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'''Wolfram Mathematica''' (usually termed '''Mathematica''') is a mathematical [[symbolic computation]] program, sometimes termed a [[computer algebra system]] or program, used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by [[Stephen Wolfram]] and is developed by [[Wolfram Research]] of [[Champaign, Illinois]].<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_40/b3953024.htm Stephen Wolfram: Simple Solutions; The iconoclastic physicist's Mathematica software nails complex puzzles], BusinessWeek, October 3, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolfram.com/company/contact.cgi|title=Contact Wolfram Research|publisher=|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Wolfram Language]] is the programming language used in Mathematica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/03/stephen_wolfram_s_new_programming_language_can_he_make_the_world_computable.html|title=Stephen Wolfram’s new programming language: Can he make the world computable?|work=Slate Magazine|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
'''Wolfram Mathematica''' (usually termed '''Mathematica''') is a modern technical computing system spanning all areas of technical computing - including [[Artificial neural network |neural networks]], [[machine learning]], [[Digital image processing |image processing]], [[geometry]], [[data science]], [[Visualization (graphics) |visualizations]], and others. The system is used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by [[Stephen Wolfram]] and is developed by [[Wolfram Research]] of [[Champaign, Illinois]].<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_40/b3953024.htm Stephen Wolfram: Simple Solutions; The iconoclastic physicist's Mathematica software nails complex puzzles], BusinessWeek, October 3, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolfram.com/company/contact.cgi|title=Contact Wolfram Research|publisher=|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Wolfram Language]] is the programming language used in Mathematica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/03/stephen_wolfram_s_new_programming_language_can_he_make_the_world_computable.html|title=Stephen Wolfram’s new programming language: Can he make the world computable?|work=Slate Magazine|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>


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Revision as of 20:02, 24 January 2018

For the programming language used in this program, see Wolfram Language and Mathematica (disambiguation).
Wolfram Mathematica
Developer(s)Wolfram Research
Initial releaseJune 23, 1988; 36 years ago (1988-06-23)[1]
Stable release
14.1.0 (July 31, 2024; 3 months ago (2024-07-31)) [±][2] / Sept 14, 2017
Written inWolfram Language,[3] C/C++, Java and Mathematica[4]
PlatformWindows (7, 8, 10), macOS, Linux, Raspbian, online service.[5] All platforms support 64-bit implementations.[6] (list)
Available inEnglish, Chinese, Japanese
TypeComputer algebra, numerical computations, information visualization, statistics, user interface creation
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.wolfram.com/mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning all areas of technical computing - including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others. The system is used in many technical, scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, Illinois.[7][8] The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica.[9]

Features

Dini's surface plotted with adjustable parameters

Features of Wolfram Mathematica include:[10]

The Notebook interface

Wolfram Mathematica is split into two parts, the kernel and the front end. The kernel interprets expressions (Wolfram Language code) and returns result expressions.

The front end, designed by Theodore Gray[15] in 1988, provides a GUI, which allows the creation and editing of Notebook documents[16] containing program code with prettyprinting, formatted text together with results including typeset mathematics, graphics, GUI components, tables, and sounds. All content and formatting can be generated algorithmically or edited interactively. Standard word processing capabilities are supported, including real-time multi-lingual spell-checking.

Documents can be structured using a hierarchy of cells, which allow for outlining and sectioning of a document and support automatic numbering index creation. Documents can be presented in a slideshow environment for presentations. Notebooks and their contents are represented as Mathematica expressions that can be created, modified or analyzed by Mathematica programs or converted to other formats.

The front end includes development tools such as a debugger, input completion, and automatic syntax highlighting.

Among the alternative front ends is the Wolfram Workbench, an Eclipse based integrated development environment (IDE), introduced in 2006. It provides project-based code development tools for Mathematica, including revision management, debugging, profiling, and testing.[17] There is a plugin for IntelliJ IDEA based IDEs to work with Wolfram Language code which in addition to syntax highlighting can analyse and auto-complete local variables and defined functions.[18] The Mathematica Kernel also includes a command line front end.[19] Other interfaces include JMath,[20] based on GNU readline and MASH[21] which runs self-contained Mathematica programs (with arguments) from the UNIX command line.

High-performance computing

In recent years, the capabilities for high-performance computing have been extended with the introduction of packed arrays (version 4, 1999)[22] and sparse matrices (version 5, 2003),[23] and by adopting the GNU Multi-Precision Library to evaluate high-precision arithmetic.

Version 5.2 (2005) added automatic multi-threading when computations are performed on multi-core computers.[24] This release included CPU specific optimized libraries. In addition Mathematica is supported by third party specialist acceleration hardware such as ClearSpeed.[25]

In 2002, gridMathematica was introduced to allow user level parallel programming on heterogeneous clusters and multiprocessor systems[26] and in 2008 parallel computing technology was included in all Mathematica licenses including support for grid technology such as Windows HPC Server 2008, Microsoft Compute Cluster Server and Sun Grid.

Support for CUDA and OpenCL GPU hardware was added in 2010. Also, since version 8 it can generate C code, which is automatically compiled by a system C compiler, such as GCC or Microsoft Visual Studio.

Deployment

There are several ways to deploy applications written in Wolfram Mathematica:

  • Mathematica Player Pro is a runtime version of Mathematica that will run any Mathematica application but does not allow editing or creation of the code.[27]
  • A free-of-charge version, Wolfram CDF Player, is provided for running Mathematica programs that have been saved in the Computable Document Format (CDF).[28] It can also view standard Mathematica files, but not run them. It includes plugins for common web browsers on Windows and Macintosh.
  • webMathematica allows a web browser to act as a front end to a remote Mathematica server. It is designed to allow a user-written application to be remotely accessed via a browser on any platform. It may not be used to give full access to Mathematica. Due to bandwidth limitations interactive 3D graphics is not fully supported within a web browser.
  • Wolfram Language code can be converted to C code or to an automatically generated DLL.
  • Wolfram Language code can be run on a Wolfram cloud service as a web-app or as an API either on Wolfram-hosted servers or in a private installation of the Wolfram Enterprise Private Cloud.

Connections with other applications

Communication with other applications occurs through a protocol called Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol (WSTP). It allows communication between the Wolfram Mathematica kernel and front-end, and also provides a general interface between the kernel and other applications.[29] Wolfram Research freely distributes a developer kit for linking applications written in the programming language C to the Mathematica kernel through WSTP. Using J/Link.,[30] a Java program can ask Mathematica to perform computations; likewise, a Mathematica program can load Java classes, manipulate Java objects and perform method calls. Similar functionality is achieved with .NET /Link,[31] but with .NET programs instead of Java programs. Other languages that connect to Mathematica include Haskell,[32] AppleScript,[33] Racket,[34] Visual Basic,[35] Python[36][37] and Clojure.[38]

Links are available to many mathematical software packages including OpenOffice.org Calc,[39] Microsoft Excel,[40] MATLAB,[41][42][43] R,[44] SageMath (which can also pull up Mathematica),[45][46][47][48] Singular,[49] Wolfram SystemModeler, and Origin.[50] Mathematical equations can be exchanged with other computational or typesetting software via MathML.

Communication with Structured Query Language (SQL) databases is achieved through built-in support for Java Database Connectivity (JDBC).[51] Mathematica can also install web services from a Web Services Description Language (WSDL) description.[52][53] It can access HDFS data via Hadoop.[54]

Mathematica can call a variety of cloud services to retrieve or send data including ArXiv, Bing, ChemSpider, CrossRef, Dropbox, Facebook, Federal Reserve, Fitbit, Flickr, Google (Analytics, Calendar, Contacts, search, translate), Instagram, LinkedIn, MailChimp, Microsoft Translator, Mixpanel, MusicBrainz, OpenLibrary, OpenPHACTS, PubChem, PubMed, Pushbullet, Reddit, RunKeeper, SeatGeek, SurveyMonkey, Twilio, Twitter, Wikipedia and Yelp.

Mathematica can capture real-time data via a link to LabVIEW,[55] from financial data feeds[56] and directly from hardware devices via GPIB (IEEE 488),[57] USB[58] and serial interfaces.[59] It automatically detects and reads from HID devices. It can read directly from a range of Vernier sensors.[60]

Computable data

A stream plot of live weather data

Wolfram Mathematica includes collections of curated data provided for use in computations. Mathematica is also integrated with Wolfram Alpha, an online service which provides additional data, some of which is kept updated in real time. Some of the data sets include astronomical, chemical, geopolitical, language, biomedical and weather data, in addition to mathematical data (such as knots and polyhedra).[61]

Reception

BYTE in 1989 listed Mathematica as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that it "is another breakthrough Macintosh application ... it could enable you to absorb the algebra and calculus that seemed impossible to comprehend from a textbook".[62]

Version history

Mathematica version

Wolfram Mathematica built on the ideas in Cole and Wolfram's earlier Symbolic Manipulation Program (SMP).[63][64] The name of the program "Mathematica" was suggested to Stephen Wolfram by Apple cofounder Steve Jobs although Wolfram had thought about it earlier and rejected it.[65]

Wolfram Research has released the following versions of Mathematica:[66]

  • 1.0 – June 23, 1988[67][68][69][70]
  • 1.1 – October 31, 1988
  • 1.2 – August 1, 1989[70][71]
  • 2.0 – January 15, 1991[70][72]
  • 2.1 – June 15, 1992[70]
  • 2.2 – June 1, 1993[70][73]
  • 3.0 – September 3, 1996[74]
  • 4.0 – May 19, 1999[70][75]
  • 4.1 – November 2, 2000[70]
  • 4.2 – November 1, 2002[70]
  • 5.0 – June 12, 2003[70][76]
  • 5.1 – October 25, 2004[70][77]
  • 5.2 – June 20, 2005[70][78]
  • 6.0 – May 1, 2007[79][80]
  • 7.0 – November 18, 2008[81]
  • 8.0 – November 15, 2010[82]
  • 9.0 – November 28, 2012[83]
  • 10.0 – July 9, 2014[84]
  • 10.1 – March 30, 2015[85]
  • 10.2 – July 14, 2015[86]
  • 10.3 – October 15, 2015
  • 10.4 – March 2, 2016
  • 10.4.1 – April 18, 2016
  • 11.0.0 – August 8, 2016[87]
  • 11.0.1 – September 28, 2016
  • 11.1 - March 16, 2017[88]
  • 11.1.1 - April, 2017
  • 11.2 - September 14, 2017[89]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (23 Jun 2008), Mathematica Turns 20 Today, Wolfram, retrieved 16 May 2012
  2. ^ "Yet More New Ideas and New Functions: Launching Version 14.1 of Wolfram Language & Mathematica". Retrieved 2024-07-31.
  3. ^ "Celebrating Mathematica's First Quarter Century". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  4. ^ The Software Engineering of Mathematica—Wolfram Mathematica 9 Documentation. Reference.wolfram.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-23.
  5. ^ Raspberry Pi Includes Mathematica for Free The Verge
  6. ^ "Wolfram Mathematica". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  7. ^ Stephen Wolfram: Simple Solutions; The iconoclastic physicist's Mathematica software nails complex puzzles, BusinessWeek, October 3, 2005.
  8. ^ "Contact Wolfram Research". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  9. ^ "Stephen Wolfram's new programming language: Can he make the world computable?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  10. ^ "Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  11. ^ Review: Mathematica 7. Technical computing powerhouse gets more oomph Macworld, Jan 2009
  12. ^ Mathematica 6 Labs Review Cadalyst Feb 1, 2008
  13. ^ "The Free-Form Linguistics Revolution in Mathematica". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  14. ^ "Free-Form Linguistic Input". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  15. ^ Patent US8407580 Google Patent Search
  16. ^ Hayes, Brian (1990-01-01). "Thoughts on Mathematica" (PDF). Pixel.
  17. ^ "Wolfram intros Workbench IDE for Mathematica". Macworld. 21 June 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  18. ^ Mathematica plugin for IntelliJ IDEA
  19. ^ Using a Text-Based Interface documentation at wolfram.com
  20. ^ "JMath: A GNU Readline based frontend for Mathematica". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  21. ^ "Directory listing:". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  22. ^ Math software packs new power; new programs automate such tedious processes as solving nonlinear differential equations and converting units by Agnes Shanley, Chemical Engineering, March 1, 2002.
  23. ^ Mathematica 5.1: additional features make software well-suited for operations research professionals by ManMohan S. Sodhi, OR/MS Today, December 1, 2004.
  24. ^ The 21st annual Editors' Choice Awards, Macworld, February 1, 2006.
  25. ^ "ClearSpeed Advance Accelerator Boards Certified by Wolfram Research; Math Coprocessors Enable Mathematica Users to Quadruple Performance". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  26. ^ gridMathematica offers parallel computing solution by Dennis Sellers, MacWorld, November 20, 2002.
  27. ^ Mathematica Player Pro - new Application Delivery System for Mathematica www.gizmag.com
  28. ^ "Computable Document Format (CDF) for Interactive Content". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  29. ^ Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol (WSTP)
  30. ^ Mathematica 4.2 Archived 2007-11-21 at the Wayback Machine by Charles Seiter, Macworld, November 1, 2002.
  31. ^ .NET/Link: .NET/Link is a toolkit that integrates Mathematica and the Microsoft .NET Framework.
  32. ^ "mathlink: Write Mathematica packages in Haskell - Hackage". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  33. ^ S.Kratky. "MathLink for AppleScript". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  34. ^ "MrMathematica: Calling Mathematica from Scheme". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  35. ^ "Mathematica for ActiveX – from Wolfram Library Archive". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  36. ^ "erocarrera/pythonika". GitHub. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  37. ^ "PYML (Python Mathematica interface) – from Wolfram Library Archive". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  38. ^ "Clojuratica - Home". Clojuratica.weebly.com. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  39. ^ CalcLink Lauschke Consulting
  40. ^ "Mathematica Link for Excel: Bringing the Power of Mathematica to Excel". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  41. ^ R. Menon, Sz. Horvát. "MATLink". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  42. ^ Ben Barrowes (10 June 2010). "Mathematica Symbolic Toolbox for MATLAB–Version 2.0". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  43. ^ "MaMa: Calling MATLAB from Mathematica with MathLink – from Wolfram Library Archive". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  44. ^ RLink Mathematica Documentation
  45. ^ Gourgoulhon, Eric; Bejger, Michal; Mancini, Marco (21 Dec 2014). "Tensor calculus with open-source software: the SageManifolds project" (PDF). Arxiv. arXiv:1412.4765. Retrieved 8 Jan 2016.
  46. ^ "Interface to Mathematica — Sage Reference Manual v7.4: Interpreter Interfaces". doc.sagemath.org. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  47. ^ "Using Mathematica within Sagemath | LSUMath". www.math.lsu.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  48. ^ Pruim, Randall (5 May 2010). "Can Sage replace Maple and Mathematica?" (PDF). Calvin College. Retrieved 8 Jan 2016.
  49. ^ Manuel Kauers and Viktor Levandovskyy of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, in Austria
  50. ^ * Interface Links Origin And Mathematica Software Archived 2007-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Electronic Design
  51. ^ Mathematica 5.1 Available, Database Journal, Jan 3, 2005.
  52. ^ Mathematical Web Services: W3C Note 1 August 2003
  53. ^ Introduction to Web Services, Mathematica Web Services Tutorial
  54. ^ "shadanan/HadoopLink". GitHub. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  55. ^ Mathematica Link to Labview BetterView Consulting
  56. ^ DDFLink Lauschke Consulting
  57. ^ GITM SourceForge. Note that the GITM project currently (as of 2014-08-03) has no downloadable artefacts and appears to be inactive so GPIB support for Mathematica may not actually exist.
  58. ^ BTopTools A commercial interface to USB devices
  59. ^ "Interfacing Hardware with Mathematica – from Wolfram Library Archive". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  60. ^ Vernier and Mathematica
  61. ^ "Scientific and Technical Data", Mathematic Guide, Wolfram Research, archived from the original on 10 May 2012, retrieved 16 May 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ "The BYTE Awards". BYTE. January 1989. p. 327.
  63. ^ Math, the universe, and Stephen: the author of Mathematica created a whirlwind of scientific controversy this year when, after more than 10 years of research, he published his treatise on the ability of simple structures to create unpredictable complex patterns. (2002 Scientist Of The Year).(Stephen Wolfram) by Tim Studt, R&D, November 1, 2002.
  64. ^ A Top Scientist's Latest: Math Software by Andrew Pollack, The New York Times, June 24, 1988.
  65. ^ Wolfram, Stephen (6 Oct 2011), Steve Jobs: A Few Memories, Wolfram Alpha, retrieved 16 May 2012
  66. ^ "Mathematica Latest Version and Quick Revision History". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  67. ^ Mathematica: The Scrapbook, Wolfram, archived from the original on 18 May 2012, retrieved 16 May 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ "The Mathematica Journal: Volume 9, Issue 1: News Bulletins". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  69. ^ Supercomputer Pictures Solve the Once Insoluble, John Markoff, October 30, 1988.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Nasser M. Abbasi. "A little bit of Mathematica history".
  71. ^ Mathematica 1.2 adds new graphics options: upgrade also promises concurrent operations by Elinor Craig, MacWeek, July 25, 1989.
  72. ^ Mathematica + 283 functions = Mathematica 2.0 by Raines Cohen, MacWeek, January 15, 1991.
  73. ^ New version of Mathematica, Mechanical Engineering, June 1, 1993.
  74. ^ "Wolfram News Archive". Wolfram.com. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  75. ^ Mathematica 4.0 by Charles Seiters, Macworld, October 1, 1999.
  76. ^ Mathematica 5.0 Adds Up: Exactly 15 years after Mathematica's initial release, Wolfram Research has released Mathematica, PC Magazine, September 3, 2003.
  77. ^ Mathematica 5.1's Web Services Add Up; Mathematica 5.1 delivers improvements over Version 5.0 that are vastly out of proportion for a .1 upgrade. by Peter Coffee, eWeek, December 6, 2004.
  78. ^ Mathematica hits 64-bit, MacWorld UK, July 13, 2005.
  79. ^ Today, Mathematica is reinvented - Blog by Stephen Wolfram
  80. ^ Mathematica 6: Felix Grant finds that version 6 of Wolfram Research's symbolic mathematical software really does live up to its expectations. Scientific Computing, 2007.
  81. ^ Mathematica 7.0 Released Today! - Blog by Stephen Wolfram
  82. ^ "Stephen Wolfram blog: Mathematica 8!". Retrieved 18 November 2010.
  83. ^ "Stephen Wolfram blog: Mathematica 9 Is Released Today!". Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  84. ^ "Stephen Wolfram blog: Launching Mathematica 10—with 700+ New Functions and a Crazy Amount of R&D". Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  85. ^ "Wolfram Research News » Mathematica 10.1 is Now Available!". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  86. ^ "Mathematica Latest Version and Quick Revision History". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  87. ^ "Stephen Wolfram blog: Today We Launch Version 11!". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  88. ^ "Stephen Wolfram blog: The R&D Pipeline Continues: Launching Version 11.1". Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  89. ^ "Stephen Wolfram blog: It's Another Impressive Release! Launching Version 11.2 Today". Retrieved 14 September 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
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