User:Jnestorius/GAA ban

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270448708_Vigilance_and_Vigilantes_An_Oral_History_of_the_GAA%27s_Ban_on_Foreign_Games/amp

https://books.google.ie/books?id=bjolDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA114&ots=06yRmFKNV_&dq=%22rule%2027%22%201971%20gaa&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q=%22rule%2027%22%201971%20gaa&f=false

http://www.politics.ie/forum/culture-community/52179-gaa-ban-rule-27-a.html

https://www.si.com/vault/issue/43071/91 https://www.si.com/vault/issue/43071/96

https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/president-falls-foul-of-exclusion-rule-1.773965?mode=amp

https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gaa-ban

Chronology

https://twitter.com/gaanostalgia/status/719535593294860289?s=09

"Archbishop Croke opposed any such ban" (Tierney 1984)

Parnellite split weakened GAA and Conventions in early 1890s (which rescinded bans) had few attendees. (ML 31-2) John Coffey Bishop of Kerry withdrew as patron of Killarney GAA over IRB links (ML 33) July 1896 motion: (ML 33)

That the Gaelic Athletic Association shall be a strictly non-political and unsectarian association; no political questions of any kind shall be raised at any of its meetings.

Centenary of 1798 Rebellion marked resurgence of nationalism in the GAA. (ML 35-37)

Breandán Ó hEithir described reading The Steadfast Rule as "rather like entering the caves at Mitchelstown to find men dressed in bearskins painting little pictures on the walls".

The ban and IRB relationship were the two dominant themes of the GAA up to 1922.

• 1905: 46–32 vote to retain ban. Extended to military.
• 1906: 15–51 vote to make ban optional.
• 1907: 19-70 vote to rescind ban.
• 1908: confirm that "encouraging" includes as spectator
• 1909 and 1911 [why repeated in 1911?]: ban attending RIC/army social events.
• 1927 -- committee of Irish Ireland organisation formed, including GAA and Gaelic League, to co-ordinate and co-operate.
• "in to the 1930s": ban organising "foreign dances"
• 1930: ban writing on GAA for foreign press.
• 1931: Gaelic League bans those attending foreign games or dances from serving as officers.
• 1932: ban attending foreign dances.
• 1930s, foreign dance rule widely flouted.
• 1968, ten motions to amend or rescind rules 26-29.

Particular rules

https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/17/archives/the-banning-of-the-ban.html rules 26 to 29 in 1971

• Rule 26—British servicemen and policemen may not join the G.A.A.
• Rule 27—Members may not play or attend “foreign games,” specifically soccer, rugby, cricket and hockey.
• Rule 28—Members may not promote or assist foreign games.
• Rule 29—Members may not organize non‐Irish dances, or attend such dances organized and run by “foreign games” clubs.

As of 1968, Rule 28 required central council, and provincial and county committees, but not divisional committees, to appoint "Vigilance members". Presume this covered rule 27 as well.

Athletics boycott

More at https://web.archive.org/web/20070701114851/http://multitext.ucc.ie:80/d/History_of_the_Gaelic_Athletic_Association_GAA#14TheReconciliationJanuary1888

Aimed at IAAA. Resolved at GAA's 3rd meeting, 17 Jan 1885.

that, after 17 March 1885, any athlete competing at meetings held under other laws than those of the G.A.A. shall be ineligible to compete at meetings held under the auspices of the Gaelic Athletic Association

Called "the war of 1885" by Michael Cusack. IAAA formed 21 Feb 1885 Dublin. IAAA had some sort of exclusion rule. (ML 15) excluded "labourers tradesmen and artisans" (ML 21) Previously clubs used AAA rules.(ML 13) On 17 June 1885 at Tralee meeting by County Kerry Athletic and Cricket Club (IAAA) prompted Moore Stack et al to have GAA meeting; latter much more support. (ML 16) Before 1st annual congress of GAA (31 Oct 1885) feelers for both sides to drop bans (ML 16) and Dr Croke private letter to GAA supported this (ML 16-17) Cusack opposed, Davin supported, matter unresolved. (ML 17) Croke went public in Freemans Journal (ML 17-19) Cusack reluctantly ceded, viewing non-boycott as less bad than IAAA-GAA merger. (ML 20-21) IAAA favoured merger (ML 21) GAA rejected (ML 21-22) Ban lifted at reconvened first convention 27 Feb 1886: (ML 22)

That all duly qualified athletes be permitted to compete at sports held under the auspices of the Gaelic Athletic Association

IAAA soon "extinction" says ML (p22)

As of 1968, I think Rule 39 restricted GAA to National Athletic and Cycling Association, not "Amateur Athletic Union of Éire". A 1968 GAA Congress motion was to extend toleration from NACAI to Bord Luthchleas na hÉireann (BLÉ), though without withdrawing it from the rump NACAI that rejected BLÉ.

Security forces (Rule 21)

Main article: Rule 21

Executive 27 Feb 1887 passed, with Davin absent: (ML 27-28)

The the Hon. Secretaries and Committees of all affiliated clubs about to hold sports or tournaments of any kind under G.A.A. rules be instructed not to receive entries from the members of the R.I.C. under any circumstances; that the members of that body be not eligible for membership of any affiliated club in consequence of their action towards the people throughout the country on almost every occasion that they have been brought into contact with them. This resolution not to apply to the army or navy.

This was ulta vires, because Rule 14 of the 1886 constitution banned the Executive from amending rules; only the Convention could do so. (ML 28) Davin objected on this basis at 11 Apr 1887 Executive meeting but others stood firm and Davin resigned. (ML 28)

Cusack was opposed to the current Executive and objected to non-application of the ban to army and navy; this was because the IRB wanted its army/navy infiltrators to be able to continue in GAA. (ML 28-29)

Nov 1887 Convention reduced IRB influence on Executive. (ML 29) Special Convention 4 Jan 1888 passed: (ML 29)

That no member of the Constabulary, including the Dublin Metropolitan Police, be eligible for membership of any affiliated club, or be allowed to compete at any Gaelic sports

16 April 1893 convention removed RIC ban. (ML 32) Later in 1893 Munster Fusiliers club affiliated to Dublin GAA (ML 32)

June 1899 London GAA refused affiliation of Royal Irish Fusiliers team from Colchester. (ML 39)

Convention 1901: (ML 40)

That handicappers holding licences from the Association be prevented from officiating at police sports meetings under penalty of having their licences cancelled and that no permits be granted to the promoters of athletic meetings under the auspices of Dublin Castle.

Combined with Rule 27 qv from 1905; new Rule 21 from 1972 replaced abolished Rule 27.

As of 1915 it was Rule 9a; Leix proposed removing the "or participates in dances or similar entertainments promoted by or under the patronage of soldiers or police" clause and also exempting Ireland in the First World War service.

"Ruling of Congress, 1919" was that ex-soldiers stayed banned for 2 years; 1920 motion to reduce to 12 months.

1919 per Harry Boland proposal, ban extended to civil servants who took oath of allegiance. 1920 motion to rescind.

Support for Rule 21 in Ulster GAA reflected general antipathy to the British security forces and in particular incidents involving GAA grounds and players; besides Bloody Sunday in 1920, there were incidents during the Troubles of people shot outside GAA grounds, Aidan McAnespie shot on the way to play in a match, the commandeering of Casement Park (after Operation Motorman in 1972) and Crossmaglen Rangers (1971–1998)

Background to removal; Denis Faul supports; debate on whether Good Friday Agreement sufficed, or Army withdrawal, or RUC replacement by PSNI.

• https://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0407/692491-will-rule-21-be-debated-at-gaa-congress/ RTÉ News report broadcast 7 April 1995
• https://www.rte.ie/archives/category/sports/2018/0524/965712-gaa-retain-rule-21/ RTÉ News report broadcast on 30 May 1998
• https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1110/830589-gaa-ends-ban-on-british-security-forces/ RTÉ News report by Marty Morrissey was broadcast on 17 November 2001.

Supporting foreign games (Rule 27)

Main article: Rule 27

The "embryo of the Ban which we know to-day" (ML 23) motion at reconvened first convention 27 Feb 1886 proposed by John Cullinan: (ML 23)

that affiliated clubs be requested not to play football or hurling matches against any club which is not a properly organised club playing under Gaelic Rules

Intended mainly against rugby. (ML 23) Laune Rangers originally rugby, switched to GAA. (ML 25) Lee Football and Cricket Club was in GAA. (ML 25)

• Executive meeting 5 June 1886 Davin said clubs playing non-GAA games ineligible for GAA membership. (ML 25)
• Executive meeting 27 Sep 1886 Davin said players playing non-GAA games ineligible for GAA membership. (ML 25) Michael Joyce opposed. (ML 25) Davin also "only hurling, football, handball and athletic clubs (including gymnasia) can be affiliated". Both Davin motions passed. (ML 27)

Annual Convention 15 Nov 1886 Rule 12: (ML 27)

Any member of a club in Ireland playing hurling or football under rules other than those of the G.A.A cannot be a member of the Association and neither can members of any other athletic club in Ireland be members of the G.A.A.

Ban removed "quietly at the adjourned Convention of 1896". (ML 32) Cork County Board objected. (ML 33)

Richard T. Blake, GAA secretary 1895-98, as well as administrative reforms ended the ban and added a ban on political discussions. He was ousted by more militant nationalism after the 1798 centenary.

Re-convened Convention 1901, "the Ban was back in principle" motion passed became Rule 28: (ML 40-41)

That we the representatives of the Gaels of Ireland in convention assembled hereby pledge ourselves to resist by every means in our power the extension of English pastimes to this country, as a means of preventing the Anglicisation of our people: that County Committees be empowered to disqualify and suspend members of the Association who countenance sports which are calculated to interfere with the preservation and cultivation of our own national pastimes : that we call on the young men of Ireland not to identify themselves with rugby or Association football or any other form of imported sport which is likely to injuriously affect the national pastimes which the G.A.A. provides for self-respected Irishmen who have no desire to ape foreign manners and customs : that we call on the newspaper press of the country, which does not profess to support alien rule, and on our own public representatives and national organisations to assist the Association in its struggle to crush English pastimes and in its patriotic efforts to make young men more thoroughly and essentially Irish and self-respecting.

Convention 30 Nov 1902: (ML 43)

That rule 28 be amended as follows—any member of the Association who plays or encourages in any way rugby or Association football, hockey, or any other imported game which is calculated to injuriously affect our national pastimes, be suspended from the Association and that this resolution apply to all counties in Ireland and England

• Any member of the Association who plays or encourages in any way rugby, football [sic], hockey or any imported game which is calculated to injuriously effect our National Pastimes, is suspended from the Association (Moore 2012, back cover; also Mullan 1995)

Cronin says the reasons for the 1880-1905 bans are difficult to reconstruct; later advocates asserted they were nationalist. Cronin endorses Rouse's suggestion that the 1880s ban was more about administrative expediency to quash competition, not initially related to its appeals to nationalism. The breadth of opinion within the GAA through to 1922 was retrospectively simplified to fit the ascendant revolutionary narrative.

1905, combined Crown forces and Foreign games rule restored:

persons who play rugby, soccer, hockey, cricket or any imported games shall be suspended for two years from the date of playing such games, and this rule to take effect from 1 February 1905. That police, militiamen and soldiers on active service be prevented from playing hurling or football under GAA rules.

I guess "police, soldiers, and sailors on Government service be ineligible to play hurling and football under GAA rules" (Mullan 1996) is inaccurate

As well as the broad national-v-foreign contrast, other comparisons used were amateur-v-professional (soccer); manly-v-effete (cricket, hockey); popular-v-elitist (rugby).

Ulster counties opposed ban because of relative strength of soccer and rugby; GAA was almost non-existent in Derry city for long periods up to the 1930s. Sligo regularly opposed the ban due to Sligo Rovers strength, what the county GAA centenary history called "an unexplained preference for another code". Conversely, Kerry's significant rugby was over 1900s largely eclipsed gaelic football in part due to the ban. Likewise cricket in Kilkenny by hurling. Ban detrimental in Dublin.

1920 Congress motion proposed "participants in foreign games" not eligible for Schools and Colleges competitions.

Oscar Traynor prominent FF minister and FAI President. Traynor in 1928 argued many patriots played non-GAA games; Kevin Barry rugby and cricket.

Éamon de Valera played rugby at Blackrock College; once in politics was circumspect about expressing his enthusiasm publicly. Attended 1938 soccer international with Hyde, but as not a GAA member there was no GAA response.

The ban did not prevent the growth of soccer in urban areas up to 1922, but afterwards in the Irish Free State it contributed to making soccer seem nationalistically suspect.

The Free State Army and Garda Síochána initially played only Gaelic games.

• Early decades controversial and motions to ease ban often raised and sometimes nearly passed.
• Ban hardened after independence and vigilance committees were established.
• 1920s annual motions at GAA Congress to drop, until motion that such motions could only be raised every three years.
• Mick Mackey got himself on the vigilance committee to allow him to attend rugby matches.
• 1940s, controversy over whether Irish Army should allow non-Gaelic games. [zzz need better source to elaborate]
• University gaelic games clubs until the 1930s were not affiliated to the GAA and did not enforce a ban. The ban was widely ignored in universities in the 1960s, with Sigerson Cup and Fitzgibbon Cup players often also playing intervarsity rugby or soccer.
• St. Flannan's College Ennis opted out of colleges competition 1928-43 in opposition to the ban.
• Douglas Hyde made patron of GAA in 1902 but removed in 1938 after attending soccer international as President. Pádraig MacNamee, then GAA President, said soon after, "My only complaint is that we are not half intolerant enough. We and all Irishmen who value the inheritance of the Gael must always be intolerant of everything foreign in this country." Polish consul Wacław Tadeusz Dobrzyński later said had invited Hyde while taking tea at Áras an Uachtaráin, unsure whether the GAA ban might compel him to decline.
• 1942 Leinster Final, Cavan objected that Dublin player had been seen entering a rugby groiund, but Seamus Gardiner dismissed as witness was not on the Vigilance Committee. The FAI sent a written invitation on 3 November.
• Text as at 1956 and 1971 rulebooks was "Any member who plays, attends, or helps to promote Rugby, Soccer, Hockey, or Cricket thereby incurs automatic suspension from membership of the Association."
• Paddy Doherty suspended after playing for Ballyclare Comrades
• Tom Cheasty 1962 (other source says 1963 — between home and overall final of 1963 NHL) attended function in soccer club, 6 month suspension
• Arrival of television, with broadcast of Irish soccer and rugby internationals, made ban unenforceable.
• Martin O'Neill played gaelic football for St Malachy's College and soccer for Distillery FC; the 1970 MacRory Cup was moved from Casement Park to Tyrone as the Antrim GAA board objected to O'Neill playing.

Meeting between Pat Fanning (GAA president), Neil Blaney (FAI president), John Charles Conroy (judge and IRFU officer) and Ronnie Delaney (Olympic runner) to discuss the future of Irish sport.

• Tom Woulfe, founder of the Civil Service Gaelic Football Club was a key driver of the removal of the ban. He missed his sons' appearances in Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup finals. He got associates to sign letters to newspapers, then wrote opposing letters under pseudonyms to prolong the discussion.
• 1967 in Galway, an indoor 5 a side soccer cancer-charity tournament between teams gaelic, soccer, and rugby players; ban not applied.

• "The idea of dropping the relevant provision, then Rule 27, was first floated by Woulfe and the club in 1959 but it would be another 12 years before the rule was finally deleted at the congress of 1971 in Belfast. At the congresses of 1962, '65 and '68 [motions needed one third support to be raised more than once every three years] the motion to delete attracted rising levels of support - seven, 52 and 88. What secured the success of the campaign was a proposal from Mayo, accepted in 1968, that the GAA examine the reasons behind the prohibition. The motion included provision for a plebiscite of all club members, which ultimately spelt the end of the ban."

• One argument in favour of abolition was that private rugby-playing schools would start playing Gaelic games; this did not happen to any great extent.
• https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0411/780930-gaa-removes-rule-27/ RTÉ News report broadcast on 11 April 1971
• "the decision was made in opposition to practically every GAA leader at county, provincial and national level including GAA presidents. It was a motion from the Dunboyne club in Meath, which requested that every GAA club in Ireland should call a special meeting and have their members decide on Rule 27, that led to the Rule being ended with 30 counties voting in favour of abolition. GAA leaders were shocked but were powerless to alter what was the very definition of democracy in the GAA."

IT 1971 article:

• Pat Fanning, President, personally opposed but was dignified and ensured temperate.
• adopted without debate
• Motion was in name of 27 counties; two opposed (Antrim and Sligo)
• "the expression of the young men of the country" said Jack Rooney of Antrim
• "a special committee (to be set up this week) as the basis of a charter for the GAA of the future. Then, he added, a special congress would be called, within six weeks, for the purpose of ratifying that charter" — that would be the 1972 Constitution. Two relevant motions passed
  • membership, registering, protection for chattels, amateurism
  • national culture and industry; only for GAA purposes
• deletion of Rule 29 (prohibition on the promotion of non-Irish dancing) passed like Rule 27
• delete Rule 26 (British Service and RUC) not moved; 12 counties sponsored — so it was a separate rule even then.

Dublin–Kerry rivalry of the 70s included players with rugby and soccer experience who revolutionised Gaelic football. from 2005-2008 Rule 44 ) is a rule of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) which prohibits GAA grounds from being used for field games other than Gaelic games. Discussions of Rule 42 often use the term "foreign games", in quotation marks, as shorthand for the prohibited games, although the text of the rule refers only to "field games other than those sanctioned by Central Council". Rule 27, abolished in 1971, prohibited GAA members from playing or supporting four explicitly named sports: soccer, rugby, field hockey and cricket. Paul Rouse says 'what the GAA still officially describes as “imported games”'. Justified partly as "some attempt to preserve competitive advantage". (See also policy document on ancillary facilities.)

Rule 42 was added in 1971 by Fanning as a sop to those opposed to abolition of Rule 27. Application of wording was unclear. The 1971 congress which voted to abolish Rule 27 also voted to have a special congress within six weeks to draft a new constitution (see RTÉ report). So I guess Rule 42 came in at that later congress. Cronin says new constitution was 1972.

Non-field sports, including track and field athletics and boxing, have been staged under GAA auspices. International rules football obeys the spirit if not the letter of the rule, likewise composite rules shinty–hurling. OTOH American football matches have been staged at Croke Park: why did the ban not apply to them?

See also: List of non-Gaelic games played in Croke Park

• 1924-32 Tailteann Games — what was staged at Croke Park?
• 1953: American football — assuming the only ban there was under Rule 27, this did not fall under it.
• 1968 Waterford United move 1968–69 European Cup match against Manchester United to Lansdowne Road; presumably no question of using a closer GAA stadium.
• 1971 Limerick FC were refused use of the Gaelic Grounds for 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup match against Torino; used Thomond Park instead.
• 1986 Galway United wanted to move 1986–87 UEFA Cup match against FC Groningen to Pearse Stadium from Terryland Park but were refused. The match was played at Páirc an Chathanaigh, Carraroe, a community-owned pitch used by Carraroe GAA and An Ghaeltacht rugby union club.
• 1993: previous (to 2010) policy review (by subcommittee ) of implementation of Rule 42.
• 1996: Shamrock Classic American football — unlike the 1953 match, this definitely fell under the Rule 42 ban.
• 1998 Omagh bombing soccer friendlies between Omagh Town F.C. and three English Premier League clubs could not be held in Healy Park, Omagh's 20,000-capacity GAA stadium. The soccer ground's capacity was raised to 7,000 by temporary seating costing £70,000, and a total of £15,000 was raised for the victims' fund. The GAA rejected allegations of lack of generosity, and separately donated £100,000 from Central Council and an estimated £1m from clubs.
• 2001 nearly passed, response to Bertie Bowl proposal.
• 2003 rejected plan for 1971-style club referendum
• In 2005–2007 Thomas Davis GAA protested against Tallaght Stadium being developed by South Dublin County Council without accommodating a full-size GAA pitch.

• https://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0216/680549-plans-to-debate-rule-42/ RTÉ News report by Eamon Horan broadcast on 16 February 2005
• https://www.rte.ie/archives/category/sports/2015/0416/694483-rule-42-temporarily-lifted/ Tony O’Donoghue on 16 April 2005
• https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1025/826780-gaa-floodlights-for-croke-park/ RTÉ News report by Justin Treacy broadcast on 2 November 2006
• Early 2009 Nemo Rangers investigated after Irish rugby squad trained at its indoor facility. One suggested loophole was that the facility rental was controlled by a separate legal entity, albeit connected to the club. Ultimately the GAA accepted the excuse that Nemo was unware of the identity of the group, which made the booking at the last minute after its PBC Cork training pitch was frozen. Journalist Donnchadh Boyle said the precedent made the rule unenforceable. "Rental of all-weather pitches largely given a blind eye until the high-profile Nemo incident".
• December 2009 Faythe Harriers GAA investigated in for alleged soccer rental. Journalist Cliona Foley points out that in post-2008 Irish economic downturn clubs need to maximise revenue to survive. Let off with "wrists slapped".
• 2010 Croke Park temporary rule made permanent. Had raised €36m rent money. The FAI released a statement:

  We have had a number of queries from administrators and fans in relation to the situation. ... It was on the premise presented to both the FAI and the IRFU that Croke Park under no circumstances would be available to Rugby and Football after the completion of the new stadium (now called Aviva Stadium), that the plans and financial models were created for the new stadium. ... All of the contracts including the naming rights, the catering contract, the pouring rights, box sales and premium seat sales were done in the knowledge that all football and rugby internationals will be played in the new stadium from 2010 onwards.

• August 2010: Central Council introduced an "operational policy", summarised in March 2011 in General Secretary Páraic Duffy's annual report. It "clearly distinguished between ancillary facilities and playing pitches ... ancillary facilities are defined as clubhouses, halls, dressing-rooms, handball alleys, meeting rooms, indoor halls, non-full-size Astroturf facilities, squash, basketball or tennis courts". Full-size pitches can't be rented to anyone; others can be rented to "groups of individuals, for recreational purposes" but not to "rival organisations". Applies to matches and training.
• 2011: Punishment reduced from automatic suspension; Motion 27, from Central Council, passed: "Any unit that breaks the rule on letting its property to rival sports be subject to a fine rather than suspension." [this synopsis seems more liberal than the 2018 text]. Seen as response to recent controversies. "The severity of the [old] penalty has led to reluctance to implement it".
• 2013 2027 Rugby World Cup proposal carried by 93%.
• 2014: Ancillary facilities policy revised.
• 2015 Limerick GAA county board responded to reports of soccer and rugby events at GAA grounds by circulating the 2010 document Broad Policy on Use of GAA facilities, which states "The Gaelic Athletic Association has a policy not to provide the use of its Grounds or facilities for rival field sports in respect of which the Association is in competition for membership and participation".
• 2016 proposal by Clare, to allow Central Council to allow use of county grounds as well as Croke Park, was defeated by a 235 to 77% of Congress votes.
• 2016 Dromard GAA, County Longford fined €2000 (reduced by Central Hearings Committee from €3000 proposed by Management Committee) for allowing UCL Harps FC to use its astroturf pitch for a soccer camp hosted by Jamie Carragher.
• May 2016 Connacht Rugby won the 2015–16 Pro12 and qualified for 2016–17 European Rugby Champions Cup and wanted larger venue than its 7,800-capacity home, Galway Sportsgrounds. Connacht GAA ruled out using Pearse Stadium or MacHale Park (capacity 26,000 and 38,000 respectively).
• 2018 allowing grounds outside Ireland to host other sports

Summer 2018 controversy over whether Cork GAA could or should allow Liam Miller tribute match to be moved from Turners Cross (capacity 7,485) to Páirc Uí Chaoimh (capacity 45,000). After initially stating that its rules prevented it, the GAA met the organisers and agreed to allow it. Journalists specialising in GAA coverage differed in ascribing the change pressure from variously the general public, the media and politicians. Commentary:

• Joe Leogue:

  real questions need to be asked as to whether the GAA rulebook runs contrary to the terms under which they took taxpayers’ money for Páirc Uí Chaoimh ... We know the Department of Transport, Tourism, and Sport has a sports capital unit that oversees grant funding and that its officials were involved in talks with the GAA over the Páirc saga. What we don’t know is what conclusions these officials have drawn from this controversy. Our political leaders have been careful to avoid expressing any conclusive remarks on this aspect of the issue. The onus is now on these policymakers to establish definitive clarity as to what the terms of the public funding of Páirc Uí Chaoimh means for access to the stadium in future.

• Martin Breheny:

  the GAA's decision to backtrack ... was made because of enormous political pressure. ... It's worrying for everybody as it shows that the Government is prepared to meddle in areas where it should not be involved. ... [allegedly] the €30 million Government grant was made on the basis that the facility would be made available for broad community activity. Was that written into the agreement? Surely Government officials knew the GAA rules on use of grounds and would have demanded a change at the time. As for the GAA, they would have spotted the implications of such a condition and addressed it.

• Paul Rouse:

  government policy continues to be predicated on the notion that there are GAA grounds and there are other grounds. Every penny given to the GAA and to other sporting organisations has understood the divide and has never sorted to bridge that divide. The idea of municipal stadia — so central in other countries — has never been attempted in Ireland.

Text

Basic rule since at latest 2003

• Uses of Property
  • (a) All property including grounds, Club Houses, Halls, Dressing Rooms and Handball Alleys owned or controlled by units of the Association shall be used only for the purpose of or in connection with the playing of the Games controlled by the Association, and for such other purposes not in conflict with the Aims and Objects of the Association, that may be sanctioned from time to time by the Central Council.
  • (b) Grounds controlled by Association units shall not be used or permitted to be used, for Horse Racing, Greyhound Racing, or for Field Games other than those sanctioned by Central Council.

Notes added to basic rule

Period	Rule no.	Notes	Penalty	Ref
2003	42	None	automatic suspension [Rule 44]
January 2006	44	Central Council shall have the power to authorise the use of Croke Park for games, other than those controlled by the Association, during a temporary period when Lansdowne Road Football Ground is closed for the proposed development. Congress has approved that Rules 3, 4, 5, 44, 46, 47, 77(e) and 146(a) shall allow for this for a temporary period, at the end of which all these Rules stated shall revert to their pre-Congress 2005 position	automatic suspension [Rule 47]
October 2006	44	same except 77(e) and 146(a) changed to 77(f) and 147(a) [or maybe still 146(a)]	automatic suspension [Rule 47]
2008	44	same except 147(a) changed to 147(g)	automatic suspension [Rule 47]
2010	5.1	Central Council shall have the power to authorise the use of Croke Park for games other than those controlled by the Association.	automatic suspension [Rule 5.1 itself]
2012	5.1
2013	5.1
2014	5.1
2015	5.1
2016	5.1
2017	5.1
2018	5.1	(1) Central Council has the power to authorise the use of Croke Park for games other than those controlled by the Association. (2) Central Council has the power to authorise the use of Croke Park and other Stadia for games in the Rugby World Cup 2027, if this Tournament is staged in Ireland. (3) Central Council has the power to authorise the use of all property, including Grounds, Club Houses, Halls, Dressing Rooms and Handball Alleys which are located outside of Ireland and which are owned or controlled by units of the Association, for games other than those controlled by the Association	suspension or fine; refers to documents: Central Council Policy Statement on the Use of Ancillary Facilities and of the Use of Full-size and Juvenile-size Outdoor Playing Pitches controlled by Units of the Association. (August 2010 and updated 2014). Code on Trusts of Association Property (March 2017)

Other rules:

• 3 "promote and control the National games of Hurling, Gaelic Football, Handball and Rounders, and such other games"
• 4 (a) "Irish culture ... national ideals" (b) "Camogie and Ladies Gaelic Football" (c) "Irish Industry"
• 5 "solely to the above aims"
• 46 (a) "All property ...[used] exclusively for the purpose of playing Gaelic Football, Hurling and Handball, and for such purposes, not in conflict with the Aims and Objects of the Association, that may be sanctioned from time to time by the Central Council." (b)–(g) specifics of trustees to own property
• 47 "acting contrary to Rules 44 or 46 ... automatic suspension"
• 76(e)/77(f) "[The functions of Annual Congress shall be...] To determine Association policy in broad outline."
• 146(a)/147(g) Discipline Procedure, "notice in writing ... Exceptions ... Rule 47."

Camogie

Camogie's various governing bodies have always been separate from the GAA. In 1935, Cumann Camógaíochta na nGael's ban on field hockey was lifted after a proposal from Dublin clubs, prompting a split which lasted until the 1950s after mainly Ulster clubs formed the rival National Camógaíocht Association.

Foreign culture

Foreign music added to Rule 27 ban from 1929–32. Foreign dance ban dropped in 1971. (Distinction between music and dance is not clear from Rouse.) Opposed jazz music, supported traditional Irish music and Irish dancing.

Anti-jazz campaign was being by Gaelic League and led to Public Dance Halls Act 1935.

Stanley 2018 says 1930 motion declaring it illegal for clubs to promote foreign dances, defied by a club in Derry; and generally a "remarkable degree of non-compliance by GAA members".

LUP says that "foreign dances" were banned, but not defined, in March 1932. Camogie Association same ban January 1935.

I think a 1968 Down motion, to except "old-time waltzing and old-time dances" from the ban, was passed and thus prevailed until the full repeal in 1971.

Introduction of Scór in 1969 may have interacted with removal of ban.

How about Irish showbands? First stadium rock may have been Siamsa Cois Laoi; first Croke Park may have been U2 in 1985; Féile from 1990 was a festival.

References

For review

• Administrative documents 1913–1923 GAA Museum centenary exhibition

• Billings, Cathal (12 December 2016). "Speaking Irish with hurley sticks: Gaelic sports, the Irish language and national identity in revival Ireland". Sport in History. 37 (1): 25–50. doi:10.1080/17460263.2016.1244702.
• Cronin, Mike (December 1998). "Fighting for Ireland, playing for England? The nationalist history of the Gaelic Athletic Association and the English influence on Irish sport". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 15 (3): 36–56. doi:10.1080/09523369808714041. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
• Curran, Conor (2013). "Sport and Cultural Nationalism: The Conflict between Association and Gaelic Football in Donegal, 1905–34". Éire-Ireland. 48 (1–2): 79–94. doi:10.1353/eir.2013.0001.
• Dungan, Myles; Rouse, Paul; Murphy, William (5 June 2011). "40th anniversary of the lifting of the GAA's ban on foreign games". The History Show. RTÉ Radio 1. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
• "Pat Fanning". GAA Oral History Project. Boston College. November 2008. pp. "Pat's presidency of the GAA and the removal of Rule 27", "Effectiveness of Rule 27 and the removal of Rule 21". Retrieved 6 November 2015.

Main topic

• Cronin, Mike (1999). Sport and nationalism in Ireland : Gaelic games, soccer and Irish identity since 1884. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781851824083. Retrieved 30 July 2018. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
• Cronin, Mike; Murphy, William; Rouse, Paul, eds. (2009). The Gaelic Athletic Association, 1884–2009. Irish Academic Press.
• Cronin, Mike; Duncan, Mark; Rouse, Paul (2011). The GAA : county by county. Cork: Collins Press. ISBN 9781848891289.
• Fogarty, Weeshie (17 November 2009). "'The Ban' was an unfortunate relic". Terrace Talk. Radio Kerry. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
• Fulton, Gareth; Bairner, Alan (2007). "Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule 42". Space and Polity. 11 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1080/13562570701406592. ISSN 1356-2576.
• "Agenda for 1920 Annual Congress". Centenary. GAA. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
• Hassan, David; McElligott, Richard, eds. (2018) [2016]. A Social and Cultural History of Sport in Ireland. Routledge. ISBN 9781317326472. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  • Chapter 2, reprint of McElligott, Richard (18 May 2015). "Contesting the fields of play: the Gaelic Athletic Association and the battle for popular sport in Ireland, 1890–1906". Sport in Society. 19 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1038911.
  • Chapter 5, reprint of Hassan, David; McGuire, Andrew (23 June 2015). "The GAA and revolutionary Irish politics in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ireland". Sport in Society. 19 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1038919.
• Kelly, Sean (2007). Rule 42 and All that. Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 9780717141838.
• McGee, Eugene (13 April 1968). "Congress 1968" (PDF). Gaelic Weekly News. 1 (2): 8–9.
• Mac Lua, Brendan (1967). The steadfast rule : a history of the G.A.A. ban. Dublin: Press Cuchulainn.
• Moore, Cormac (2012). The GAA v Douglas Hyde The Removal of Ireland's First President as GAA Patron. Cork: Collins Press. ISBN 9781848891524.
• Neville, Conor (7 May 2015). "The Man Behind The GAA's Most Important Ever Rule Change Has Died". Balls.ie. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
• Rouse, Paul (1993). "The politics of culture and sport in Ireland: a history of the gaa ban on foreign games 1884–1971". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 10 (3): 333–360. doi:10.1080/09523369308713835. ISSN 0952-3367.
• Toms, David (11 May 2015). "Rule 27: When a love for the 'wrong' kind of football would see you ostracised". the42.ie. TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
• "Articles on the history of the GAA: The Removal of Douglas Hyde as Patron of the Association, 1938". Croke Park GAA Museum. GAA. Retrieved 6 November 2015.

Side topic

• Cronin, Michael (1996). "Defenders of the nation? The Gaelic athletic association and Irish nationalist identity". Irish Political Studies. 11 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/07907189608406554. ISSN 0790-7184.
• McAnallen, Donal (2013-02-15). The Cups that Cheered: A History of the Sigerson, Fitzgibbon and Higher Education Gaelic Games. Collins Press. ISBN 9781848891609.
• Mandle, W. F. (September 1977). "The I.R.B. and the Beginnings of the Gaelic Athletic Association". Irish Historical Studies. 20 (80): 418–438.
• Mullan, M. L. (1995). "SPORT AS INSTITUTIONALIZED CHARISMA". Journal of Sport & Social Issues. 19 (3): 285–306. doi:10.1177/019372395019003005. ISSN 0193-7235.
• Mullan, Michael (1996). "The devolution of the Irish economy in the nineteenth century and the bifurcation of Irish sport". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 13 (2): 42–60. doi:10.1080/09523369608713935. ISSN 0952-3367.
• Nolan, William, ed. (2005). The Gaelic Athletic Association in Dublin 1884–2000. Vol. Volume II: 1960-2000. Geography Publications. ISBN 0906602777. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help) "There is full discussion in Volume II concerning the role of Dublin GAA in pushing the agenda on Rule 27"
• Ó hAnnrachain, Tadhg (2008). "The Heroic Importance of Sport: The GAA in the 1930s". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 25 (10): 1326–1337. doi:10.1080/09523360802212263. ISSN 0952-3367.
• Ó Tuathaigh, Gearóid, ed. (October 2015). The GAA & Revolution in Ireland, 1913–1923. Collins Press. ISBN 9781848892545.
• Scally, John (2011-04-01). The GAA: An Oral History. Mainstream Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9781845969479. Retrieved 6 November 2015. (Willie McGee hears "Burrishoole" chant in Dalymount Park)
• Tierney, Mark (1984). "The Public and Private Image of the GAA: A Centenary Appraisal". The Crane Bag. 8 (2: Media and Popular Culture). Richard Kearney: 161–164.
• Tynan, Mark Patrick (September 2013). Association football and Irish society during the inter-war period, 1918–39 (PDF) (Ph.D.). NUI Maynooth. Retrieved 2 August 2018.

External links

• Tom Woulfe on the Removal of 'The Ban' (YouTube) 2014 interview by Caroline Murphy