Jump to content

Lahnda: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Replied on Move requests Hindko. Un did Cherry pick
No edit summary
Line 55: Line 55:
Because [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, it has been exposed to the [[dialect]]-versus-language debate. Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movements.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}}<ref name="shackle1977">Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.</ref> The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid 2004">{{cite journal|last=Javaid|first=Umbreen|year=2004|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title=Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal=[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher=Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}}
Because [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, it has been exposed to the [[dialect]]-versus-language debate. Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movements.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}}<ref name="shackle1977">Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.</ref> The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid 2004">{{cite journal|last=Javaid|first=Umbreen|year=2004|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title=Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal=[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher=Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}}


[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] is commonly included, but may be a remnant [[Dardic language]].<ref name="Masica 1991">Masica (1991)</ref> Some of the northern dialects of what has for geographical reasons been considered [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are actually closer to Lahnda. There is also a Lahnda language in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Ukraine]] in the form of [[Jakati language|Jakati]].
[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] is commonly included, few consider it a remnant [[Dardic language]].<ref name="Masica 1991">Masica (1991)</ref> Some of the northern dialects of what has for geographical reasons been considered [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are actually closer to Lahnda. There is also a Lahnda language in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Ukraine]] in the form of [[Jakati language|Jakati]].


Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />

Revision as of 01:30, 1 November 2016

Western Punjabi
Lahnda
لہندا پنجابی
RegionWestern Punjab region
EthnicityPunjabis
Native speakers
ca. 117 million (2014?)[1]
Standard forms
Perso-Arabic
(Shahmukhi alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
 Pakistan
Punjab (Provincial)
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-2lah
ISO 639-3lah – inclusive code
Individual codes:
hnd – Southern Hindko
hno – Northern Hindko (Kagani)
jat – Inku (Jakati)
phr – Pahari-Potwari (Pothohari)
pnb – Western Punjabi proper (Majhi)
skr – Saraiki
xhe – Khetrani
Glottologlahn1241

Western Punjabi (Template:Lang-pnb /ˈlɑːndə/ /pʌndʒˈɑːbi/)[4] or Lahnda, are the western dialects of Punjabi in Pakistani Punjab, and parts of Azad Kashmir, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[5] Some consider them to be transitional between Eastern Punjabi and Sindhi. The literary language of the speakers of Lahnda dialects has traditionally been Standard Punjabi.[6]: 2 

Name

Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists—notably George Abraham Grierson—for a dialect group that had no general local name.[7]: 883  The southern varieties are locally called Saraiki, and northwestern varieties Hindko or Panjistani. The main identifier of Lahnda is use of 'ahā' in the past instead of the Standard Punjabi "sì sì'gē and sàn,"

Dialects

Below is a list of Western Punjabi's dialects as well as the number of speakers:[1][3]

Northern Hindko (Kagani)
Southern Hindko

Because Punjabi is spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, it has been exposed to the dialect-versus-language debate. Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.[8] The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movements.[9]: 838 [10] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.[11]: 46 

Khetrani is commonly included, few consider it a remnant Dardic language.[12] Some of the northern dialects of what has for geographical reasons been considered Gujarati are actually closer to Lahnda. There is also a Lahnda language in Afghanistan and Ukraine in the form of Jakati.

Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[8]

Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi, and Western Pahari form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Summary by language size". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  2. ^ Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
  3. ^ a b "Western Panjabi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  4. ^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  5. ^ "Panjabi, Western".
  6. ^ Tolstaya, Natalya I. (1981). The Panjabi Language. Routledge. ISBN 9780710009395.
  7. ^ Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571.
  8. ^ a b Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
  9. ^ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
  10. ^ Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.
  11. ^ Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab: 45–55. {{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help) (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
  12. ^ Masica (1991)
  13. ^ Lahnda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lahnda&oldid=747205239"