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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
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{{Wildlife of Sri Lanka}}
{{Wildlife of Sri Lanka}}
Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. It is situated in the middle of [[Indian Ocean]]. Because of being an island, Sri Lanka has rich endemic terrestrial and freshwater fauna, including vertebrates and several invertebrates.
⚫
[[Sri Lanka]] is host to over 110+ species of [[amphibian]]s, of which over 90 species is being endemic to the country.<ref name="2007 Red List">{{cite book|title=The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka|publisher=IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=2007|page=3|chapter=Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.|isbn=978-955-8177-63-1|url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/RL-548.7-003.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.<ref name="iucn.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/sri_lanka/|title=The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka|work=iucn.org|publisher=IUCN|accessdate=29 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430055046/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/sri_lanka/|archivedate=30 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the past decade the finding of new amphibians in Sri Lanka has increased significantly.<ref name="Bambaradeniya 2006">{{cite book|title=The fauna of Sri Lanka : status of taxonomy, research and conservation|editor=Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B.|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN Sri Lanka]] and Government of Sri Lanka|date=2006|pages=125–131|isbn=955-8177-51-2|url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2006-030.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species. In 1996 the number of amphibian species has raised to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by [[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]] and Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Meegaskumbura ''et al.'' revised the number to around 140 species,<ref name="Meegaskumbura">{{cite journal|last=Meegaskumbura|first=M.|author2=Bossuyt, F. |author3=Pethiyagoda, R. |author4=Manamendra-Arachchi, K. |author5=Bahir, M. |author6=Milinkovitch, M. C. |author7= Schneider, C. J. |date=2002|title=Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|pmid=12376694|volume=298|issue=5592|pages=379|url=http://www.amphibia.be/pubs/science_2002.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.298.5592.379|format=PDF}}</ref> and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.<ref name="Current Science">{{cite journal|last=Chaitra|first=M. S.|author2=Vasudevan, Karthikeyan |author3= Shanker, Kartik |date=10 April 2004|title=The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=86|issue=7|page=897|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102004/897.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> As at 2016, 120 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 110 endemics.<ref>http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/amphibian-diversity-of-sri-lanka.html</ref> Three [[caecilian]] species has been identified with one undescribed species.


==Amphibian==
⚫
Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, ''[[Adenomus]]'', ''[[Nannophrys]]'', and ''[[Lankanectes corrugatus|Lankanectes]]''.<ref name="Bambaradeniya 2006" /> Most of the new species is of the genus ''[[Philautus]]'' was assigned to genus ''[[Pseudophilautus]]'' recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus ''Philautus'' (sensu stricto) in Sri Lanka. ''[[Philautus pardus|Pseudophilautus pardus]]'' and ''[[Philautus maia|P. maia]]'', the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are decided to be extinct species.<ref name="Zootaxa">{{cite journal|last=Meegaskumbura|first=Madhava|author2=Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum |author3=Schneider, Christopher J. |author4= Pethiyagoda, Rohan |date=25 January 2007|title=New species amongst Sri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1397|pages=1–15|issn=1175-5326|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01397p015.pdf}}</ref> Sri Lanka also ranked highest in Asia for having highest percentage of [[Extinction|extinct]] and [[Threatened species|threatened]] amphibian species.<ref name="iucn.org" /> In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of remaining species is on the verge of extinction. Of the world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 of them are from Sri Lanka.<ref name="Bambaradeniya 2006" /> [[Habitat destruction|Habitat loss]] is attributed as the main cause of threats while [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]], use of [[pesticide]]s, and [[air pollution]] are among others. In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe ''et al.'' described another endemic ''[[Pseudophilautus]]'' species ''[[Pseudophilautus dilmah|P.dilmah]]''.
*Phylum: [[Chordata]]
*Class: [[Amphibia]]


Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. They have soft glandular skin and live in all habitats of the world except ice caps. They complete an amphibious lifestyle where larval stages live in water and adults on or closer to land. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators.
==Amphibians==

⚫
[[Sri Lanka]] is host to over 110+ species of [[amphibian]]s, of which over 90 species is being endemic to the country.<ref name="2007 Red List">{{cite book|title=The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka|publisher=IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=2007|page=3|chapter=Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.|isbn=978-955-8177-63-1|url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/RL-548.7-003.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.<ref name="iucn.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/sri_lanka/|title=The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka|work=iucn.org|publisher=IUCN|accessdate=29 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430055046/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/sri_lanka/|archivedate=30 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the past decade the finding of new amphibians in Sri Lanka has increased significantly.<ref name="Bambaradeniya 2006">{{cite book|title=The fauna of Sri Lanka : status of taxonomy, research and conservation|editor=Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B.|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN Sri Lanka]] and Government of Sri Lanka|date=2006|pages=125–131|isbn=955-8177-51-2|url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2006-030.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>

The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species. In 1996 the number of amphibian species has raised to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by [[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]] and Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Madhava Meegaskumbura ''et al.'' revised the number to around 140 species,<ref name="Meegaskumbura">{{cite journal|last=Meegaskumbura|first=M.|author2=Bossuyt, F. |author3=Pethiyagoda, R. |author4=Manamendra-Arachchi, K. |author5=Bahir, M. |author6=Milinkovitch, M. C. |author7= Schneider, C. J. |date=2002|title=Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|pmid=12376694|volume=298|issue=5592|pages=379|url=http://www.amphibia.be/pubs/science_2002.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.298.5592.379|format=PDF}}</ref> and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.<ref name="Current Science">{{cite journal|last=Chaitra|first=M. S.|author2=Vasudevan, Karthikeyan |author3= Shanker, Kartik |date=10 April 2004|title=The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=86|issue=7|page=897|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102004/897.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> As at 2018, 121 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 111 endemics.<ref>http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/amphibian-diversity-of-sri-lanka.html</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327173994_A_new_frog_species_from_rapidly_dwindling_cloud_forest_streams_of_Sri_Lanka-Lankanectes_pera_Anura_Nyctibatrachidae?_sg=jVCfyqlaIr99IOX1LEXGmex9tv520pxQNZcw43tJ2J3VrGjUTOJmz2UUroPrviOITn8By10hqA |title=A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka—Lankanectes pera |publisher=Zootaxa 4461(4):519-538|accessdate=25 August 2018}}</ref> Three [[caecilian]] species has been identified with one undescribed species.

⚫
Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, ''[[Adenomus]]'', ''[[Nannophrys]]'', and ''[[Lankanectes|Lankanectes]]''.<ref name="Bambaradeniya 2006" /> Most of the new species is of the genus ''[[Philautus]]'' was assigned to genus ''[[Pseudophilautus]]'' recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus ''Philautus'' (sensu stricto) in Sri Lanka. ''[[Philautus pardus|Pseudophilautus pardus]]'' and ''[[Philautus maia|P. maia]]'', the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are decided to be extinct species.<ref name="Zootaxa">{{cite journal|last=Meegaskumbura|first=Madhava|author2=Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum |author3=Schneider, Christopher J. |author4= Pethiyagoda, Rohan |date=25 January 2007|title=New species amongst Sri Lanka’s extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=1397|pages=1–15|issn=1175-5326|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01397p015.pdf}}</ref>

Sri Lanka also ranked highest in Asia for having highest percentage of [[Extinction|extinct]] and [[Threatened species|threatened]] amphibian species.<ref name="iucn.org" /> In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of remaining species is on the verge of extinction. Of the world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 of them are from Sri Lanka.<ref name="Bambaradeniya 2006" /> [[Habitat destruction|Habitat loss]] is attributed as the main cause of threats while [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]], use of [[pesticide]]s, and [[air pollution]] are among others. In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe ''et al.'' described another endemic ''[[Pseudophilautus]]'' species ''[[Pseudophilautus dilmah|P.dilmah]]''.

==Amphibians Diversity of Sri Lanka==
{|style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!Low Vulnerability
!Low Vulnerability

Revision as of 16:17, 25 August 2018

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Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. It is situated in the middle of Indian Ocean. Because of being an island, Sri Lanka has rich endemic terrestrial and freshwater fauna, including vertebrates and several invertebrates.

Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. They have soft glandular skin and live in all habitats of the world except ice caps. They complete an amphibious lifestyle where larval stages live in water and adults on or closer to land. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators.

Sri Lanka is host to over 110+ species of amphibians, of which over 90 species is being endemic to the country.[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.[2] During the past decade the finding of new amphibians in Sri Lanka has increased significantly.[3]

The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species. In 1996 the number of amphibian species has raised to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Pethiyagoda and Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Madhava Meegaskumbura et al. revised the number to around 140 species,[4] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.[5] As at 2018, 121 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 111 endemics.[6][7] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.

Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes.[3] Most of the new species is of the genus Philautus was assigned to genus Pseudophilautus recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus Philautus (sensu stricto) in Sri Lanka. Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are decided to be extinct species.[8]

Sri Lanka also ranked highest in Asia for having highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species.[2] In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of remaining species is on the verge of extinction. Of the world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 of them are from Sri Lanka.[3] Habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others. In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe et al. described another endemic Pseudophilautus species P.dilmah.

Amphibians Diversity of Sri Lanka

Low Vulnerability Threatened Extinct Insufficient Data
Least Concern
Near Threatened
Vulnerable
Endangered
Critically Endangered
Extinct in the Wild
Extinct
Data Deficient
Not Evaluated

Order Anura: Frogs

Common name Species

(Authority)

Endemicity Status
Family Bufonidae: True toads
Torrent Toad Adenomus dasi
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998 		Endemic
[9]
Kandyan Dwarf Toad Adenomus kandianus
(Günther, 1872) 		Endemic
[10]
Kelaart's Dwarf Toad

Adenomus kelaartii
(Günther, 1858) 		Endemic
[11]
Yala Toad Duttaphrynus atukoralei
Bogert & Senanayake, 1966 		Endemic
[12]
Kotagama's Dwarf Toad

Duttaphrynus kotagamai
Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994 		Endemic
[13]
Common Indian Toad

Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Schneider, 1799
[14]
Noellert's Toad Duttaphrynus noellerti
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998 		Endemic
[15]
Ferguson's toad

Duttaphrynus scaber
Schneider, 1799 (see Dubois & Ohler, 1999: 154)
[16]
Family Dicroglossidae: Fork-tongued frogs
Indian Skipper frog

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
(Schneider, 1799)
[17]
Green Pond Frog

Euphlyctis hexadactylus
(Lesson, 1834)
[18]
Cricket Frog

Fejervarya limnocharis
(Boie, 1835)
[19]
Jerdon's Bullfrog

Hoplobatrachus crassus
(Jerdon, 1853)
[20]
Sri Lanka Rock Frog

Nannophrys ceylonensis
(Günther, 1868) 		Endemic
[21]
Gunther's Streamlined Frog Nannophrys guentheri
Boulenger, 1882 		Endemic
[22]
Kirtisinghe's Rock Frog

Nannophrys marmorata
Kirtisinghe, 1946 		Endemic
[23]
Nayak Rock Frog Nannophrys naeyakai
Fernando, Wickramasingha & Rodrigo, 2007 		Endemic
[24]
Indian Burrowing Frog

Sphaerotheca breviceps
(Schneider, 1799)
[25]
Sri Lanka Burrowing Frog Sphaerotheca rolandae
(Dubois, 1983) 		Endemic
[26]
Montane Frog

Zakerana greenii
(Boulenger, 1904) 		Endemic
[27]
Kirtisinghe's Frog

Zakerana kirtisinghei
Manamendra-Arachchi & Gabadage, 1994 		Endemic
[28]
Bombay Wart Frog Zakerana syhadrensis
(Annandale, 1919)
[29]
Family Microhylidae: Narrow-mouthed frogs
Sri Lankan Painted Frog

Kaloula taprobanica
(Parker, 1934)
[30]
Karunaratne's Narrow-mouthed Frog Microhyla karunaratnei
Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996 		Endemic
[31]
Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog

Microhyla ornata
(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
[32]
Red Narrow-mouthed Frog

Microhyla rubra
(Jerdon, 1854)
[33]
Sri Lanka Rice Frog Microhyla zeylanica
Parker & Hill, 1949 		Endemic
[34]
Nagao's Pug-snouted Frog Ramanella nagaoi
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001 		Endemic
[35]
Sri Lanka Dot Frog

Ramanella obscura
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[36]
Half-webbed Pug-snouted Frog Ramanella palmata
(Parker, 1934) 		Endemic
[37]
White-bellied Pug-snout Frog

Ramanella variegata
(Stoliczka, 1872)
[38]
Marbled Balloon Frog

Uperodon systoma
(Schneider, 1799)
[39]
Family Ranidae: True frogs
Golden frog

Hylarana aurantiaca
Boulenger, 1904
[40]
Gravenhorst's frog Hylarana gracilis
Gravenhorst, 1829 		Endemic
[41]
Bronzed Frog Hylarana temporalis
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[42]
Family Nyctibatrachidae: Robust frogs
Corrugated Water Frog

Lankanectes corrugatus
(Peters, 1863) 		Endemic
[43]
Family Rhacophoridae: Shrub frogs
Pseudophilautus abundus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[44]

Pseudophilautus adspersus
(Günther, 1872) 		Endemic
[45]

Pseudophilautus alto
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[46]

Pseudophilautus asankai
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus auratus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai
Wickramasinghe et al., 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus caeruleus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[50]
Pseudophilautus cavirostris
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[51]

Pseudophilautus cuspis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[52]
Pseudophilautus dayawansai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus decoris
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[53]
Pseudophilautus dilmah
(Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon & Wickramasinghe, 2015) 		Endemic
[54]
Pseudophilautus dimbullae
(Shreve, 1940) 		Endemic
[55]
Pseudophilautus eximius
(Shreve, 1940) 		Endemic
[56]
Pseudophilautus extirpo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[57]

Pseudophilautus femoralis
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[58]

Pseudophilautus fergusonianus
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[59]
Pseudophilautus folicola
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[60]
Pseudophilautus frankenbergi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[61]
Pseudophilautus fulvus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[62]
Pseudophilautus hallidayi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[63]
Pseudophilautus halyi
(Boulenger, 1904) 		Endemic
[64]
Pseudophilautus hankeni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Archchi, 2011 		Endemic
[65]

Pseudophilautus hoffmanni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[66]
Pseudophilautus hoipolloi
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[67]

Pseudophilautus hypomelas
(Günther, 1876) 		Endemic
[68]
Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus karunarathnai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus leucorhinus
(Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856) 		Endemic
[69]
Pseudophilautus limbus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[70]
Pseudophilautus lunatus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[71]

Pseudophilautus macropus
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[72]
Pseudophilautus maia
(Meegaskumbara et al., 2007) 		Endemic
[73]
Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[74]

Pseudophilautus microtympanum
(Günther, 1859) 		Endemic
[75]
Pseudophilautus mittermeieri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[76]

Pseudophilautus mooreorum
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[77]

Pseudophilautus nanus
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[78]

Pseudophilautus nasutus
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[79]
Pseudophilautus nemus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[80]
Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus ocularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[81]

Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus
(Günther, 1872) 		Endemic
[82]
Pseudophilautus papillosus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[83]
Pseudophilautus pardus
(Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider and Pethiyagoda, 2007) 		Endemic
[84]
Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia
(Boulenger, 1904) 		Endemic
[85]
Pseudophilautus poppiae
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[86]
Pseudophilautus popularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[87]
Pseudophilautus procax
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[88]

Pseudophilautus puranappu
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus regius
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[89]
Pseudophilautus reticulatus
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[90]
Pseudophilautus rugatus
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[91]
Pseudophilautus rus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[92]
Pseudophilautus samarakoon
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus sarasinorum
(Müller, 1887) 		Endemic
[93]
Pseudophilautus schmarda
(Kelaart, 1854) 		Endemic
[94]
Pseudophilautus schneideri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011 		Endemic
[95]

Pseudophilautus semiruber
(Annandale, 1913) 		Endemic
[96]

Pseudophilautus silus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[97]
Pseudophilautus silvaticus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[98]
Pseudophilautus simba
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[99]
Pseudophilautus singu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 		Endemic
[100]
Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[101]
Pseudophilautus sordidus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[102]
Pseudophilautus stellatus
(Kelaart, 1853) 		Endemic
[103]
Pseudophilautus steineri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[104]

Pseudophilautus stictomerus
(Günther, 1876) 		Endemic
[105]

Pseudophilautus stuarti
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[106]

Pseudophilautus tanu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 		Endemic
[107]

Pseudophilautus temporalis
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[108]

Pseudophilautus variabilis
(Günther, 1859) 		Endemic
[109]

Pseudophilautus viridis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[110]
Pseudophilautus zal
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[111]
Pseudophilautus zimmeri
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[112]
Pseudophilautus zorro
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[113]
Common Hour-glass Tree frog

Polypedates cruciger
Blyth, 1852 		Endemic
[114]
Indian Tree Frog

Polypedates maculatus
(Gray, 1834)
[115]
Ranwella's Spined Tree frog Polypedates ranwellai
Wickramasinghe, Munindrasasa & Fernando, 2012 		Endemic
[116]
Montane Hour-glass Tree frog

Taruga eques
Günther, 1858 		Endemic
[117]
Morningside Hour-glass Tree frog Taruga fastigo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001 		Endemic
[118]
Long-snouted Tree frog Taruga longinasus
(Ahl, 1931) 		Endemic
[119]

Order Gymnophiona: Caecilians

Common name Species

(Authority)

Endemicity Status
Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians
Ceylon Caecilian

Ichthyophis glutinosus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Endemic
[120]
Pattipola Caecilian Ichthyophis orthoplicatus
Taylor, 1965 		Endemic
[121]
Lesser Yellow-banded Caecilian Ichthyophis pseudangularis
Taylor, 1965 		Endemic
[122]
Ichthyophis sp.
 Endemic

References

  1. ^ "Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.". The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-955-8177-63-1.
  2. ^ a b "The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka". iucn.org. IUCN. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B., ed. (2006). The fauna of Sri Lanka : status of taxonomy, research and conservation (PDF). IUCN Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. pp. 125–131. ISBN 955-8177-51-2.
  4. ^ Meegaskumbura, M.; Bossuyt, F.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Bahir, M.; Milinkovitch, M. C.; Schneider, C. J. (2002). "Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot" (PDF). Science. 298 (5592): 379. doi:10.1126/science.298.5592.379. PMID 12376694.
  5. ^ Chaitra, M. S.; Vasudevan, Karthikeyan; Shanker, Kartik (10 April 2004). "The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it" (PDF). Current Science. 86 (7): 897.
  6. ^ http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/amphibian-diversity-of-sri-lanka.html
  7. ^ "A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka—Lankanectes pera". Zootaxa 4461(4):519-538. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  8. ^ Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum; Schneider, Christopher J.; Pethiyagoda, Rohan (25 January 2007). "New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1397: 1–15. ISSN 1175-5326.
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