarship. 1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Berkes, Fikret (29 March 2012). Sacred Ecology (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203123843. ISBN 978-1-136-34173-1. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Reynolds, Nathaniel; Romano, Marc (2013). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Reconstructing Historical Run Timing and Spawning Distribution of Eulachon through Tribal Oral History". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 47 (1): 47–70.
- ^ Nimmo, Evelyn R.; Carvalho, Alessandra I. de; Laverdi, Robson; Lacerda, André E. B. (2020). "Oral history and traditional ecological knowledge in social innovation and smallholder sovereignty: a case study of erva-mate in Southern Brazil". Ecology and Society. 25 (4): art17. doi:10.5751/ES-11942-250417. ISSN 1708-3087. S2CID 228904326. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Stevenson, Marc G. (1996). "Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Assessment". Arctic. 49 (3): 278–291. doi:10.14430/arctic1203. hdl:10535/2681. ISSN 0004-0843. JSTOR 40512004.
- ^ Traditional ecological knowledge : concepts and cases. Julian Inglis, International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge, International Development Research Centre, International Association for the Study of Common Property. Meeting, Common Property Conference. Ottawa, Ont., Canada. 1993. ISBN 9780889366831. OCLC 137342338. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Kadykalo, Andrew N.; Cooke, Steven J.; Young, Nathan (2021). "The role of western-based scientific, Indigenous and local knowledge in wildlife management and conservation". People and Nature. 3 (3): 610–626. Bibcode:2021PeoNa...3..610K. doi:10.1002/pan3.10194. ISSN 2575-8314. S2CID 233643643. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Jay T.; Howitt, Richard; Cajete, Gregory; Berkes, Fikret; Louis, Renee Pualani; Kliskey, Andrew (2016). "Weaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods". Sustainability Science. 11 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2016SuSc...11....1J. doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x. ISSN 1862-4065. S2CID 131199874.
- ^ Basso, Keith H (1996). Wisdom Sits in Places:Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b "Aboriginal stories accurate". ABC listen. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ Hamacher, Duane (3 March 2015). "Finding meteorite impacts in Aboriginal oral tradition". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ Snively, Gloria; Corsiglia, John (2000). "Discovering indigenous science: Implications for science education". Science Education. 85 (1): 6–34. doi:10.1002/1098-237x(200101)85:1<6::aid-sce3>3.0.co;2-r. ISSN 0036-8326. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Odum, Eugene (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology (Vol. 3 ed.). Saunders Philadelphia.
- ^ Alexander, Steven M.; Provencher, Jennifer F.; Henri, Dominique A.; Nanayakkara, Lushani; Taylor, Jessica J.; Berberi, Albana; Lloren, Jed Immanuel; Johnson, Jay T.; Ballard, Myrle; Cooke, Steven J. (July 2021). "Bridging Indigenous and Western sciences in freshwater research, monitoring, and management in Canada". Ecological Solutions and Evidence. 2 (3). Bibcode:2021EcoSE...2E2085A. doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12085. ISSN 2688-8319. S2CID 237787345.
- ^ Johnson, Jay T.; Howitt, Richard; Cajete, Gregory; Berkes, Fikret; Louis, Renee Pualani; Kliskey, Andrew (1 January 2016). "Weaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods". Sustainability Science. 11 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2016SuSc...11....1J. doi:10.1007/s11625-015-0349-x. ISSN 1862-4057. S2CID 131199874.
- ^ Díaz, Sandra; Demissew, Sebsebe; Carabias, Julia; Joly, Carlos; Lonsdale, Mark; Ash, Neville; Larigauderie, Anne; Adhikari, Jay Ram; Arico, Salvatore; Báldi, András; Bartuska, Ann; Baste, Ivar Andreas; Bilgin, Adem; Brondizio, Eduardo; Chan, Kai MA (1 June 2015). "The IPBES Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Open Issue. 14: 1–16. Bibcode:2015COES...14....1D. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002. hdl:11336/56765. ISSN 1877-3435. S2CID 14000233.
- ^ Footen, Brian. "Darkness to Dawn: Columbia River Native Tribes' Science and Salmon Restoration Success". Native Case Studies. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Moller, H.; Berkes, F.; Lyver, P. O. B.; Kislalioglu, M. (2004). "Combining science and traditional ecological knowledge: monitoring populations for co-management". Ecology and Society. 9 (3). doi:10.5751/ES-00675-090302. hdl:10535/2996. JSTOR 26267682.
- ^ Stumpff, Linda. "Hantavirus and the Navajo Nation: A Double Jeopardy Disease". Native Case Studies. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Stumpff, Linda. "Your Tribal Land is Not Secure: Traditional Knowledge and Science Face Wildfire in the Valley of the Wild Roses". Native Case Studies. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ Anto., Johnson, Peter, Indigenous North American cosmological and astronomical knowledge : perspectives & teachings, ISBN 978-1-77369-702-4, OCLC 1333224828, retrieved 17 April 2023
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Aikenhead, Glen S.; Ogawa, Masakata (1 July 2007). "Indigenous knowledge and science revisited". Cultural Studies of Science Education. 2 (3): 539–620. Bibcode:2007CSSE....2..539A. doi:10.1007/s11422-007-9067-8. ISSN 1871-1510. S2CID 144674577. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Hernandez, Jessica; Spencer, Michael (2022). "Weaving Indigenous Science into Ecological Sciences: Culturally Grounding Our Indigenous Scholarship". Human Biology. doi:10.1353/hub.2017.0088. ISSN 1534-6617. S2CID 263508192.
- ^ Nicholas, George (21 February 2018). "When Scientists "Discover" What Indigenous People Have Known For Centuries". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
- ^ "Enabling Resiliency in the Face of Climate Change: SmartICE is an award-winning technological innovation for the North". SmartIce. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
We are the worldʼs first climate change adaptation tool to integrate traditional knowledge of sea ice with advanced data acquisition and remote monitoring technology. Our system combines these approaches to provide invaluable, data-driven insights into sea ice thickness and local ice conditions, in near real-time.
- ^ Jessen, Tyler D; Ban, Natalie C; Claxton, Nicholas XEMŦOLTW; Darimont, Chris T (15 November 2021). "Contributions of Indigenous Knowledge to ecological and evolutionary understanding". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 20 (2). Wiley: 93–101. doi:10.1002/fee.2435. hdl:1828/13751. ISSN 1540-9295. S2CID 244164214.
- ^ "Oxford.". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5 January 2012. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/91810. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b Gumbo, Mishack T. (2015), Williams, P John; Jones, Alister; Buntting, Cathy (eds.), "Indigenous Technology in Technology Education Curricula and Teaching", The Future of Technology Education, Singapore: Springer, pp. 57–75, doi:10.1007/978-981-287-170-1_4, ISBN 978-981-287-170-1, archived from the original on 17 April 2023, retrieved 17 April 2023
- ^ Hudson, Dee T. (20 August 1972). "Anasazi Measurement Systems at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico". Kiva. 38 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1080/00231940.1972.11757770. JSTOR 30247773.
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