East Harlem: Difference between revisions

East Harlem
East Harlem
Neighborhood of Manhattan
	Second Avenue at 97th Street
Country	United States
State	New York
City	New York City
Borough	Manhattan
Population (2010)[citation needed]
• Total	116,000 (est.)
Ethnicity
• Hispanic	52.1%
• Black	35.7%
• White (non-Hispanic)	7.3%
• Asian	2.7%
• Other	0.2%
Economics
• Median income	$21,480
ZIP code	10029, 10035
Area code(s)	212, 917, 646

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For the song by Beirut, see East Harlem (Beirut song). "Spanish Harlem" redirects here. For the song, see Spanish Harlem (song).

40°47′52.64″N 73°56′24.17″W / 40.7979556°N 73.9400472°W / 40.7979556; -73.9400472

East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and East 96th Street up to about the 140s,^[1] east of Fifth Avenue to the East and Harlem Rivers.^[2] It lies within Manhattan Community District 11.^[3] Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem.^[4]

The neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Latino communities in New York City, mostly made up of Puerto Ricans, as well as sizeable numbers of Dominican, Cuban and Mexican immigrants. It includes the area formerly known as Italian Harlem, in which the remnants of a once predominantly Italian community remain. The Chinese population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues, such as the highest jobless rate in New York City, teenage pregnancy, AIDS, drug abuse, homelessness, and an asthma rate five times the national average.^[3] It has the second highest concentration of public housing in the United States, closely following Brownsville, Brooklyn.^[9] Police services to the neighborhood are divided between the 23rd and the 25th Precincts.^[10] Conversely, East Harlem is notable for its contributions to Latin freestyle and salsa music.

However, East Harlem is undergoing some gentrification. In February 2016, East Harlem was one of four neighborhoods featured in an article in The New York Times about "New Hot Neighborhoods", and the city was considering re-zoning the area.

History

Early history

The area which became East Harlem was rural for most of the 19th century, but residential settlements northeast of Third Avenue and East 110th Street had developed by the 1860s.^[11] The construction of the elevated transit line to Harlem in 1879 and 1880, and the building of the Lexington Avenue subway in 1919,^[11] urbanized the area, precipitating the construction of apartment buildings and brownstones. The extension of cable cars up Lexington Avenue into East Harlem was stymied by the incline created by Duffy's Hill at 103rd Street, one of the steepest grades in Manhattan. East Harlem was first populated by poor German, Irish, Scandinavian,^[12] and Eastern European Jewish immigrants, with the Jewish population standing at 90,000 around 1917.^[11] In the 1870s, Italian immigrants joined the mix after a contractor building trolley tracks on First Avenue imported Italian laborers as strikebreakers. The workers' shantytown along the East River at 106th Street was the beginning of an Italian neighborhood, with 4,000 having arrived by the mid-1880s. As more immigrants arrived, it expanded north to East 115th Street and west to Third Avenue.^[13]

East Harlem now consisted of pockets of ethnically-sorted settlements – Italian, German, Irish, and Jewish – which were beginning to press up against each other, with the spaces still between them occupied by "gasworks, stockyards and tar and garbage dumps".^[13] In 1895, Union Settlement Association, one of the oldest settlement houses in New York City, began providing services in the area, offering the immigrant and low-income residents a range of community-based programs, including boys and girls clubs, a sewing school and adult education classes.

Vestiges of Italian Harlem

Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel

Patsy's Pizzeria

Italian Harlem

Southern Italians and Sicilians, with a moderate number of Northern Italians, soon predominated, especially in the area east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th Streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th Streets, with each street featuring people from different regions of Italy. The neighborhood became known as "Italian Harlem", the Italian American hub of Manhattan; it was the first part of Manhattan to be referred to as "Little Italy".^[14] The first Italians arrived in East Harlem in 1878, from Polla in the province of Salerno, and settled in the vicinity of 115th Street.^[15]

There were many crime syndicates in Italian Harlem from the early Black Hand to the bigger and more organized Italian gangs that formed the Italian-American Mafia. It was the founding location of the Genovese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominated organized crime in New York City.^[16] This includes the current 116th Street Crew of the Genovese family. During the 1970s, Italian East Harlem was also home to the Italian-American drug gang and murder-for-hire crew known as the East Harlem Purple Gang.

In the 1920s and early 1930s, Italian Harlem was represented in Congress by future Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, and later, in the 1940s, by Italian-American civil rights lawyer, activist, and socialist Vito Marcantonio. The Italian neighborhood approached its peak in the 1930s, with over 100,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, run-down apartment buildings.^[17] The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second-generation Italian Americans. (Somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the Lower East Side's Little Italy with 88 percent; Italian Harlem's total population, however, was three times that of Little Italy.)^[15]

The Italian community in East Harlem remained strong into the 1980s, but it has slowly diminished since then. However, Italian inhabitants and vestiges of the old Italian neighborhood remain. The annual Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the "Dancing of the Giglio", the first Italian feast in New York City, is still celebrated there every year on the second weekend of August by the Giglio Society of East Harlem. Italian retail establishments still exist, such as Rao's restaurant, started in 1896, and the original Patsy's Pizzeria which opened in the 1933. In May 2011, one of the last remaining Italian retail businesses in the neighborhood, a barbershop owned by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street, was threatened with closure by a rent increase.^[18]

Spanish Harlem

Puerto Rican and Latin American immigration after the First World War^[19] established an enclave at the western portion of East Harlem – around 110th Street and Lexington Avenue – which became known as "Spanish Harlem". The area slowly grew to encompass all of East Harlem, including Italian Harlem, as Italians moved out – to the Bronx, Brooklyn, upstate New York and New Jersey – and Hispanics moved in during another wave of immigration in the 1940s and 1950s.^[11] Although in certain areas, particularly around Pleasant Avenue, Italian Harlem lasted through the 1970s,^[20] today most of the former Italian population is gone. Most of these predominantly older residents are clustered around Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, mainly from 114th to 118th Streets. According to the 2000 Census, there were only 1,130 Italian-Americans still living in this area.^[21]

The newly dominant Puerto Rican population, which reached 63,000 in 1950, continued to define the neighborhood according to its needs, establishing bodegas and botánicas as it expanded; by the 1930s^[19] there was already an enclosed street market underneath the Park Avenue railroad viaduct between 111th and 116th Streets, called "La Marqueta" ("The Market").^[11] Catholic and evangelistic Protestant churches appeared in storefronts.^[11] Although "Spanish Harlem" had been in use since at least the 1930s to describe the Hispanic enclave – along with "Italian Harlem" and "Negro Harlem"^[22] – the name began to be used to describe the entire East Harlem neighborhood by the 1950s. Later, the name "El Barrio" ("The Neighborhood") began to be used, especially by inhabitants of the area.

Decline

In the 1950s and 1960s, large sections of East Harlem were leveled for urban renewal projects, and the neighborhood was one of the hardest hit areas in the 1960s and 1970s as New York City struggled with deficits, race riots, urban flight, gang warfare, drug abuse, crime and poverty. Tenements were crowded, poorly maintained, and frequent targets for arson. In 1969 and 1970, a regional chapter of the Young Lords which were reorganized from a neighborhood street gang in Chicago by Jose (Cha-Cha) Jimenez, ran several programs including a Free Breakfast for Children and a Free Health Clinic to help Latino and poor families. The Young Lords came together with the Black Panthers and called for Puerto Rican independence and neighborhood empowerment. Still, as of the early 2000s, the Latin Kings gang was still prevalent in East Harlem.

Recent history

By the beginning of the 21st century, East Harlem was a racially diverse neighborhood, with about a third of the population being Puerto Rican.^[11] As it has been throughout its history, it is predominantly a working-class neighborhood.^[12]

Until 2006, property values in East Harlem climbed along with those in the rest of New York City. With increased market-rate housing, including luxury condos and co-ops – most built on formerly vacant lots – there has been some decline of affordable housing in the community. A number of young professionals have settled into these recently constructed buildings. This influx of "yuppies" has caused rents to rise, more buildings in the area to get gut renovations, and changes to area demographics.^[23]

On March 12, 2014 at 9:00 EDT, a large explosion and fire at 1644–1646 Park Avenue killed eight people and injured more than 70.^[24]^[25]

The New York Post listed one part of the neighborhood – the block of Lexington Avenue between East 123rd and 124th Streets – as one of "the most dangerous blocks in the city" because police crime statistics for 2015 showed that 19 assaults had taken place there, more than for any other city block. The Post also reported that there were, according to the Harlem Neighborhood Block Association, "22 drug-treatment programs, four homeless-services providers and four transitional-living facilities" in East Harlem.^[26]

East Harlem has begun to feel the effects of gentrification.^[27] In February 2016, an article in The New York Times about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" featured East Harlem as one of four such areas. A real-estate broker described it as "one of the few remaining areas in New York City where you can secure a good deal". The article mentioned new luxury developments, access to transportation, the opening of new retail stores, bars and restaurants, and national-brand stores beginning to appear on the outskirts of the neighborhood. Primarily, though, it was the cost of housing in comparison to the rest of Manhattan, which the article noted as the major factor.^[1] Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem "to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development".^[28]^[29] The residents of the neighborhood generated a suggested zoning plan, the "East Harlem Neighborhood Plan", which was offered to the city in February 2017,^[30], but in August 2017 residents and the Manhattan Borough President, Gale Brewer, complained that the city had ignored their plan almost entirely.^[31]

Demographics

Storefronts at Lexington Avenue and 116th Street

Manhattan Community District 11, which covers East Harlem in its entirety, is a mostly low and moderate income area. It is made up of first and second generation Puerto Ricans, African-Americans, Italian-Americans, Asian-Americans, West Indian Americans (Especially Dominican Americans and Cuban Americans), and a growing population of Mexican Americans and Salvadoran Americans and other Central American immigrants.

It has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in all of New York City. In the 2000 Census, 52.1% of residents described themselves as of Hispanic origin, 35.7 as non-Hispanic black, 7.3 as non-Hispanic white, 2.7 Asian and Pacific Islander Nonhispanic, 1.7% as two or more non-Hispanic races, and 0.5% as another race. By New York City averages, the youth makes up a larger than normal percentage of the East Harlem population with 30.6% of residents age 18 or younger.^[3]

93.6% of all housing units were renter-occupied, and over 25% of the population resided in public housing units managed by the NYCHA. 46.5 percent of the population receive a form of income support by the government.^[3]

According to a 2010 study, the number of Asians in East Harlem nearly tripled between 2000 and 2010, largely due to Chinese people moving to East Harlem. Increasing rents in Lower Manhattan's Chinatown have driven many into public and subsidized housing developments in the neighborhood. Advocates have been calling for Chinese language services to be available in the community centers to accommodate the growing number of Chinese residents in the area. In 2000, the Chinese population in the northern portion was less than one percent, but by 2010, it has gone up to being three percent in the area. In the southern part, it rose from 4.6% to 8.4%.^[32]^[33]^[34]

As of 2010, the Puerto Rican population was 27.7% in zip code 10029,^[35] and 23.4% in 10035. 10035 also has a large Mexican population, at 10.7%.^[36]

Transportation

The Harlem River separates the Bronx and Manhattan, necessitating several spans between the two New York City boroughs. In East Harlem, the Wards Island Bridge, also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, connects Manhattan with Wards Island. The Triboro Bridge is a complex of three separate bridges that offers connections between Queens, Manhattan (Harlem), and the Bronx.^[37]

Public transportation service is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The New York City Subway's IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs through East Harlem, with an express station at 125th Street (served by the 4, 5, 6, and <6> routes) as well as local stations at the 116th Street, 110th Street, 103rd Street, and 96th Street (served by the 6 and <6> routes). There is also a Second Avenue Subway station at 96th Street on the Q route.^[38] MTA Regional Bus Operations' M15, M15 SBS, M35, M60 SBS, M96, M98, M100, M101, M102, M103, M116 and Bx15 bus routes serve East Harlem as well.^[39] Metro-North Railroad has a commuter rail station at Harlem – 125th Street, connecting to Westchester County and Connecticut.^[40]

Social issues

Social problems, including poverty, crime, and drug addiction, have plagued the area since the 1970s. Although crime rates have dropped from the historically high numbers of the past, East Harlem suffers from Manhattan's highest violent crime rate, with 15 murders in 2011.^[41]

East Harlem has the highest concentration of shelters and facilities in Manhattan, with eight homeless shelters, 36 drug and alcohol treatment facilities and 37 mental health treatment facilities. It also has the highest jobless rate in the entire city, as well as the city's second highest cumulative AIDS rate. The asthma rate is also 5 times larger than national levels.^[3] The neighborhood also suffers from a high poverty rate.^[42] Union Settlement Association is one of the neighborhood's largest social service agencies, reaching more than 13,000 people annually at 17 locations throughout East Harlem, through a range of programs, including early childhood education, youth development, senior services, job training, the arts, adult education, nutrition, counseling, a farmers' market, community development, and neighborhood cultural events.

Fresh food

A lack of access to healthy food causes serious hardships to citizens of East Harlem, a neighborhood which is considered to be a food desert. According to an April 2008 report prepared by the New York City Department of City Planning, East Harlem is an area of the city with the highest levels of diet-related diseases due to limited opportunities for citizens to purchase fresh foods.^[43]

With a high population density and a lack of nearby supermarkets, the neighborhood has little access to fresh fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of fresh foods. Citizens of East Harlem are likely to buy food from grocery stores that have a limited supply of fruits and vegetables, which are often of poor quality and generally more expensive than the same products sold at supermarkets. Compared to the Upper East Side, supermarkets in Harlem are 30% less common.^[44] Without access to affordable produce and meats, East Harlem residents have difficulty eating a healthy diet, which contributes to high rates of obesity and diabetes.^[45]

In 2011, Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer announced a program which would send Veggie Vans to East Harlem senior centers and housing projects.^[46] In 2012, Whole Foods announced two uptown locations, one being on 125th Street and Lenox Avenue, the other in the Upper East Side.^[47] In 2010, Aldi's Grocery opened at the East River Plaza^[48] located at E. 117th St. and FDR Drive, providing access to affordable food for East Harlem's residents. In 2013, a new Super FI Emperior Grocery store opened up in East Harlem on 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue.^[49]

Housing

East Harlem is dominated by public housing complexes of various types, with a high concentration of older tenement buildings between these developments. The neighborhood contains the highest geographical concentration of low income public housing projects in the United States. The total land area is 1.54 square miles (4.0 km²).^[50]^[51]

After a wave of arson ravaged the low income communities of New York City throughout the 1970s, many of the residential structures in East Harlem were left seriously damaged or destroyed. By the late 1970s, the city began to rehabilitate many abandoned tenement style buildings and designate them as low income housing.

Despite recent gentrification of the neighborhood, large numbers of apartment buildings have been deliberately kept vacant by their owners. Although the businesses on the ground floor are retained, landlords do not want to have the trouble involved in residential tenants. In some cases, landlords are waiting for a revived economy, warehousing the apartments so that they can rent them later at a higher rent.^[52]

In 2007, a survey of Manhattan's buildings found that 1,723 were significantly vacant, three-quarters of them north of 96th Street. A 1998 survey found that one-quarter of low-rise residential buildings on avenues or major cross streets in East Harlem had sealed-up residential floors, despite having commercial businesses on the ground floor.^[52]

Public housing projects

There are twenty-four New York City Housing Authority developments located in East Harlem.^[53]

335 East 111th Street; one, 6-story building.
East 120th Street Rehab; one, 6-story rehabilitated tenement building.
East River Houses; ten buildings, 6, 10 and 11-stories tall.
Edward Corsi Houses; one, 16-story building.
Gaylord White Houses; one, 20-story building.
George Washington Carver Houses; 13 buildings, 6 and 15-stories tall.
Governor Dewitt Clinton Houses; six buildings, 9 and 18-stories tall.
Jackie Robinson Houses; one, 8-story building.
James Weldon Johnson Houses; ten, 14-story buildings.
Lehman Village; four, 20-story buildings.
Lexington Houses; four, 14-story buildings.
Metro North Plaza; three buildings, 7, 8, and 11-stories tall.
Metro North Rehab; seventeen, 6-story rehabilitated tenement buildings.
Milbank-Frawley; two rehabilitated tenement buildings 5 and 6-stories tall.
Morris Park Senior Citizens Home; one, 9-story rehabilitated building.
Park Avenue-East 122nd, 123rd Streets; two, 6-story buildings.
President Abraham Lincoln; fourteen buildings, 6 and 14-stories tall.
President George Washington Houses; fourteen buildings, 12 and 14-stories tall.
President Thomas Jefferson Houses; eighteen buildings, 7, 13 and 14-stories tall.
President Woodrow Wilson Houses; three, 20-story buildings.
Senator Robert A. Taft; nine, 19-story buildings.
Robert F. Wagner Houses; twenty-two buildings, 7 and 16-stories tall.
U.P.A.C.A. (Upper Park Avenue Community Association) Site 6; one, 12-story building.
U.P.A.C.A. (Upper Park Avenue Community Association) U.R.A. Site 5; one, 11-story building.

Other subsidized housing include:

Taino Towers – East 122nd Street and Third Avenue. Four 35-story towers, 656 apartments. Opened 1979.^[54]
A new 68-story rental tower has been proposed to be built in East Harlem, but is still in the process of gaining approval. The 1,300,000-square-foot (120,000 m²) building, which is currently the site of the School of Cooperative Technical Education, would house three schools and retail space along with a mix of 1,100 affordable and market-rate apartments.^[55]

Education and medical services

The schools in East Harlem are generally characterized by low test scores and high drop-out and truancy rates.^[56] As in other parts of the city, some schools require students pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter school buildings.^[57] Nevertheless, since 1982 the community has been home to the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics,^[58] which replaced Benjamin Franklin High School, a school which had the smallest graduating class in the city at the time of its closing.^[59]

Among the public charter schools in East Harlem are Success Academy Harlem 2 of Success Academy Charter Schools, the Harlem Village Academy, East Harlem Scholars Academies, and the DREAM Charter School.

Major medical care providers in the East Harlem area include Metropolitan Hospital Center and Mount Sinai Hospital, which serve residents of East Harlem and the Upper East Side. North General Hospital, which formerly served the area as well, is now closed. Many of the graduates of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai do local public health work, including work on asthma, diabetes, unsafe drinking water, lead paint and infectious diseases.

Economy

The neighborhood is home to one of the few major television studios north of midtown,^[60] Metropolis at 106th Street and Park Avenue,^[61] where shows such as BET's 106 & Park^[62] and Chappelle's Show^[63] have been produced. PRdream.com, a web site on the history and culture of Puerto Ricans, founded a media gallery and digital film studio called MediaNoche in 2003. It presents technology-based art on Park Avenue and 102nd Street, providing exhibition space and residencies for artists and filmmakers, and webcasting events.

Notable people

Jack Agüeros (1934-2014), community activist, poet, writer, and translator and the former director of El Museo del Barrio.^[64]
Marc Anthony (born 1968), singer^[65]
Ray Barretto (1929-2006), musician^[66]
Joe Bataan (born 1942), singer^[67]
Walter Berry (born 1964), former professional basketball player who spent three seasons in the NBA.^[68]
Frank Bonilla (1925-2010), academic of Puerto Rican descent who became a leading figure in Puerto Rican studies.^[69]
Joe Budden (born 1980), rapper and member of hip hop group Slaughterhouse.^[70]
Cam'ron (born 1976), rapper^{[citation needed]}
Duke Carmel (born 1937), former professional baseball player who played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball.^[71]
Daniel Celentano (1902-1980), artist^[72]
Paquito Cordero (1932-2009), pioneer of Puerto Rican television^{[citation needed]}
Leonard Covello (1887-1982), educator, founder and first principal of Benjamin Franklin High School^[11]^[73]
Frankie Cutlass (born 1971), musician^{[citation needed]}
Julia de Burgos (1914-1953), poet^[74]
Nelson Antonio Denis, New York State Assemblyman^[75]
G. Dep (born 1973), rapper^{[citation needed]}
Bobby Darin (1936-1973), singer^[76]
James De La Vega (c. 1974), visual artist best known for his street aphorisms and muralist art.^[77]
Angelo Del Toro (1947-1994), politician^[78]
Dave East (born 1988), rapper^[79]
Destiny Frasqueri (born 1992), rapper who performs under the stage name "Princess Nokia"^[80]
Giosue Gallucci (1865-1915), gangster^[81]
Jose Cha Cha Jimenez (born 1948), founder of the Young Lords^[82]
Jim Jones (born 1976), rapper^[83]
Roger Katan, architect, planner, sculptor, and activist.^[84]
Fiorello La Guardia, Congressman and mayor of New York City^[11]
Langston Hughes, writer and social activist^[85]
Burt Lancaster (1913-1994), actor^[86]
Lillian López (1925-2005), activist and librarian^[87]
Vito Marcantonio (1902-1954), lawyer and politician^[11]
Alpo Martinez (born 1966), former drug dealer who rose to prominence alongside Azie Faison and Rich Porter in the mid 1980s in Harlem during the War on Drugs.^[88]
Soraida Martinez (born 1956), artist and designer^[89]
Vince McMahon Sr. (1914-1984), professional wrestling promoter and former owner of WWE^{[citation needed]}
Thomas Minter (1924-2009), education official who served in the United States government and the government of New York City.^[90]
Monifah (born 1972), R&B singer-songwriter^[91]
Giuseppe Morello (1867-1930), gangster^{[citation needed]}
Alice Neel (1900-1984), painter^[92]^[93]
Dael Orlandersmith, actress, poet and playwright known for her Obie Award-winning Beauty's Daughter and the 2002 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Drama, Yellowman.^[94]
Al Pacino (born 1940), actor^[95]
Tito Puente (1923-2000), musician^[96]
Ernesto Quiñonez (born 1969), writer^[97]
ASAP Rocky (born 1988), rapper^[98]
Tupac Shakur (1971-1996), rapper and actor^[99]
Ronnie Spector (born 1943) and the Ronettes, singers^[100]
Piri Thomas (1928-2011), writer^[101]
Joseph Valachi (1904-1971), gangster, notable as the first member of the Italian-American Mafia to publicly acknowledge its existence, and credited with popularization of the term Cosa Nostra.^[102]
Samuel E. Vázquez (born 1970), abstract expressionist painter^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

Music

Ben E. King's song, "Spanish Harlem" (1961) and the 1966 cover of it by The Mamas & the Papas^[103]
Bob Dylan's song "Spanish Harlem Incident" from his album Another Side of Bob Dylan (1964)^[104]
Phil Ochs' song "Lou Marsh" from his album All the News That's Fit to Sing (1964)
Louie Ramirez's song "Lucy's Spanish Harlem" from his album In the Heart of Spanish Harlem (1967)
Elton John's "Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" from Honky Château (1972)
Paul Simon's song "Adios Hermanos" from his album Songs from The Capeman (1997)
Van Morrison's song "Contemplation Rose" from his anthology album "Philosopher's Stone" (1998)^[105]
Carlos Santana's songs "Maria Maria" and "Smooth" from his album Supernatural (1999)
Beirut's song, "East Harlem" (2011)
Cocoa Brovaz, Tony Touch & Hurricane G's song, "Spanish Harlem" (1997)

Literature

Piri Thomas's memoir Down These Mean Streets (1967)^[106]
Ernesto Quiñonez's novels, Bodega Dreams (2000) and Chango's Fire (2005)
Salvatore Mondello's novel A Sicilian in East Harlem (2005)
Nora Roberts's novel Salvation in Death (2008)

Film

The film Popi (1969), written by Tina Pine and Lester Pine and directed by Arthur Hiller
Nelson Denis's film Vote For Me! (2003)

Music videos

Frankie Cutlass's "Puerto Rico" music video was shot in Spanish Harlem (1994)
Jay-Z's "Death of Autotune" music video was shot inside Rao's Italian restaurant (2009)
ASAP Rocky's "Peso" music video features footage of East Harlem (2011)

Gallery

Museum of the City of New York
(1220 Fifth Ave.)
Julia de Burgos Latino Cultural Center, formerly P.S. 72
(1680 Lexington Ave.)
New York Academy of Medicine
(2 East 103rd St.)
El Museo del Barrio
(1230 Fifth Ave.)
Tunnels through the Metro-North viaduct
(Park Avenue and 105th St.)
Hope Community Hall, formerly the 28th Precinct Station house
(177 East 103rd St.)
New York Public Library 125th St. Branch
(224 East 125th St.)
National Museum of Catholic Art and History
(443 East 115th St.)
All Saints Roman Catholic Church
(47 East 129th St.)
Church of the Living Hope
(161 East 104th St.)
Greater Emmanuel Baptist Church
(325 East 118th St.)
Hellenic Orthodox Church of Sts. George and Demetrios
(140 East 103rd St.)

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b Higgins, Michelle (February 26, 2016) "New York’s Next Hot Neighborhoods" The New York Times
^ "El Barrio (Spanish Harlem) New York City.com : Visitor Guide : Editorial Review". Nyc.com. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Community District Needs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Gurock, Jeffrey S., et al. "Harlem" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., p. 573.
^ Mays, Jeff. "East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Barron, Laignee (August 8, 2011). "Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs". NY Daily News. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
^ "Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges". apaforprogress.org. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Marc Santora (March 12, 2014). "At Least 3 Killed in Gas Blast on East Harlem Block; 2 Buildings Leveled". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
^ Mays, Jeff (April 14, 2011). "Low-Income Parents Worry Cuts to Childcare Will Force Them Out of Work – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Feeney, Michael J. (May 11, 2012). "Plea for peace in East Harlem". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Lapp, Michael. "East Harlem" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., pp.390–391
^ ^a ^b White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7., p.548
^ ^a ^b Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-11634-8., p.1123-24
^ Nevius, Michelle & Nevius, James (2009), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, New York: Free Press, ISBN 141658997X p.154
^ ^a ^b Meyer,Gerald. "Italian Harlem: America’s Largest and Most Italian Little Italy"
^ "Genovese Crime Family-One of the "Five Families"". American Mafia History. May 6, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366., p.605 "Their number increased slightly during the 1930s, when as many as 110,000 Italians lived east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th streets."
^ Berger, Joseph (May 13, 2011). "East Harlem Rent Tripling, Barber May Have to Close Shop After 60 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.). p. 265-268
^ Berger, Joseph (November 11, 2002). "Sit in This Chair, Go Back in Time; Barber Is Unchanged as Old Neighborhood Vanishes". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ Garland, Sarah. "A Reunion of Little Italy in East Harlem", The New York Times, September 5, 2006. Accessed January 2, 2008. "Now, there are only 1,130 Italian-Americans left in East Harlem, according to the 2000 census."
^ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.), p.253
^ "Yuppies Are Moving Into Notorious East Harlem". Business Insider. November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "New York Gas Explosion Kills Six People" Sky News (March 13, 2014)
^ Alcindor, Yamiche and Stanglin, Doug. "8th body found in ruins of East Harlem buildings" USA Today (March 13, 2014)
^ Balsamini, Dean (March 6, 2016) "Do you live on one of New York's most dangerous blocks?" New York Post
^ Daniel Goodman (September 9, 2013). "New York's East Harlem: Neighborhood Fighting To Keep Its Culture In The Face Of Gentrification". Business Insider. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
^ Staff (November 10, 2016) "East Harlem Scoping Notification" New York City Department of City Planning
^ "Public Scoping Meeting on East Harlem Rezoning" New York City Department of City Planning
^ East Harlem Neighborhood Plan website
^ Solis, Gustavo (August 24, 2017) "Mayor Ignoring Residents in East Harlem Rezoning Plan, Boro Prez Says" Archived September 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine DNAinfo
^ Mays, Jeff (August 3, 2011). "East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Barron, Laignee (August 8, 2011). "Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
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^ "2010 Census , /zip-code/10029/10029". Retrieved April 3, 2016.
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^ http://home2.nyc.gov/html/ceo/images/misc/chart_5.jpg
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^ "NYC.gov". NYC.gov. December 18, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ Morland, K; Diez Roux, AV; Wing, S (March 10, 2006). "American Journal of Preventive Medicine – Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 30: 333–339. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003. PMID 16530621.
^ "Veggie Vans Slated to Sell Fresh Produce in East Harlem – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Retrieved September 19, 2012.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Whole Foods Plans New Stores for Harlem, Upper East Side". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ "East River Plaza". East River Plaza. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
^ "Super FI Opens In Harlem". The Source. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
^ "Manhattan Community Board 11" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Planning. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Census Tract 240". US Census Bureau American Factfinder. US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "East Harlem Landlords Keep Apartments Sealed Up". The New York Times. October 31, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
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^ Baldwin, Susan, "Taino: 'Dream' Housing For Poor Set To Open: From 30 years ago: Long in the making, a unique subsidized housing project finally opened its doors", City Limits Magazine, January 5, 2009. This includes the original article: Baldwin, Susan, "Taino: 'Dream' Housing For Poor Set To Open", City Limits Magazine, February 1979, Vol. 4, No. 2
^ Walker, Ameena (March 23, 2017). "68-story rental tower approved by East Harlem's community board". Curbed NY. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ "Area information about East Harlem in NYC". StreetEasy. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ "East Harlem, Harlem, NY |". Harlemworldmag.com. October 10, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ "MCSM.net". Mcsmportal.net. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
^ "A Failed High School Preparing For Renewal". New York Times. July 11, 1982. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "NYC Studios and Stages". NYC.gov. City of New York. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ "NEP Metropolis Studio". NEP, Inc. NEP Group, Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Furman, Phyllis (July 5, 2000). "BET Taking its Show to 106th & Park". NYDailyNews.com. NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ "Dave Chapelle Free TV Show Tickets in New York City". New York Show Tickets. New York Show Tickets Inc.
^ King, Chris. "A Park Just Made for a Poet", The New York Times, September 16, 2001. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Jack Agueros, a translator who collected the poems and translated them for the book, grew up in East Harlem, where he twice saw De Burgos, who lived in New York in the 1940's and early 1950's when she enjoyed a reputation as Puerto Rico's greatest poet."
^ Staff. "Back to his roots: Marc Anthony returns to the streets of East Harlem to film new music video", The Daily Mail, July 22, 2013. Accessed February 2, 2017. "And it looked like Marc Anthony himself was making a similar statement as he went back to the very neighbourhood he grew up in – East Harlem, New York – to film a music video for his new single, Vivir Mi Vida."
^ Ray Barretto, Smithsonian Latino Center. Accessed February 2, 2017. "He was raised in the Latin ghettos of East Harlem and the Bronx, in an environment filled with music of Puerto Rico but with a love for the swing bands of Ellington, Basie and Goodman."
^ Goodman, Fred. "The Return of Joe Bataan, the Boogaloo King", The New York Times, March 4, 2016. Accessed February 2, 2017. "The great paradox of Mr. Bataan's career as an originator of Latin soul is that he isn't Latino. A self-described mestizo — his mother was African-American, his father Filipino — he was born Bataan Nitollano in 1942 and raised on East 104th Street in Spanish Harlem."
^ http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/30/sports/nets-get-walter-berry.html "Nets Get Walter Berry"], The New York Times, Agust 30, 1988. Accessed September 26, 2017. "The trade will bring Berry home. He grew up in East Harlem and played high school basketball at Morris, DeWitt Clinton and Benjamin Franklin."
^ Hevesi, Dennis. "Frank Bonilla, Scholar of Puerto Rican Studies, Dies at 85", The New York Times, January 6, 2011. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Born in Manhattan on Feb. 3, 1925, Frank Bonilla was one of three children of Francisco and Maria Bonilla, who had moved from Puerto Rico. He grew up in East Harlem and the South Bronx, but for several years lived with family friends in Tennessee and Illinois, where he came face to face with segregation: he was regularly told to sit in the back of the bus."
^ Conte, Michaelangelo. "Jersey City rap star Joe Budden is on the Hudson County sheriff's chart as a deadbeat dad owing nearly $13,000 in child support", The Jersey Journal, October 19, 2010. Accessed November 4, 2016. "Born in Spanish Harlem, Budden moved to Jersey City with his family when he was 11 and grew up on the West Side. He now has addresses on Bentley Avenue in Jersey City and River Road in North Bergen."
^ Koppett, Leonard. "YANKEES' SPIRITS ZOOM IN WORKOUT; Quips and Baseballs Fly -- Keane Is Satisfied", The New York Times, March 8, 1965. Accessed September 26, 2017. "'I mean New York,' said Carmel, portraying high contempt. 'Ford is from Queens. Kranepool is from the Bronx. I mean real New York -- Manhattan. I grew up in East Harlem.'"
^ Festival, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Artist Daniel Celentano, an Italian American from the uptown neighborhood called Italian Harlem, saw many a Catholic procession like the one shown here."
^ Barbanel, Josh. "LEONARD COVELLO, 94, EX-HEAD OF EAST HARLEM HIGH SCHOOL", The New York Times, August 20, 1982. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Dr. Covello was born in Avigliano, Italy, on Nov. 26, 1887. He came to the United States at the age of 9 and grew up in East Harlem."
^ Gonzalez, Erica. "The Life and Legacy of Poet Julia de Burgos", Voices of NY, February 18, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Julia de Burgos was a daughter of Puerto Rico; she was also a daughter of El Barrio. Along with the wave of Puerto Rican immigrants who came to New York in the 1940s and '50s, she found a home in East Harlem."
^ Hicks, Jonathan P. "In East Harlem, 2 Candidates Try to End a Dynasty as a 3d Tries to Uphold It", The New York Times, March 13, 1995. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Mr. Denis, a 40-year-old lawyer in East Harlem, also said that his goal has been to increase voter awareness so that people turn out at the polls even though it is a special election."
^ Hinckley, David. "THE REAL BOBBY DARIN Darin getting his due", New York Daily News, December 9, 2004. Accessed February 2, 2007. "Born in East Harlem to a family so poor his crib was a bureau drawer, Darin grew up in the tough projects of the East Side."
^ Urbina, Ian. "Metro Briefing | New York: Bronx: No Jail Time For Graffiti Painter", The New York Times, October 26, 2004. Accessed September 26, 2017. "James De La Vega, left, a street muralist from East Harlem who is also campaigning as a write-in candidate for the 28th District of the State Senate, was sentenced yesterday to 50 hours of community service for spray-painting the side of a Bronx building, according to the Bronx district attorney's office."
^ McFadden, Robert D. "Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro, 47, Is Dead", The New York Times, January 1, 1995. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro, an influential East Harlem Democrat who has represented his community in the State Legislature since 1975, died on Friday at Beth Israel Hospital in Manhattan while undergoing a routine kidney dialysis procedure."
^ Robertson, Darryl. "Dave East Rides Through East Harlem With '30 N*ggaz' In New Video", Vibe (magazine), January 11, 2017. Accessed September 15, 2017. "Dave East is winning at life. Last night (Jan. 10), the East Harlem rapper made his acting debut on BET’s hit television series Mary Jane."
^ Richards, Hunter. "Princes Nokia on the Throne", The Harvard Independent, June 30, 2017. Accessed September 15, 2017. "The queer artist and proud Nuyorican (portmanteau of the terms ‘New York’ and ‘Puerto Rican’) grew up in Spanish Harlem, drawing from her Afro-Latinx identity and city for her work."
^ Staff. "Father And Son Shot.; Harlem's Little Italy Is Scene of Another Gun Fight.", The New York Times, May 18, 1915. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Giosue Gallucci, a money lender, proprietor of a bakery and of coffee houses and saloons in Harlem's Little Italy, where for years he has been a prominent figure, left his bakery at 318 East 109th Street shortly before 10 o'clock last night and walked to a coffee house recently opened by his 19-year-old son Luca, at 336 East 109th Street."
^ Poggio, Marco; and Lestch, Corinne. "E. 111th St. at Lexington Ave. renamed 'Young Lords Way' for Puerto Rican social justice group", New York Daily News. July 26, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2017. " The Young Lords now have a permanent home in East Harlem.The intersection of E. 111th St. and Lexington Ave. in front of the First Spanish United Methodist Church was changed Saturday to Young Lords Way, for the group of Puerto Rican youth that have fought for social justice issues since its inception in 1967.... About 100 people, including Rep. Nydia Velasquez (D-N.Y.) and City Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito, attended the renaming ceremony honoring Young Lords members like Daily News columnist Juan Gonzalez and founder Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, who turned his Chicago street gang into a group to raise political awareness among Puerto Ricans."
^ Feeney, Michael J. "Harlem rapper Jim Jones' new music video is a sign of the times", New York Daily News, April 7, 2011. Accessed February 2, 2017. "'I've personally dealt with all of these situations,' said the rapper, who grew up in East Harlem."
^ Katan, Roger. "Participative Mindscapes", Arts, March 1, 2006. Accessed October 18, 2017. "At a time of great social upheaval, I decided to teach and spend more time providing free technical advice to the East Harlem community."
^ Rampersad, Arnold (1986) The Life and Times of Langston Hughes Volume 2: I Dream a World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514643-1
^ Beale, Lewis. "Burt Lancaster, a Hollywood star, dies at 80 after heart attack in 1994", New York Daily News, October 22, 1994. Accessed February 2, 2017. " But even as a star, he never forgot where he came from, donating money to East Harlem charities. He was also a steadfast believer in liberal causes and once served as president of the American Civil Liberties Union. Born Burton Stephen Lancaster on Nov. 2, 1913, at Third Ave. and 106th St., the actor was the son of an East Harlem postal clerk."
^ "Guide to the Lillian López Papers 1928-2005", Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños at Hunter College. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Born in Salinas, Puerto Rico in 1925, Lillian López spent her early childhood in Ponce. In 1935, she left Ponce with her widowed mother and a younger sister for New York City. There they were reunited with an older sister, Evelina, who had arrived two years earlier. Joining a growing number of Puerto Rican migrants in New York City, they settled in El Barrio (Spanish Harlem)."
^ ex, Kris. "Bad Fellas", Vibe (magazine), October 2002. Accessed October 18, 2017. "Alpo, who came from East Harlem, began his life in crime sticking up Dominican drug dealers."
^ Johnson, Carolyn D. Harlem Travel Guide, p. 156. Welcome to Harlem, 2010. ISBN 9781449915889. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Also, the contemporary artist Soraida Martinez, the painter and creator of 'Verdadism', was born in Spanish Harlem."
^ Martin, Douglas. "Thomas Minter, 84, New York and Federal Education Official, Dies", The New York Times, May 26, 2009. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Thomas Kendall Minter was born in the Bronx on June 28, 1924, and grew up in East Harlem."
^ Gipson, L. Michael. "The Gosepl According to Monifah", Swerv magazine, September–October 2016. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Born and bred in East Harlem, the big-voice girl with the West African name has been in the spotlight since she was in pigtails and Mary Janes, starring in off-Broadway shows and national commercials for such major brands as Hi-C as a child."
^ "T.B. Harlem by Alice Neel", National Museum of Women in the Arts. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Like many of Alice Neel's portraits of her Spanish Harlem neighbors, T.B. Harlem calls attention to poverty as a social issue without sacrificing the subject's individuality."
^ Farago, Jason. "Alice Neel’s Love of Harlem and the Neighbors She Painted There", The New York Times, February 23, 2017. Accessed February 27, 2017. "As Mr. Als points out, she considered the neighborhood 'honky-tonk' — and so with her lover, the musician José Santiago Negrón, she moved into the first of several railroad apartments in Spanish Harlem, just off Central Park."
^ Hampton, Wilborn. "THEATER REVIEW; Growing Up Talented In Harlem: Poet's Tour", The New York Times, February 7, 1995. Accessed September 26, 2017. "First and foremost, Ms. Orlandersmith is a poet possessed of an exciting new voice. Publicity material for the show says that among the books in the author's own room as she grew up in East Harlem were the works of Rimbaud and Baudelaire."
^ Labrecque, Jeff. "Al Pacino and Martin Scorsese have never worked together. What?!", Entertainment Weekly, September 16, 2010. Accessed September 15, 2017. "Al Pacino was born in East Harlem in 1940 and grew up in the Bronx."
^ Siegal, Nina. "The New York Legacy of Tito Puente", The New York Times, June 6, 2000. Accessed February 27, 2017. "He was born at Harlem Hospital, and his family moved frequently, but as a boy in the 1930's he lived at 53 East 110th Street, between Madison and Park Avenues in Spanish Harlem."
^ Quiñonez, Ernesto. Bodega Dreams, Random House. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Q: So, how much of your novel is autobiographical? A: The first chapter, which explores the school years and early friendships of Chino growing up on the streets in Spanish Harlem, is very autobiographical.... Growing up in Spanish Harlem, you learn that in order to not take a beating everyday, you have to fight sometimes."
^ Feeney, Michael J. "A$AP Mob take the stage at Apollo Theater for the first time, call it a 'homecoming' for Harlem-based crew", New York Daily News, September 23, 2013. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Rocky, who was born in Harlem's St. Luke's Hospital and raised mostly in the AK Houses in East Harlem, may currently be one of Harlem's biggest music stars, but he said he doesn't look at himself a role model for kids coming up in the neighborhood."
^ Rogovoy, Seth. "The Secret Jewish History of Tupac Shakur", The Forward, June 18, 2014. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Tupac Amaru Shakur was born in East Harlem on June 16, 1971, to parents who preached a violent form of black nationalism."
^ Hoby, Hermione. "Ronnie Spector interview: 'The more Phil tried to destroy me, the stronger I got'; Imprisoned by her husband, Ronnie Spector has now turned her tale of survival into a stage show. Hermione Hoby meets the Sixties icon", The Daily Telegraph, March 6, 2014. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Veronica Yvette Bennett was born in Spanish Harlem in 1943 to an Irish father and half African-American, half Cherokee mother with an enormous extended family."
^ Piri Thomas papers 1957-1980, New York Public Library. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Author, poet and playwright, Piri Thomas is best known for his autobiography, Down These Mean Streets (1967) which deals with his early years growing up in East Harlem, the challenges of his Afro-Puerto Rican/Cuban heritage, and his involvement with drugs and gangs."
^ http://www.mtexpress.com/arts_and_events/arts/local-author-s-new-book-details-mafia-connections-to-jfk/article_94e35568-3d6d-11e6-94b2-fb9521af1785.html " Local author’s new book details Mafia connections to JFK assassination; $100 million Martin Scorsese film scheduled for 2017 "], Idaho Mountain Express, June 29, 2016. Accessed October 18, 201. "It was a Genovese made man from East Harlem, Joseph Valachi, who, betraying the deepest Mafia secrets, had just humiliated the Genovese in televised hearings."
^ Grimes, William. "Ben E. King, Soulful Singer of 'Stand by Me,' Dies at 76", The New York Times, May 1, 2015. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Mr. King left the Drifters in 1960 and embarked on a successful solo career. 'Spanish Harlem,' written by Mr. Leiber with Phil Spector, reached the Top 10 that year."
^ Staff. "100 Greatest Bob Dylan Songs; From 'Just Like a Woman' to 'John Wesley Harding,' we count down the American icon's key masterpieces", Rolling Stone, May 24, 2016. Accessed September 15, 2017. "47. 'Spanish Harlem Incident' (1964) - Dylan performed this brief, tender slip of a song about a crush on a fortune teller exactly once."
^ http://www.vanmorrison.com/music
^ Rocco, Renata. "El Barrio Within New York City - Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Street - An introduction", Academia.edu. Accessed September 26, 2017. "The first important Puerto Rican memoir written in English was his Down These Mean Streets, a story of growing up among violence and decay in Spanish Harlem in the late forties and fifties."

Further reading

Araujo, Richard, (5/3/03), Comedia Politica desde El Barrio, El Nuevo Dia
Bell, Christopher East Harlem Remembered McFarland Publishing. 2013
Bell, Christopher Images of America: East Harlem . Arcadia Publishing. 2003
Bell, Christopher Images of America: East Harlem Revisited. Arcadia Publishing. 2010
Bourgois, Philippe. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995 (2002)
Cayo-Sexton, Patricia. 1965. Spanish Harlem: An Anatomy of Poverty. New York: Harper and Row.
Davila, Arlene. Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. University of California Press. 2004
Jennings, James, and Monte Rivera (eds.) (1984). Puerto Rican Politics in Urban America (Westport: Greenwood Press).
Mencher, Joan. 1989. Growing Up in Eastville, a Barrio of New York. New York: Columbia University Press.
Moreno Vega, Marta (2004). When the Spirits Dance Mambo: Growing Up Nuyorican in El Barrio (New York: Three Rivers Press).
Navarro, Mireya, (2003-5-6). Smile, You're on Candidate Camera: With an Insider's Eye, a Film Skewers Harlem Politics, The New York Times
Padilla, Elena. 1992. Up From Puerto Rico. New York: Columbia University Press.
Quiñonez, Ernesto. Bodega Dreams. Random House (Vintage). 2000
Salas, Leonardo. "From San Juan to New York: The History of the Puerto Rican". America: History and Life. 31 (1990).
Thomas, Piri. Down These Mean Streets. Random House (Vintage). 1967
Wakefield, Dan. Island in the City: The World of Spanish Harlem (1959)
Zentella, Ana Celia (1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York (Blackwell Publishers).

External links

El Museo del Barrio
Our Lady of Mount Carmel Shrine
Giglio Society of East Harlem
Young Lords origins
"El Barrio (Spanish Harlem)". nyc.com. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
"Italian Harlem"
"My Italian Harlem"

[hot-1] Higgins, Michelle (February 26, 2016) "New York’s Next Hot Neighborhoods" The New York Times

[2] "El Barrio (Spanish Harlem) New York City.com : Visitor Guide : Editorial Review". Nyc.com. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

[nyc.gov-3] "Community District Needs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[4] Gurock, Jeffrey S., et al. "Harlem" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., p. 573.

[5] Mays, Jeff. "East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[6] Barron, Laignee (August 8, 2011). "Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs". NY Daily News. Retrieved June 9, 2013.

[7] "Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges". apaforprogress.org. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] Marc Santora (March 12, 2014). "At Least 3 Killed in Gas Blast on East Harlem Block; 2 Buildings Leveled". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2014.

[9] Mays, Jeff (April 14, 2011). "Low-Income Parents Worry Cuts to Childcare Will Force Them Out of Work – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[10] Feeney, Michael J. (May 11, 2012). "Plea for peace in East Harlem". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[encnyc-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Lapp, Michael. "East Harlem" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., pp.390–391

[aia-12] White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7., p.548

[gotham1123-13] Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-11634-8., p.1123-24

[14] Nevius, Michelle & Nevius, James (2009), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, New York: Free Press, ISBN 141658997X p.154

[meyer-15] Meyer,Gerald. "Italian Harlem: America’s Largest and Most Italian Little Italy"

[16] "Genovese Crime Family-One of the "Five Families"". American Mafia History. May 6, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

[17] Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366., p.605 "Their number increased slightly during the 1930s, when as many as 110,000 Italians lived east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th streets."

[Berger2-18] Berger, Joseph (May 13, 2011). "East Harlem Rent Tripling, Barber May Have to Close Shop After 60 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2011.

[fednyc-19] Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.). p. 265-268

[Berger-20] Berger, Joseph (November 11, 2002). "Sit in This Chair, Go Back in Time; Barber Is Unchanged as Old Neighborhood Vanishes". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 28, 2011.

[21] Garland, Sarah. "A Reunion of Little Italy in East Harlem", The New York Times, September 5, 2006. Accessed January 2, 2008. "Now, there are only 1,130 Italian-Americans left in East Harlem, according to the 2000 census."

[22] Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.), p.253

[23] "Yuppies Are Moving Into Notorious East Harlem". Business Insider. November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[24] "New York Gas Explosion Kills Six People" Sky News (March 13, 2014)

[25] Alcindor, Yamiche and Stanglin, Doug. "8th body found in ruins of East Harlem buildings" USA Today (March 13, 2014)

[26] Balsamini, Dean (March 6, 2016) "Do you live on one of New York's most dangerous blocks?" New York Post

[27] Daniel Goodman (September 9, 2013). "New York's East Harlem: Neighborhood Fighting To Keep Its Culture In The Face Of Gentrification". Business Insider. Retrieved April 12, 2016.

[28] Staff (November 10, 2016) "East Harlem Scoping Notification" New York City Department of City Planning

[29] "Public Scoping Meeting on East Harlem Rezoning" New York City Department of City Planning

[30] East Harlem Neighborhood Plan website

[31] Solis, Gustavo (August 24, 2017) "Mayor Ignoring Residents in East Harlem Rezoning Plan, Boro Prez Says" Archived September 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine DNAinfo

[32] Mays, Jeff (August 3, 2011). "East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[33] Barron, Laignee (August 8, 2011). "Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

[34] "Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges". apaforprogress.org. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[35] "2010 Census , /zip-code/10029/10029". Retrieved April 3, 2016.

[36] "2010 Census , /zip-code/10035/10035". Retrieved April 3, 2016.

[37] "Robert F. Kennedy Bridge". Mta.info. December 30, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2013.

[38] "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.

[39] "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.

[40] "Metro-North Railroad Map". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.

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[42] "Police Department City of New York – CompStat – 25th Pct" (PDF). Retrieved September 19, 2012.

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[42] ttp://home2.nyc.gov/html/ceo/images/misc/chart_5.jpg

[43] "Socioeconomic & Housing – Going to Market: New York City's Neighborhood Grocery Store and Supermarket Shortage". Nyc.gov. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[44] "NYC.gov". NYC.gov. December 18, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

[45] Morland, K; Diez Roux, AV; Wing, S (March 10, 2006). "American Journal of Preventive Medicine – Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 30: 333–339. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003. PMID 16530621.

[46] "Veggie Vans Slated to Sell Fresh Produce in East Harlem – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. Retrieved September 19, 2012.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[47] "Whole Foods Plans New Stores for Harlem, Upper East Side". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2012.

[48] "East River Plaza". East River Plaza. Retrieved April 9, 2015.

[49] "Super FI Opens In Harlem". The Source. Retrieved July 26, 2013.

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[51] "Census Tract 240". US Census Bureau American Factfinder. US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[Sealed_Apartments-52] "East Harlem Landlords Keep Apartments Sealed Up". The New York Times. October 31, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.

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[54] Baldwin, Susan, "Taino: 'Dream' Housing For Poor Set To Open: From 30 years ago: Long in the making, a unique subsidized housing project finally opened its doors", City Limits Magazine, January 5, 2009. This includes the original article: Baldwin, Susan, "Taino: 'Dream' Housing For Poor Set To Open", City Limits Magazine, February 1979, Vol. 4, No. 2

[55] Walker, Ameena (March 23, 2017). "68-story rental tower approved by East Harlem's community board". Curbed NY. Retrieved March 24, 2017.

[streeteasy.com-56] "Area information about East Harlem in NYC". StreetEasy. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

[57] "East Harlem, Harlem, NY |". Harlemworldmag.com. October 10, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

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[59] "A Failed High School Preparing For Renewal". New York Times. July 11, 1982. Retrieved September 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[60] "NYC Studios and Stages". NYC.gov. City of New York. Retrieved June 14, 2017.

[61] "NEP Metropolis Studio". NEP, Inc. NEP Group, Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2017.

[62] Furman, Phyllis (July 5, 2000). "BET Taking its Show to 106th & Park". NYDailyNews.com. NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved June 14, 2017.

[63] "Dave Chapelle Free TV Show Tickets in New York City". New York Show Tickets. New York Show Tickets Inc.

[64] King, Chris. "A Park Just Made for a Poet", The New York Times, September 16, 2001. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Jack Agueros, a translator who collected the poems and translated them for the book, grew up in East Harlem, where he twice saw De Burgos, who lived in New York in the 1940's and early 1950's when she enjoyed a reputation as Puerto Rico's greatest poet."

[65] Staff. "Back to his roots: Marc Anthony returns to the streets of East Harlem to film new music video", The Daily Mail, July 22, 2013. Accessed February 2, 2017. "And it looked like Marc Anthony himself was making a similar statement as he went back to the very neighbourhood he grew up in – East Harlem, New York – to film a music video for his new single, Vivir Mi Vida."

[66] Ray Barretto, Smithsonian Latino Center. Accessed February 2, 2017. "He was raised in the Latin ghettos of East Harlem and the Bronx, in an environment filled with music of Puerto Rico but with a love for the swing bands of Ellington, Basie and Goodman."

[67] Goodman, Fred. "The Return of Joe Bataan, the Boogaloo King", The New York Times, March 4, 2016. Accessed February 2, 2017. "The great paradox of Mr. Bataan's career as an originator of Latin soul is that he isn't Latino. A self-described mestizo — his mother was African-American, his father Filipino — he was born Bataan Nitollano in 1942 and raised on East 104th Street in Spanish Harlem."

[68] ttp://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/30/sports/nets-get-walter-berry.html "Nets Get Walter Berry"], The New York Times, Agust 30, 1988. Accessed September 26, 2017. "The trade will bring Berry home. He grew up in East Harlem and played high school basketball at Morris, DeWitt Clinton and Benjamin Franklin."

[69] Hevesi, Dennis. "Frank Bonilla, Scholar of Puerto Rican Studies, Dies at 85", The New York Times, January 6, 2011. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Born in Manhattan on Feb. 3, 1925, Frank Bonilla was one of three children of Francisco and Maria Bonilla, who had moved from Puerto Rico. He grew up in East Harlem and the South Bronx, but for several years lived with family friends in Tennessee and Illinois, where he came face to face with segregation: he was regularly told to sit in the back of the bus."

[70] Conte, Michaelangelo. "Jersey City rap star Joe Budden is on the Hudson County sheriff's chart as a deadbeat dad owing nearly $13,000 in child support", The Jersey Journal, October 19, 2010. Accessed November 4, 2016. "Born in Spanish Harlem, Budden moved to Jersey City with his family when he was 11 and grew up on the West Side. He now has addresses on Bentley Avenue in Jersey City and River Road in North Bergen."

[71] Koppett, Leonard. "YANKEES' SPIRITS ZOOM IN WORKOUT; Quips and Baseballs Fly -- Keane Is Satisfied", The New York Times, March 8, 1965. Accessed September 26, 2017. "'I mean New York,' said Carmel, portraying high contempt. 'Ford is from Queens. Kranepool is from the Bronx. I mean real New York -- Manhattan. I grew up in East Harlem.'"

[72] Festival, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Artist Daniel Celentano, an Italian American from the uptown neighborhood called Italian Harlem, saw many a Catholic procession like the one shown here."

[73] Barbanel, Josh. "LEONARD COVELLO, 94, EX-HEAD OF EAST HARLEM HIGH SCHOOL", The New York Times, August 20, 1982. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Dr. Covello was born in Avigliano, Italy, on Nov. 26, 1887. He came to the United States at the age of 9 and grew up in East Harlem."

[74] Gonzalez, Erica. "The Life and Legacy of Poet Julia de Burgos", Voices of NY, February 18, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Julia de Burgos was a daughter of Puerto Rico; she was also a daughter of El Barrio. Along with the wave of Puerto Rican immigrants who came to New York in the 1940s and '50s, she found a home in East Harlem."

[75] Hicks, Jonathan P. "In East Harlem, 2 Candidates Try to End a Dynasty as a 3d Tries to Uphold It", The New York Times, March 13, 1995. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Mr. Denis, a 40-year-old lawyer in East Harlem, also said that his goal has been to increase voter awareness so that people turn out at the polls even though it is a special election."

[76] Hinckley, David. "THE REAL BOBBY DARIN Darin getting his due", New York Daily News, December 9, 2004. Accessed February 2, 2007. "Born in East Harlem to a family so poor his crib was a bureau drawer, Darin grew up in the tough projects of the East Side."

[77] Urbina, Ian. "Metro Briefing | New York: Bronx: No Jail Time For Graffiti Painter", The New York Times, October 26, 2004. Accessed September 26, 2017. "James De La Vega, left, a street muralist from East Harlem who is also campaigning as a write-in candidate for the 28th District of the State Senate, was sentenced yesterday to 50 hours of community service for spray-painting the side of a Bronx building, according to the Bronx district attorney's office."

[78] McFadden, Robert D. "Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro, 47, Is Dead", The New York Times, January 1, 1995. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro, an influential East Harlem Democrat who has represented his community in the State Legislature since 1975, died on Friday at Beth Israel Hospital in Manhattan while undergoing a routine kidney dialysis procedure."

[79] Robertson, Darryl. "Dave East Rides Through East Harlem With '30 N*ggaz' In New Video", Vibe (magazine), January 11, 2017. Accessed September 15, 2017. "Dave East is winning at life. Last night (Jan. 10), the East Harlem rapper made his acting debut on BET’s hit television series Mary Jane."

[80] Richards, Hunter. "Princes Nokia on the Throne", The Harvard Independent, June 30, 2017. Accessed September 15, 2017. "The queer artist and proud Nuyorican (portmanteau of the terms ‘New York’ and ‘Puerto Rican’) grew up in Spanish Harlem, drawing from her Afro-Latinx identity and city for her work."

[81] Staff. "Father And Son Shot.; Harlem's Little Italy Is Scene of Another Gun Fight.", The New York Times, May 18, 1915. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Giosue Gallucci, a money lender, proprietor of a bakery and of coffee houses and saloons in Harlem's Little Italy, where for years he has been a prominent figure, left his bakery at 318 East 109th Street shortly before 10 o'clock last night and walked to a coffee house recently opened by his 19-year-old son Luca, at 336 East 109th Street."

[82] Poggio, Marco; and Lestch, Corinne. "E. 111th St. at Lexington Ave. renamed 'Young Lords Way' for Puerto Rican social justice group", New York Daily News. July 26, 2014. Accessed February 2, 2017. " The Young Lords now have a permanent home in East Harlem.The intersection of E. 111th St. and Lexington Ave. in front of the First Spanish United Methodist Church was changed Saturday to Young Lords Way, for the group of Puerto Rican youth that have fought for social justice issues since its inception in 1967.... About 100 people, including Rep. Nydia Velasquez (D-N.Y.) and City Council Speaker Melissa Mark-Viverito, attended the renaming ceremony honoring Young Lords members like Daily News columnist Juan Gonzalez and founder Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, who turned his Chicago street gang into a group to raise political awareness among Puerto Ricans."

[83] Feeney, Michael J. "Harlem rapper Jim Jones' new music video is a sign of the times", New York Daily News, April 7, 2011. Accessed February 2, 2017. "'I've personally dealt with all of these situations,' said the rapper, who grew up in East Harlem."

[84] Katan, Roger. "Participative Mindscapes", Arts, March 1, 2006. Accessed October 18, 2017. "At a time of great social upheaval, I decided to teach and spend more time providing free technical advice to the East Harlem community."

[85] Rampersad, Arnold (1986) The Life and Times of Langston Hughes Volume 2: I Dream a World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514643-1

[86] Beale, Lewis. "Burt Lancaster, a Hollywood star, dies at 80 after heart attack in 1994", New York Daily News, October 22, 1994. Accessed February 2, 2017. " But even as a star, he never forgot where he came from, donating money to East Harlem charities. He was also a steadfast believer in liberal causes and once served as president of the American Civil Liberties Union. Born Burton Stephen Lancaster on Nov. 2, 1913, at Third Ave. and 106th St., the actor was the son of an East Harlem postal clerk."

[87] "Guide to the Lillian López Papers 1928-2005", Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños at Hunter College. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Born in Salinas, Puerto Rico in 1925, Lillian López spent her early childhood in Ponce. In 1935, she left Ponce with her widowed mother and a younger sister for New York City. There they were reunited with an older sister, Evelina, who had arrived two years earlier. Joining a growing number of Puerto Rican migrants in New York City, they settled in El Barrio (Spanish Harlem)."

[88] x, Kris. "Bad Fellas", Vibe (magazine), October 2002. Accessed October 18, 2017. "Alpo, who came from East Harlem, began his life in crime sticking up Dominican drug dealers."

[89] Johnson, Carolyn D. Harlem Travel Guide, p. 156. Welcome to Harlem, 2010. ISBN 9781449915889. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Also, the contemporary artist Soraida Martinez, the painter and creator of 'Verdadism', was born in Spanish Harlem."

[90] Martin, Douglas. "Thomas Minter, 84, New York and Federal Education Official, Dies", The New York Times, May 26, 2009. Accessed September 26, 2017. "Thomas Kendall Minter was born in the Bronx on June 28, 1924, and grew up in East Harlem."

[91] Gipson, L. Michael. "The Gosepl According to Monifah", Swerv magazine, September–October 2016. Accessed February 2, 2017. "Born and bred in East Harlem, the big-voice girl with the West African name has been in the spotlight since she was in pigtails and Mary Janes, starring in off-Broadway shows and national commercials for such major brands as Hi-C as a child."

[92] "T.B. Harlem by Alice Neel", National Museum of Women in the Arts. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Like many of Alice Neel's portraits of her Spanish Harlem neighbors, T.B. Harlem calls attention to poverty as a social issue without sacrificing the subject's individuality."

[93] Farago, Jason. "Alice Neel’s Love of Harlem and the Neighbors She Painted There", The New York Times, February 23, 2017. Accessed February 27, 2017. "As Mr. Als points out, she considered the neighborhood 'honky-tonk' — and so with her lover, the musician José Santiago Negrón, she moved into the first of several railroad apartments in Spanish Harlem, just off Central Park."

[94] Hampton, Wilborn. "THEATER REVIEW; Growing Up Talented In Harlem: Poet's Tour", The New York Times, February 7, 1995. Accessed September 26, 2017. "First and foremost, Ms. Orlandersmith is a poet possessed of an exciting new voice. Publicity material for the show says that among the books in the author's own room as she grew up in East Harlem were the works of Rimbaud and Baudelaire."

[95] Labrecque, Jeff. "Al Pacino and Martin Scorsese have never worked together. What?!", Entertainment Weekly, September 16, 2010. Accessed September 15, 2017. "Al Pacino was born in East Harlem in 1940 and grew up in the Bronx."

[96] Siegal, Nina. "The New York Legacy of Tito Puente", The New York Times, June 6, 2000. Accessed February 27, 2017. "He was born at Harlem Hospital, and his family moved frequently, but as a boy in the 1930's he lived at 53 East 110th Street, between Madison and Park Avenues in Spanish Harlem."

[97] Quiñonez, Ernesto. Bodega Dreams, Random House. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Q: So, how much of your novel is autobiographical? A: The first chapter, which explores the school years and early friendships of Chino growing up on the streets in Spanish Harlem, is very autobiographical.... Growing up in Spanish Harlem, you learn that in order to not take a beating everyday, you have to fight sometimes."

[98] Feeney, Michael J. "A$AP Mob take the stage at Apollo Theater for the first time, call it a 'homecoming' for Harlem-based crew", New York Daily News, September 23, 2013. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Rocky, who was born in Harlem's St. Luke's Hospital and raised mostly in the AK Houses in East Harlem, may currently be one of Harlem's biggest music stars, but he said he doesn't look at himself a role model for kids coming up in the neighborhood."

[99] Rogovoy, Seth. "The Secret Jewish History of Tupac Shakur", The Forward, June 18, 2014. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Tupac Amaru Shakur was born in East Harlem on June 16, 1971, to parents who preached a violent form of black nationalism."

[100] Hoby, Hermione. "Ronnie Spector interview: 'The more Phil tried to destroy me, the stronger I got'; Imprisoned by her husband, Ronnie Spector has now turned her tale of survival into a stage show. Hermione Hoby meets the Sixties icon", The Daily Telegraph, March 6, 2014. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Veronica Yvette Bennett was born in Spanish Harlem in 1943 to an Irish father and half African-American, half Cherokee mother with an enormous extended family."

[101] Piri Thomas papers 1957-1980, New York Public Library. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Author, poet and playwright, Piri Thomas is best known for his autobiography, Down These Mean Streets (1967) which deals with his early years growing up in East Harlem, the challenges of his Afro-Puerto Rican/Cuban heritage, and his involvement with drugs and gangs."

[102] ttp://www.mtexpress.com/arts_and_events/arts/local-author-s-new-book-details-mafia-connections-to-jfk/article_94e35568-3d6d-11e6-94b2-fb9521af1785.html " Local author’s new book details Mafia connections to JFK assassination; $100 million Martin Scorsese film scheduled for 2017 "], Idaho Mountain Express, June 29, 2016. Accessed October 18, 201. "It was a Genovese made man from East Harlem, Joseph Valachi, who, betraying the deepest Mafia secrets, had just humiliated the Genovese in televised hearings."

[103] Grimes, William. "Ben E. King, Soulful Singer of 'Stand by Me,' Dies at 76", The New York Times, May 1, 2015. Accessed February 27, 2017. "Mr. King left the Drifters in 1960 and embarked on a successful solo career. 'Spanish Harlem,' written by Mr. Leiber with Phil Spector, reached the Top 10 that year."

[104] Staff. "100 Greatest Bob Dylan Songs; From 'Just Like a Woman' to 'John Wesley Harding,' we count down the American icon's key masterpieces", Rolling Stone, May 24, 2016. Accessed September 15, 2017. "47. 'Spanish Harlem Incident' (1964) - Dylan performed this brief, tender slip of a song about a crush on a fortune teller exactly once."

[105] ttp://www.vanmorrison.com/music

[106] Rocco, Renata. "El Barrio Within New York City - Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Street - An introduction", Academia.edu. Accessed September 26, 2017. "The first important Puerto Rican memoir written in English was his Down These Mean Streets, a story of growing up among violence and decay in Spanish Harlem in the late forties and fifties."

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@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 '''East Harlem''', also known as '''Spanish Harlem''' or '''El Barrio''', is a neighborhood of [[Upper Manhattan]], [[New York City]] roughly encompassing the area north of the [[Upper East Side]] and East [[96th Street (Manhattan)|96th Street]] up to about the 140s,<ref name=hot /> east of [[Fifth Avenue]] to the [[East River|East]] and [[Harlem River]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/el_barrio_spanish_harlem.75851/editorial_review.aspx |title=El Barrio (Spanish Harlem) New York City.com : Visitor Guide : Editorial Review |publisher=Nyc.com |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref> It lies within [[Manhattan Community Board 11|Manhattan Community District 11]].<ref name="nyc.gov"/> Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of [[Harlem]].<ref>[[Jeffrey S. Gurock|Gurock, Jeffrey S.]], et al. "Harlem" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, p. 573.</ref>
-The neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly [[Latino]] communities in New York City, mostly made up of [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]], as well as sizeable numbers of [[Dominican American (Dominican Republic)|Dominican]], [[Cuban American|Cuban]] and [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrants. It includes the area formerly known as '''Italian Harlem''', in which the remnants of a once predominantly [[Italian American|Italian community]] remain. The [[Chinese Americans in New York City|Chinese]] population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |title=East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date= |accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barron |first=Laignee |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chinese-population-climbs-200-harlem-east-harlem-10-yrs-article-1.947039 |title=Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs |publisher=NY Daily News |date=August 8, 2011 |accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |title=Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges |publisher=apaforprogress.org |date= |accessdate=June 9, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010909/http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |archivedate=November 9, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/nyregion/east-harlem-building-collapse.html?hp|title=At Least 3 Killed in Gas Blast on East Harlem Block; 2 Buildings Leveled|author=Marc Santora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 12, 2014|accessdate=March 12, 2014}}</ref>
+The neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly [[Latino]] communities in New York City, mostly made up of [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]], as well as sizeable numbers of [[Dominican American (Dominican Republic)|Dominican]], [[Cuban American|Cuban]] and [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrants. It includes the area formerly known as '''Italian Harlem''', in which the remnants of a once predominantly [[Italian American|Italian community]] remain. The [[Chinese Americans in New York City|Chinese]] population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |title=East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date= |accessdate=June 9, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224002454/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |archivedate=February 24, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barron |first=Laignee |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chinese-population-climbs-200-harlem-east-harlem-10-yrs-article-1.947039 |title=Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs |publisher=NY Daily News |date=August 8, 2011 |accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |title=Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges |publisher=apaforprogress.org |date= |accessdate=June 9, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010909/http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |archivedate=November 9, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/nyregion/east-harlem-building-collapse.html?hp|title=At Least 3 Killed in Gas Blast on East Harlem Block; 2 Buildings Leveled|author=Marc Santora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 12, 2014|accessdate=March 12, 2014}}</ref>
-East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues, such as the highest [[unemployment|jobless rate]] in New York City, [[teenage pregnancy]], [[AIDS]], [[drug abuse]], [[homelessness]], and an [[asthma]] rate five times the national average.<ref name="nyc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf |title=Community District Needs |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317001127/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf |archivedate=March 17, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> It has the second highest concentration of [[Public housing in the United States|public housing]] in the United States, closely following [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110414/harlem/lowincome-parents-worry-cuts-childcare-will-force-them-out-of-work |title=Low-Income Parents Worry Cuts to Childcare Will Force Them Out of Work – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date= April 14, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref> Police services to the neighborhood are divided between the 23rd and the 25th Precincts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feeney, Michael J.|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-05-11/news/31672547_1_violence-east-harlem-community-leaders |title=Plea for peace in East Harlem |publisher=''[[New York Daily News]]'' |date=May 11, 2012 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref> Conversely, East Harlem is notable for its contributions to [[Latin freestyle]] and [[salsa music]].
+East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues, such as the highest [[unemployment|jobless rate]] in New York City, [[teenage pregnancy]], [[AIDS]], [[drug abuse]], [[homelessness]], and an [[asthma]] rate five times the national average.<ref name="nyc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf |title=Community District Needs |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317001127/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf |archivedate=March 17, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> It has the second highest concentration of [[Public housing in the United States|public housing]] in the United States, closely following [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110414/harlem/lowincome-parents-worry-cuts-childcare-will-force-them-out-of-work |title=Low-Income Parents Worry Cuts to Childcare Will Force Them Out of Work – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date=April 14, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008003622/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110414/harlem/lowincome-parents-worry-cuts-childcare-will-force-them-out-of-work |archivedate=October 8, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Police services to the neighborhood are divided between the 23rd and the 25th Precincts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feeney, Michael J.|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-05-11/news/31672547_1_violence-east-harlem-community-leaders |title=Plea for peace in East Harlem |publisher=''[[New York Daily News]]'' |date=May 11, 2012 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref> Conversely, East Harlem is notable for its contributions to [[Latin freestyle]] and [[salsa music]].
 However, East Harlem is undergoing some [[gentrification]]. In February 2016, East Harlem was one of four neighborhoods featured in an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' about "New Hot Neighborhoods", and the city was considering re-zoning the area.
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 </ref>
-East Harlem has begun to feel the effects of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/new-yorks-east-harlem-gentrification-photos-2013-9?op=1|title=New York's East Harlem: Neighborhood Fighting To Keep Its Culture In The Face Of Gentrification|author=Daniel Goodman|publisher=Business Insider|date=September 9, 2013|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" featured East Harlem as one of four such areas. A real-estate broker described it as "one of the few remaining areas in New York City where you can secure a good deal".  The article mentioned new luxury developments, access to transportation, the opening of new retail stores, bars and restaurants, and national-brand stores beginning to appear on the outskirts of the neighborhood.  Primarily, though, it was the cost of housing in comparison to the rest of Manhattan, which the article noted as the major factor.<ref name=hot>Higgins, Michelle (February 26, 2016) [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/realestate/new-yorks-next-hot-neighborhoods.html "New York’s Next Hot Neighborhoods"] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem "to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development".<ref>Staff (November 10, 2016) [https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/applicants/env-review/east-harlem/scoping-notice.pdf "East Harlem Scoping Notification"] [[New York City Department of City Planning]]</ref><ref>[https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/applicants/scoping-documents.page#east-harlem "Public Scoping Meeting on East Harlem Rezoning"] [[New York City Department of City Planning]]</ref>  The residents of the neighborhood generated a suggested zoning plan, the "East Harlem Neighborhood Plan", which was offered to the city in February 2017,<ref>[http://www.eastharlemplan.nyc/ East Harlem Neighborhood Plan website]</ref>, but in August 2017 residents and the [[Manhattan Borough President]], [[Gale Brewer]], complained that the city had ignored their plan almost entirely.<ref>Solis, Gustavo (August 24, 2017) [https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170824/east-harlem/el-barrio-rezoning-gale-brewer-mayor-bill-de-blasio "Mayor Ignoring Residents in East Harlem Rezoning Plan, Boro Prez Says"] ''[[DNAinfo]]''</ref>
+East Harlem has begun to feel the effects of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/new-yorks-east-harlem-gentrification-photos-2013-9?op=1|title=New York's East Harlem: Neighborhood Fighting To Keep Its Culture In The Face Of Gentrification|author=Daniel Goodman|publisher=Business Insider|date=September 9, 2013|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" featured East Harlem as one of four such areas. A real-estate broker described it as "one of the few remaining areas in New York City where you can secure a good deal".  The article mentioned new luxury developments, access to transportation, the opening of new retail stores, bars and restaurants, and national-brand stores beginning to appear on the outskirts of the neighborhood.  Primarily, though, it was the cost of housing in comparison to the rest of Manhattan, which the article noted as the major factor.<ref name=hot>Higgins, Michelle (February 26, 2016) [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/realestate/new-yorks-next-hot-neighborhoods.html "New York’s Next Hot Neighborhoods"] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem "to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development".<ref>Staff (November 10, 2016) [https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/applicants/env-review/east-harlem/scoping-notice.pdf "East Harlem Scoping Notification"] [[New York City Department of City Planning]]</ref><ref>[https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/applicants/scoping-documents.page#east-harlem "Public Scoping Meeting on East Harlem Rezoning"] [[New York City Department of City Planning]]</ref>  The residents of the neighborhood generated a suggested zoning plan, the "East Harlem Neighborhood Plan", which was offered to the city in February 2017,<ref>[http://www.eastharlemplan.nyc/ East Harlem Neighborhood Plan website]</ref>, but in August 2017 residents and the [[Manhattan Borough President]], [[Gale Brewer]], complained that the city had ignored their plan almost entirely.<ref>Solis, Gustavo (August 24, 2017) [https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170824/east-harlem/el-barrio-rezoning-gale-brewer-mayor-bill-de-blasio "Mayor Ignoring Residents in East Harlem Rezoning Plan, Boro Prez Says"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081030/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170824/east-harlem/el-barrio-rezoning-gale-brewer-mayor-bill-de-blasio |date=September 7, 2017 }} ''[[DNAinfo]]''</ref>
 == Demographics ==
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 .6% of all housing units were renter-occupied, and over 25% of the population resided in public housing units managed by the [[NYCHA]]. 46.5 percent of the population receive a form of income support by the government.<ref name="nyc.gov"/>
-According to a 2010 study, the number of [[Asian American|Asians]] in East Harlem nearly tripled between 2000 and 2010, largely due to Chinese people moving to East Harlem. Increasing rents in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Lower Manhattan's Chinatown]] have driven many into public and subsidized housing developments in the neighborhood. Advocates have been calling for Chinese language services to be available in the community centers to accommodate the growing number of Chinese residents in the area. In 2000, the Chinese population in the northern portion was less than one percent, but by 2010, it has gone up to being three percent in the area. In the southern part, it rose from 4.6% to 8.4%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |title=East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents|newspaper=[[DNAinfo]] |date=August 3, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barron |first=Laignee |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chinese-population-climbs-200-harlem-east-harlem-10-yrs-article-1.947039 |title=Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |date=August 8, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |title=Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges |publisher=apaforprogress.org |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010909/http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |archivedate=November 9, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
+According to a 2010 study, the number of [[Asian American|Asians]] in East Harlem nearly tripled between 2000 and 2010, largely due to Chinese people moving to East Harlem. Increasing rents in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Lower Manhattan's Chinatown]] have driven many into public and subsidized housing developments in the neighborhood. Advocates have been calling for Chinese language services to be available in the community centers to accommodate the growing number of Chinese residents in the area. In 2000, the Chinese population in the northern portion was less than one percent, but by 2010, it has gone up to being three percent in the area. In the southern part, it rose from 4.6% to 8.4%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mays |first=Jeff |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |title=East Harlem Tries to Serve Huge Influx of Chinese Residents |newspaper=[[DNAinfo]] |date=August 3, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224002454/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20110803/harlem/east-harlem-tries-serve-huge-influx-of-chinese-residents |archivedate=February 24, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barron |first=Laignee |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/chinese-population-climbs-200-harlem-east-harlem-10-yrs-article-1.947039 |title=Chinese population climbs 200% in Harlem and East Harlem over 10 yrs |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |date=August 8, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |title=Chinese American Population in Harlem NYC Surges |publisher=apaforprogress.org |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010909/http://www.apaforprogress.org/chinese-american-population-harlem-nyc-surges |archivedate=November 9, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
 As of 2010, the Puerto Rican population was 27.7% in zip code 10029,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zip-codes.com/zip-code/10029/zip-code-10029-2010-census.asp|title=2010 Census ,  /zip-code/10029/10029|publisher=|accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref> and 23.4% in 10035. 10035 also has a large Mexican population, at 10.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zip-codes.com/zip-code/10035/zip-code-10035-2010-census.asp|title=2010 Census ,  /zip-code/10035/10035|publisher=|accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref>
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 With a high population density and a lack of nearby [[supermarkets]], the neighborhood has little access to fresh fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of fresh foods. Citizens of East Harlem are likely to buy food from grocery stores that have a limited supply of fruits and vegetables, which are often of poor quality and generally more expensive than the same products sold at supermarkets. Compared to the [[Upper East Side]], supermarkets in Harlem are 30% less common.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2007b%2Fpr467-07.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |title=NYC.gov |publisher=NYC.gov |date=December 18, 2007 |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref> Without access to affordable produce and meats, East Harlem residents have difficulty eating a healthy diet, which contributes to high rates of obesity and diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=American Journal of Preventive Medicine – Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study  |date=March 10, 2006 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003|volume=30|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|pages=333–339|pmid=16530621 | last1 = Morland | first1 = K | last2 = Diez Roux | first2 = AV | last3 = Wing | first3 = S}}</ref>
-In 2011, Manhattan Borough President [[Scott Stringer]] announced a program which would send Veggie Vans to East Harlem senior centers and housing projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnainfo.com/20110208/harlem/veggie-vans-slated-sell-fresh-produce-east-harlem |title=Veggie Vans Slated to Sell Fresh Produce in East Harlem – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012}}</ref> In 2012, Whole Foods announced two uptown locations, one being on 125th Street and Lenox Avenue, the other in the Upper East Side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443854204578061032529621890 |title=Whole Foods Plans New Stores for Harlem, Upper East Side |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date= |accessdate=Oct 16, 2012}}</ref>  In 2010, Aldi's Grocery opened at the East River Plaza<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastriverplaza.com/homepage.html |title=East River Plaza |publisher=East River Plaza |date= |accessdate=April 9, 2015}}</ref>  located at E. 117th St. and FDR Drive, providing access to affordable food for East Harlem's residents. In 2013, a new Super FI Emperior Grocery store opened up in East Harlem on 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesource.com/2013/07/26/super-fi-opens-in-harlem/ |title=Super FI Opens In Harlem |publisher=The Source |date= |accessdate=July 26, 2013}}</ref>
+In 2011, Manhattan Borough President [[Scott Stringer]] announced a program which would send Veggie Vans to East Harlem senior centers and housing projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/20110208/harlem/veggie-vans-slated-sell-fresh-produce-east-harlem |title=Veggie Vans Slated to Sell Fresh Produce in East Harlem – DNAinfo.com New York |publisher=Dnainfo.com |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2012, Whole Foods announced two uptown locations, one being on 125th Street and Lenox Avenue, the other in the Upper East Side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443854204578061032529621890 |title=Whole Foods Plans New Stores for Harlem, Upper East Side |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date= |accessdate=Oct 16, 2012}}</ref>  In 2010, Aldi's Grocery opened at the East River Plaza<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastriverplaza.com/homepage.html |title=East River Plaza |publisher=East River Plaza |date= |accessdate=April 9, 2015}}</ref>  located at E. 117th St. and FDR Drive, providing access to affordable food for East Harlem's residents. In 2013, a new Super FI Emperior Grocery store opened up in East Harlem on 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesource.com/2013/07/26/super-fi-opens-in-harlem/ |title=Super FI Opens In Harlem |publisher=The Source |date= |accessdate=July 26, 2013}}</ref>
 {{clear left}}

v t e Harlem
Manhattan, New York City
Main topics	Crime Demographics Education History Harlem Renaissance List of films List of neighborhoods List of people
Subsections	East Harlem Hamilton Heights Italian Harlem Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Sugar Hill
Designated landmarks	369th Regiment Armory Abyssinian Baptist Church Apollo Theater Astor Row Central Park Harlem Meer Lasker Rink North Woods Dunbar Apartments Graham Court Hamilton Grange National Memorial Harlem River Houses Harlem YMCA Hotel Theresa Langston Hughes House Macombs Dam Bridge Manhattan Avenue–West 120th–123rd Streets Historic District Metropolitan Baptist Church Minton's Playhouse Morningside Park Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Mount Morris Park Historic District NYPL 115th Street Library NYPL Schomburg Library St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church St. Andrew's Church St. Nicholas Historic District Wadleigh High School for Girls Washington Apartments
Other points of interest	Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building All Saints Church ATLAH World Missionary Church Bushman Steps Cotton Club Duke Ellington Circle Frederick Douglass Circle Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts Harlem Children's Zone Harlem Hospital Center The Harlem School of the Arts Lenox Lounge Marcus Garvey Park Harlem Fire Watchtower Morningside Park National Black Theatre New York College of Podiatric Medicine Rucker Park Savoy Ballroom St. Nicholas Houses Studio Museum in Harlem Sylvia's Soul Food
See also: Manhattan Community Boards: 9, 10, 11

v t e Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan
Lower Manhattan below 14th St (CB 1, 2, 3)	Alphabet City Battery Park City Bowery Chinatown Civic Center Cooperative Village Dimes Square East Village Essex Crossing Financial District Greenwich Village Hudson Square Little Australia Little Fuzhou Little Italy Loisaida Lower East Side Meatpacking District NoHo Nolita SoHo South Street Seaport South Village Tribeca Two Bridges West Village World Trade Center
Midtown Manhattan (CB 5)	Columbus Circle Diamond District Flatiron District Garment District Herald Square Koreatown Madison Square Midtown South NoMad Silicon Alley Theater District Times Square
West Side (CB 4, 7)	Chelsea Hell's Kitchen Hudson Yards development Lincoln Square Manhattan Valley Penn South Pomander Walk Riverside South Upper West Side
East Side (CB 6, 8)	Carnegie Hill Gramercy Park Kips Bay Lenox Hill Murray Hill Peter Cooper Village Rose Hill Stuyvesant Square Stuyvesant Town Sutton Place Tudor City Turtle Bay Union Square Upper East Side Waterside Plaza Yorkville
Upper Manhattan above 110th St (CB 9, 10, 11, 12)	Astor Row East Harlem Fort George Hamilton Heights Harlem Hudson Heights Inwood Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Marble Hill (Bx CB 8) Mount Morris Park Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Sylvan Washington Heights
Islands	Ellis Island (CB 1) Governors Island (CB 1) Liberty Island (CB 1) Randalls Island (CB 11) Roosevelt Island (CB 8) Wards Island (CB 11)
Former	Five Points (CB 3) Gas House District (CB 6) Jones's Wood (CB 8) Ladies' Mile (CB 5) Little Germany (CB 3) Little Spain (CB 4) Little Syria (CB 1) Manhattantown (CB 7) Radio Row (CB 1) San Juan Hill (CB 7) Seneca Village Tenderloin (CB 4) Yiddish Theatre District (CB 3)
Community boards: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Joint interest area: 64 (Central Park)

v t e Ethnic groups in New York City
Ancestries	Arabs Syrians African Americans Black Jews Brazilians Asians Chinese Filipinos Indians Japanese Koreans Taiwanese Europeans Albanians Belarusians Dutch Germans Irish Italians Russians Ukrainians Caribbeans and Hispanics Puerto Ricans Dominicans Mexicans Salvadorans Jews Black Jews Native Americans Romani
Ethnic enclaves	8th Avenue/Lapskaus Blvd. Astoria Arthur Avenue Bay Ridge Bed–Stuy Bensonhurst Borough Park Brighton Beach Chinatowns Brooklyn Queens Manhattan Crown Heights Curry Hill Dyker Heights Elmhurst Flatbush Harlem Hell's Kitchen Howard Beach Italian Harlem Jackson Heights Jamaica Koreatowns Manhattan Queens Le Petit Senegal Little Australia Little Brazil Little Egypt Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Manila Little Poland Little Saigon Little Spain Little Syria Loisaida Morris Park Ozone Park Spanish Harlem Sunset Park Washington Heights Williamsburg Yorkville
Institutions	African Burial Ground National Monument Bohemian Citizens' Benevolent Society El Museo del Barrio Hispanic Society of America Indo-American Arts Council Irish Repertory Theatre New York Asian Film Festival New York Filipino Film Festival Wales Week in New York
Cultural events	Brazilian Day Dominican Day Parade Feast of San Gennaro German-American Steuben Parade Korean Day Parade NY Persian Parade Philippine Independence Day Parade Puerto Rican Day Parade Pulaski Day Parade
Historical events	New York Slave Revolt of 1712 New York Conspiracy of 1741 1968 New York City teachers' strike Crown Heights riots of 1991
Movements	Harlem Renaissance Nuyorican Movement
Media	Asahi Shimbun China Daily El Diario La Prensa The Forward Freie Arbeiter Stimme Il Progresso Italo-Americano India Abroad Irish Voice Little India Korea Times New Yorker Staats-Zeitung Nowy Dziennik Proletar Sing Tao Daily The Daily Star Epoch Times The Irish Echo World Journal
Other topics	Undocumented immigrants