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The ''Acts Amendment (Lesbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002'' removed all remaining legislative discrimination toward sexual orientation by adding the new definition of "de facto partner" into 62 Acts, provisions and statutes. [[Western Australia]] allows same-sex couples equal access to [[adoption]] procedures and [[in vitro fertilisation]] treatment. It also gives same-sex couples the same rights as opposite sex couples in areas such as transfer of property, medical treatment, and inheritance upon the death of a partner. A same-sex couple who utilise [[artificial insemination]] or 'in vitro' fertilisation treatment together (i.e., both parties present as a couple throughout the treatment) are able to have both names on the [[birth certificate]] once the child is born.
The ''Acts Amendment (Lesbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002'' removed all remaining legislative discrimination toward sexual orientation by adding the new definition of "de facto partner" into 62 Acts, provisions and statutes. [[Western Australia]] allows same-sex couples equal access to [[adoption]] procedures and [[in vitro fertilisation]] treatment. It also gives same-sex couples the same rights as opposite sex couples in areas such as transfer of property, medical treatment, and inheritance upon the death of a partner. A same-sex couple who utilise [[artificial insemination]] or 'in vitro' fertilisation treatment together (i.e., both parties present as a couple throughout the treatment) are able to have both names on the [[birth certificate]] once the child is born.

== Adoption and laws relating to having children ==
{{Main|LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia}}
{{empty section|date=May 2012}}


==Other areas of LGBT rights==
==Other areas of LGBT rights==

Revision as of 10:47, 7 November 2013

LGBTQ rights in Australia
Australia
StatusLegal nationwide since 1997
Gender identityLegal
MilitaryGays and lesbians allowed to serve openly since 1992
Discrimination protectionsSex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsDe facto unions under federal law

Same-sex marriage in ACT

Domestic partnerships in NSW, VIC, TAS, QLD, SA

Unregistered de facto unions in WA, NT
AdoptionVaries in each region

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Australia have gradually progressed since the late-20th century. During the British-colonial era in the 18th century, laws regarding same-sex sexual activity between men were influenced by British law and considered a capital crime, resulting in the execution of convicted sodomites. The death penalty for convicted sodomites was soon reduced to life imprisonment in 1899. During the mid to late-20th century, states and territories slowly began repealing their sodomy laws as awareness surrounding homosexuality began to flourish. Australia eventually decriminalized same-sex sexual activity between men nationwide in 1997. Gays and lesbians have been allowed to openly serve in the military since 1992.

Despite receiving opposition from then-Prime Minister of Australia John Howard and supporting government members, multiple states and territories began granting domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples and all states and territories currently recognizes de facto same-sex couples. Same-sex marriage has been proposed to the Parliament multiple times, but the government has rejected the bills on all occasions and currently classifies marriage as between a man and a woman nationwide. However, the Australian Capital Territory legalized same-sex marriage in October 2013.[1] Same-sex adoption varies across each state and territory, with some allowing both joint and step adoption whilst others have not yet legislated same-sex adoption altogether. Discrimination protections on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity or expression also vary in each state and territory. Transsexuals may change their legal gender in all states and territories.

Australia has been referred to by publications as one of the most gay friendly countries in the world, with recent polls indicating that a majority of Australians support same-sex marriage.[2] A 2013 poll conducted by Pew Research indicated that 79% of Australians viewed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, making it the fifth most supportive country in the world behind Czech Republic, Canada, Germany and Spain, which ranked first.[3] Because of its long history in regard to LGBT rights and its annual three-week long Mardi Gras festival, Sydney has been named one of the most gay friendly cities in the country and in the world.[4]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia

Federal (Commonwealth) laws do not allow same-sex couples to legally marry under the Marriage Act 1961. The rights of states and territories to create their own same-sex marriage laws are currently pending a hearing and review of the High Court. Australia recognises same-sex relationships - including same-sex couples married in foreign jurisdictions or sub-jurisdictions - as de facto unions. Following the Australian Human Rights Commission's report Same-Sex: Same Entitlements[5] and an audit of Commonwealth legislation, in 2009 the Australian Government introduced several reforms designed to equalise treatment for same-sex couples and same-sex couple families. The reforms amended 85 Commonwealth laws to eliminate discrimination against same-sex couples and their children in a wide range of areas. The reforms came in the form of two pieces of legislation, the Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws-General Law Reform) Act 2008 and the Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws-Superannuation) Act 2008.[6] These laws amended several other existing Commonwealth Acts to equalise treatment for same-sex couples and any children such couples may be raising with respect to the following areas:
*Taxation
*Superannuation
*Health Insurance
*Social Security
*Aged care and child support
*Immigration
*Citizenship
*Veterans' Affairs

For instance, with relation to social security and general family law, same-sex couples were not previously recognised as a couple for social security or family assistance purposes. A person who had a same-sex de facto partner was treated as a single person. The reforms ensured that same-sex couples were (for the first time under Australian law) recognised as a couple akin to opposite-sex partners. Consequently, a same-sex couple receives the same rate of social security and family assistance payments as an opposite-sex couple.[7] Such reforms however, do not completely equalise treatment for same-sex couples, who for instance, do not have the same rights and entitlements as married heterosexual couples do with respect to workers' compensation death benefits, pensions for the partners of Defence Force veterans and access to carer's leave.[8] Despite large equality of rights, Australia does not have a national registered partnership, civil union or same-sex relationship scheme.

Same-sex marriage (federal law)

As a result of the Howard Government's amendment to the Marriage Act in 2004, federal law in Australia officially bans same-sex marriage.[9] Recent attempts to legalise same-sex marriage nationwide have failed in the Australian Parliament.[10] The current Abbott Government opposes same-sex marriage, though could potentially alter policy to support a conscience vote for Liberal/National party members when same-sex marriage legislation next comes before the Parliament.[11] The opposition Australian Labor Party supports same-sex marriage in its party platform, though allows its parliamentary members to exercise it's conscience.

Same-sex marriage (states and territories)

See also: Same-sex marriage in the Australian Capital Territory

The rights of Australian states and territories to create same-sex marriage laws in their own jurisdictions are currently pending a hearing of the High Court of Australia.[12] As of yet, the Australian Capital Territory is the only jurisdiction to have legalised same-sex marriage, with its law to go into effect (High Court permitting) 8 December, 2013.[13]

Domestic partnerships in states and territories

See also: LGBT rights in New South Wales, LGBT rights in Victoria, LGBT rights in South Australia, LGBT rights in Queensland, LGBT rights in Tasmania, and LGBT rights in Western Australia

All remaining states and territories in Australia have domestic partnership laws, aside from Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Of the States that do have domestic partnerships, South Australia is the only one that lacks legislation for domestic partnership registries. Same-sex couples may enter into civil unions in the ACT, domestic registered partnerships in New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria. This provides conclusive proof of the existence of the relationship, thereby gaining the same rights afforded to de facto couples under state and federal law without having to prove any further factual evidence of the relationship. In this way, a registered relationship is similar to a registered partnership or civil union in other parts of the world.[14] In South Australia same-sex couples can prove their relationship through an agreement, known as the Domestic Partnership Agreement. In Western Australia, Norfolk Island and the Northern Territory, same-sex couples often must often seek juridical approval to prove a de facto relationship exists.

Official relationship status Anti-discrimination legislation Pending legislation
ACT Yes Marriage (Pending High Court review) Yes -
New South Wales Yes Domestic Partnership (Registry) Yes Same-Sex Marriage Bill 2013[15][16][17]
Northern Territory Defined as 'De facto', no registry Yes -
Queensland Yes Domestic Partnership (Registry) Yes -
South Australia Yes Domestic Partnership (Agreement - No Registry) Yes Same Sex Marriage Bill 2013[18]
Tasmania Yes Domestic Partnership (Registry) Yes Same Sex Marriage Bill 2012 (failed in the upper house by a vote of 6-8, for the second time in two years)[19][20][21]
Victoria Yes Domestic Partnership (Registry) Yes Marriage Equality Bill 2012[22]
Western Australia Defined as 'De facto', no registry Yes -

Discrimination protections

Prior to June 2013 Australia did not comprehensively outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation at the federal level. However, in response to Australia's agreement to implement the principle of non-discrimination in employment and occupation pursuant to the International Labour Organisation Convention No.111 (ILO 111), the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) Act established the HREOC in 1986, and empowers it to investigate complaints of discrimination in employment and occupation on various grounds, including sexual orientation, and to resolve such complaints by conciliation. If it cannot be conciliated, the Commission prepares a report to the federal Attorney-General who then tables the report in Parliament. Employment discrimination on the ground of "sexual preference" is also rendered unlawful in the Fair Work Act 2009, allowing complaints to be made to the Fair Work Ombudsman.[23]

The Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 provided that sexual conduct involving only consenting adults (18 years or over) acting in private would not be subject to arbitrary interference by law enforcement. This applies to any law of the Commonwealth, State or Territory.[24]

In late 2010, the Gillard Labor Government announced that it is undertaking a review of federal anti-discrimination laws, with the aim of introducing a single equality act that would include sexual orientation and gender identity.[25] This was abandoned and instead the Gillard Labor Government introduced another bill - which is mentioned below.

On 25 June 2013, the Australian Federal Parliament passed the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013 with overwhelming support in both houses and became law from Royal Assent three days later by the Governor-General. The admendment then became effective from 1 August 2013, making discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered and for the first time in the world, Intersex people illegal at a national level. Aged care providers who are owned by religious groups will no longer be able to exclude people from aged care services based on their LGBTI or same-sex relationship status. However, religious owned private schools and religious owned hospitals are exempt from gender identity and sexual orientation provisions[26] in the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013.[27] No religious exemptions exist on the basis of intersex status.[28]

Adoption rights

Main article: LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia

States and territories make laws with respect to adoption and child-rearing. The laws with respect to same-sex parenting and adoption rights vary in each state and territory. Same-sex couples can jointly adopt in New South Wales, the ACT, Western Australia and Tasmania, whilst Victoria, Queensland, the Northern Territory and South Australia bar same-sex couples from adopting jointly.[29] The 2011 Australian census counted 6,300 children living in same-sex couple families, up from 3,400 in 2001, make up only one in a thousand of all children in couple families (0.1%).[30] Altruistic surrogacy is legal in all Australian states and territories, though commercial surrogacy is banned nationwide. In recent years, a dramatic increase in the use of overseas surrogacy programs has occurred amongst both same-sex and opposite-sex couples, creating some unique legal concerns with respect to citizenship and parenting rights.[31][32][33]

File:LGBTrights Australia map 2009.svg
LGBT adoption rights in Australia.
  LGBT couple and step-parent adoption
  Same-sex step-parent adoption only
  LGBT Individual adoption petition
  LGBT Foster parenting only
  Adoption rights being debated
  All same-sex adoptions banned
Same-sex couple joint petition LGBT individual adoption Same-sex stepparent adoption
New South Wales No Yes (since 2010)[34] Yes Yes (since 2000)[35] No Yes (since 2010)
ACT Yes Yes (since 2004) Yes Yes (since 1993)[36] Yes Yes (since 2004)
Western Australia Yes Yes (since 2002) Yes Yes[37] Yes Yes (since 2002)
Tasmania Yes Yes (since 2013) Yes Yes[38] Yes Yes (since 2004)
Queensland No No (under review since 2008) Yes Yes (since 2009)[39] No No
Victoria No No[40] (under review since 2007) Yes Yes[41] No No (recommendations under consideration since 2007)
Northern Territory No No Only in exceptional circumstances[42] No No
South Australia No No No singles, must only be an opposite-sex couple (married or cohabitating)[43] No No

Military service

Main article: Sexual orientation and the military of Australia

In 1992, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) ended its prohibition on openly gay or lesbian members serving in the military. The ADF also recognises "interdependent relationships", which include same-sex relationships, regarding benefits available to active duty members. This means equal benefits in housing, moving stipends, education assistance and leave entitlements. To be recognised as interdependent, same-sex partners will have to show they have a "close personal relationship" that involves domestic and financial support.[44] The ADF also gives equal access to superannuation and death benefits for same-sex partnerships.[45] Under the Human Rights Commission Act 1986,[46] discrimination or harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation, be it heterosexuality, homosexuality or bisexuality, is prohibited. ADF members or APS employees are not to be asked about their sexual orientation, nor is sexual orientation, or alleged sexual orientation, to be adversely taken into consideration in promotion, posting or career development decisions.

The DEFGLIS (Defence Force Gay and Lesbian Information Service) is an unofficial organisation of Regular, Reserve and Civilian members of the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, intersex and transgender (GLBIT) and allies.

All states and territories of Australia (except for Queensland), have age of consent legislation that applies equally regardless whether the participants are male or female, same-sex or opposite-sex. All states, territories and on the federal level are at the age of 16, except for Tasmania and South Australia, where it is 17. Queensland's age of consent is 16, however it still has a "sodomy law" in their statutes dating back to 1990, punishing anal sex involving any person under 18 with up to 14 years in prison.[47]

Other

History of Australian LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT history in Australia

Northern Territory

In March 2004, the Northern Territory enacted the Law Reform (Gender, Sexuality and De Facto Relationships) Act 2003 to remove legislative discrimination against same sex couples in all areas of territory law – except adoption. The Act removed distinctions based on a person's gender, sexuality or de facto relationship in approximately 50 Acts and Regulations. As in NSW, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, the ACT and the federal government reforms has also included enabling the lesbian partner of a woman to be recognised as the parent of their partner’s child across Northern Territory law under section 5(da) of the Status of Children Act (this is called "parentage"). Members of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Territory can take their same-sex partners with them on overseas trips at taxpayer expense, the territorial Remuneration Tribunal ruled on 9 December 2003. The tribunal redefined a de facto spouse as a "person who is not married to the Member, but is in a marriage-like relationship with the Member."[48]

The Northern Territory Anti-Discrimination Act 2007[49] prohibits discrimination based on sexuality.[50]

Immigration and sponsorship

In 1985, changes were made to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) due to pressure from the Gay and Lesbian Immigration Task Force (GLITF). An interdependency visa was specifically created for same-sex couples, allowing Australian Citizens and Permanent Residents to sponsor their same-sex partners to Australia. Unlike married couples, de facto and interdependent partners must be able to prove a twelve month committed relationship. The temporary and permanent visas (Subclasses 310 and 110) allow the applicant to live, work, study and receive Medicare benefits in Australia.[51][52]

Social Security Act 1991

From 1 July 2009 changes to legislation will mean that customers who are in a same-sex de facto relationship will be recognised as partnered for Centrelink and Family Assistance Office purposes. All customers who are assessed as being a member of a couple will have their rate of payment calculated in the same way.[53]

Inheritance and property rights

Without the automatic legal protections that married couples receive under the law with regard to inheriting assets from their partners, same sex couples have had to take specific legal actions. Individuals are not entitled to a partial pension if their same-sex partner dies. Gay and de facto couples who separate did not have the same property rights as married couples under federal law and were required to use more expensive state courts, rather than the Family Court, to resolve disputes. The plan to grant equivalent rights to gays and de factos had been up for discussion since 2002, and all states eventually agreed, but the change was blocked because the Howard government insisted on excluding same-sex couples.[54]

In June 2008, the Rudd Government introduced the Family Law Amendment (De Facto Financial Matters and Other Measures) Bill 2008 to allow same-sex and de facto couples access to the federal Family Court on property and maintenance matters, rather than the state Supreme Court. This reform was not part of the 100 equality measures promised by the Government but stem from a 2002 agreement between the states and territories that the previous Howard Government did not fulfill.[55][56] Coalition amendments to the bill failed and it was passed in November 2008.[57]

Western Australia

Western Australia passed The Equal Opportunity Act 1984[58] which includes "sexual orientation/sexuality/gender identity", making it illegal to discriminate in clubs, pubs, other establishments, restaurants, housing, memberships to establishments, goods and services, education and training, etc.

The Acts Amendment (Lesbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002 removed all remaining legislative discrimination toward sexual orientation by adding the new definition of "de facto partner" into 62 Acts, provisions and statutes. Western Australia allows same-sex couples equal access to adoption procedures and in vitro fertilisation treatment. It also gives same-sex couples the same rights as opposite sex couples in areas such as transfer of property, medical treatment, and inheritance upon the death of a partner. A same-sex couple who utilise artificial insemination or 'in vitro' fertilisation treatment together (i.e., both parties present as a couple throughout the treatment) are able to have both names on the birth certificate once the child is born.

Other areas of LGBT rights

See also: MSM blood donor controversy and Australian Red Cross Blood Service § Infectious diseases

The Australian Red Cross Blood Service bans blood donations from men who have had sex with men (MSM) in the previous twelve months. Several other countries also have MSM bans ranging from one year to lifetime or permanent deferral. The policy was challenged in 2005 with the Tasmanian Anti-Discrimination Tribunal.[59][60] Four years later in May 2009, the tribunal dismissed the complaint saying that it was "unsubstantiated".[61][62]

Advocacy groups

Political groups

In 2009, the Australian Labor Party removed the explicit definition of marriage being between a man and a woman from its national platform. As of their 2011 national conference, they officially changed their policy to support same-sex marriage. Despite the party's official platform, members are permitted a conscience vote if the matter comes before parliament.

The Liberal Party of Australia is a socially conservative party, although it has a minority socially liberal wing. In recent years, under John Howard, it has moved to a more conservative policy agenda.

The Australian Greens, a socially liberal minority party formed in 1992, has declared its support for equal marriage rights, equal adoption rights, equal access to IVF treatment and legal recognition of civil unions regardless of sexuality or gender identity in Australia.[63]

The National Party of Australia is a socially conservative party that opposes LGBT adoption, same-sex marriage, IVF, civil unions, and is opposed to most if not all legal rights for same-sex couples. In 1984, the National Party leader Ian Sinclair criticised the Labor party for accepting homosexuality as normal, which he claimed resulted in the spread of AIDS.[64]

The Family First Party, a minor political party, emphasises socially conservative family values. Family First opposes LGBT adoption, IVF treatment for lesbians, and opposes same-sex marriage and civil unions, stating their declaration of marriage as "a union of a man and a woman".[65]

The Christian Democratic Party, a minor conservative political party established in 1977, concentrates almost exclusively on moral issues such as abortion, homosexuality and pornography, and has recently made opposition to same-sex marriage a major part of its platform.

The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) is a minor, socially conservative political party in Australia that opposes same-sex rights and same-sex marriage.

The Australian Sex Party is a minor, socially progressive party in favour of full LGBT rights.[66]

Religious groups

Opposition

The Australian Christian Lobby, formed in 1995, and the Catholic Australian Family Association, formed in 1980, strongly oppose same-sex rights such as adoption and marriage.

Peter Jensen, Archbishop of the Evangelical Anglican Diocese of Sydney, has vigorously opposed homosexuality, stating that accepting homosexuality is "calling holy what God called sin."[67] Leaders of the Anglican Church of Australia have called for the removal of the proposed ACT Civil Union legislation, because they "believe this proposal actually threatens and compromises the traditional Christian view of marriage between a man and a woman."[68]

The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney Cardinal George Pell, the Catholic Church according to George Pell believes and teaches that sexual activity should be confined to married couples, a man and a woman, and opposes all extra-marital sexual activity. The Catholic Church will continue to oppose legitimizing any extra-marital sexual activity, including homosexual activity. It will also continue to oppose homosexual propaganda especially among young people he states.[69]

The Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, considered Australia's most important Islamic organisation, came out strongly against removing discrimination against same-sex partners in federal law. Chairman Ikebal Patel said such moves would threaten the "holy relationship" of marriage between a man and woman/a man and several women and the core values of supporting families.[70]

The Salt Shakers is a Christian Ethics Action Group based in Melbourne, Victoria. It includes people from a number of Christian denominations and provides resources to Christians and churches. They also operate in the public arena by consulting, lobbying and presenting a Christian perspective on issues affecting society. This includes sending press releases, giving interviews for current affairs and other programs, making submissions to government, monitoring TV standards. They believe homosexuality is a sin.[71]

The Christian organization Exclusive Brethren ran full page advertisements in various newspapers to criticizse Tasmanian Greens' pro-Gay policies such as same-sex marriage, LGBTgay adoption and fostering (something already partially recognized by Tasmanian law) in the lead up to the 2006 Tasmanian State Election.[72]

Gender Matters is a coalition of seventeen groups and organisations formed in October 2008, including the Australian Family Association, the National Alliance for Christian Leaders, Exodus, the Fatherhood Foundation and Salt Shakers, promoting traditional gender roles. Some of their demands include: That marriage be "forever preserved as the voluntary exclusive union of one man and one woman"; That adoption be restricted to heterosexual couples; That IVF and other reproductive technologies are reserved exclusively for heterosexuals; And a ban on same-sex civil unions and registers.[73]

Support

Since 2003, the Uniting Church in Australia has allowed sexually active gay and lesbian people to be ordained as ministers, with each individual presbyteries given discretion to decide the matter on a case-by-case basis.[74]

The Progressive Jewish community in Australia broadly supports LGBT rights, whereas the Orthodox branches are less accommodating, taking a staunchly conservative approach. On 5 June 2007 the Council of Progressive Rabbis of Australia, New Zealand, and Asia overturned their ban on same-gender commitment ceremonies.[75] Nearly 4 years later, on 19 May 2011 the Rabbinic Council of Progressive Rabbis of Australia, Asia and New Zealand announced their support for marriage equality under Australian law.[76] This news was broadly publicised via a media release issued by Australian Marriage Equality on 25 May 2011.[77]

LGBTI Rights/Same-Sex Relationship Recognition Summary Table

Same-sex marriage De facto relationships status Registered relationships status Equal age of consent Anti-discrimination legislation Adoption and foster parenting Recognition of parents on birth certificate Access to fertility (such as ART, IVF, surrogacy, AI, etc.) Right to change legal gender
ACT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Commonwealth of Australia No (banned under the Marriage Amendment Act 2004) Yes (family law) Yes (family law - but not the Marriage Act 1961 banned gay marriage since 2004) Question? (Covered by state law) Yes (under the Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 2013) Yes (family law) Yes (family law) Yes (family law) Yes (Covered by state law)
New South Wales No (proposed) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Northern Territory No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Queensland No Yes Yes No (18 for anal sex, regardless of gender or orientation) Yes No (under review) Yes Yes (under review) Yes
South Australia No (proposed) Yes Yes (domestic partnership agreement) Yes Yes No (under review) Yes No (banned if infertile, under review) Yes
Tasmania No (proposed - bill failed twice) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Victoria No (proposed) Yes Yes Yes Yes No (under review) Yes Yes Yes
Western Australia No Yes No (promised) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT in Australia.

Notes

  1. ^ "ACT legalises same-sex marriage". NEWS.com.au. October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  2. ^ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=spla/bill%20marriage/report.htm
  3. ^ http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/politics/130607/the-20-most-and-least-gay-friendly-countries-the-world#1
  4. ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/the-ten-best-places-in-the-world-to-be-gay-932557.html?action=gallery&ino=2
  5. ^ Official report: Same-sex same entitlements
  6. ^ Attorney General's website: same-sex law reform
  7. ^ Attorney General's website: same-sex law reform
  8. ^ NSW bill is about marriage just not equality
  9. ^ Marriage Amendment Bill 2004
  10. ^ Same-sex marriage bill voted down in lower house
  11. ^ Turnbull signals support for conscience vote on gay marriage
  12. ^ Date set for High Court challenge on same-sex marriage
  13. ^ High Court challenge to gay marriage; Corbell sets date for gay ceremonies
  14. ^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2010/02/24/nsw-to-get-relationship-register/22115
  15. ^ [1]
  16. ^ [2]
  17. ^ [3]
  18. ^ [4]
  19. ^ [5]
  20. ^ [6]
  21. ^ [7]
  22. ^ [8]
  23. ^ Discrimination, Fair Work Ombudsman
  24. ^ "Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994". Austlii. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  25. ^ Red Book plan a step towards gay marriage, The Australian, 15 December 2010
  26. ^ Australian Parliament, Explanatory Memorandum to the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013, 2013
  27. ^ Australia outlaws LGBT discrimination under national laws for first time, 25 June 2013
  28. ^ Australian Parliament, Explanatory Memorandum to the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013, 2013
  29. ^ Same-sex adoption VGLRL
  30. ^ Same-Sex Couples Australian Bureau of Statistics
  31. ^ Concern as Australians turn to Thailand for surrogates
  32. ^ Heterosexuals use of surrogacy increases dramatically
  33. ^ Surrogacy laws could leave Australian-Indian babies stateless
  34. ^ "Australian state votes for adoption by same-sex couples". The Hindu. India. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. September 2, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  35. ^ "ADOPTION ACT 2000". Austlii.edu.au. January 1, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  36. ^ "ADOPTION ACT 1993". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  37. ^ "ADOPTION ACT 1994". Austlii.edu.au. March 5, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  38. ^ "Adoption Act 1988 (Tas) – Sect 20. Persons in whose favour adoption orders may be made". Austlii. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  39. ^ "ADOPTION ACT 2009 No. 29". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  40. ^ "Adoption Act 1984 – SECT 10A". Austlii. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  41. ^ "Adoption Act 1984 – SECT 11". Austlii. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  42. ^ "Adoption of Children Act (NT)". Austlii. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  43. ^ "Adoption Act 1988 (SA)". South Australia Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  44. ^ Navy News Volume 48 No. 21, 17 November 2005, page 06
  45. ^ "Extension of ADF conditions of service to ADF members in recognised interdependent relationships (bulletin, 21 October 2005)". Navy People Online.
  46. ^ http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/9AB9DE6E319635E2CA257802000A1E42/$file/AusHumanRightsComm1986_WD02.pdf
  47. ^ "Age Of Consent & Sodomy Law awareness in Queensland Australia – need for urgent action". Queer Radio. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
  48. ^ "Status of Children Act". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  49. ^ "Anti-Discrimination Act 2007". Austlii. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  50. ^ "Anti-Discrimination Act". Department of Justice. Retrieved September 3, 2007. [dead link‍]
  51. ^ "Interdependency Visa: Offshore Temporary and Permanent (Subclasses 310 and 110)". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  52. ^ "Changes to Same-Sex Relationships from 1 July 2009". Immi.gov.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  53. ^ ":Centrelink recognises same-sex relationships". Centrelink. Retrieved March 30, 2009. [dead link‍]
  54. ^ Wallace, Rick (January 3, 2008). "Push for equal gay and de facto couples' rights". The Australian. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  55. ^ Dennett, Harley (June 26, 2008). "Family Court Changes Afoot". SSOnet. Retrieved July 1, 2008. [dead link‍]
  56. ^ Nader, Carol (September 2, 2008). "Same-sex parenting rights push". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
  57. ^ "Family Law Amendment (De Facto Financial Matters and Other Measures) Act 2008". Comlaw.gov.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  58. ^ "EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ACT 1984". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  59. ^ "Gays test Red Cross blood ban, by Erin O'Dwyer (October 9, 2005)". The Sun Herald. October 9, 2005. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
  60. ^ "Kissing Qualifies as Sex". Sydney Star Observer. August 23, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
  61. ^ Carter, Paul (May 27, 2009). "Gay blood donor's complaint against Red Cross dismissed". News.com.au. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  62. ^ "Red Cross Donation Policy". Donateblood.com.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  63. ^ "Sexuality and Gender Identity | Australian Greens". Greens.org.au. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  64. ^ Sendziuk, Paul (2003). Learning to trust: Australian responses to AIDS. Sydney: UNSW Press. p. 58. ISBN ISBN 0868407186. Retrieved October 5, 2009. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  65. ^ http://www.familyfirst.org.au/documents/THEFAMILY_000.pdf
  66. ^ "The Australian Sex Party Equality for the GLBTIQ Community". sexparty.org.au. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  67. ^ Zwartz, Barney (February 3, 2006). "Church imperilled by gays: archbishop". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
  68. ^ "Church call to scrap gay union". News.com.au. April 3, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) [dead link‍]
  69. ^ "Pell backs discrimination against gays". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  70. ^ Schubert, Misha (May 1, 2008). "Battle lines drawn on gay unions". Brisbane Times. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  71. ^ "The Salt Shakers And Homosexuality". The Salt Shakers. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ Paine, Michelle (March 16, 2006). "Church group challenged over 'negative' ads". News.com.au. Retrieved September 3, 2007. [dead link‍]
  73. ^ Hackney, Peter (October 22, 2008). "New anti-gay threat emerges". SX News. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  74. ^ "HOMOSEXUALITY AND THE CHURCH" (PDF). Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  75. ^ "Rabbis Permitted to Officiate at Same-Gender Commitment Ceremonies" (PDF). Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  76. ^ "Rabbis Marriage Equality Statement" (PDF). Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  77. ^ "Rabbis give strong support to same-sex marriage". Retrieved September 16, 2011.

History and Activism

Adoption and Parenting

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