Jump to content

Namecoin: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Organizing some of the reference and making them more readable in the source
ref check: mostly bad. literally one RS, one ICANN draft report (not even final), one thesis about Namecoin, one paper showing Namecoin is a failure
Line 1: Line 1:
{{multiple issues|
{{multiple issues|{{notability|date=November 2018}}
{{third-party|date=June 2014}}
{{third-party|date=June 2014}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2014}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2014}}
{{self-published|date=October 2014}}
{{self-published|date=October 2014}}}}
}}
{{Infobox currency
{{Infobox currency
| image_1 = Namecoin logo.svg
| image_1 = Namecoin logo.svg
Line 28: Line 27:
}}
}}


'''Namecoin''' ([[currency symbol|Symbol]]: '''ℕ''' or '''NMC''') is a [[cryptocurrency]] that is mined with [[bitcoin]] software as bonus.
'''Namecoin''' ([[currency symbol|Symbol]]: '''ℕ''' or '''NMC''') is a [[cryptocurrency]] that is mined with [[bitcoin]] software as bonus.<ref name="firstbitcoinfork1">{{cite news | url=https://coinreport.net/little-altcoin-sanity-namecoin/ | work=CoinReport | title=A Little Altcoin Sanity: Namecoin | first=Ben | last=Isgur | date=2014-07-16 }}
⚫
</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref name="firstbitcoinfork2">{{cite news | url=http://coinjoint.info/namecoin-next-generation-domain-name-system/ | work=CoinJoint | title=Namecoin – Next Generation Domain Name System | date=2014-06-05 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210115/http://coinjoint.info/namecoin-next-generation-domain-name-system/ | archivedate=2014-08-12 | df= }}
<ref name="firstbitcoinfork1">{{cite news | url=https://coinreport.net/little-altcoin-sanity-namecoin/ | work=CoinReport | title=A Little Altcoin Sanity: Namecoin | first=Ben | last=Isgur | date=2014-07-16 }}
⚫
</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref name="firstbitcoinfork3">{{cite news | url=http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7750/bitcoin-in-israel-part-3-interview-on-alternative-currencies | work=Bitcoin Magazine | title=Bitcoin in Israel, Part 3: Interview on Alternative Currencies | first=Vitalik | last=Buterin | date=2013-10-26 }}
</ref>
⚫
</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref name="firstbitcoinfork4">{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/crypto-2-0-roundup-bitcoins-revolution-moves-beyond-currency/ | work=Coindesk | title=Crypto 2.0 Roundup: Bitcoin’s Revolution Moves Beyond Currency | first=Alex | last=Brokaw | date=2014-08-23 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} Namecoins are released as a [[geometric series]], every 4 years the rate is halved.<ref name="desk1">{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/what-are-namecoins-and-bit-domains/ | title=What are Namecoins and .bit domains? | work=CoinDesk | date=2013-06-18 | first=David | last=Gilson }}
⚫
<ref name="firstbitcoinfork2">{{cite news | url=http://coinjoint.info/namecoin-next-generation-domain-name-system/ | work=CoinJoint | title=Namecoin – Next Generation Domain Name System | date=2014-06-05 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210115/http://coinjoint.info/namecoin-next-generation-domain-name-system/ | archivedate=2014-08-12 | df= }}
</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}
</ref>
⚫
<ref name="firstbitcoinfork3">{{cite news | url=http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7750/bitcoin-in-israel-part-3-interview-on-alternative-currencies | work=Bitcoin Magazine | title=Bitcoin in Israel, Part 3: Interview on Alternative Currencies | first=Vitalik | last=Buterin | date=2013-10-26 }}
</ref>
<ref name="firstbitcoinfork4">{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/crypto-2-0-roundup-bitcoins-revolution-moves-beyond-currency/ | work=Coindesk | title=Crypto 2.0 Roundup: Bitcoin’s Revolution Moves Beyond Currency | first=Alex | last=Brokaw | date=2014-08-23 }}</ref>
| using_countries = Worldwide
| issuing_authority_website = [http://www.namecoin.org/ Namecoin.org]
| printer =
| mint =
⚫
| inflation_rate = 21 million Namecoins are released as a [[geometric series]], every 4 years the rate is halved.<ref name="desk1">{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/what-are-namecoins-and-bit-domains/ | title=What are Namecoins and .bit domains? | work=CoinDesk | date=2013-06-18 | first=David | last=Gilson }}
</ref>


Unlike bitcoin, Namecoin can store data within its own [[Blockchain (database)|blockchain transaction database]]. The original proposal for Namecoin called for Namecoin to insert data into bitcoin's blockchain directly.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://bitcointa.lk/threads/bitdns-and-generalizing-bitcoin.1499/|title = BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin|date = 2010-10-15|accessdate = |website = BitcoinTalk|publisher = |last = appamatto|first = }}</ref> Anticipating scaling difficulties with this approach,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/535/|title = Re: BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin|date = 2010-12-10|accessdate = |website = Nakamoto institute|publisher = |last = Nakamoto|first = Satoshi}}</ref> a shared [[proof-of-work]] (POW) system was proposed to secure new cryptocurrencies with different [[use cases]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/532/|title = Re: BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin|date = 2010-12-09|accessdate = |website = Nakamoto institute|publisher = |last = Nakamoto|first = Satoshi}}</ref>
Unlike bitcoin, Namecoin can store data within its own [[Blockchain (database)|blockchain transaction database]]. The original proposal for Namecoin called for Namecoin to insert data into bitcoin's blockchain directly.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://bitcointa.lk/threads/bitdns-and-generalizing-bitcoin.1499/|title = BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin|date = 2010-10-15|accessdate = |website = BitcoinTalk|publisher = |last = appamatto|first = }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} Anticipating scaling difficulties with this approach,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/535/|title = Re: BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin|date = 2010-12-10|accessdate = |website = Nakamoto institute|publisher = |last = Nakamoto|first = Satoshi}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} a shared [[proof-of-work]] (POW) system was proposed to secure new cryptocurrencies with different [[use cases]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/532/|title = Re: BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin|date = 2010-12-09|accessdate = |website = Nakamoto institute|publisher = |last = Nakamoto|first = Satoshi}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


Namecoin's flagship use case is the censorship-resistant [[top level domain]] <code>[[.bit]]</code>, which is functionally similar to <code>[[.com]]</code> or <code>[[.net]]</code> domains but is independent of [[ICANN]], the main governing body for domain names.<ref name="dourado2013">{{cite news | url=http://theumlaut.com/2014/02/05/namecoin-icann/ | work=Theumlaut | title=Can Namecoin Obsolete ICANN (and More)? | first=Eli | last=Dourado | date=2014-02-05 }}</ref>
Namecoin's flagship use case is the censorship-resistant [[top level domain]] <code>[[.bit]]</code>, which is functionally similar to <code>[[.com]]</code> or <code>[[.net]]</code> domains but is independent of [[ICANN]], the main governing body for domain names.<ref name="dourado2013">{{cite news | url=http://theumlaut.com/2014/02/05/namecoin-icann/ | work=Theumlaut | title=Can Namecoin Obsolete ICANN (and More)? | first=Eli | last=Dourado | date=2014-02-05 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


== Transactions ==
== Transactions ==
A peer-to-peer network similar to [[bitcoin]]'s handles Namecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through [[SHA256]], [[proof-of-work]] scheme (they are issued when a small enough [[cryptographic hash|hash]] value is found, at which point a block is created; the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining). The issuing rate forms a [[geometric series]], and the rate halves every 210,000 blocks, roughly every four years, reaching a final total of 21 million NMC.
A peer-to-peer network similar to [[bitcoin]]'s handles Namecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through [[SHA256]], [[proof-of-work]] scheme (they are issued when a small enough [[cryptographic hash|hash]] value is found, at which point a block is created; the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining). The issuing rate forms a [[geometric series]], and the rate halves every 210,000 blocks, roughly every four years, reaching a final total of 21 million NMC.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}


Namecoins are currently traded primarily for USD and other cryptocurrencies, mostly on online [[Digital currency exchanger|exchanges]]. To avoid the danger of [[chargebacks]], reversible transactions, such as those with [[credit cards]] or PayPal, are not advised since Namecoin transactions are irreversible.
Namecoins are currently traded primarily for USD and other cryptocurrencies, mostly on online [[Digital currency exchanger|exchanges]]. To avoid the danger of [[chargebacks]], reversible transactions, such as those with [[credit cards]] or PayPal, are not advised since Namecoin transactions are irreversible.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}


=== Addresses ===
=== Addresses ===
Payments and records in the Namecoin network are made to ''addresses'', which are [[Base58]]-encoded hashes of users' [[public key]]s. They are strings of 33 numbers and letters which begin with the letter ''N'' or ''M''. Initially addresses beginning with ''1'' existed but this was changed to avoid confusion with [[Bitcoin]] addresses. <!-- do NOT put any example addresses here -->
Payments and records in the Namecoin network are made to ''addresses'', which are [[Base58]]-encoded hashes of users' [[public key]]s. They are strings of 33 numbers and letters which begin with the letter ''N'' or ''M''. Initially addresses beginning with ''1'' existed but this was changed to avoid confusion with [[Bitcoin]] addresses.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} <!-- do NOT put any example addresses here -->


=== Records ===
=== Records ===
Each Namecoin record consists of a key and a value which can be up to 520 [[byte]]s in size. Each key is actually a path, with the namespace preceding the name of the record. The key <code>d/example</code> signifies a record stored in the [[DNS]] namespace <code>d</code> with the name <code>example</code> and corresponds to the record for the <code>example.bit</code> website. The content of <code>d/example</code> is expected to conform to the DNS namespace specification.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://wiki.namecoin.info/index.php?title=Domain_Name_Specification|title = Namecoin DNS specification|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
Each Namecoin record consists of a key and a value which can be up to 520 [[byte]]s in size. Each key is actually a path, with the namespace preceding the name of the record. The key <code>d/example</code> signifies a record stored in the [[DNS]] namespace <code>d</code> with the name <code>example</code> and corresponds to the record for the <code>example.bit</code> website. The content of <code>d/example</code> is expected to conform to the DNS namespace specification.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://wiki.namecoin.info/index.php?title=Domain_Name_Specification|title = Namecoin DNS specification|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}


The current fee for a record is 0.01 NMC and records expire after 36000 blocks (~200 days) unless updated or renewed. Namecoins used to purchase records are marked as used and destroyed, as giving the fee to miners would enable larger miners to register names at a significant discount.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://wiki.namecoin.info/index.php?title=FAQ|title = Namecoin FAQ|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
The current fee for a record is 0.01 NMC and records expire after 36000 blocks (~200 days) unless updated or renewed. Namecoins used to purchase records are marked as used and destroyed, as giving the fee to miners would enable larger miners to register names at a significant discount.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://wiki.namecoin.info/index.php?title=FAQ|title = Namecoin FAQ|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
Proposed potential uses for Namecoin besides domain name registration include:
Proposed potential uses for Namecoin besides domain name registration include:
* [[Identity system]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=Identity | title=Namespace:Identity | publisher=Dot-Bit }}</ref>
* [[Identity system]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=Identity | title=Namespace:Identity | publisher=Dot-Bit }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}
* [[Messaging system]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dot-bit.org/Messaging_System | title=<nowiki>Messaging System]</nowiki> | publisher=Dot-Bit | deadurl=bot: unknown | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012101628/http://dot-bit.org/Messaging_System | archivedate=2014-10-12 | df= }}</ref><ref>[http://testnet.explorer.namecoin.info/n/1877%7C Namecoin block explorer], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075518/http://testnet.explorer.dot-bit.org/n/1877%7C Archived here]</ref>
* [[Messaging system]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dot-bit.org/Messaging_System | title=<nowiki>Messaging System]</nowiki> | publisher=Dot-Bit | deadurl=bot: unknown | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012101628/http://dot-bit.org/Messaging_System | archivedate=2014-10-12 | df= }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}<ref>[http://testnet.explorer.namecoin.info/n/1877%7C Namecoin block explorer], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075518/http://testnet.explorer.dot-bit.org/n/1877%7C Archived here]</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}
* Personal [[namespace]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=Identity | title=Personal Namespace | publisher=Dot-Bit }}</ref>
* Personal [[namespace]]s<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=Identity | title=Personal Namespace | publisher=Dot-Bit }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}
* [[Notary]]/[[timestamp]] systems<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.techworld.com/security/3449015/could-the-bitcoin-network-be-used-as-an-ultrasecure-notary-service/ | title=Could the Bitcoin network be used as an ultrasecure notary service? | work=Techworld | first=Jeremy | last=Kirk | date=2013-05-24 }}</ref>
* [[Notary]]/[[timestamp]] systems<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.techworld.com/security/3449015/could-the-bitcoin-network-be-used-as-an-ultrasecure-notary-service/ | title=Could the Bitcoin network be used as an ultrasecure notary service? | work=Techworld | first=Jeremy | last=Kirk | date=2013-05-24 }}</ref>
* [[Pseudonym|Alias]] systems<ref>[http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/ ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230204/http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/ Archived page]</ref><ref>[http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120704170347/http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html Archived page]</ref>
* [[Pseudonym|Alias]] systems<ref>[http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/ ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230204/http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/ Archived page]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref>[http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120704170347/http://ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html Archived page]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}
* Issuance of [[Share (finance)|shares]]/stocks<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=567&p=6793&hilit=stocks#p6793|title = Coming up: Namecoin Stock Control|date = |accessdate = 2012-10-05|website = Namecoin forum|publisher = |last = Phelix|first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1857&hilit=stocks|title = ANTPY – Atomic Name Trading|date = 2014-01-12|accessdate = |website = Namecoin Forum|publisher = |last = Phelix|first = }}</ref>
* Issuance of [[Share (finance)|shares]]/stocks<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=567&p=6793&hilit=stocks#p6793|title = Coming up: Namecoin Stock Control|date = |accessdate = 2012-10-05|website = Namecoin forum|publisher = |last = Phelix|first = }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1857&hilit=stocks|title = ANTPY – Atomic Name Trading|date = 2014-01-12|accessdate = |website = Namecoin Forum|publisher = |last = Phelix|first = }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


== History ==
== History ==
In September 2010, a discussion was started in the Bitcointalk forum about a hypothetical system called BitDNS and generalizing bitcoin. [[Gavin Andresen]] and [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] joined the discussion in the Bitcointalk forum and supported the idea of BitDNS.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://b1tcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1790.0 | author=appamatto | title=<nowiki>BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin</nowiki> | publisher=Bitcointalk.org | work=Bitcoin Forum | date=2010-10-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/14#l1150 |author=IRC |title=<nowiki>IRC discussion about BitDNS 1/2</nowiki> |publisher=web.archive.org |work=web.archive.org |date=2010-10-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118020511/http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/14#l1150 |archivedate=November 18, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/15 |author=IRC |title=<nowiki>IRC discussion about BitDNS 2/2</nowiki> |publisher=web.archive.org |work=web.archive.org |date=2010-10-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118033208/http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/15 |archivedate=November 18, 2010 }}</ref> A reward for implementing BitDNS was announced at the Bitcointalk forum in December 2010.<ref name=bt2010 /> Soon a developer decided to implement this idea to earn this reward.<ref name=bt2010>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=History | author=kiba | title=<nowiki>BitDNS Bounty (3500 BTC)</nowiki> | publisher=Bitcointalk.org | work=Bitcoin Forum | date=2010-04-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/vinced/namecoin|title=vinced/namecoin|work=GitHub|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> On April 18, 2011 Namecoin was introduced by Vinced (Rumored to be Vincent Durham) as a multipurpose and distributed naming system based on bitcoin. It was inspired by the BitDNS discussion on the Bitcointalk forum.<ref name=announcement>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=History | author=vinced | title=<nowiki>[announce] Namecoin - a distributed naming system based on Bitcoin</nowiki> | publisher=Bitcointalk.org |
In September 2010, a discussion was started in the Bitcointalk forum about a hypothetical system called BitDNS and generalizing bitcoin. [[Gavin Andresen]] and [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] joined the discussion in the Bitcointalk forum and supported the idea of BitDNS.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://b1tcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1790.0 | author=appamatto | title=<nowiki>BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin</nowiki> | publisher=Bitcointalk.org | work=Bitcoin Forum | date=2010-10-15 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/14#l1150 |author=IRC |title=<nowiki>IRC discussion about BitDNS 1/2</nowiki> |publisher=web.archive.org |work=web.archive.org |date=2010-10-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118020511/http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/14#l1150 |archivedate=November 18, 2010 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/15 |author=IRC |title=<nowiki>IRC discussion about BitDNS 2/2</nowiki> |publisher=web.archive.org |work=web.archive.org |date=2010-10-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118033208/http://veritas.maximilianeum.ch/bitcoin/irc/logs/2010/11/15 |archivedate=November 18, 2010 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} A reward for implementing BitDNS was announced at the Bitcointalk forum in December 2010.<ref name=bt2010 />{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} Soon a developer decided to implement this idea to earn this reward.<ref name=bt2010>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=History | author=kiba | title=<nowiki>BitDNS Bounty (3500 BTC)</nowiki> | publisher=Bitcointalk.org | work=Bitcoin Forum | date=2010-04-12 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/vinced/namecoin|title=vinced/namecoin|work=GitHub|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}} On April 18, 2011 Namecoin was introduced by Vinced (Rumored to be Vincent Durham) as a multipurpose and distributed naming system based on bitcoin. It was inspired by the BitDNS discussion on the Bitcointalk forum.<ref name=announcement>{{cite web | url=https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=History | author=vinced | title=<nowiki>[announce] Namecoin - a distributed naming system based on Bitcoin</nowiki> | publisher=Bitcointalk.org |
work=Bitcoin Forum | date=2011-04-18 }}</ref> [[WikiLeaks]] mentioned the project via Twitter in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/78906603948093440 | date=2011-06-09 | title=Twitter / wikileaks: Namecoin and Bitcoin will be ... | publisher=WikiLeaks, via Twitter | accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref>
work=Bitcoin Forum | date=2011-04-18 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} [[WikiLeaks]] mentioned the project via Twitter in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/78906603948093440 | date=2011-06-09 | title=Twitter / wikileaks: Namecoin and Bitcoin will be ... | publisher=WikiLeaks, via Twitter | accessdate=2014-05-20}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}


On block 19200 Namecoin activated the merged mining upgrade to allow mining of bitcoin and namecoin simultaneously, instead of having to choose between one or the other; this fixed the issue of miners jumping from one blockchain to another when the profitability becomes favorable in the former.
On block 19200 Namecoin activated the merged mining upgrade to allow mining of bitcoin and namecoin simultaneously, instead of having to choose between one or the other; this fixed the issue of miners jumping from one blockchain to another when the profitability becomes favorable in the former.


Two years later, in June 2013, NameID was launched.<ref name=nameidPost>{{cite web | url=https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1013 | first=Daniel | last=Kraft | title=<nowiki>NameID - Use namecoin id/ to log into OpenID sites</nowiki> | work=Namecoin Forum | date=2013-07-25 }}</ref> It is a service to associate profile information with identities on the Namecoin blockchain and an [[OpenID]] provider to allow logging into existing websites with Namecoin identities. The main site itself is accompanied by an open protocol for password-less authentication with Namecoin identities, a corresponding [[Free Software|free-software]] implementation and a supporting [[Browser extension|extension]] for [[Firefox]].
Two years later, in June 2013, NameID was launched.<ref name=nameidPost>{{cite web | url=https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1013 | first=Daniel | last=Kraft | title=<nowiki>NameID - Use namecoin id/ to log into OpenID sites</nowiki> | work=Namecoin Forum | date=2013-07-25 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} It is a service to associate profile information with identities on the Namecoin blockchain and an [[OpenID]] provider to allow logging into existing websites with Namecoin identities. The main site itself is accompanied by an open protocol for password-less authentication with Namecoin identities, a corresponding [[Free Software|free-software]] implementation and a supporting [[Browser extension|extension]] for [[Firefox]].


In October 2013, Michael Gronager, main developer of libcoin,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/libcoin/libcoin|title=libcoin/libcoin|work=GitHub|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> found a security issue in the Namecoin protocol, which allowed modifying foreign names. It was successfully fixed in a short timeframe and was never exploited, except for bitcoin.bit as a proof-of-concept.<ref name=gilson2013>{{cite news | title=Developers attempt to resurrect Namecoin after fundamental flaw discovered | first=David | last=Gilson | date=2013-10-28 | url=http://www.coindesk.com/namecoin-flaw-patch-needed/ | work=CoinDesk }}</ref>
In October 2013, Michael Gronager, main developer of libcoin,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/libcoin/libcoin|title=libcoin/libcoin|work=GitHub|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}} found a security issue in the Namecoin protocol, which allowed modifying foreign names. It was successfully fixed in a short timeframe and was never exploited, except for bitcoin.bit as a proof-of-concept.<ref name=gilson2013>{{cite news | title=Developers attempt to resurrect Namecoin after fundamental flaw discovered | first=David | last=Gilson | date=2013-10-28 | url=http://www.coindesk.com/namecoin-flaw-patch-needed/ | work=CoinDesk }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


In February 2014, a [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]] for Firefox compatible with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Linux]], FreeSpeechMe, was released, providing automatic resolution of [[.bit]] addresses. This is available by downloading the Namecoin blockchain and running it in the background.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://bitcoinmagazine.com/10190/freespeechme-new-anti-censorship-secure-domain-resolving-namecoin-based-plug/ | work=Bitcoin Magazine | title=FreeSpeechMe: The new anti-censorship and secure domain resolving Namecoin-based plug-in | first=Ferdinand | last=Reyes | date=2014-02-13 }}</ref>
In February 2014, a [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]] for Firefox compatible with [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Linux]], FreeSpeechMe, was released, providing automatic resolution of [[.bit]] addresses. This is available by downloading the Namecoin blockchain and running it in the background.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://bitcoinmagazine.com/10190/freespeechme-new-anti-censorship-secure-domain-resolving-namecoin-based-plug/ | work=Bitcoin Magazine | title=FreeSpeechMe: The new anti-censorship and secure domain resolving Namecoin-based plug-in | first=Ferdinand | last=Reyes | date=2014-02-13 }}</ref>


Namecoin was also mentioned by [[ICANN]] in a public draft report as the most well-known example of distributing control and privacy in [[DNS]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/report-21feb14-en.pdf | work=ICANN | title=The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Identifier Technology Innovation – Draft Report | date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://bitcoinmagazine.com/11300/bitcoin-namecoin-appear-draft-icann-report-u-s-plans-relinquish-remaining-control-internet | work=Bitcoin Magazine | title=Bitcoin and Namecoin Appear in Draft ICANN Report – U.S. Plans to Relinquish Remaining Control of Internet | first=Adam | last=Hofman | date=2014-03-19 }}</ref>
Namecoin was also mentioned by [[ICANN]] in a public draft report as the most well-known example of distributing control and privacy in [[DNS]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/report-21feb14-en.pdf | work=ICANN | title=The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Identifier Technology Innovation – Draft Report | date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://bitcoinmagazine.com/11300/bitcoin-namecoin-appear-draft-icann-report-u-s-plans-relinquish-remaining-control-internet | work=Bitcoin Magazine | title=Bitcoin and Namecoin Appear in Draft ICANN Report – U.S. Plans to Relinquish Remaining Control of Internet | first=Adam | last=Hofman | date=2014-03-19 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


One month later, in March 2014, Onename was released. It is another identity system built on top of the Namecoin protocol that stores usernames and personal profile data in the Namecoin blockchain.<ref name=rizo2014>{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/onename-makes-bitcoin-payments-simple-facebook-sharing/ | work=CoinDesk | title=How OneName Makes Bitcoin Payments as Simple as Facebook Sharing | first=Pete | last=Rizzo | date=2014-03-27 }}</ref> In contrast to NameID, Onename is built purely for profile information and does not support password-less authentication or log-in. Onename later (in September 2015) switched user profiles from Namecoin to the Bitcoin blockchain, citing the higher hashrate of Bitcoin as the reason.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blog.onename.com/namecoin-to-bitcoin/ |work= Onename Blog |author= onename |title= Why Onename is Migrating to the Bitcoin Blockchain | date=2015-09-15}}</ref>
One month later, in March 2014, Onename was released. It is another identity system built on top of the Namecoin protocol that stores usernames and personal profile data in the Namecoin blockchain.<ref name=rizo2014>{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/onename-makes-bitcoin-payments-simple-facebook-sharing/ | work=CoinDesk | title=How OneName Makes Bitcoin Payments as Simple as Facebook Sharing | first=Pete | last=Rizzo | date=2014-03-27 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} In contrast to NameID, Onename is built purely for profile information and does not support password-less authentication or log-in. Onename later (in September 2015) switched user profiles from Namecoin to the Bitcoin blockchain, citing the higher hashrate of Bitcoin as the reason.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blog.onename.com/namecoin-to-bitcoin/ |work= Onename Blog |author= onename |title= Why Onename is Migrating to the Bitcoin Blockchain | date=2015-09-15}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}}


In May 2014, [[Jennifer & Kevin McCoy|Kevin McCoy]] and [[Anil Dash]] introduced Monegraph, a system that links [[Twitter]] accounts and digital assets (such as artwork) in the blockchain, allowing proof of ownership of such assets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/monegraph-uses-block-chain-verify-digital-assets/ | work=CoinDesk | title=How Monegraph Uses the Block Chain to Verify Digital Assets | first=Daniel | last=Cawrey | date=2014-05-15 }}</ref>
In May 2014, [[Jennifer & Kevin McCoy|Kevin McCoy]] and [[Anil Dash]] introduced Monegraph, a system that links [[Twitter]] accounts and digital assets (such as artwork) in the blockchain, allowing proof of ownership of such assets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.coindesk.com/monegraph-uses-block-chain-verify-digital-assets/ | work=CoinDesk | title=How Monegraph Uses the Block Chain to Verify Digital Assets | first=Daniel | last=Cawrey | date=2014-05-15 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


A 2015 study found that of the 120,000 domain names registered on Namecoin, only 28 were in use.<ref>Kalodner, H. A., Carlsten, M., Ellenbogen, P., Bonneau, J., & Narayanan, A. (2015, June). ["http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.698.4605&rep=rep1&type=pdf An Empirical Study of Namecoin and Lessons for Decentralized Namespace Design"]. In ''WEIS''.</ref>
A 2015 study found that of the 120,000 domain names registered on Namecoin, only 28 were in use.<ref>Kalodner, H. A., Carlsten, M., Ellenbogen, P., Bonneau, J., & Narayanan, A. (2015, June). ["http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.698.4605&rep=rep1&type=pdf An Empirical Study of Namecoin and Lessons for Decentralized Namespace Design"]. In ''WEIS''.</ref>


Onename co-founder Muneeb Ali on 12 September 2015 at the Blockstack Summit 2015 stated that the Namecoin network is not decentralized and the mining group Discus Fish controls 60-70% of its hashing power.<ref>{{cite news|title=Onename Drops Namecoin, Switches to Bitcoin|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/onename-drops-namecoin-switches-to-bitcoin|agency=Cointelegraph|date=14 September 2015}}</ref> This was later proven to be temporary until other pools also mined NMC. Lately around 70% of the hashrate of BTC is used to also mine Namecoin.<ref> Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Namecoin Difficulty vs. Hashrate historical chart https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/difficulty-hashrate-btc-bch-nmc.html#1y</ref>
Onename co-founder Muneeb Ali on 12 September 2015 at the Blockstack Summit 2015 stated that the Namecoin network is not decentralized and the mining group Discus Fish controls 60-70% of its hashing power.<ref>{{cite news|title=Onename Drops Namecoin, Switches to Bitcoin|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/onename-drops-namecoin-switches-to-bitcoin|agency=Cointelegraph|date=14 September 2015}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} This was later proven to be temporary until other pools also mined NMC. Lately around 70% of the hashrate of BTC is used to also mine Namecoin.<ref> Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Namecoin Difficulty vs. Hashrate historical chart https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/difficulty-hashrate-btc-bch-nmc.html#1y</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


In 2017 a thesis studing Merged Mining was publised. <ref>Alexei Zamyatin, 24 august 2017. Merged Mining: Analysis of Effects and Implications http://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwhs/download/pdf/2315652?originalFilename=true</ref>
In 2017 a thesis studing Merged Mining was publised. <ref>Alexei Zamyatin, 24 august 2017. Merged Mining: Analysis of Effects and Implications http://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwhs/download/pdf/2315652?originalFilename=true</ref>


== .bit ==
== .bit ==
.bit is a [[top-level domain]] that was created outside the most commonly used [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) of the [[Internet]], and is not sanctioned by the '' Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers'' ([[ICANN]]). The .bit domain is served via the [[cryptocurrency]] Namecoin infrastructure, which acts as an alternative, [[decentralized]] domain name system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.coindesk.com/what-are-namecoins-and-bit-domains/|title=What are Namecoins and .bit domains?|last=Gilson|first=David|date=June 18, 2013|work=[[CoinDesk]]|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hp73ED3F?url=http://www.coindesk.com/what-are-namecoins-and-bit-domains/|archive-date=2013-07-03|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref>
.bit is a [[top-level domain]] that was created outside the most commonly used [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) of the [[Internet]], and is not sanctioned by the '' Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers'' ([[ICANN]]). The .bit domain is served via the [[cryptocurrency]] Namecoin infrastructure, which acts as an alternative, [[decentralized]] domain name system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.coindesk.com/what-are-namecoins-and-bit-domains/|title=What are Namecoins and .bit domains?|last=Gilson|first=David|date=June 18, 2013|work=[[CoinDesk]]|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hp73ED3F?url=http://www.coindesk.com/what-are-namecoins-and-bit-domains/|archive-date=2013-07-03|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


Use of the .bit domain requires to download namecoin dns (ncdns)<ref>ncdns is software for accessing .bit domain names: https://www.namecoin.org/docs/ncdns/</ref>, point your system dns to a supporting public DNS server <ref>[[OpenNIC]]'s DNS servers also support resolution of .bit domains. {{cite web|url=http://wiki.opennicproject.org/PeerTLDs|title=OpenNIC Wiki: OpenNIC Peers|author=|date=|work=opennicproject.org}}</ref>, or install a web browser plug-in.<ref name=":0" /> And unlike commonly used domains, registration of this type of domain is not associated with an individual's name or address, but with a unique encrypted hash of each user.<ref name="Bitcointutorial">{{cite web |last1=Helms |first1=Kevin |title=How to Obtain and Use .Bit Privacy Domains |url=https://news.bitcoin.com/obtain-use-bit-privacy-domains/ |website=Bitcoin |accessdate=7 October 2018 |date=7 Mar 2017}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
Use of the .bit domain requires to download namecoin dns (ncdns)<ref>ncdns is software for accessing .bit domain names: https://www.namecoin.org/docs/ncdns/</ref>,{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}} point your system dns to a supporting public DNS server <ref>[[OpenNIC]]'s DNS servers also support resolution of .bit domains. {{cite web|url=http://wiki.opennicproject.org/PeerTLDs|title=OpenNIC Wiki: OpenNIC Peers|author=|date=|work=opennicproject.org}}</ref>,{{Primary source inline|date=November 2018}} or install a web browser plug-in.<ref name=":0" />{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} And unlike commonly used domains, registration of this type of domain is not associated with an individual's name or address, but with a unique encrypted hash of each user.<ref name="Bitcointutorial">{{cite web |last1=Helms |first1=Kevin |title=How to Obtain and Use .Bit Privacy Domains |url=https://news.bitcoin.com/obtain-use-bit-privacy-domains/ |website=Bitcoin |accessdate=7 October 2018 |date=7 Mar 2017}}</ref> {{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}}


.bit domains can also be used to point to a website<ref name="Bitcointutorial"/> which can potentially be used for malicious activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=.Bit Domain Used To Deliver Malware and other Threats |url=https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/bit-domain-deliver-malware-and-other-threats |website=TrendMicro |accessdate=7 October 2018 |date=19 Nov 2013}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=Business blog, not WP:RS|date=November 2018}}
.bit domains can also be used to point to a website<ref name="Bitcointutorial"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2018}} which can potentially be used for malicious activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=.Bit Domain Used To Deliver Malware and other Threats |url=https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/bit-domain-deliver-malware-and-other-threats |website=TrendMicro |accessdate=7 October 2018 |date=19 Nov 2013}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=Business blog, not WP:RS|date=November 2018}}


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 11:17, 21 November 2018

Namecoin
Unit
SymbolNMC‎
Denominations
Subunit
 0.001mNMC (Milli Namecoin)
 0.000001µNMC (Micro Namecoin)
 0.00000001Swartz
Demographics
Date of introduction18 April 2011; 1st fork of Bitcoin[1][2][3][4]

Namecoin (Symbol: ℕ or NMC) is a cryptocurrency that is mined with bitcoin software as bonus.[1][unreliable source?][2][unreliable source?][3][unreliable source?][4][unreliable source?] Namecoins are released as a geometric series, every 4 years the rate is halved.[5][unreliable source?]

Unlike bitcoin, Namecoin can store data within its own blockchain transaction database. The original proposal for Namecoin called for Namecoin to insert data into bitcoin's blockchain directly.[6][unreliable source?] Anticipating scaling difficulties with this approach,[7][unreliable source?] a shared proof-of-work (POW) system was proposed to secure new cryptocurrencies with different use cases.[8][unreliable source?]

Namecoin's flagship use case is the censorship-resistant top level domain .bit, which is functionally similar to .com or .net domains but is independent of ICANN, the main governing body for domain names.[9][unreliable source?]

Transactions

A peer-to-peer network similar to bitcoin's handles Namecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through SHA256, proof-of-work scheme (they are issued when a small enough hash value is found, at which point a block is created; the process of finding these hashes and creating blocks is called mining). The issuing rate forms a geometric series, and the rate halves every 210,000 blocks, roughly every four years, reaching a final total of 21 million NMC.[citation needed]

Namecoins are currently traded primarily for USD and other cryptocurrencies, mostly on online exchanges. To avoid the danger of chargebacks, reversible transactions, such as those with credit cards or PayPal, are not advised since Namecoin transactions are irreversible.[citation needed]

Addresses

Payments and records in the Namecoin network are made to addresses, which are Base58-encoded hashes of users' public keys. They are strings of 33 numbers and letters which begin with the letter N or M. Initially addresses beginning with 1 existed but this was changed to avoid confusion with Bitcoin addresses.[citation needed]

Records

Each Namecoin record consists of a key and a value which can be up to 520 bytes in size. Each key is actually a path, with the namespace preceding the name of the record. The key d/example signifies a record stored in the DNS namespace d with the name example and corresponds to the record for the example.bit website. The content of d/example is expected to conform to the DNS namespace specification.[10][non-primary source needed]

The current fee for a record is 0.01 NMC and records expire after 36000 blocks (~200 days) unless updated or renewed. Namecoins used to purchase records are marked as used and destroyed, as giving the fee to miners would enable larger miners to register names at a significant discount.[11][non-primary source needed]

Uses

Proposed potential uses for Namecoin besides domain name registration include:

History

In September 2010, a discussion was started in the Bitcointalk forum about a hypothetical system called BitDNS and generalizing bitcoin. Gavin Andresen and Satoshi Nakamoto joined the discussion in the Bitcointalk forum and supported the idea of BitDNS.[21][unreliable source?][22][unreliable source?][23][unreliable source?] A reward for implementing BitDNS was announced at the Bitcointalk forum in December 2010.[24][unreliable source?] Soon a developer decided to implement this idea to earn this reward.[24][unreliable source?][25][non-primary source needed] On April 18, 2011 Namecoin was introduced by Vinced (Rumored to be Vincent Durham) as a multipurpose and distributed naming system based on bitcoin. It was inspired by the BitDNS discussion on the Bitcointalk forum.[26][unreliable source?] WikiLeaks mentioned the project via Twitter in June 2011.[27][non-primary source needed]

On block 19200 Namecoin activated the merged mining upgrade to allow mining of bitcoin and namecoin simultaneously, instead of having to choose between one or the other; this fixed the issue of miners jumping from one blockchain to another when the profitability becomes favorable in the former.

Two years later, in June 2013, NameID was launched.[28][unreliable source?] It is a service to associate profile information with identities on the Namecoin blockchain and an OpenID provider to allow logging into existing websites with Namecoin identities. The main site itself is accompanied by an open protocol for password-less authentication with Namecoin identities, a corresponding free-software implementation and a supporting extension for Firefox.

In October 2013, Michael Gronager, main developer of libcoin,[29][non-primary source needed] found a security issue in the Namecoin protocol, which allowed modifying foreign names. It was successfully fixed in a short timeframe and was never exploited, except for bitcoin.bit as a proof-of-concept.[30][unreliable source?]

In February 2014, a plug-in for Firefox compatible with Windows and Linux, FreeSpeechMe, was released, providing automatic resolution of .bit addresses. This is available by downloading the Namecoin blockchain and running it in the background.[31]

Namecoin was also mentioned by ICANN in a public draft report as the most well-known example of distributing control and privacy in DNS.[32][33][unreliable source?]

One month later, in March 2014, Onename was released. It is another identity system built on top of the Namecoin protocol that stores usernames and personal profile data in the Namecoin blockchain.[34][unreliable source?] In contrast to NameID, Onename is built purely for profile information and does not support password-less authentication or log-in. Onename later (in September 2015) switched user profiles from Namecoin to the Bitcoin blockchain, citing the higher hashrate of Bitcoin as the reason.[35][non-primary source needed]

In May 2014, Kevin McCoy and Anil Dash introduced Monegraph, a system that links Twitter accounts and digital assets (such as artwork) in the blockchain, allowing proof of ownership of such assets.[36][unreliable source?]

A 2015 study found that of the 120,000 domain names registered on Namecoin, only 28 were in use.[37]

Onename co-founder Muneeb Ali on 12 September 2015 at the Blockstack Summit 2015 stated that the Namecoin network is not decentralized and the mining group Discus Fish controls 60-70% of its hashing power.[38][unreliable source?] This was later proven to be temporary until other pools also mined NMC. Lately around 70% of the hashrate of BTC is used to also mine Namecoin.[39][unreliable source?]

In 2017 a thesis studing Merged Mining was publised. [40]

.bit

.bit is a top-level domain that was created outside the most commonly used Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet, and is not sanctioned by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The .bit domain is served via the cryptocurrency Namecoin infrastructure, which acts as an alternative, decentralized domain name system.[41][unreliable source?]

Use of the .bit domain requires to download namecoin dns (ncdns)[42],[non-primary source needed] point your system dns to a supporting public DNS server [43],[non-primary source needed] or install a web browser plug-in.[41][unreliable source?] And unlike commonly used domains, registration of this type of domain is not associated with an individual's name or address, but with a unique encrypted hash of each user.[44] [unreliable source?]

.bit domains can also be used to point to a website[44][unreliable source?] which can potentially be used for malicious activities.[45][unreliable source?]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Isgur, Ben (2014-07-16). "A Little Altcoin Sanity: Namecoin". CoinReport.
  2. ^ a b "Namecoin – Next Generation Domain Name System". CoinJoint. 2014-06-05. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b Buterin, Vitalik (2013-10-26). "Bitcoin in Israel, Part 3: Interview on Alternative Currencies". Bitcoin Magazine.
  4. ^ a b Brokaw, Alex (2014-08-23). "Crypto 2.0 Roundup: Bitcoin's Revolution Moves Beyond Currency". Coindesk.
  5. ^ Gilson, David (2013-06-18). "What are Namecoins and .bit domains?". CoinDesk.
  6. ^ appamatto (2010-10-15). "BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin". BitcoinTalk.
  7. ^ Nakamoto, Satoshi (2010-12-10). "Re: BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin". Nakamoto institute.
  8. ^ Nakamoto, Satoshi (2010-12-09). "Re: BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin". Nakamoto institute.
  9. ^ Dourado, Eli (2014-02-05). "Can Namecoin Obsolete ICANN (and More)?". Theumlaut.
  10. ^ "Namecoin DNS specification".
  11. ^ "Namecoin FAQ".
  12. ^ "Namespace:Identity". Dot-Bit.
  13. ^ "Messaging System]". Dot-Bit. Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Namecoin block explorer, Archived here
  15. ^ "Personal Namespace". Dot-Bit.
  16. ^ Kirk, Jeremy (2013-05-24). "Could the Bitcoin network be used as an ultrasecure notary service?". Techworld.
  17. ^ ecdsa.org/bitcoin-alias/, Archived page
  18. ^ ecdsa.org/bitcoin_URIs.html, Archived page
  19. ^ Phelix. "Coming up: Namecoin Stock Control". Namecoin forum. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
  20. ^ Phelix (2014-01-12). "ANTPY – Atomic Name Trading". Namecoin Forum.
  21. ^ appamatto (2010-10-15). "BitDNS and Generalizing Bitcoin". Bitcoin Forum. Bitcointalk.org.
  22. ^ IRC (2010-10-14). "IRC discussion about BitDNS 1/2". web.archive.org. web.archive.org. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ IRC (2010-10-15). "IRC discussion about BitDNS 2/2". web.archive.org. web.archive.org. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ a b kiba (2010-04-12). "BitDNS Bounty (3500 BTC)". Bitcoin Forum. Bitcointalk.org.
  25. ^ "vinced/namecoin". GitHub. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  26. ^ vinced (2011-04-18). "[announce] Namecoin - a distributed naming system based on Bitcoin". Bitcoin Forum. Bitcointalk.org.
  27. ^ "Twitter / wikileaks: Namecoin and Bitcoin will be ..." WikiLeaks, via Twitter. 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
  28. ^ Kraft, Daniel (2013-07-25). "NameID - Use namecoin id/ to log into OpenID sites". Namecoin Forum.
  29. ^ "libcoin/libcoin". GitHub. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  30. ^ Gilson, David (2013-10-28). "Developers attempt to resurrect Namecoin after fundamental flaw discovered". CoinDesk.
  31. ^ Reyes, Ferdinand (2014-02-13). "FreeSpeechMe: The new anti-censorship and secure domain resolving Namecoin-based plug-in". Bitcoin Magazine.
  32. ^ "The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Identifier Technology Innovation – Draft Report" (PDF). ICANN. 2014-02-21.
  33. ^ Hofman, Adam (2014-03-19). "Bitcoin and Namecoin Appear in Draft ICANN Report – U.S. Plans to Relinquish Remaining Control of Internet". Bitcoin Magazine.
  34. ^ Rizzo, Pete (2014-03-27). "How OneName Makes Bitcoin Payments as Simple as Facebook Sharing". CoinDesk.
  35. ^ onename (2015-09-15). "Why Onename is Migrating to the Bitcoin Blockchain". Onename Blog.
  36. ^ Cawrey, Daniel (2014-05-15). "How Monegraph Uses the Block Chain to Verify Digital Assets". CoinDesk.
  37. ^ Kalodner, H. A., Carlsten, M., Ellenbogen, P., Bonneau, J., & Narayanan, A. (2015, June). ["http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.698.4605&rep=rep1&type=pdf An Empirical Study of Namecoin and Lessons for Decentralized Namespace Design"]. In WEIS.
  38. ^ "Onename Drops Namecoin, Switches to Bitcoin". Cointelegraph. 14 September 2015.
  39. ^ Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Namecoin Difficulty vs. Hashrate historical chart https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/difficulty-hashrate-btc-bch-nmc.html#1y
  40. ^ Alexei Zamyatin, 24 august 2017. Merged Mining: Analysis of Effects and Implications http://repositum.tuwien.ac.at/obvutwhs/download/pdf/2315652?originalFilename=true
  41. ^ a b Gilson, David (June 18, 2013). "What are Namecoins and .bit domains?". CoinDesk. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved April 30, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ ncdns is software for accessing .bit domain names: https://www.namecoin.org/docs/ncdns/
  43. ^ OpenNIC's DNS servers also support resolution of .bit domains. "OpenNIC Wiki: OpenNIC Peers". opennicproject.org.
  44. ^ a b Helms, Kevin (7 Mar 2017). "How to Obtain and Use .Bit Privacy Domains". Bitcoin. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  45. ^ ".Bit Domain Used To Deliver Malware and other Threats". TrendMicro. 19 Nov 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Namecoin.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Namecoin&oldid=869946248"