Lake Willoughby

Lake Willoughby
Location	Orleans County, Vermont, United States
Coordinates	44°45′07″N 72°03′46″W
Type	glacial lake (ice age)
Primary inflows	glacial aquifer.
Primary outflows	Willoughby River (creek)
Basin countries	United States
Max. length	5 miles (8.0 km)
Max. width	1 mile (1.6 km)
Surface area	1,687 acres (683 ha)
Max. depth	320 ft (98 m)
U.S. National Natural Landmark
Designated	1967

Lake Willoughby is a lake in the town of Westmore in Orleans County in the northeast section of Vermont, United States. Willoughby is a glacial lake over 320 feet (98 m) deep in places, the deepest lake entirely contained in the state and second to only Lake Champlain whose deepest point reaches 400 feet (120 m).

The lake's southern end is surrounded by the Willoughby State Forest. This state forest includes Mount Pisgah, Mount Hor, and Bartlett Mountain (Vermont).

The lake is about 5 miles (8.0 km) long

Willoughby Lake is known for its beautiful public beach that stretches 0.4 kilometers on the north shore of the lake, or in the zone of the lake outlet. Another public beach is located at the bottom of the South Bay of Lake. The town of Westmore is located on the east side, at the confluence area of Mill Creek which drains the waters of Long Pound.

Hydrology

The lake is known for its clarity and chilly temperature. Because of its depth, it freezes later than other lakes in the Northeast Kingdom.

Willoughby River

Willoughby River is the outlet from the lake and runs north through Brownington to feed into the Barton River. Prior to the floods of 1927, the river had three dams. All were destroyed by the flood. An iron bridge that ran from Evansville to Brownington Center was destroyed and rebuilt.

A dam where the Whetstone Dam had formerly stood, was rebuilt to run a sawmill, which was still in operation in 2008. The state Fish and Game Department bought the dam rights to allow rainbow trout to swim upriver.

Geology

A view from the north end of the lake shows Mount Pisgah (left) and Mount Hor rising up above the surface.

Lake Willoughby is a southeast trending basin. It was created by glacial action and is over 300 feet (91 m) deep in places, making it the deepest lake entirely contained in the state. Lake Willoughby resembles a Norwegian fjord.

The rock between Mount Pisgah on the east and Mount Hor on the west was eroded by a valley ice lobe. This ice flow cut across the Willoughby granodiorite and adjacent metamorphic rocks. The ice flow may have exploited highly fractured bedrock along the margin of the Willoughby pluton or joint surfaces within the pluton.

Other mountains in territory of Westmore, Vermont are on:

• East bank: Mount Hedgehog (Vermont) (high: 652 metres (2,139 ft)), Mount Goodwin (Vermont) (high: 873 metres (2,864 ft)), Mount Bald (Vermont) (high: 1,003 metres (3,291 ft)), Mount Heystack (Vermont) (high: 794 metres (2,605 ft)) and Mount McSherry (Vermont) (high: 733 metres (2,405 ft));
• West bank: Mount Wheeler (Vermont) (high: 711 metres (2,333 ft)) in Caledonia County, Mount Valley (Vermont) (high: 563 metres (1,847 ft)), Mount May Pond (Vermont) (high: 623 metres (2,044 ft));
• South bank: Mount Bartlett (Vermont) (high: 621 metres (2,037 ft)) in Caledonia County.

Natural history

Willoughby is listed as a National Natural Landmark. Willoughby contains rainbow trout (wild and stocked), Lake Trout, landlocked Atlantic salmon (mainly stocked), rainbow smelt, burbot, yellow perch, longnose sucker, white sucker, lake chub, common shiner, and round whitefish which is a native species of extremely limited distribution in Vermont.

Steelhead trout (rainbow trout) are not native to the region, but were imported to Lake Memphremagog from the Pacific Northwest. They migrate up the Barton River and Willoughby River to the lake to spawn.

The sheer cliffs of Mount Pisgah and Mount Hor provide an environment conducive for arctic and cliff-alpine plants, as well as ideal nesting areas for the rare peregrine falcon.

More than 100 bird species have been recorded around the lake including thrushes, warblers, hummingbirds, jays, finches, loons, herons and gulls.

History

Tiny steam boats operated on the lake for tourists from 1884 to the early 1900s when steam was replaced by the gasoline engine.

In 1915, Robert Frost mentioned the lake in a poem, "A Servant to Servants,
"I see it's a fair, pretty sheet of water,
Our Willoughby! How did you hear of it?
I expect, though, everyone's heard of it.
In a book about ferns? Listen to that!"

Toponymy

The toponym "lake Willoughby" was officially recognized on September 1st, 1992, by GNIS (Geographic Names Information System) des États-Unis.

Local customs and culture

Devil's Rock, located on the Mount Pisgah side of the lake at a less than halfway point from the lake's southern beach, is a popular diving spot for daring locals and vacationers. It takes its name from a painted image of a devil on the front of the rock facing out toward the lake. It is also called devils rock because when reflected in still water, the image of a skull lying on its side can be seen!

Along the eastern shore, there are a series of natural waterslides that flow into Lake Willoughby. In the winter, these turn into an ice wall which is used by ice climbers.

Economy

Lake facilities offer swimming, hiking, and ice fishing. There is a nude beach on the lake's southern shore. Route 5A runs along the lake's eastern edge.

In 2010, Yankee magazine named Willoughby as the third best lake in New England.

External links

• Lake Willoughby Depth Chart [1]
• Basin 17 Lake Memphremagog Watershed Assessment Report retrieved August 7, 2011
• Map of Lake and surrounding area

See also

• Willoughby River
• Westmore, Vermont, a municipality
• Orleans County, Vermont