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Soon after the release of the Mueller report, Trump began urging an investigation into the origins of the Russia probe, wanting to "investigate the investigators" and possibly discredit the conclusions of the [[FBI]] and Mueller.<ref name="steps" /> In April 2019, Attorney General [[William Barr]] announced that he had launched a review of the origins of the FBI's investigation,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/us/politics/russia-investigation-justice-department-review.html |title=Barr Assigns U.S. Attorney in Connecticut to Review Origins of Russia Inquiry |last1=Goldman |first1=Adam |date=May 13, 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 14, 2019 |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Schmidt |first3=Michael S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Kevin |title=Attorney General taps top Connecticut federal prosecutor for review of Trump-Russia inquiry |url=https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/13/attorney-general-barr-john-durham-us-attorney-connecticut-review-trump-russia-investigation-origin/1195462001/ |website=USA Today |date=May 14, 2019 |accessdate=May 17, 2019}}</ref> even though the origins of the probe were already being investigated by the Justice Department's inspector general and by U.S. attorney John Huber, who had been appointed to the same task in 2018 by then-Attorney General [[Jeff Sessions]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/75e5c4efd5c74e6e9aa1ba0237a0e651 |title=AP source: Barr launches new look at origins of Russia probe |last=Balsamo |first=Michael |date=May 14, 2019 |work=Associated Press News |accessdate=September 29, 2019}}</ref> Barr assigned U.S. Attorney [[John Durham (lawyer)|John Durham]] to lead the probe,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Savage |first1=Charlie |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |last3=Fandos |first3=Nicholas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/us/politics/russia-investigation-review.html |title=Scrutiny of Russia Investigation Is Said to Be a Review, Not a Criminal Inquiry |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2019|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> and Trump directed the [[United States Intelligence Community|U.S. intelligence community]] to "promptly provide assistance and information" to Barr, and delegated to him the "full and complete authority" to declassify any related documents.<ref name="steps">{{Cite news |url=https://ktla.com/2019/05/23/trump-steps-up-calls-for-investigation-into-origin-of-russia-investigation/ |title=Trump Steps Up Calls for Investigation Into Origin of Russia Investigation |date=May 23, 2019 |work=KTLA |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trump orders intel agencies to cooperate with Barr probe into 'spying' on 2016 campaign |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/445347-trump-orders-intel-agencies-to-cooperate-with-barr-probe-into-spying |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |date=May 24, 2019 |work=[[The Hill (media company)|The Hill]] |first=Morgan |last=Chalfant}}</ref> Although Durham was nominally in charge of the investigation, Barr himself began contacting foreign governments to ask for information about the origins of the FBI probe. Barr personally traveled to the United Kingdom and Italy to seek information; Italy's parliament is expected to begin its own investigation into Barr's meetings with Italian secret services.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/reports-white-house-asked-uk-italy-australia-to-help-discredit-russia-probe/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |title=Reports: White House asked UK, Italy, Australia to help discredit Russia probe |date=October 2, 2019 |accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref> At Barr's request, Trump himself phoned the prime minister of Australia, [[Scott Morrison]], to ask for assistance.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/9/30/20892260/barr-australia-durham-trump-investigation |title=Trump and Barr have been urging foreign governments to help them investigate the Mueller probe's origins |last=Prokop |first=Andrew |date=September 30, 2019 |work=Vox |accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-01/donald-trump-asked-scott-morrison-for-help-mueller-report/11562604 |title=Donald Trump reportedly pressed Scott Morrison for help to discredit Mueller inquiry |first1=Connor |last1=Duffy |first2=Andrew |last2=Greene |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=October 1, 2019 |accessdate=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
Soon after the release of the Mueller report, Trump began urging an investigation into the origins of the Russia probe, wanting to "investigate the investigators" and possibly discredit the conclusions of the [[FBI]] and Mueller.<ref name="steps" /> In April 2019, Attorney General [[William Barr]] announced that he had launched a review of the origins of the FBI's investigation,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/us/politics/russia-investigation-justice-department-review.html |title=Barr Assigns U.S. Attorney in Connecticut to Review Origins of Russia Inquiry |last1=Goldman |first1=Adam |date=May 13, 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 14, 2019 |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Schmidt |first3=Michael S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Kevin |title=Attorney General taps top Connecticut federal prosecutor for review of Trump-Russia inquiry |url=https://usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/13/attorney-general-barr-john-durham-us-attorney-connecticut-review-trump-russia-investigation-origin/1195462001/ |website=USA Today |date=May 14, 2019 |accessdate=May 17, 2019}}</ref> even though the origins of the probe were already being investigated by the Justice Department's inspector general and by U.S. attorney John Huber, who had been appointed to the same task in 2018 by then-Attorney General [[Jeff Sessions]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/75e5c4efd5c74e6e9aa1ba0237a0e651 |title=AP source: Barr launches new look at origins of Russia probe |last=Balsamo |first=Michael |date=May 14, 2019 |work=Associated Press News |accessdate=September 29, 2019}}</ref> Barr assigned U.S. Attorney [[John Durham (lawyer)|John Durham]] to lead the probe,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Savage |first1=Charlie |last2=Goldman |first2=Adam |last3=Fandos |first3=Nicholas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/us/politics/russia-investigation-review.html |title=Scrutiny of Russia Investigation Is Said to Be a Review, Not a Criminal Inquiry |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2019|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> and Trump directed the [[United States Intelligence Community|U.S. intelligence community]] to "promptly provide assistance and information" to Barr, and delegated to him the "full and complete authority" to declassify any related documents.<ref name="steps">{{Cite news |url=https://ktla.com/2019/05/23/trump-steps-up-calls-for-investigation-into-origin-of-russia-investigation/ |title=Trump Steps Up Calls for Investigation Into Origin of Russia Investigation |date=May 23, 2019 |work=KTLA |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trump orders intel agencies to cooperate with Barr probe into 'spying' on 2016 campaign |url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/445347-trump-orders-intel-agencies-to-cooperate-with-barr-probe-into-spying |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |date=May 24, 2019 |work=[[The Hill (media company)|The Hill]] |first=Morgan |last=Chalfant}}</ref> Although Durham was nominally in charge of the investigation, Barr himself began contacting foreign governments to ask for information about the origins of the FBI probe. Barr personally traveled to the United Kingdom and Italy to seek information; Italy's parliament is expected to begin its own investigation into Barr's meetings with Italian secret services.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/reports-white-house-asked-uk-italy-australia-to-help-discredit-russia-probe/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |title=Reports: White House asked UK, Italy, Australia to help discredit Russia probe |date=October 2, 2019 |accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref> At Barr's request, Trump himself phoned the prime minister of Australia, [[Scott Morrison]], to ask for assistance.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/9/30/20892260/barr-australia-durham-trump-investigation |title=Trump and Barr have been urging foreign governments to help them investigate the Mueller probe's origins |last=Prokop |first=Andrew |date=September 30, 2019 |work=Vox |accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-01/donald-trump-asked-scott-morrison-for-help-mueller-report/11562604 |title=Donald Trump reportedly pressed Scott Morrison for help to discredit Mueller inquiry |first1=Connor |last1=Duffy |first2=Andrew |last2=Greene |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=October 1, 2019 |accessdate=October 4, 2019}}</ref>


===Trump–Ukraine scandal===
=== Trump–Ukraine scandal ===

{{Main|Trump–Ukraine scandal}}
{{Main|Trump–Ukraine scandal}}

==== Rudy Giuliani and his business associates ====

In 2018, Florida businessmen [[Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman]] hired Trump's personal attorney [[Rudy Giuliani]] as a consultant in their security company, paying him $500,000. In turn, Fruman and Parnas assisted him in his search in Ukraine for damaging information about Trump's political opponents.<ref name="Parnas Fruman Trump inner circle" /><ref name="indicted oligarch Firtash">{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/10/how-an-indicted-oligarch-became-a-key-player-in-trumps-ukraine-scandal/ |title=How an indicted oligarch became a key player in Trump's Ukraine scandal |last=Friedman |first=Dan |date=October 18, 2019 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> Giuliani sent Fruman and Parnas to Ukraine to seek information to undermine the [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|Special Counsel's investigation]] and damage [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|Biden's presidential campaign]].<ref name="lev-igor">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html |title=Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money |last=Vogel |first=Kenneth P. |date=October 10, 2019 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191011125733/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html |archive-date=October 11, 2019 |access-date=November 2, 2019 }}</ref>
At the same time, Fruman and Parnas were being paid by [[Dmytro Firtash]], a Ukrainian oligarch, with alleged ties to Russian organized crime and [[Moscow Kremlin|the Kremlin]], who is facing federal bribery charges in the U.S. and is fighting extradition from Austria.<ref name="indicted oligarch Firtash" />{{efn|Firtash also hired [[Joseph diGenova]] and [[Victoria Toensing]], a husband and wife team of attorneys with ties to Giuliani and Trump and who frequently appear on [[Fox News]] to promote conspiracy theories related to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/03/giuliani-claims-ukraine-corruption-case-firtash-dmytro-wanted-extradition-whistleblower-impeachment-biden/ |title=Giuliani's Claims Spread to Another Ukraine Corruption Case |last=Mackinnon |first=Amy |date=October 3, 2019 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-18/to-win-giuliani-s-help-oligarch-s-allies-pursued-biden-dirt |title=To Win Giuliani's Help, Oligarch's Allies Pursued Biden Dirt |last=Baker |first=Stephanie |last2=Reznik |first2=Irina |date=October 18, 2019 |website=Bloomberg |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> DiGenova and Toensing met with Attorney General [[William Barr]] and other Justice Department officials in a failed attempt to convince the prosecutors to drop the charges against Firtash.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/prosecutors-flagged-possible-ties-between-ukrainian-gas-tycoon-and-giuliani-associates/2019/10/22/4ee22e7c-f020-11e9-b648-76bcf86eb67e_story.html |title=Prosecutors flagged possible ties between Ukrainian gas tycoon and Giuliani associates |last=Zapotosky |first=Matt |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |date=October 22, 2019 |website=Washington Post |language=en-US |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2019 |last3=Hamburger |first3=Tom |last4=Dawsey |first4=Josh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/01/politics/parnas-firtash-giuliani-ties/index.html |title='I'm the best-paid interpreter in the world': Indicted Giuliani associate touted windfall from Ukrainian oligarch |last=Ward |first=Vicky |last2=Cohen |first2=Marshall |date=November 1, 2019 |website=CNN |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref>}}

From at least May 2019 to August 2019, Trump and Giuliani pressed the Ukrainian government to launch an investigation that would have negatively affected Trump's political rival Joe Biden in the 2020 election. Giuliani and his associates asked Ukraine president [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] to announce an investigation into the business activities of Hunter Biden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/29/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-biden-trump-impeachment|title=Rudy Giuliani: Ukraine sources detail attempt to construct case against Biden|last1=Pilkington|first1=Ed|last2=Roth|first2=Andrew|date=September 29, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref> The pressure tactics were developed by Giuliani and [[Gordon Sondland]] and applied in part by Parnas and Fruman. Zelensky reportedly felt rattled by the pressure, according to [[Amos Hochstein]], a former diplomat and a member of Naftogaz's supervisory board, who alerted the National Security Council (NSC) of the matter in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/politics/White-House-Told-in-May-of-Ukraine-President-Zelenskiys-Concern-About-Giuliani-Sondland-563988911.html |title=White House Told in May of Ukraine President Zelenskiy's Concern About Giuliani, Sondland |date=October 28, 2019 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> Fruman and Parnas were arrested at [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] on October 9, 2019, on [[campaign finance]]-related charges brought by federal prosecutors in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/giuliani-trump-impeachment-ukraine-lobby-marie-l-yovanovitch-a9152996.html |title=Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani 'under investigation' for lobbying Ukraine |last=Schmidt |first=Michael S. |last2=Protess |first2=Ben |date=October 12, 2019 |website=The Independent |url-status=live |access-date=October 14, 2019 |last3=Vogel |first3=Kenneth P. |last4=Rashbaum |first4=William K.}}</ref><ref name="Parnas Fruman Trump inner circle">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-two-soviet-born-emigres-made-it-into-elite-trump-circles--and-the-center-of-the-impeachment-storm/2019/10/12/9a3c03be-ec53-11e9-85c0-85a098e47b37_story.html |title=How two Soviet-born emigres made it into elite Trump circles—and the center of the impeachment storm |last=Helderman |first=Rosalind S. |date=October 12, 2019 |work=The Washington Post|access-date=October 14, 2019 |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Sonne |first3=Paul |last4=Hamburger |first4=Tom}}</ref>

The proposed investigation of Biden was based on a 2015 push by the U.S. to remove the Ukrainian prosecutor [[Viktor Shokin]] because he had been ignoring corruption in Ukraine and protecting political elites. At the time, this request had bipartisan support in the U.S. Congress and was also supported by the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |first=Viola |last=Gienger |first2=Ryan |last2=Goodman |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/66271/timeline-trump-giuliani-bidens-and-ukrainegate/|title=Timeline: Trump, Giuliani, Bidens, and Ukraine (updated)|date=November 27, 2019|website=Just Security|language=en-US|access-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref>{{efn|Ukraine is not a European Union member, but has [[Ukraine–European Union relations|sought to become one, a move that Russia and pro-Russia Ukrainians have sought to obstruct]].}} Joe Biden, who at the time was vice president, served as the face of this request. Ukraine fired Shokin in early 2016.<ref name="Republicans echoed Biden">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/03/politics/gop-senators-echoed-biden-on-ukraine-reforms-kfile/index.html|title=Republican senators echoed Biden in urging Ukrainian president to reform prosecutor general's office|last1=Kaczynski|first1=Andrew|first2=Em|last2=Steck|date=October 3, 2019|website=CNN|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref> Trump claimed that Biden's true motivation was to protect his son Hunter, who served on the board of directors of the Ukrainian natural gas company [[Burisma Holdings]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-defends-conversation-with-ukraine-leader-11568993176|title=Trump Repeatedly Pressed Ukraine President to Investigate Biden's Son|last=Cullison|first=Alan|date=September 21, 2019|access-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923092317/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-defends-conversation-with-ukraine-leader-11568993176|archive-date=September 23, 2019|last2=Ballhaus|first2=Rebecca|last3=Volz|first3=Dustin|url-access=subscription|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-pressed-ukrainian-leader-to-investigate-bidens-son-according-to-people-familiar-with-the-matter/2019/09/20/7fa39b20-dbdc-11e9-bfb1-849887369476_story.html|title=Trump pressed Ukrainian leader to investigate Biden's son, according to people familiar with the matter|last=Zapotosky|first=Matt|date=September 20, 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922233816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-pressed-ukrainian-leader-to-investigate-bidens-son-according-to-people-familiar-with-the-matter/2019/09/20/7fa39b20-dbdc-11e9-bfb1-849887369476_story.html|archive-date=September 22, 2019|last2=Miller|first2=Greg|last3=Nakashima|first3=Ellen|last4=Leonnig|first4=Carol D.|author3link=Ellen Nakashima}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/us/politics/trump-whistle-blower-ukraine.html|title=Trump Pressed Ukraine's Leader on Inquiry Into Biden's Son|last=Barnes|first=Julian E.|date=September 20, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923114022/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/us/politics/trump-whistle-blower-ukraine.html|archive-date=September 23, 2019|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael S.|last3=Vogel|first3=Kenneth P.|last4=Goldman|first4=Adam|last5=Haberman|first5=Maggie|author2link=Michael S. Schmidt|author5link=Maggie Haberman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/034de586020942c8a6c1367cb8dfd39c|title=Trump, in call, urged Ukraine to investigate Biden's son|last=Lemire|first=Jonathan|date=September 21, 2019|work=Associated Press News|access-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921022054/https://apnews.com/034de586020942c8a6c1367cb8dfd39c|archive-date=September 21, 2019|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|last3=Mascaro|first3=Lisa}}</ref><ref name="giuliani plans">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html|title=Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump|last=Vogel|first=Kenneth P.|date=May 9, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904134954/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html|archive-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref> even though Shokin had placed his predecessor's investigation into Burisma on hold.<ref name="raymond1">{{cite news |last1=Raymond |first1=Adam K. |title=Everything We Know About the Joe Biden–Ukraine Controversy |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/joe-biden-ukraine-controversy.html |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=May 7, 2019 |accessdate=October 6, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="braun1">{{cite news |last1=Braun |first1=Stephen |last2=Berry |first2=Lynn |title=The story behind Biden's son, Ukraine and Trump's claims |url=https://www.apnews.com/9d4595ba4f3140c6bb6a3473a91f4a4c |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 23, 2019 |accessdate=October 6, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/politics/biden-son-ukraine.html|title=Biden Faces Conflict of Interest Questions That Are Being Promoted by Trump and Allies|last=Vogel|first=Kenneth P.|date=May 1, 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=October 6, 2019|last2=Mendel|first2=Iuliia|issn=0362-4331|author-link2=Iuliia Mendel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/joe-biden-presidential-bid-family-business-history-democrats/|title=The Biden family's strange business history|last=Schreckinger|first=Ben|date=August 3, 2019|work=Politico|accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref> Despite Trump's allegations, no one has produced evidence of any criminal wrongdoing by the Bidens.<ref name="afp">{{Cite news |title=Trump: I want to meet my accuser |url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/3954/trump-i-want-meet-my-accuser-doc-1kt4vy4 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001233014/https://www.afp.com/en/news/3954/trump-i-want-meet-my-accuser-doc-1kt4vy4 |archivedate=October 1, 2019 |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |date=September 30, 2019 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |quote=U.S. President Donald Trump said on Sunday he wants and deserves to meet the anonymous whistleblower at the center of the fast-moving scandal that has triggered an impeachment probe against him{{nbsp}}... Brandishing what he said were affidavits incriminating Biden's son Hunter over his work at a Ukrainian company, Giuliani said Trump was duty bound to raise the issue with Kyiv. Trump and his allies claim Biden, as Barack Obama's vice president, pressured Kyiv to fire the country's top prosecutor to protect his son Hunter, who sat on the board of a gas company, Burisma Holdings, accused of corrupt practices. Those allegations have largely been debunked and there has been no evidence of illegal conduct or wrongdoing in Ukraine by the Bidens.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Matthias |first1=Williams |last2=Polityuk |first2=Pavel |title=Zelenskiy opponents say comments about Europeans to Trump could hurt Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-trump-whistleblower-lawmaker-idAFL5N26H3HV |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=September 26, 2019 |quote=Trump pressed Zelenskiy to investigate the business dealings of the son of his political rival, former Vice President Joe Biden, the Democratic front-runner to challenge Trump in an election next year. Zelenskiy agreed. Biden's son Hunter worked for a company drilling for gas in Ukraine. There has been no evidence of wrongdoing by either Biden.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Isachenkov |first1=Vladimir |title=Ukraine's prosecutor says there is no probe into Biden |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ukraines-prosecutor-says-there-is-no-probe-into-biden |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |work=PBS |agency=Associated Press |date=September 27, 2019 |quote=Though the timing raised concerns among anti-corruption advocates, there has been no evidence of wrongdoing by either the former vice president or his son.}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |title=White House 'tried to cover up details of Trump-Ukraine call' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49842895 |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=September 26, 2019 |quote=There is no evidence of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Timm |first1=Jane |title=There's no evidence for Trump's Biden-Ukraine accusations. What really happened? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/there-s-no-evidence-trump-s-biden-ukraine-accusations-what-n1057851 |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]] |date=September 25, 2019 |quote=But despite Trump's continued claims, there's no evidence of wrongdoing on the part of either Biden.}}</ref><ref name="Republicans echoed Biden" />

==== Withholding of military aid and July 25 phone call ====

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| caption2 = Memorandum of the call between Trump and Zelensky released by the White House on September 25, 2019
| caption2 = Memorandum of the call between Trump and Zelensky released by the White House on September 25, 2019
}}
}}
By July 18, 2019, Trump had—without explanation—put a hold on $391 million in congressionally approved military aid to Ukraine.<ref name="Restuccia">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/president-trump-repeats-criticism-of-biden-in-impromptu-u-n-appearance-11569254230|title=Trump Put Hold on Military Aid Ahead of Phone Call With Ukraine's President|last=Ballhaus|first=Rebecca|date=September 24, 2019|access-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=live|last2=Restuccia|first2=Andrew|last3=Hughes|first3=Siobhan|url-access=subscription|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="Reuters military aid reinstated" /> In a July 25 phone call, Trump repeatedly asked Volodymyr Zelensky to launch two investigations in cooperation with Giuliani and Attorney General Barr.<ref name="whistleblower" /><ref name="transcript" /> One proposed investigation would concern [[Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal#CrowdStrike|a conspiracy theory]]—which originated on [[4chan]] in 2017 and was spread by blogs, social media, and [[Fox News]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/trump-seized-conspiracy-theory-called-insurance-policy-now-it-s-n1062096|title=Trump seized on a conspiracy theory called the 'insurance policy.' Now, it's at the center of an impeachment investigation.|last=Collins|first=Ben|date=October 3, 2019|work=NBC News|accessdate=October 4, 2019}}</ref>—that connected the American cybersecurity technology company [[CrowdStrike]] to Ukrainian actors supposedly interfering in the 2016 election.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What to know about CrowdStrike, the cybersecurity company mentioned in Trump's phone call with Zelensky |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/09/25/crowdstrike-trump-mentions-tech-company-call-ukraines-zelensky/2446889001/ |first=Steve |last=Reilly |work=USA Today |date=September 25, 2019 |accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What is CrowdStrike, the U.S. Company Trump Asked Ukrainian President Volodymyr to Look Into? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-crowdstrike-us-company-trump-asked-ukrainian-president-volodymyr-look-1461427 |first=Scott |last=McDonald |work=Newsweek |date=September 25, 2019 |accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref> Trump had been repeatedly told by his own aides that this allegation is false, but refused to accept those assurances.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/29/us/politics/tom-bossert-trump-ukraine.html |title=Trump Was Repeatedly Warned That Ukraine Conspiracy Theory Was 'Completely Debunked' |work=The New York Times |first1=Sheryl Gay |last1=Stolberg |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |first3=Peter |last3=Baker |date=September 30, 2019|access-date=September 30, 2019}}</ref> The other proposed investigation would concern Joe and Hunter Biden.<ref name="whistleblower" /><ref name="nytimesSept24">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html |title=Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |authorlink=Nicholas Fandos |date=September 24, 2019 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=September 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924150010/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html|archive-date=September 24, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="deflects and defies">{{Cite news |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |author1link=Philip Rucker |last2=Bade |first2=Rachael |last3=Costa |first3=Robert |author3link=Robert Costa (journalist) |title=Trump deflects and defies as Democrats speed up impeachment strategy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-deflects-and-defies-as-democrats-speed-up-impeachment-strategy/2019/09/25/d73de84a-dfc9-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html |work=The Washington Post |date=September 25, 2019 |accessdate=September 26, 2019}}</ref> At the time of the inquiry, Joe Biden was the leading presidential candidate in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic Party primary polling]], making him Trump's most likely 2020 opponent.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Jasmine C. |last2=Daniel |first2=Annie |last3=Lieberman |first3=Rebecca |last4=Migliozzi |first4=Blacki |last5=Burns |first5=Alexander |title=Which Democrats Are Leading the 2020 Presidential Race? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/elections/democratic-polls.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 14, 2019 |accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref>
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[[File:President Trump Participates in a Bilateral Meeting with the President of Ukraine Sept 25 2019.webm|thumb|Volodymyr Zelensky with Donald Trump in New York City on September 25, 2019.]]

This July 25 phone call was the subject of an anonymous complaint filed on August 12 in accordance with the [[Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act]]. In late August, Trump was notified of the whistleblower's complaint.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/witness-testimony-and-records-raise-questions-about-account-of-trumps-no-quid-pro-quo-call/2019/11/27/425545c2-0d49-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html|title=Witness testimony and records raise questions about account of Trump's 'no quid pro quo' call|last=Davis|first=Aaron C.|last2=Viebeck|first2=Elise|date=November 27, 2019|website=Washington Post|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 28, 2019|last3=Dawsey|first3=Josh}}</ref> Congress and the public became aware of it on September 9.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/us/politics/trump-ukraine-timeline.html|title=Key Dates at the Center of the Ukraine Matter|first1=Sharon|last1=LaFraniere|first2=Andrew E.|last2=Kramer|first3=Danny|last3=Hakim|date=November 11, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=November 19, 2019 }}</ref> Two days later, Trump lifted the hold on military aid.<ref name="Reuters military aid reinstated">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ukraine-idUSKCN1VX213 |title=Trump administration reinstates military aid for Ukraine |last=Zengerle |first=Patricia |date=September 12, 2019 |work=Reuters |last2=Brice |first2=Makini |editor1-last=Osterman |editor1-first=Cynthia |editor2-first=Sandra |editor2-last=Maler |access-date=September 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925023514/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ukraine-idUSKCN1VX213|archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff said on September 13 that he had issued a subpoena to Acting [[Director of National Intelligence]] [[Joseph Maguire]], as Maguire had failed to release the whistleblower's complaint to the congressional intelligence committees, as was arguably required by the relevant statute. Schiff argued that the complaint might have been withheld from Congress "in an unlawful effort to protect the President and conceal from the Committee information related to his possible 'serious or flagrant' misconduct, abuse of power, or violation of law".<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://intelligence.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=688|title=Chairman Schiff Issues Subpoena for Whistleblower Complaint Being Unlawfully Withheld by Acting DNI from Intelligence Committees|author=U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|work=United States House of Representatives|date=September 13, 2019|accessdate=October 2, 2019|author-link=United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20190812_-_whistleblower_complaint_unclass.pdf|title=The complaint|via=house.gov|accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref>

On September 24, the White House released a non-verbatim memorandum of Trump's conversation with Zelensky.<ref name="transcript" />{{efn|[[Alexander Vindman]] later testified that this transcript omitted crucial words and phrases, including 'Burisma', the name of the company Hunter Biden had worked for.<ref name=corrected /><ref name="Vindmand firsthand" />}} The next day, the whistleblower complaint was released to Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-whistleblower-complaint-dni-to-provide-congress-with-whistleblower-complaint-today-live-updates-2019-09-25/ |title=DNI to provide Congress with whistleblower complaint—live updates |last=Segers |first=Grace |date=September 25, 2019 |work=CBS News|url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> Trump did not mention the hold on military aid in his conversation with Zelensky, but repeatedly pointed out that the U.S. has been "very very good" to Ukraine, with which Zelensky expressed agreement. Zelensky subsequently asked about obtaining more U.S. missiles, to which Trump replied, "I would like you to do us a favor though" and requested the investigations.<ref name="favor">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-ukraine-summary-impeachment-phone-call-transcript-zelensky-a9120521.html |title='I would like you to do us a favour though': The one sentence that could bring Trump down |last=Stevenson |first=Chris |date=September 25, 2019 |work=The Independent |accessdate=October 3, 2019}}</ref> The memorandum of the conversation confirmed the whistleblower's allegations that Trump had requested investigations into the Bidens and invoked a conspiracy theory involving a Democratic National Committee server, while repeatedly urging Zelensky to work with Giuliani and Barr on these matters.<ref name=Bump27>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/27/trump-says-whistleblower-complaint-isnt-accurate-white-house-keeps-showing-how-it-is/ |title=Trump says the whistleblower complaint isn't accurate. The White House keeps showing how it is. |last1=Bump |first1=Philip |date=September 27, 2019 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191012223748/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/27/trump-says-whistleblower-complaint-isnt-accurate-white-house-keeps-showing-how-it-is/ |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |url-access=limited }}</ref><ref name="helderman">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mounting-evidence-buttresses-the-facts-laid-out-in-whistleblower-complaint/2019/10/05/c752843e-e6b5-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html |title=Mounting evidence buttresses the facts laid out in whistleblower complaint |last=Helderman |first=Rosalind S. |date=October 5, 2019 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 5, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191005220957/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mounting-evidence-buttresses-the-facts-laid-out-in-whistleblower-complaint/2019/10/05/c752843e-e6b5-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html |archive-date=October 5, 2019 |authorlink=Rosalind Helderman |url-access=limited }}</ref>

Democratic presidential candidate [[Elizabeth Warren|Sen. Elizabeth Warren]] described this sentence as a "smoking gun" suggesting a ''quid pro quo''.<ref name="favor" /> Prominent Democrats, including Senators [[Robert Menendez]] and [[Chris Murphy]], suggested that the hold may have been intended to implicitly or explicitly pressure the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter Biden.<ref name="AidWithheld">{{Cite news |first=Karoun |last=Demirjian |authorlink1=Karoun Demirjian |first2=Josh |last2=Dawsey |first3=Ellen |last3=Nakashima |authorlink3=Ellen Nakashima |first4=Carol D. |last4=Leonnig |authorlink4=Carol D. Leonnig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-ordered-hold-on-military-aid-days-before-calling-ukrainian-president-officials-say/2019/09/23/df93a6ca-de38-11e9-8dc8-498eabc129a0_story.html |title=Trump ordered hold on military aid days before calling Ukrainian president, officials say |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 23, 2019 |accessdate=September 29, 2019}}</ref> Former Ukrainian presidential advisor [[Serhiy Leshchenko]] said it was made a "clear fact" that Ukraine's communication with the U.S. was dependent on discussing a future investigation into the Bidens,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ukrainians-understood-biden-probe-condition-trump-zelenskiy-phone/story?id=65863043 |title=Biden probe was condition for Trump–Zelenskiy phone call: Ukrainian adviser |work=ABC News |first=Patrick |last=Reevell |first2=Lucien |last2=Bruggeman |date=September 25, 2019 |access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> while another anonymous Ukrainian lawmaker said Trump attempted to "pressure" and "[[blackmail]]" them into accepting a "''quid pro quo''" agreement based upon cooperation.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=RichardEngel |number=1178797093684678656 |title=A former Ukrainian lawmaker deeply familiar with the Giuliani dirt-digging campaign told me Trump's phone call to the Ukrainian president asking for an investigation into the Bidens, while withholding vital military aid, was "pressure", "blackmail", and "''quid pro quo''". |last=Engel |first=Richard |date=September 30, 2019|access-date=September 30, 2019}}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====

⚫
[[File:President Trump Participates in a Bilateral Meeting with the President of Ukraine Sept 25 2019.webm|thumb|Volodymyr Zelensky with Donald Trump in New York City on September 25, 2019]]

On September 20, 2019, Roman Truba, head of the [[National Bureau of Investigation (Ukraine)|Ukraine State Bureau of Investigations]], told left-wing American news and opinion website ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' that his agency had not investigated the Biden–Burisma connection and there were no signs of illegality there. [[Anton Herashchenko]], a senior advisor to the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukraine interior minister]], told ''The Daily Beast'' that Ukraine will open such an investigation if there is an official request, along with details of why an investigation is needed and what to look for; Trump's requests had come through unofficial representatives such as Giuliani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/20/trump-urged-ukraine-president-to-investigate-joe-bidens-son.html |title=Trump urged Ukraine president eight times during call to investigate Joe Biden's son, report says |last=Mangan |first=Dan |date=September 20, 2019 |accessdate=September 29, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920194258/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/20/trump-urged-ukraine-president-to-investigate-joe-bidens-son.html|archive-date=September 20, 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

Ukrainian foreign minister [[Vadym Prystaiko]] told a Ukrainian news outlet on September 21: "I know what the [phone] conversation was about and I think there was no pressure. This conversation was long, friendly, and it touched on many questions, sometimes requiring serious answers."<ref name="ReutersMinister">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-whistleblower-ukraine/ukraine-minister-denies-trump-put-pressure-on-zelenskiy-during-call-report-idUSKBN1W60HU |title=Ukraine minister denies Trump put pressure on Zelenskiy during call: report |last1=Williams |first1=Matthias |date=September 21, 2019 |accessdate=September 29, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003131325/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-whistleblower-ukraine/ukraine-minister-denies-trump-put-pressure-on-zelenskiy-during-call-report-idUSKBN1W60HU|archive-date=October 3, 2019 |work=[[Reuters]] |last2=Deepa |first2=Babington |last3=Russell |first3=Ros}}</ref> Prystaiko was also quoted as saying: "I want to say that we are an independent state, we have our secrets."<ref name="ReutersMinister" /> On September 22, Senator [[Chris Murphy|Murphy]] said President Zelensky told him he had no intention to get involved with an American election.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/sunday-talk-shows/462505-democratic-senator-ukraine-said-they-have-no-intention-to |title=Democratic senator: Ukrainian president said he has 'no intention' to interfere with U.S. election |last=Klar |first=Rebecca |date=September 22, 2019 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=September 22, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004160337/https://thehill.com/homenews/sunday-talk-shows/462505-democratic-senator-ukraine-said-they-have-no-intention-to|archive-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>

In an interview released on September 24, Ukrainian diplomat and politician [[Valentyn Nalyvaichenko]] told ''The Daily Beast'' that Ukrainian authorities would be reopening corruption investigations into multiple individuals and organizations including, potentially, Burisma, Trump campaign manager [[Paul Manafort]], TV host [[Larry King]], and former prosecutor [[Yuriy Lutsenko]]. King was suspected of having received [[slush fund]] payments recorded in the "black ledger" that also named Manafort. Nalyvaichenko accused Lutsenko of having been in communication with associates of Trump "for vindictive purposes".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/ukraine-likely-to-reopen-probe-of-hunter-biden-firm-sources |title=Ukraine Likely to Reopen Probe of Hunter Biden Firm: Sources |last=Nemtsova |first=Anna |date=September 24, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |accessdate=September 29, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190925021823/https://www.thedailybeast.com/ukraine-likely-to-reopen-probe-of-hunter-biden-firm-sources |archive-date=September 25, 2019 }}</ref>

Trump and Zelensky held a joint press conference at the United Nations the same day the transcript of their phone call was released. Zelensky told reporters: "We had I think good phone call. It was normal. We spoke about many things. So, I think, and you read it, that nobody pushed me."<ref name="rollingstone">{{Cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-sitting-ukraine-zelensky-united-nations-889491/ |title='No Pressure', Trump Insists, While Sitting With Ukraine's Zelensky at U.N. |last=Stuart |first=Tessa |date=September 25, 2019 |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |accessdate=September 29, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927033744/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-sitting-ukraine-zelensky-united-nations-889491/|archive-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ukraine-president-backs-trump-says-no-pressure-on-biden-probe |title=Ukraine president, in meeting with Trump, says 'nobody pushed me' to probe Biden |last=O'Reilly |first=Andrew |date=September 25, 2019 |accessdate=September 29, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003101904/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ukraine-president-backs-trump-says-no-pressure-on-biden-probe|archive-date=October 3, 2019 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref name="CNBC Zelensky">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/25/ukraine-president-on-trump-call-nobody-pushed-me.html |title=Ukraine's president on Trump call: 'Nobody pushed me' |last=MacDonald |first=Jordan |date=September 26, 2019|access-date=September 26, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001191010/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/25/ukraine-president-on-trump-call-nobody-pushed-me.html|archive-date=October 1, 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> The next day, President Zelensky said President Trump had not pressured anyone nor made any promises, and that the [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Prosecutor General]] [[Ruslan Riaboshapka]] would investigate all domestic cases without prejudice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.hromadske.ua/posts/ukraines-zelenskyy-avoids-singling-out-biden-case |title=Ukraine's Zelenskyy Denies Singling Out "Biden Case" |last=Romanenko |first=Maria |date=September 26, 2019 |publisher=[[Hromadske.TV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004031228/https://en.hromadske.ua/posts/ukraines-zelenskyy-avoids-singling-out-biden-case|archive-date=October 4, 2019|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> On September 30, Zelensky made it clear that he was not going to interfere with the intra-American party confrontation.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/zelensky-rebuffs-trumps-request-to-investigate-biden.html |title=Zelensky rebuffs Trump's request to investigate Biden |last=Sukhov |first=Oleg |date=September 30, 2019 |work=[[Kyiv Post]]|access-date=September 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, at an all-day press conference on October 10, Zelensky said he had learned about the blockage of the military aid only after the July 25 phone call. "We didn't speak about this. There was no blackmail."<ref name="pbs.noblankmail">{{Cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/ukraine-president-says-there-was-no-blackmail-in-call-with-trump |first=Yuras |last=Karmanau |title=Ukraine president says there was 'no blackmail' in call with Trump |agency=Associated Press |date=October 10, 2019 |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="kyivpost.allday">{{cite web |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/zelensky-holds-6-hour-press-conference-live.html |title=Zelensky holds all-day press conference |author=<!-- Not stated --> |date=October 10, 2019 |website=Kyiv Post |access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' reported on October 3 that [[Gordon Sondland]], U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, and [[Kurt Volker]], U.S. Special Envoy to Ukraine, had in August drafted a statement for Zelensky to sign that would commit Ukraine to investigate Burisma, the company that Hunter Biden worked for, as well as the conspiracy theory that Ukraine interfered with the 2016 election to benefit [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/03/us/politics/trump-ukraine.html |title=Trump Envoys Pushed Ukraine to Commit to Investigations |first1=Kenneth P. |last1=Vogel |first2=Michael S. |last2=Schmidt |date=October 3, 2019 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=October 6, 2019}}</ref>

On September 22, shortly after the public had become aware of the existence of a whistleblower, Trump acknowledged that he had discussed Joe Biden during a call with Zelensky on July 25. Trump said, "The conversation I had was largely congratulatory, was largely corruption, all of the corruption taking place, was largely the fact that we don't want our people like Vice President Biden and his son creating to {{sic}} the corruption already in Ukraine."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/us/politics/trump-ukraine-biden.html |title=Trump Acknowledges Discussing Biden in Call With Ukrainian Leader |first=Peter |last=Baker |date=September 22, 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925051625/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/us/politics/trump-ukraine-biden.html|archive-date=September 25, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump denied that his hold on military aid for Ukraine was linked to the Ukrainian government's refusal to investigate the Hunter Biden controversy, while also saying that withholding aid for this reason would have been ethically acceptable if he had done it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/23/us/politics/trump-un-biden-ukraine.html |title=Trump Said to Have Frozen Aid to Ukraine Before Call With Its Leader |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |authorlink=Maggie Haberman |date=September 23, 2019 |work=The New York Times |last2=Fandos |first2=Nicholas |author2link=Nicholas Fandos |issn=0362-4331 |last3=Crowley |first3=Michael |last4=Vogel |first4=Kenneth P. |access-date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> On September 26, 2019, Trump accused the person who provided the whistleblower with information of the call of being a "spy" and guilty of treason, before noting that treason is punishable by death.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/26/us/politics/trump-whistle-blower-spy.html |title=Trump Attacks Whistle-Blower's Sources and Alludes to Punishment for Spies |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |authorlink=Maggie Haberman |date=September 26, 2019 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=September 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-suggests-whistleblower-guilty-of-treason-2019-9 |title=Trump suggested the whistleblower who filed a complaint against him is guilty of treason, which is punishable by death |last1=Sheth |first1=Sonam |last2=Panetta |first2=Grace |date=September 26, 2019 |website=Business Insider |access-date=September 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-09-26/trump-at-private-breakfast-who-gave-the-whistle-blower-the-information-because-thats-almost-a-spy |first=Eli |last=Stokols |title=Trump at private event: 'Who gave the whistleblower the information? Because that's close to a spy' |date=September 26, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=September 26, 2019}}</ref> The whistleblower's lawyers said their client feared for his or her safety.<ref name="afp" />

Two people close to Trump told ''The New York Times'' that the behavior in the scandal was "typical" of his "dealings on the phone with world leaders", e.g. engaging in flattery, discussing cooperation, and bringing up a personal favor which then could be delegated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/25/us/politics/trump-ukraine.html |title=Trump's Not-So-Excellent Day |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |authorlink=Maggie Haberman |date=September 25, 2019 |work=The New York Times |last2=Crowley |first2=Michael |last3=Rogers |first3=Katie |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=September 26, 2019}}</ref> In an interview, Giuliani defended Trump, calling the president's request of the Ukrainian president "perfectly appropriate", while also indicating that he himself may have made a similar request to Ukrainian officials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Itkowitz |first=Colby |title=Giuliani admits to asking Ukraine about Joe Biden after denying it 30 seconds earlier |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/20/giuliani-admits-asking-ukraine-about-joe-biden-after-denying-it-seconds-earlier/ |work=The Washington Post |date=September 20, 2019 |accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref> A second whistleblower, who is also an intelligence official, came forward on October{{nbsp}}5 with "first-hand knowledge of allegations" associated with the phone call between Trump and Zelensky, according to the lawyer representing both whistleblowers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49953225 |title=Trump impeachment: Second whistleblower emerges |date=October 7, 2019 |website=BBC News|url-status=live |accessdate=October 8, 2019}}</ref>

==== Further revelations ====

[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks Upon Departure October 4 2019.webm|thumb|start=02:01|left|President Trump states on October 3, 2019, that "China should start an investigation into the Bidens"<ref name=Borger />]]

On September 27, 2019, the White House confirmed an allegation by the first whistleblower that a record of the call between Trump and Zelensky was sealed in a highly classified computer system at the advice of National Security Council lawyers.<ref name="Brown27">{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/27/politics/donald-trump-ukraine-transcript-white-house/index.html |title=First on CNN: White House says lawyers directed moving Ukraine transcript to highly secure system |last1=Brown |first1=Pamela |date=September 27, 2019 |accessdate=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191012224947/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/27/politics/donald-trump-ukraine-transcript-white-house/index.html |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |publisher=CNN }}</ref><ref name="Miller28">{{Cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/ec576ac2faa942d18450f7bdfac0ef24 |title=Subpoenas mark first concrete steps for Trump impeachment |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |date=September 28, 2019 |accessdate=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191012224337/https://www.apnews.com/ec576ac2faa942d18450f7bdfac0ef24 |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |work=Associated Press News |last2=Tucker |first2=Eric |last3=Balsamo |first3=Michael }}</ref> This came alongside media reports that the White House had used the most highly classified system to store memorandums of conversations with the leaders and officials of countries including Ukraine, [[Saudi Arabia]] and Russia. Administration officials had began storing these transcripts into this system after Trump's conversations with Australia's prime minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] and Mexico's president [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] leaked earlier in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salama |first1=Vivian |title=Embarrassing Leaks Led to Clampdown on Trump's Phone Records |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/embarrassing-leaks-led-to-clampdown-on-trumps-phone-records-11569710889 |accessdate=November 10, 2019 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=September 28, 2019}}</ref> This was seen by critics and the media as a deliberate attempt to hide potentially damaging information.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-whistleblower-server/a-computer-server-haunted-clinton-in-2016-now-it-may-be-trumps-turn-idUSKBN1WB2NE |first=Brad |last=Heath |title=A computer server haunted Clinton in 2016. Now it may be Trump's turn |work=Reuters |date=September 27, 2019 |accessdate=October 2, 2019}}</ref>


On October 3, after saying the U.S. has "tremendous power" and "many options" in the trade war with China "if they don't do what we want", Trump was asked by a reporter on what he hoped Zelensky would do after his phone call. Trump responded by publicly urging both Ukraine and China to investigate the Bidens.<ref name="tremendous">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-publicly-calls-on-china-to-investigate-bidens/2019/10/03/2ae94f6a-e5f2-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html |title=Trump publicly calls on China to investigate Bidens |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |date=October 4, 2019 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191012225550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-publicly-calls-on-china-to-investigate-bidens/2019/10/03/2ae94f6a-e5f2-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |last2=Bade |first2=Rachael |last3=Itkowitz |first3=Colby |url-access=limited }}</ref><ref name=Borger>{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Gambino |first2=Lauren |title=Trump calls on China to investigate Biden in extraordinary demand |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/trump-biden-china-investigation-demand |accessdate=October 5, 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027153313/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/trump-biden-china-investigation-demand |archive-date=November 8, 2019}}</ref>
The [[Trump–Ukraine scandal]] revolves around efforts by U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] to coerce [[Ukraine]] and other foreign countries into providing damaging narratives about [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidate]] [[Joe Biden]] as well as information relating to [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]]. Trump enlisted surrogates within and outside [[Presidency of Donald Trump|his official administration]], including his personal lawyer [[Rudy Giuliani]] and Attorney General [[William Barr]], to pressure Ukraine and other foreign governments to cooperate in supporting conspiracy theories concerning American politics.<ref name="involved pence">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-involved-pence-in-efforts-to-pressure-ukraines-leader-though-aides-say-vice-president-was-unaware-of-pursuit-of-dirt-on-bidens/2019/10/02/263aa9e2-e4a7-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html|title=Trump involved Pence in efforts to pressure Ukraine's leader, though aides say vice president was unaware of pursuit of dirt on Bidens|last1=Miller|first1=Greg|date=October 2, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=October 2, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191003002753/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-involved-pence-in-efforts-to-pressure-ukraines-leader-though-aides-say-vice-president-was-unaware-of-pursuit-of-dirt-on-bidens/2019/10/02/263aa9e2-e4a7-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html|archive-date=October 3, 2019|last2=Jaffe|first2=Greg|last3=Parker|first3=Ashley|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="trump pressed">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/us/politics/trump-australia-barr-mueller.html|title=Trump Pressed Australian Leader to Help Barr Investigate Mueller Inquiry's Origins|last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark|date=September 30, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=October 4, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191003014641/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/us/politics/trump-australia-barr-mueller.html|archive-date=October 3, 2019|last2=Benner|first2=Katie|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Baker">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/03/us/politics/trump-china-bidens.html|title=Trump Publicly Urges China to Investigate the Bidens|last=Baker|first=Peter|date=October 3, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 4, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191003161404/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/03/us/politics/trump-china-bidens.html|archive-date=October 3, 2019|last2=Sullivan|first2=Eileen|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Veronica |last=Stracqualursi |first2=Michael |last2=Warren |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/12/politics/giuliani-trump-ukraine-russia-impeachment-inquiry/index.html |title=Rudy Giuliani tells CNN he's unaware he's under investigation for Ukraine involvement |work=CNN |date=October 12, 2019 |quote=the unraveling Ukraine scandal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallin |first1=Alexander |first2=Jonathan |last2=Karl |title=Barr asked Trump for introductions to Italy, Australia in Russia probe review |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/barr-asked-trump-introductions-australia-italy-review-russia/story?id=65964849 |date=September 30, 2019 |accessdate=October 20, 2019 |publisher=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006025016/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/barr-asked-trump-introductions-australia-italy-review-russia/story?id=65964849 |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump blocked but later released payment of a congressionally mandated $400 million military aid package to allegedly obtain ''[[quid pro quo]]'' cooperation from [[Volodymyr Zelensky]], the president of Ukraine. A number of contacts were established between the White House and the [[government of Ukraine]], culminating in a July 25, 2019, phone call between Trump and Zelensky.<ref name="involved pence"/><ref name="trump pressed" /><ref name="Baker"/><ref name="TextMsg">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/04/us/politics/ukraine-text-messages-volker.html|title=Read the Text Messages Between U.S. and Ukrainian Officials|last=Savage|first=Charlie|date=October 4, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=October 5, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191011043711/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/04/us/politics/ukraine-text-messages-volker.html|archive-date=October 11, 2019|last2=Williams|first2=Josh|quote=A newly released set of text exchanges revealed details about President Trump's efforts to use American foreign policy to benefit himself.|authorlink=Charlie Savage|url-access=limited}}</ref>


In an interview with ''[[The New Yorker]]'' on December 16, Rudy Giuliani said removing the US ambassador to Ukraine became imperative for him and Trump. "I needed Yovanovitch out of the way," Giuliani told the magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50826852|title=Rudy Giuliani 'forced Ukraine ambassador out'|date=2019-12-17|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The scandal reached public attention in mid-September 2019 due to a [[Whistleblower protection in the United States|whistleblower]] complaint made in August 2019.<ref name="timeline">{{Cite news |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/09/politics/impeachment-transcript-takeaways/index.html |title=We read all 2,677 pages of impeachment inquiry testimony released to date. Here's what's clear. |first=Manu |last=Raju |first2=Jeremy |last2=Herb |first3=Marshall |last3=Cohen |access-date=November 11, 2019 |date=November 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110235639/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/09/politics/impeachment-transcript-takeaways/index.html |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The complaint raised concerns about Trump using presidential powers to solicit [[foreign electoral intervention]] in the [[2020 U.S. presidential election]].<ref name="WapoComplaintReleased">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/house-intelligence-committee-releases-whistleblowers-complaint-citing-trumps-call-with-ukraines-president/2019/09/26/402052ee-e056-11e9-be96-6adb81821e90_story.html|title=Whistleblower claimed Trump abused his office and that White House officials tried to cover it up|last=Barrett|first=Devlin|date=September 26, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=September 29, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190926143727/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/house-intelligence-committee-releases-whistleblowers-complaint-citing-trumps-call-with-ukraines-president/2019/09/26/402052ee-e056-11e9-be96-6adb81821e90_story.html|archive-date=September 26, 2019|url-access=limited}}</ref> The Trump White House has corroborated several allegations raised by the whistleblower. A non-verbatim transcript of the Trump–Zelensky call confirmed that Trump requested investigations into Joe Biden and his son [[Hunter Biden]], as well as a [[Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal|conspiracy theory involving a Democratic National Committee server]], while repeatedly urging Zelensky to work with Giuliani and Barr on these matters.<ref name=Bump27>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/27/trump-says-whistleblower-complaint-isnt-accurate-white-house-keeps-showing-how-it-is/|title=Trump says the whistleblower complaint isn't accurate. The White House keeps showing how it is.|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|date=September 27, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=October 4, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.is/yY910|archive-date=October 12, 2019|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="helderman">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mounting-evidence-buttresses-the-facts-laid-out-in-whistleblower-complaint/2019/10/05/c752843e-e6b5-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html|title=Mounting evidence buttresses the facts laid out in whistleblower complaint|last=Helderman|first=Rosalind S.|date=October 5, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=October 5, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.is/z2m3r|archive-date=October 5, 2019|authorlink=Rosalind Helderman|url-access=limited}}</ref> The White House also confirmed that a record of the call had been stored in a highly restricted system.<ref name="Brown27">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/27/politics/donald-trump-ukraine-transcript-white-house/index.html|title=First on CNN: White House says lawyers directed moving Ukraine transcript to highly secure system|last1=Brown|first1=Pamela|date=September 27, 2019|accessdate=October 4, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.is/UAkcd|archive-date=October 12, 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="Miller28">{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/ec576ac2faa942d18450f7bdfac0ef24|title=Subpoenas mark first concrete steps for Trump impeachment|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke|date=September 28, 2019|accessdate=October 4, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.is/WFEdB|archive-date=October 12, 2019|agency=[[Associated Press]]|last2=Tucker|first2=Eric|last3=Balsamo|first3=Michael}}</ref> White House acting chief of staff [[Mick Mulvaney]] said one reason why Trump withheld military aid to Ukraine was Ukrainian "corruption related to the DNC server", referring to a debunked theory that Ukrainians framed Russia for [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak|hacking into the DNC]] computer system.<ref name=becket>{{cite news |last1=Becket |first1=Stefan |last2=Segers |first2=Grace |last3=Watson |first3=Kathryn |title=Mulvaney links delay in Ukraine aid to DOJ investigation into 2016—live updates |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/trump-impeachment-inquiry-latest-kurt-volker-gordon-sondland-testimony-2019-10-17/ |accessdate=October 31, 2019 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=October 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029192841/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/trump-impeachment-inquiry-latest-kurt-volker-gordon-sondland-testimony-2019-10-17/ |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump has also publicly urged Ukraine and China to investigate the Bidens.<ref name="tremendous">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-publicly-calls-on-china-to-investigate-bidens/2019/10/03/2ae94f6a-e5f2-11e9-b403-f738899982d2_story.html|title=Trump publicly calls on China to investigate Bidens|last1=Rucker|first1=Philip|date=October 4, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=October 4, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.is/ZDnYX|archive-date=October 12, 2019|last2=Bade|first2=Rachael|last3=Itkowitz|first3=Colby|url-access=limited}}</ref> The Trump administration's top diplomat to Ukraine, [[William B. Taylor Jr.|Bill Taylor]], testified that he was told U.S. military aid to Ukraine and a Trump–Zelensky White House meeting were conditioned on Zelensky publicly announcing investigations into the Bidens and alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections.<ref name=bade>{{Cite news |last1=Bade |first1=Rachel |last2=Gearan |first2=Anne |last3=Demirjan |first3=Karoun |last4=DeBonis |first4=Mike |title=Trump made Ukraine aid contingent on public pledge to investigate Bidens and 2016 election, U.S. envoy says he was told |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/diplomat-who-raised-alarm-about-withholding-aid-to-ukraine-testifies-in-impeachment-probe/2019/10/22/086fb850-f436-11e9-8cf0-4cc99f74d127_story.html |accessdate=October 28, 2019 |date=October 22, 2019 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> [[United States Ambassador to the European Union]] [[Gordon Sondland]] testified that he worked with Giuliani at Trump's "express direction" to arrange a ''quid pro quo'' with the Ukraine government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impeachment inquiry: Donald Trump directed Ukraine to dig up dirt on Joe Biden, ambassador claims |date=November 20, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |publisher=iNews |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/donald-trump-impeachment-hearing-ukraine-ambassador-quid-pro-quo-1315067 }}</ref>


=== Inquiry ===
=== Inquiry ===

Revision as of 19:43, 19 December 2019

First impeachment of Donald Trump
Members of House of Representatives vote
on two articles of impeachment (H. Res. 755)
AccusedDonald Trump
(President of the United States)
Proponents
DateDecember 18, 2019
ChargesAbuse of power, obstruction of Congress
CauseAllegations that Trump sought help from Ukrainian authorities to favor him in the 2020 U.S. presidential election
Polls
Voting in the House of Representatives
AccusationAbuse of power
Votes in favor230
Votes against197
ResultApproved
AccusationObstruction of Congress
Votes in favor229
Votes against198
ResultApproved

The impeachment of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, occurred on December 18, 2019, when the House of Representatives approved articles of impeachment on abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[1] Impeachment does not remove a president from office, but rather sends the case to the United States Senate, which then holds a trial on whether to convict and remove the President. President Trump's impeachment came after a House impeachment inquiry found that in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, Trump allegedly solicited foreign interference in the 2020 U.S. presidential election to help his re-election bid, and then obstructed the inquiry itself by telling his administration officials to ignore subpoenas for documents and testimony. The inquiry reported that Trump withheld military aid and an invitation to the White House in order to influence Ukraine into announcing investigations into Trump's political rivals.[2][3][4]: 8, 208 

The inquiry stage of Trump's impeachment lasted from September to November 2019, in the wake of an August 2019 whistleblower complaint alleging abuse of power by Trump. In October 2019, three congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs) deposed witnesses. In November 2019, the House Intelligence Committee held a number of public hearings in which witnesses testified publicly. On December 3, the House Intelligence Committee voted 13–9 along party lines to adopt a final report.

A set of impeachment hearings before the Judiciary Committee began on December 4, 2019. On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to recommend two articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The Judiciary Committee also released a report on the articles of impeachment on December 16. On December 18, the full House approved both articles of impeachment, making Trump the third president in U.S. history to be impeached. A Senate trial then entered into planning stages, with the Senate having final say as to whether or not Trump should be removed from his office as president following his impeachment.[5]

Background

Previous calls for impeachment

Further information: Efforts to impeach Donald Trump

Efforts to impeach President Trump have been made by a variety of people and groups.[6][7] The first efforts in the Republican-controlled Congress were initiated in 2017 by Representatives Al Green and Brad Sherman, both Democrats (D), in response to Trump's obstructions of justice in the Russian influence investigations begun during the first year of Trump's presidency.[8][9][10] A December 2017 resolution of impeachment failed in the House by a 58–364 vote margin.[11]

Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives following the 2018 elections and made Nancy Pelosi the new Speaker. While she opposed any move toward impeachment, she supported multiple committees' respective investigations into Trump's actions and finances.[12][13] On January 17, 2019, new allegations involving Trump surfaced, claiming he instructed his long-time lawyer, Michael Cohen, to lie under oath about Trump's conflict-of-interest involvement with the Russian government to erect a Trump Tower in Moscow.[14] This also sparked requests for an investigation and for the president to "resign or be impeached" should such claims be substantiated.[15]

The Mueller Report, released on April 18, 2019, reached no conclusion as to whether Trump had committed criminal obstruction of justice.[16] Special Counsel Robert Mueller strongly hinted that it was up to Congress to make such a determination. Congressional support for an impeachment inquiry increased as a result.[17] House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initially continued to resist calls for impeachment.[18] In May 2019, she indicated that Trump's continued actions, which she characterized as obstruction of justice and refusal to honor congressional subpoenas, might make an impeachment inquiry necessary.[19][20] An increasing number of Democrats and a then-Republican representatives of the House, Justin Amash (who later became an independent), were requesting such an inquiry.[21]

Fewer than 20 Representatives in the House supported impeachment by January 2019, but this number grew after the Mueller Report was released and after Mueller testified in July, up to around 140 Representatives before the Trump–Ukraine scandal surfaced.[33]

Soon after the release of the Mueller report, Trump began urging an investigation into the origins of the Russia probe, wanting to "investigate the investigators" and possibly discredit the conclusions of the FBI and Mueller.[34] In April 2019, Attorney General William Barr announced that he had launched a review of the origins of the FBI's investigation,[35][36] even though the origins of the probe were already being investigated by the Justice Department's inspector general and by U.S. attorney John Huber, who had been appointed to the same task in 2018 by then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions.[37] Barr assigned U.S. Attorney John Durham to lead the probe,[38] and Trump directed the U.S. intelligence community to "promptly provide assistance and information" to Barr, and delegated to him the "full and complete authority" to declassify any related documents.[34][39] Although Durham was nominally in charge of the investigation, Barr himself began contacting foreign governments to ask for information about the origins of the FBI probe. Barr personally traveled to the United Kingdom and Italy to seek information; Italy's parliament is expected to begin its own investigation into Barr's meetings with Italian secret services.[40] At Barr's request, Trump himself phoned the prime minister of Australia, Scott Morrison, to ask for assistance.[41][42]

Trump–Ukraine scandal

Main article: Trump–Ukraine scandal

Rudy Giuliani and his business associates

In 2018, Florida businessmen Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman hired Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani as a consultant in their security company, paying him $500,000. In turn, Fruman and Parnas assisted him in his search in Ukraine for damaging information about Trump's political opponents.[43][44] Giuliani sent Fruman and Parnas to Ukraine to seek information to undermine the Special Counsel's investigation and damage Biden's presidential campaign.[45] At the same time, Fruman and Parnas were being paid by Dmytro Firtash, a Ukrainian oligarch, with alleged ties to Russian organized crime and the Kremlin, who is facing federal bribery charges in the U.S. and is fighting extradition from Austria.[44][b]

From at least May 2019 to August 2019, Trump and Giuliani pressed the Ukrainian government to launch an investigation that would have negatively affected Trump's political rival Joe Biden in the 2020 election. Giuliani and his associates asked Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky to announce an investigation into the business activities of Hunter Biden.[50] The pressure tactics were developed by Giuliani and Gordon Sondland and applied in part by Parnas and Fruman. Zelensky reportedly felt rattled by the pressure, according to Amos Hochstein, a former diplomat and a member of Naftogaz's supervisory board, who alerted the National Security Council (NSC) of the matter in May 2019.[51] Fruman and Parnas were arrested at Washington Dulles International Airport on October 9, 2019, on campaign finance-related charges brought by federal prosecutors in New York City.[52][43]

The proposed investigation of Biden was based on a 2015 push by the U.S. to remove the Ukrainian prosecutor Viktor Shokin because he had been ignoring corruption in Ukraine and protecting political elites. At the time, this request had bipartisan support in the U.S. Congress and was also supported by the European Union.[53][c] Joe Biden, who at the time was vice president, served as the face of this request. Ukraine fired Shokin in early 2016.[54] Trump claimed that Biden's true motivation was to protect his son Hunter, who served on the board of directors of the Ukrainian natural gas company Burisma Holdings,[55][56][57][58][59] even though Shokin had placed his predecessor's investigation into Burisma on hold.[60][61][62][63] Despite Trump's allegations, no one has produced evidence of any criminal wrongdoing by the Bidens.[64][65][66][67][68][54]

Withholding of military aid and July 25 phone call

Whistleblower complaint dated August 12, 2019, regarding a July 25 phone conversation between Trump and Zelensky
Memorandum of the call between Trump and Zelensky released by the White House on September 25, 2019

By July 18, 2019, Trump had—without explanation—put a hold on $391 million in congressionally approved military aid to Ukraine.[69][70] In a July 25 phone call, Trump repeatedly asked Volodymyr Zelensky to launch two investigations in cooperation with Giuliani and Attorney General Barr.[71][72] One proposed investigation would concern a conspiracy theory—which originated on 4chan in 2017 and was spread by blogs, social media, and Fox News[73]—that connected the American cybersecurity technology company CrowdStrike to Ukrainian actors supposedly interfering in the 2016 election.[74][75] Trump had been repeatedly told by his own aides that this allegation is false, but refused to accept those assurances.[76] The other proposed investigation would concern Joe and Hunter Biden.[71][77][78] At the time of the inquiry, Joe Biden was the leading presidential candidate in Democratic Party primary polling, making him Trump's most likely 2020 opponent.[79]

This July 25 phone call was the subject of an anonymous complaint filed on August 12 in accordance with the Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act. In late August, Trump was notified of the whistleblower's complaint.[80] Congress and the public became aware of it on September 9.[81] Two days later, Trump lifted the hold on military aid.[70] House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff said on September 13 that he had issued a subpoena to Acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire, as Maguire had failed to release the whistleblower's complaint to the congressional intelligence committees, as was arguably required by the relevant statute. Schiff argued that the complaint might have been withheld from Congress "in an unlawful effort to protect the President and conceal from the Committee information related to his possible 'serious or flagrant' misconduct, abuse of power, or violation of law".[82][83]

On September 24, the White House released a non-verbatim memorandum of Trump's conversation with Zelensky.[72][d] The next day, the whistleblower complaint was released to Congress.[86] Trump did not mention the hold on military aid in his conversation with Zelensky, but repeatedly pointed out that the U.S. has been "very very good" to Ukraine, with which Zelensky expressed agreement. Zelensky subsequently asked about obtaining more U.S. missiles, to which Trump replied, "I would like you to do us a favor though" and requested the investigations.[87] The memorandum of the conversation confirmed the whistleblower's allegations that Trump had requested investigations into the Bidens and invoked a conspiracy theory involving a Democratic National Committee server, while repeatedly urging Zelensky to work with Giuliani and Barr on these matters.[88][89]

Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Elizabeth Warren described this sentence as a "smoking gun" suggesting a quid pro quo.[87] Prominent Democrats, including Senators Robert Menendez and Chris Murphy, suggested that the hold may have been intended to implicitly or explicitly pressure the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter Biden.[90] Former Ukrainian presidential advisor Serhiy Leshchenko said it was made a "clear fact" that Ukraine's communication with the U.S. was dependent on discussing a future investigation into the Bidens,[91] while another anonymous Ukrainian lawmaker said Trump attempted to "pressure" and "blackmail" them into accepting a "quid pro quo" agreement based upon cooperation.[92]

Ukraine

Volodymyr Zelensky with Donald Trump in New York City on September 25, 2019

On September 20, 2019, Roman Truba, head of the Ukraine State Bureau of Investigations, told left-wing American news and opinion website The Daily Beast that his agency had not investigated the Biden–Burisma connection and there were no signs of illegality there. Anton Herashchenko, a senior advisor to the Ukraine interior minister, told The Daily Beast that Ukraine will open such an investigation if there is an official request, along with details of why an investigation is needed and what to look for; Trump's requests had come through unofficial representatives such as Giuliani.[93]

Ukrainian foreign minister Vadym Prystaiko told a Ukrainian news outlet on September 21: "I know what the [phone] conversation was about and I think there was no pressure. This conversation was long, friendly, and it touched on many questions, sometimes requiring serious answers."[94] Prystaiko was also quoted as saying: "I want to say that we are an independent state, we have our secrets."[94] On September 22, Senator Murphy said President Zelensky told him he had no intention to get involved with an American election.[95]

In an interview released on September 24, Ukrainian diplomat and politician Valentyn Nalyvaichenko told The Daily Beast that Ukrainian authorities would be reopening corruption investigations into multiple individuals and organizations including, potentially, Burisma, Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort, TV host Larry King, and former prosecutor Yuriy Lutsenko. King was suspected of having received slush fund payments recorded in the "black ledger" that also named Manafort. Nalyvaichenko accused Lutsenko of having been in communication with associates of Trump "for vindictive purposes".[96]

Trump and Zelensky held a joint press conference at the United Nations the same day the transcript of their phone call was released. Zelensky told reporters: "We had I think good phone call. It was normal. We spoke about many things. So, I think, and you read it, that nobody pushed me."[97][98][99] The next day, President Zelensky said President Trump had not pressured anyone nor made any promises, and that the Prosecutor General Ruslan Riaboshapka would investigate all domestic cases without prejudice.[100] On September 30, Zelensky made it clear that he was not going to interfere with the intra-American party confrontation.[101] Subsequently, at an all-day press conference on October 10, Zelensky said he had learned about the blockage of the military aid only after the July 25 phone call. "We didn't speak about this. There was no blackmail."[102][103]

The New York Times reported on October 3 that Gordon Sondland, U.S. Ambassador to the European Union, and Kurt Volker, U.S. Special Envoy to Ukraine, had in August drafted a statement for Zelensky to sign that would commit Ukraine to investigate Burisma, the company that Hunter Biden worked for, as well as the conspiracy theory that Ukraine interfered with the 2016 election to benefit Hillary Clinton.[104]

On September 22, shortly after the public had become aware of the existence of a whistleblower, Trump acknowledged that he had discussed Joe Biden during a call with Zelensky on July 25. Trump said, "The conversation I had was largely congratulatory, was largely corruption, all of the corruption taking place, was largely the fact that we don't want our people like Vice President Biden and his son creating to [sic] the corruption already in Ukraine."[105] Trump denied that his hold on military aid for Ukraine was linked to the Ukrainian government's refusal to investigate the Hunter Biden controversy, while also saying that withholding aid for this reason would have been ethically acceptable if he had done it.[106] On September 26, 2019, Trump accused the person who provided the whistleblower with information of the call of being a "spy" and guilty of treason, before noting that treason is punishable by death.[107][108][109] The whistleblower's lawyers said their client feared for his or her safety.[64]

Two people close to Trump told The New York Times that the behavior in the scandal was "typical" of his "dealings on the phone with world leaders", e.g. engaging in flattery, discussing cooperation, and bringing up a personal favor which then could be delegated.[110] In an interview, Giuliani defended Trump, calling the president's request of the Ukrainian president "perfectly appropriate", while also indicating that he himself may have made a similar request to Ukrainian officials.[111] A second whistleblower, who is also an intelligence official, came forward on October 5 with "first-hand knowledge of allegations" associated with the phone call between Trump and Zelensky, according to the lawyer representing both whistleblowers.[112]

Further revelations

President Trump states on October 3, 2019, that "China should start an investigation into the Bidens"[113]

On September 27, 2019, the White House confirmed an allegation by the first whistleblower that a record of the call between Trump and Zelensky was sealed in a highly classified computer system at the advice of National Security Council lawyers.[114][115] This came alongside media reports that the White House had used the most highly classified system to store memorandums of conversations with the leaders and officials of countries including Ukraine, Saudi Arabia and Russia. Administration officials had began storing these transcripts into this system after Trump's conversations with Australia's prime minister Malcolm Turnbull and Mexico's president Enrique Peña Nieto leaked earlier in 2017.[116] This was seen by critics and the media as a deliberate attempt to hide potentially damaging information.[117]

On October 3, after saying the U.S. has "tremendous power" and "many options" in the trade war with China "if they don't do what we want", Trump was asked by a reporter on what he hoped Zelensky would do after his phone call. Trump responded by publicly urging both Ukraine and China to investigate the Bidens.[118][113]

In an interview with The New Yorker on December 16, Rudy Giuliani said removing the US ambassador to Ukraine became imperative for him and Trump. "I needed Yovanovitch out of the way," Giuliani told the magazine.[119]

Inquiry

Main article: Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump

On the evening of September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced that six committees of the House of Representatives would begin a formal impeachment inquiry into President Trump. Pelosi accused Trump of betraying his oath of office, U.S. national security, and the integrity of the country's elections.[120][77][121] The six committees charged with the task are those on Financial Services, the Judiciary, Intelligence, Foreign Affairs, Oversight and Reform, and Ways and Means.[122]

In October 2019, three congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs) deposed witnesses including Ambassador Taylor,[123] Laura Cooper (the deputy assistant secretary of defense for Russian, Ukrainian and Eurasian affairs),[124] and former White House official Fiona Hill.[125] Witnesses testified that they believed that President Trump wanted Zelensky to publicly announce investigations into the Bidens and Burisma (a Ukrainian natural gas company on whose board Hunter Biden had served)[126][127] and 2016 election interference.[128] On October 8, in a letter from White House Counsel Pat Cipollone to House speaker Pelosi, the White House officially responded that it would not cooperate with the investigation due to concerns including that there had not yet been a vote of the full House and that interviews of witnesses were being conducted behind closed doors.[129][130] On October 17, Mulvaney said, in response to a reporter's allegation of quid pro quo: "We do that all the time with foreign policy. Get over it." He walked back his comments later in the day, asserting that there had been "absolutely no quid pro quo" and that Trump had withheld military aid to Ukraine over concerns of the country's corruption.[131][132]

On October 29, 2019, Representative Jim McGovern (D-Massachusetts) introduced a resolution (H. Res. 660), referred to House Rules Committee, which set forth the "format of open hearings in the House Intelligence Committee, including staff-led questioning of witnesses, and [authorization for] the public release of deposition transcripts".[133][134] In November 2019, the House Intelligence Committee held a number of public hearings in which witnesses testified publicly. On November 13, Taylor and Kent testified publicly.[135] Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch testified before the committee on November 15, 2019.[136] Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman, the National Security Council's head of European Affairs, and Jennifer Williams, Vice President Mike Pence's chief European security adviser, testified together on the morning of November 19, 2019.[137] Later the same day, Kurt Volker, the former U.S. special representative for Ukraine, and Tim Morrison, the former national security presidential adviser on Europe and Russia, gave public testimony before the House Intelligence Committee.[138]

Open hearing testimony of Fiona Hill and David Holmes on November 21, 2019

On November 20, 2019, Ambassador Sondland testified that he conducted his work with Giuliani at the "express direction of the president",[139] and that he understood a potential White House invitation for Zelensky to be contingent on Ukraine announcing investigations into the 2016 elections and Burisma.[140][141] Later the same day, Cooper and David Hale, who serves as the under secretary of state for Political Affairs, testified jointly before the committee.[142] On November 21, 2019, Fiona Hill—who until August 2019 was the top Russia expert on the National Security Council—criticized Republicans for promulgating the "fictional narrative" that Ukraine rather than Russia interfered in the 2016 election, asserting that the theory was planted by Russia and played into its hands.[143][144] Testifying alongside Hill was the current head of political affairs in the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine, David Holmes.[145][146][147]

On December 3, the House Intelligence Committee voted 13–9 along party lines to adopt a final report and also send it to the House Judiciary Committee.[148][149][4] The report's preface states:

[T]he impeachment inquiry has found that President Trump, personally and acting through agents within and outside of the U.S. government, solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection. In furtherance of this scheme, President Trump conditioned official acts on a public announcement by the new Ukrainian President, Volodymyr Zelensky, of politically-motivated investigations, including one into President Trump's domestic political opponent. In pressuring President Zelensky to carry out his demand, President Trump withheld a White House meeting desperately sought by the Ukrainian President, and critical U.S. military assistance to fight Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine.[4]: 8–9 

The Republicans of the House committees had released a countering report the previous day, saying in part that the evidence doesn't support accusations. "The evidence presented does not prove any of these Democrat allegations, and none of the Democrats' witnesses testified to having evidence of bribery, extortion, or any high crime or misdemeanor," said the draft report.[150][151] This report also painted the push to impeachment as solely politically motivated. "The Democrats are trying to impeach a duly elected President based on the accusations and assumptions of unelected bureaucrats who disagreed with President Trump's policy initiatives and processes," the report's executive summary states.[152]

Impeachment

Judiciary Committee hearings

Impeachment of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States—Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives

On December 5, Speaker Pelosi authorized the Judiciary Committee to begin drafting articles of impeachment.[153]

A set of impeachment hearings was brought before the Judiciary Committee, with Trump and his lawyers being invited to attend.[154][155] The administration declined, as the president was scheduled to attend a NATO summit in London.[156] In a second letter on December 6, Cipollone again said the White House will not offer a defense or otherwise participate in the impeachment inquiry, writing to chairman Nadler, "As you know, your impeachment inquiry is completely baseless and has violated basic principles of due process and fundamental fairness."[157] Nadler responded in a statement, "We gave President Trump a fair opportunity to question witnesses and present his own to address the overwhelming evidence before us. After listening to him complain about the impeachment process, we had hoped that he might accept our invitation."[158]

The first hearing, held on December 4, 2019, was an academic discussion on the definition of an impeachable offense. The witnesses invited by Democrats were law professors Noah Feldman from Harvard, Pamela S. Karlan from Stanford, and Michael Gerhardt from the University of North Carolina. Republicans invited Jonathan Turley, a constitutional scholar at George Washington University;[159][160] Turley, who had testified in favor of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1999,[161][162] testified against impeaching Trump, citing a lack of evidence.[163] It was observed that he contradicted his own opinion on impeachment from when Clinton was on trial.[164][165][166]

Potential articles of impeachment outlined during the hearing include: abuse of power for arranging a quid pro quo with the president of Ukraine, obstruction of Congress for hindering the House's investigation, and obstruction of justice for attempting to dismiss Robert Mueller during his investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election.[167] On December 5, Pelosi requested the House Judiciary Committee draft articles of impeachment.[168][169]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said after the vote that while this was "a great day for the Constitution" it was "a sad day for America". “I could not be prouder or more inspired by the moral courage of the House Democrats. We never asked one of them how they were going to vote. We never whipped this vote,” she said.[170]

Articles of impeachment

House Resolution 755—Articles of Impeachment Against President Donald J. Trump

On the morning of December 10, 2019, Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee announced that they would levy two articles of impeachment, designated H. Res. 755: (1) abuse of power, and (2) obstruction of Congress,[171][172] in its investigation of the President's conduct regarding Ukraine.[173] Draft text of the articles was released later that day,[174] as well as a report by the judiciary committee outlining the constitutional case for impeachment and asserting that "impeachment is part of democratic governance."[175]: 51  The committee planned to vote on the articles on December 12,[176][177] but abruptly postponed it to the next day after the 14-hour partisan debate on the final versions of the articles lasted until after 11:00 p.m. EST.[178] On the morning of December 13,[178] the Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass both articles of impeachment; both articles passed 23–17, with all Democrats present voting in support and all Republicans present voting in opposition. The articles were forwarded to the full House for debate and a vote on whether to impeach the president on December 18.[179]

The House Judiciary Committee released a 658-page report on the articles of impeachment on December 16. It specifies criminal bribery and wire fraud charges as part of the abuse of power article.[180] The Judiciary Committee votes to approve the articles of impeachment were as follows:

Article I vote Article II vote
■ Democratic: 23 yes, 0 no
■ Republican: 0 yes, 17 no		 ■ Democratic: 23 yes, 0 no
■ Republican: 0 yes, 17 no

House vote

Speaker Nancy Pelosi announces the vote count on Article I and II of House Resolution 755.

Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution states that "The House of Representatives ... shall have the sole Power of Impeachment."[181]

The House Rules Committee held a hearing to write the rules governing the debate over impeachment on December 17.[182] The first, of three votes, was on the rules governing debate: 228 to 197, with all Republicans and two Democrats voting no.[183] This was followed by six hours of debate. One of the highlights of this contentious event was Rep. Barry Loudermilk (R-GA) comparing the impeachment inquiry of President Trump to the trial of Jesus Christ, saying that the Christian savior was treated far better by the authorities.[184]

The formal impeachment vote in the House of Representatives took place on December 18, 2019.[185] Shortly after 8:30 pm EST (01:30 UTC), both articles of impeachment passed.[186] The votes for the charge of abuse of power were 230 in favor, 197 against, and 1 present: House Democrats all voted in support except Collin Peterson (MN) and Jeff Van Drew (NJ), who voted against, and Tulsi Gabbard (HI), who voted "present"; all House Republicans voted against, although former Republican turned Independent Justin Amash (MI) voted in support of both articles.[187] The votes for the charge of obstruction of Congress were 229 in favor, 198 against, and 1 present: all Democrats voted in support except Peterson, Van Drew, and Jared Golden (ME), who voted against; and Gabbard, who again voted "present".[188]

Three soon-to-be-retiring representatives did not vote: Duncan D. Hunter (R-CA), who was banned from voting under the House's rules after pleading guilty to illegally using campaign funds; José E. Serrano (D-NY), who had a health setback after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease earlier in the year; and John Shimkus (R-IL), who was visiting his son in Tanzania.[189]

Voting results on House Resolution 755
(Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors)
Article I[190]
(Abuse of power) 		Article II[191]
(Obstruction of Congress)
Yea Nay Present Yea Nay Present
Democratic 229 Collin Peterson and Jeff Van Drew 1 Democratic 228 Collin Peterson, Jeff Van Drew, and Jared Golden 1
Republican 195 Republican 195
Independent 1 Independent 1
Total 230 197 1 Total 229 198 1
Adopted Adopted
List of Votes for Article I – Abuse of Power[192]
District Member Party Vote
Alabama 1 Bradley Byrne style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Alabama 2 Martha Roby style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Alabama 3 Mike Rogers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Alabama 4 Robert Aderholt style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Alabama 5 Mo Brooks style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Alabama 6 Gary Palmer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Alabama 7 Terri Sewell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Alaska at-large Don Young style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arizona 1 Tom O'Halleran style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Arizona 2 Ann Kirkpatrick style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Arizona 3 Raúl Grijalva style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Arizona 4 Paul Gosar style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arizona 5 Andy Biggs style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arizona 6 David Schweikert style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arizona 7 Ruben Gallego style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Arizona 8 Debbie Lesko style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arizona 9 Greg Stanton style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Arkansas 1 Rick Crawford style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arkansas 2 French Hill style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arkansas 3 Steve Womack style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Arkansas 4 Bruce Westerman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 1 Doug LaMalfa style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 2 Jared Huffman style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 3 John Garamendi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 4 Tom McClintock style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 5 Mike Thompson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 6 Doris Matsui style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 7 Ami Bera style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 8 Paul Cook style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 9 Jerry McNerney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 10 Josh Harder style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 11 Mark DeSaulnier style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 12 Nancy Pelosi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 13 Barbara Lee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 14 Jackie Speier style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 15 Eric Swalwell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 16 Jim Costa style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 17 Ro Khanna style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 18 Anna Eshoo style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 19 Zoe Lofgren style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 20 Jimmy Panetta style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 21 TJ Cox style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 22 Devin Nunes style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 23 Kevin McCarthy style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 24 Salud Carbajal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 26 Julia Brownley style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 27 Judy Chu style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 28 Adam Schiff style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 29 Tony Cárdenas style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 30 Brad Sherman style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 31 Pete Aguilar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 32 Grace Napolitano style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 33 Ted Lieu style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 34 Jimmy Gomez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 35 Norma Torres style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 36 Raul Ruiz style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 37 Karen Bass style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 38 Linda Sánchez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 39 Gil Cisneros style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 40 Lucille Roybal-Allard style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 41 Mark Takano style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 42 Ken Calvert style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 43 Maxine Waters style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 44 Nanette Barragán style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 45 Katie Porter style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 46 Lou Correa style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 47 Alan Lowenthal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 48 Harley Rouda style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 49 Mike Levin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 50 Duncan D. Hunter style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
California 51 Juan Vargas style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 52 Scott Peters style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
California 53 Susan Davis style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Colorado 1 Diana DeGette style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Colorado 2 Joe Neguse style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Colorado 3 Scott Tipton style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Colorado 4 Ken Buck style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Colorado 5 Doug Lamborn style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Colorado 6 Jason Crow style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Colorado 7 Ed Perlmutter style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Connecticut 1 John B. Larson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Connecticut 2 Joe Courtney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Connecticut 3 Rosa DeLauro style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Connecticut 4 Jim Himes style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Connecticut 5 Jahana Hayes style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Delaware at-large Lisa Blunt Rochester style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 1 Matt Gaetz style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 2 Neal Dunn style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 3 Ted Yoho style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 4 John Rutherford style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 5 Al Lawson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 6 Michael Waltz style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 7 Stephanie Murphy style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 8 Bill Posey style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 9 Darren Soto style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 10 Val Demings style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 11 Daniel Webster style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 12 Gus Bilirakis style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 13 Charlie Crist style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 14 Kathy Castor style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 15 Ross Spano style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 16 Vern Buchanan style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 17 Greg Steube style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 18 Brian Mast style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 19 Francis Rooney style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 20 Alcee Hastings style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 21 Lois Frankel style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 22 Ted Deutch style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 23 Debbie Wasserman Schultz style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 24 Frederica Wilson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 25 Mario Díaz-Balart style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Florida 26 Debbie Mucarsel-Powell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Florida 27 Donna Shalala style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Georgia 1 Buddy Carter style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 2 Sanford Bishop style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Georgia 3 Drew Ferguson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 4 Hank Johnson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Georgia 5 John Lewis style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Georgia 6 Lucy McBath style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Georgia 7 Rob Woodall style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 8 Austin Scott style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 9 Doug Collins style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 10 Jody Hice style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 11 Barry Loudermilk style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 12 Rick W. Allen style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Georgia 13 David Scott style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Georgia 14 Tom Graves style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Hawaii 1 Ed Case style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Hawaii 2 Tulsi Gabbard style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Present
Idaho 1 Russ Fulcher style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Idaho 2 Mike Simpson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Illinois 1 Bobby Rush style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 2 Robin Kelly style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 3 Dan Lipinski style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 4 Jesús "Chuy" García style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 5 Mike Quigley style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 6 Sean Casten style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 7 Danny K. Davis style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 8 Raja Krishnamoorthi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 9 Jan Schakowsky style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 10 Brad Schneider style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 11 Bill Foster style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 12 Mike Bost style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Illinois 13 Rodney Davis style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Illinois 14 Lauren Underwood style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 15 John Shimkus style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Illinois 16 Adam Kinzinger style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Illinois 17 Cheri Bustos style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Illinois 18 Darin LaHood style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 1 Pete Visclosky style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Indiana 2 Jackie Walorski style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 3 Jim Banks style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 4 Jim Baird style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 5 Susan Brooks style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 6 Greg Pence style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 7 André Carson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Indiana 8 Larry Bucshon style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Indiana 9 Trey Hollingsworth style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Iowa 1 Abby Finkenauer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Iowa 2 Dave Loebsack style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Iowa 3 Cindy Axne style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Iowa 4 Steve King style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kansas 1 Roger Marshall style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kansas 2 Steve Watkins style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kansas 3 Sharice Davids style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Kansas 4 Ron Estes style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kentucky 1 James Comer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kentucky 2 Brett Guthrie style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kentucky 3 John Yarmuth style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Kentucky 4 Thomas Massie style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kentucky 5 Hal Rogers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Kentucky 6 Andy Barr style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Louisiana 1 Steve Scalise style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Louisiana 2 Cedric Richmond style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Louisiana 3 Clay Higgins style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Louisiana 4 Mike Johnson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Louisiana 5 Ralph Abraham style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Louisiana 6 Garret Graves style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Maine 1 Chellie Pingree style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maine 2 Jared Golden style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maryland 1 Andy Harris style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Maryland 2 Dutch Ruppersberger style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maryland 3 John Sarbanes style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maryland 4 Anthony G. Brown style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maryland 5 Steny Hoyer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maryland 6 David Trone style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Maryland 8 Jamie Raskin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 1 Richard Neal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 2 Jim McGovern style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 3 Lori Trahan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 4 Joe Kennedy III style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 5 Katherine Clark style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 6 Seth Moulton style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 7 Ayanna Pressley style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 8 Stephen F. Lynch style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Massachusetts 9 Bill Keating style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 1 Jack Bergman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Michigan 2 Bill Huizenga style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Michigan 3 Justin Amash style="background-color:Template:Independent (US)/meta/color" | Independent Yea
Michigan 4 John Moolenaar style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Michigan 5 Dan Kildee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 6 Fred Upton style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Michigan 7 Tim Walberg style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Michigan 8 Elissa Slotkin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 9 Andy Levin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 10 Paul Mitchell style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Michigan 11 Haley Stevens style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 12 Debbie Dingell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 13 Rashida Tlaib style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Michigan 14 Brenda Lawrence style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Minnesota 1 Jim Hagedorn style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Minnesota 2 Angie Craig style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Minnesota 3 Dean Phillips style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Minnesota 4 Betty McCollum style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Minnesota 5 Ilhan Omar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Minnesota 6 Tom Emmer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Minnesota 7 Collin Peterson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Nay
Minnesota 8 Pete Stauber style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Mississippi 1 Trent Kelly style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Mississippi 2 Bennie Thompson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Mississippi 3 Michael Guest style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Mississippi 4 Steven Palazzo style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Missouri 1 Lacy Clay style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Missouri 2 Ann Wagner style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Missouri 3 Blaine Luetkemeyer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Missouri 4 Vicky Hartzler style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Missouri 5 Emanuel Cleaver style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Missouri 6 Sam Graves style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Missouri 7 Billy Long style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Missouri 8 Jason Smith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Montana at-large Greg Gianforte style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Nebraska 1 Jeff Fortenberry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Nebraska 2 Don Bacon style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Nebraska 3 Adrian Smith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Nevada 1 Dina Titus style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Nevada 2 Mark Amodei style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Nevada 3 Susie Lee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Nevada 4 Steven Horsford style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Hampshire 1 Chris Pappas style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Hampshire 2 Ann McLane Kuster style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 1 Donald Norcross style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 2 Jeff Van Drew style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Nay
New Jersey 3 Andy Kim style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 4 Chris Smith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
New Jersey 5 Josh Gottheimer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 6 Frank Pallone style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 7 Tom Malinowski style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 8 Albio Sires style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 9 Bill Pascrell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 10 Donald Payne Jr. style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 11 Mikie Sherrill style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Jersey 12 Bonnie Watson Coleman style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Mexico 1 Deb Haaland style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Mexico 2 Xochitl Torres Small style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New Mexico 3 Ben Ray Luján style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 1 Lee Zeldin style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
New York 2 Peter T. King style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
New York 3 Thomas Suozzi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 4 Kathleen Rice style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 5 Gregory Meeks style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 6 Grace Meng style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 7 Nydia Velázquez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 8 Hakeem Jeffries style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 9 Yvette Clarke style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 10 Jerry Nadler style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 11 Max Rose style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 12 Carolyn Maloney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 13 Adriano Espaillat style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 14 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 15 José E. Serrano style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 16 Eliot Engel style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 17 Nita Lowey style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 18 Sean Patrick Maloney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 19 Antonio Delgado style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 20 Paul Tonko style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 21 Elise Stefanik style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
New York 22 Anthony Brindisi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 23 Tom Reed style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
New York 24 John Katko style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
New York 25 Joseph Morelle style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
New York 26 Brian Higgins style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
North Carolina 1 G. K. Butterfield style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
North Carolina 2 George Holding style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 3 Greg Murphy style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 4 David Price style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
North Carolina 5 Virginia Foxx style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 6 Mark Walker style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 7 David Rouzer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 8 Richard Hudson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 9 Dan Bishop style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 10 Patrick McHenry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 11 Mark Meadows style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Carolina 12 Alma Adams style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
North Carolina 13 Ted Budd style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
North Dakota at-large Kelly Armstrong style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 1 Steve Chabot style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 2 Brad Wenstrup style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 3 Joyce Beatty style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Ohio 4 Jim Jordan style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 5 Bob Latta style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 6 Bill Johnson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 7 Bob Gibbs style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 8 Warren Davidson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 9 Marcy Kaptur style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Ohio 10 Mike Turner style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 11 Marcia Fudge style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Ohio 12 Troy Balderson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 13 Tim Ryan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Ohio 14 David Joyce style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 15 Steve Stivers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Ohio 16 Anthony Gonzalez style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Oklahoma 1 Kevin Hern style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Oklahoma 2 Markwayne Mullin style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Oklahoma 3 Frank Lucas style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Oklahoma 4 Tom Cole style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Oklahoma 5 Kendra Horn style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Oregon 1 Suzanne Bonamici style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Oregon 2 Greg Walden style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Oregon 3 Earl Blumenauer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Oregon 4 Peter DeFazio style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Oregon 5 Kurt Schrader style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 1 Brian Fitzpatrick style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 2 Brendan Boyle style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 3 Dwight Evans style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 4 Madeleine Dean style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 5 Mary Gay Scanlon style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 6 Chrissy Houlahan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 7 Susan Wild style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 8 Matt Cartwright style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 9 Dan Meuser style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 10 Scott Perry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 11 Lloyd Smucker style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 12 Fred Keller style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 13 John Joyce style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 14 Guy Reschenthaler style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 15 Glenn Thompson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 16 Mike Kelly style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Pennsylvania 17 Conor Lamb style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Pennsylvania 18 Mike Doyle style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Rhode Island 1 David Cicilline style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Rhode Island 2 James Langevin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
South Carolina 1 Joe Cunningham style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
South Carolina 2 Joe Wilson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
South Carolina 3 Jeff Duncan style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
South Carolina 4 William Timmons style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
South Carolina 5 Ralph Norman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
South Carolina 6 Jim Clyburn style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
South Carolina 7 Tom Rice style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
South Dakota at-large Dusty Johnson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 1 Phil Roe style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 2 Tim Burchett style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 3 Chuck Fleischmann style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 4 Scott DesJarlais style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 5 Jim Cooper style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Tennessee 6 John Rose style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 7 Mark E. Green style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 8 David Kustoff style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Tennessee 9 Steve Cohen style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 1 Louie Gohmert style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 2 Dan Crenshaw style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 3 Van Taylor style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 4 John Ratcliffe style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 5 Lance Gooden style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 6 Ron Wright style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 7 Lizzie Pannill Fletcher style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 8 Kevin Brady style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 9 Al Green style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 10 Michael McCaul style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 11 Mike Conaway style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 12 Kay Granger style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 13 Mac Thornberry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 14 Randy Weber style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 15 Vicente González style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 16 Veronica Escobar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 17 Bill Flores style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 18 Sheila Jackson Lee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 19 Jodey Arrington style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 20 Joaquin Castro style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 21 Chip Roy style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 22 Pete Olson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 23 Will Hurd style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 24 Kenny Marchant style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 25 Roger Williams style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 26 Michael C. Burgess style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 27 Michael Cloud style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 28 Henry Cuellar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 29 Sylvia Garcia style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 30 Eddie Bernice Johnson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 31 John Carter style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Texas 32 Colin Allred style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 33 Marc Veasey style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 34 Filemon Vela Jr. style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 35 Lloyd Doggett style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Texas 36 Brian Babin style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Utah 1 Rob Bishop style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Utah 2 Chris Stewart style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Utah 3 John Curtis style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Utah 4 Ben McAdams style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Vermont at-large Peter Welch style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 1 Rob Wittman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Virginia 2 Elaine Luria style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 3 Bobby Scott style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 4 Donald McEachin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 5 Denver Riggleman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Virginia 6 Ben Cline style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Virginia 7 Abigail Spanberger style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 8 Don Beyer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 9 Morgan Griffith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Virginia 10 Jennifer Wexton style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Virginia 11 Gerry Connolly style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 1 Suzan DelBene style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 2 Rick Larsen style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 3 Jaime Herrera Beutler style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Washington 4 Dan Newhouse style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Washington 5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Washington 6 Derek Kilmer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 7 Pramila Jayapal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 8 Kim Schrier style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 9 Adam Smith style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Washington 10 Denny Heck style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
West Virginia 1 David McKinley style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
West Virginia 2 Alex Mooney style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
West Virginia 3 Carol Miller style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Wisconsin 1 Bryan Steil style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Wisconsin 2 Mark Pocan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Wisconsin 3 Ron Kind style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Wisconsin 4 Gwen Moore style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Yea
Wisconsin 5 Jim Sensenbrenner style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Wisconsin 6 Glenn Grothman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Wisconsin 8 Mike Gallagher style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
Wyoming at-large Liz Cheney style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican Nay
List of Votes for Article II – Obstruction of Congress[193]
District Member Party Vote
Alabama 1 Bradley Byrne style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Alabama 2 Martha Roby style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Alabama 3 Mike Rogers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Alabama 4 Robert Aderholt style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Alabama 5 Mo Brooks style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Alabama 6 Gary Palmer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Alabama 7 Terri Sewell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Alaska at-large Don Young style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arizona 1 Tom O'Halleran style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Arizona 2 Ann Kirkpatrick style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Arizona 3 Raúl Grijalva style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Arizona 4 Paul Gosar style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arizona 5 Andy Biggs style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arizona 6 David Schweikert style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arizona 7 Ruben Gallego style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Arizona 8 Debbie Lesko style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arizona 9 Greg Stanton style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Arkansas 1 Rick Crawford style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arkansas 2 French Hill style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arkansas 3 Steve Womack style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Arkansas 4 Bruce Westerman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 1 Doug LaMalfa style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 2 Jared Huffman style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 3 John Garamendi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 4 Tom McClintock style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 5 Mike Thompson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 6 Doris Matsui style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 7 Ami Bera style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 8 Paul Cook style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 9 Jerry McNerney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 10 Josh Harder style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 11 Mark DeSaulnier style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 12 Nancy Pelosi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 13 Barbara Lee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 14 Jackie Speier style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 15 Eric Swalwell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 16 Jim Costa style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 17 Ro Khanna style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 18 Anna Eshoo style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 19 Zoe Lofgren style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 20 Jimmy Panetta style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 21 TJ Cox style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 22 Devin Nunes style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 23 Kevin McCarthy style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 24 Salud Carbajal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 26 Julia Brownley style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 27 Judy Chu style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 28 Adam Schiff style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 29 Tony Cárdenas style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 30 Brad Sherman style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 31 Pete Aguilar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 32 Grace Napolitano style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 33 Ted Lieu style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 34 Jimmy Gomez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 35 Norma Torres style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 36 Raul Ruiz style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 37 Karen Bass style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 38 Linda Sánchez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 39 Gil Cisneros style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 40 Lucille Roybal-Allard style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 41 Mark Takano style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 42 Ken Calvert style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 43 Maxine Waters style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 44 Nanette Barragán style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 45 Katie Porter style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 46 Lou Correa style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 47 Alan Lowenthal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 48 Harley Rouda style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 49 Mike Levin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 50 Duncan D. Hunter style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
California 51 Juan Vargas style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 52 Scott Peters style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
California 53 Susan Davis style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Colorado 1 Diana DeGette style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Colorado 2 Joe Neguse style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Colorado 3 Scott Tipton style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Colorado 4 Ken Buck style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Colorado 5 Doug Lamborn style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Colorado 6 Jason Crow style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Colorado 7 Ed Perlmutter style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Connecticut 1 John B. Larson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Connecticut 2 Joe Courtney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Connecticut 3 Rosa DeLauro style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Connecticut 4 Jim Himes style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Connecticut 5 Jahana Hayes style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Delaware at-large Lisa Blunt Rochester style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 1 Matt Gaetz style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 2 Neal Dunn style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 3 Ted Yoho style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 4 John Rutherford style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 5 Al Lawson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 6 Michael Waltz style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 7 Stephanie Murphy style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 8 Bill Posey style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 9 Darren Soto style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 10 Val Demings style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 11 Daniel Webster style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 12 Gus Bilirakis style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 13 Charlie Crist style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 14 Kathy Castor style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 15 Ross Spano style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 16 Vern Buchanan style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 17 Greg Steube style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 18 Brian Mast style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 19 Francis Rooney style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 20 Alcee Hastings style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 21 Lois Frankel style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 22 Ted Deutch style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 23 Debbie Wasserman Schultz style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 24 Frederica Wilson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 25 Mario Díaz-Balart style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Florida 26 Debbie Mucarsel-Powell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Florida 27 Donna Shalala style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Georgia 1 Buddy Carter style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 2 Sanford Bishop style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Georgia 3 Drew Ferguson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 4 Hank Johnson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Georgia 5 John Lewis style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Georgia 6 Lucy McBath style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Georgia 7 Rob Woodall style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 8 Austin Scott style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 9 Doug Collins style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 10 Jody Hice style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 11 Barry Loudermilk style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 12 Rick W. Allen style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Georgia 13 David Scott style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Georgia 14 Tom Graves style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Hawaii 1 Ed Case style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Hawaii 2 Tulsi Gabbard style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Present
Idaho 1 Russ Fulcher style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Idaho 2 Mike Simpson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Illinois 1 Bobby Rush style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 2 Robin Kelly style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 3 Dan Lipinski style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 4 Jesús "Chuy" García style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 5 Mike Quigley style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 6 Sean Casten style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 7 Danny K. Davis style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 8 Raja Krishnamoorthi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 9 Jan Schakowsky style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 10 Brad Schneider style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 11 Bill Foster style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 12 Mike Bost style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Illinois 13 Rodney Davis style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Illinois 14 Lauren Underwood style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 15 John Shimkus style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Illinois 16 Adam Kinzinger style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Illinois 17 Cheri Bustos style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Illinois 18 Darin LaHood style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 1 Pete Visclosky style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Indiana 2 Jackie Walorski style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 3 Jim Banks style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 4 Jim Baird style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 5 Susan Brooks style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 6 Greg Pence style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 7 André Carson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Indiana 8 Larry Bucshon style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Indiana 9 Trey Hollingsworth style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Iowa 1 Abby Finkenauer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Iowa 2 Dave Loebsack style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Iowa 3 Cindy Axne style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Iowa 4 Steve King style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kansas 1 Roger Marshall style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kansas 2 Steve Watkins style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kansas 3 Sharice Davids style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Kansas 4 Ron Estes style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kentucky 1 James Comer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kentucky 2 Brett Guthrie style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kentucky 3 John Yarmuth style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Kentucky 4 Thomas Massie style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kentucky 5 Hal Rogers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Kentucky 6 Andy Barr style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Louisiana 1 Steve Scalise style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Louisiana 2 Cedric Richmond style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Louisiana 3 Clay Higgins style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Louisiana 4 Mike Johnson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Louisiana 5 Ralph Abraham style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Louisiana 6 Garret Graves style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Maine 1 Chellie Pingree style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Maine 2 Jared Golden style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic No
Maryland 1 Andy Harris style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Maryland 2 Dutch Ruppersberger style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Maryland 3 John Sarbanes style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Maryland 4 Anthony G. Brown style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Maryland 5 Steny Hoyer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Maryland 6 David Trone style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Maryland 8 Jamie Raskin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 1 Richard Neal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 2 Jim McGovern style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 3 Lori Trahan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 4 Joe Kennedy III style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 5 Katherine Clark style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 6 Seth Moulton style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 7 Ayanna Pressley style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 8 Stephen F. Lynch style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Massachusetts 9 Bill Keating style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 1 Jack Bergman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Michigan 2 Bill Huizenga style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Michigan 3 Justin Amash style="background-color:Template:Independent (US)/meta/color" | Independent Aye
Michigan 4 John Moolenaar style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Michigan 5 Dan Kildee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 6 Fred Upton style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Michigan 7 Tim Walberg style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Michigan 8 Elissa Slotkin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 9 Andy Levin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 10 Paul Mitchell style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Michigan 11 Haley Stevens style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 12 Debbie Dingell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 13 Rashida Tlaib style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Michigan 14 Brenda Lawrence style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Minnesota 1 Jim Hagedorn style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Minnesota 2 Angie Craig style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Minnesota 3 Dean Phillips style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Minnesota 4 Betty McCollum style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Minnesota 5 Ilhan Omar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Minnesota 6 Tom Emmer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Minnesota 7 Collin Peterson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic No
Minnesota 8 Pete Stauber style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Mississippi 1 Trent Kelly style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Mississippi 2 Bennie Thompson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Mississippi 3 Michael Guest style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Mississippi 4 Steven Palazzo style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Missouri 1 Lacy Clay style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Missouri 2 Ann Wagner style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Missouri 3 Blaine Luetkemeyer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Missouri 4 Vicky Hartzler style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Missouri 5 Emanuel Cleaver style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Missouri 6 Sam Graves style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Missouri 7 Billy Long style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Missouri 8 Jason Smith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Montana at-large Greg Gianforte style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Nebraska 1 Jeff Fortenberry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Nebraska 2 Don Bacon style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Nebraska 3 Adrian Smith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Nevada 1 Dina Titus style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Nevada 2 Mark Amodei style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Nevada 3 Susie Lee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Nevada 4 Steven Horsford style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Hampshire 1 Chris Pappas style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Hampshire 2 Ann McLane Kuster style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 1 Donald Norcross style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 2 Jeff Van Drew style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic No
New Jersey 3 Andy Kim style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 4 Chris Smith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
New Jersey 5 Josh Gottheimer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 6 Frank Pallone style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 7 Tom Malinowski style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 8 Albio Sires style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 9 Bill Pascrell style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 10 Donald Payne Jr. style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 11 Mikie Sherrill style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Jersey 12 Bonnie Watson Coleman style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Mexico 1 Deb Haaland style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Mexico 2 Xochitl Torres Small style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New Mexico 3 Ben Ray Luján style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 1 Lee Zeldin style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
New York 2 Peter T. King style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
New York 3 Thomas Suozzi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 4 Kathleen Rice style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 5 Gregory Meeks style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 6 Grace Meng style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 7 Nydia Velázquez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 8 Hakeem Jeffries style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 9 Yvette Clarke style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 10 Jerry Nadler style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 11 Max Rose style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 12 Carolyn Maloney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 13 Adriano Espaillat style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 14 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 15 José E. Serrano style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 16 Eliot Engel style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 17 Nita Lowey style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 18 Sean Patrick Maloney style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 19 Antonio Delgado style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 20 Paul Tonko style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 21 Elise Stefanik style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
New York 22 Anthony Brindisi style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 23 Tom Reed style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
New York 24 John Katko style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
New York 25 Joseph Morelle style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
New York 26 Brian Higgins style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
North Carolina 1 G. K. Butterfield style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
North Carolina 2 George Holding style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 3 Greg Murphy style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 4 David Price style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
North Carolina 5 Virginia Foxx style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 6 Mark Walker style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 7 David Rouzer style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 8 Richard Hudson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 9 Dan Bishop style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 10 Patrick McHenry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 11 Mark Meadows style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Carolina 12 Alma Adams style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
North Carolina 13 Ted Budd style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
North Dakota at-large Kelly Armstrong style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 1 Steve Chabot style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 2 Brad Wenstrup style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 3 Joyce Beatty style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Ohio 4 Jim Jordan style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 5 Bob Latta style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 6 Bill Johnson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 7 Bob Gibbs style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 8 Warren Davidson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 9 Marcy Kaptur style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Ohio 10 Mike Turner style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 11 Marcia Fudge style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Ohio 12 Troy Balderson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 13 Tim Ryan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Ohio 14 David Joyce style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 15 Steve Stivers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Ohio 16 Anthony Gonzalez style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Oklahoma 1 Kevin Hern style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Oklahoma 2 Markwayne Mullin style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Oklahoma 3 Frank Lucas style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Oklahoma 4 Tom Cole style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Oklahoma 5 Kendra Horn style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Oregon 1 Suzanne Bonamici style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Oregon 2 Greg Walden style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Oregon 3 Earl Blumenauer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Oregon 4 Peter DeFazio style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Oregon 5 Kurt Schrader style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 1 Brian Fitzpatrick style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 2 Brendan Boyle style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 3 Dwight Evans style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 4 Madeleine Dean style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 5 Mary Gay Scanlon style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 6 Chrissy Houlahan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 7 Susan Wild style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 8 Matt Cartwright style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 9 Dan Meuser style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 10 Scott Perry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 11 Lloyd Smucker style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 12 Fred Keller style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 13 John Joyce style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 14 Guy Reschenthaler style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 15 Glenn Thompson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 16 Mike Kelly style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Pennsylvania 17 Conor Lamb style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Pennsylvania 18 Mike Doyle style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Rhode Island 1 David Cicilline style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Rhode Island 2 James Langevin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
South Carolina 1 Joe Cunningham style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
South Carolina 2 Joe Wilson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
South Carolina 3 Jeff Duncan style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
South Carolina 4 William Timmons style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
South Carolina 5 Ralph Norman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
South Carolina 6 Jim Clyburn style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
South Carolina 7 Tom Rice style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
South Dakota at-large Dusty Johnson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 1 Phil Roe style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 2 Tim Burchett style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 3 Chuck Fleischmann style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 4 Scott DesJarlais style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 5 Jim Cooper style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Tennessee 6 John Rose style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 7 Mark E. Green style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 8 David Kustoff style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Tennessee 9 Steve Cohen style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 1 Louie Gohmert style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 2 Dan Crenshaw style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 3 Van Taylor style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 4 John Ratcliffe style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 5 Lance Gooden style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 6 Ron Wright style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 7 Lizzie Pannill Fletcher style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 8 Kevin Brady style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 9 Al Green style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 10 Michael McCaul style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 11 Mike Conaway style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 12 Kay Granger style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 13 Mac Thornberry style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 14 Randy Weber style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 15 Vicente González style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 16 Veronica Escobar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 17 Bill Flores style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 18 Sheila Jackson Lee style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 19 Jodey Arrington style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 20 Joaquin Castro style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 21 Chip Roy style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 22 Pete Olson style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 23 Will Hurd style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 24 Kenny Marchant style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 25 Roger Williams style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 26 Michael C. Burgess style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 27 Michael Cloud style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 28 Henry Cuellar style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 29 Sylvia Garcia style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 30 Eddie Bernice Johnson style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 31 John Carter style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Texas 32 Colin Allred style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 33 Marc Veasey style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 34 Filemon Vela Jr. style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 35 Lloyd Doggett style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Texas 36 Brian Babin style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Utah 1 Rob Bishop style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Utah 2 Chris Stewart style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Utah 3 John Curtis style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Utah 4 Ben McAdams style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Vermont at-large Peter Welch style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 1 Rob Wittman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Virginia 2 Elaine Luria style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 3 Bobby Scott style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 4 Donald McEachin style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 5 Denver Riggleman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Virginia 6 Ben Cline style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Virginia 7 Abigail Spanberger style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 8 Don Beyer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 9 Morgan Griffith style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Virginia 10 Jennifer Wexton style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Virginia 11 Gerry Connolly style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 1 Suzan DelBene style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 2 Rick Larsen style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 3 Jaime Herrera Beutler style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Washington 4 Dan Newhouse style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Washington 5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Washington 6 Derek Kilmer style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 7 Pramila Jayapal style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 8 Kim Schrier style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 9 Adam Smith style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Washington 10 Denny Heck style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
West Virginia 1 David McKinley style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
West Virginia 2 Alex Mooney style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
West Virginia 3 Carol Miller style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Wisconsin 1 Bryan Steil style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Wisconsin 2 Mark Pocan style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Wisconsin 3 Ron Kind style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Wisconsin 4 Gwen Moore style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic Aye
Wisconsin 5 Jim Sensenbrenner style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Wisconsin 6 Glenn Grothman style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Wisconsin 8 Mike Gallagher style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No
Wyoming at-large Liz Cheney style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican No

Preparation for Senate trial

Main article: Impeachment trial of Donald Trump

As the articles of impeachment moved to a vote before the full House and referral to the Senate for trial, Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell met with White House Counsel Pat Cipollone and congressional liaison Eric Ueland, later stating, "Everything I do during this I'm coordinating with the White House counsel. There will be no difference between the president's position and our position as to how to handle this."[194] McConnell also said there was "No chance" the Senate would convict Trump and remove him from office, while declaring his wish that all Senate Republicans would acquit Trump of both articles of impeachment.[195] Two days later, Judiciary Committee chairman Lindsey Graham stated, "I am trying to give a pretty clear signal I have made up my mind. I'm not trying to pretend to be a fair juror here ... I will do everything I can to make [the impeachment trial] die quickly."[196] Three days later, McConnell stated, "I'm not an impartial juror. This is a political process. There is not anything judicial about it. Impeachment is a political decision."[197] The Constitution mandates senators to take an impeachment oath, in which by Senate rules is stated, "I will do impartial justice according to the Constitution and laws, so help me God."[198][199]

On December 15, Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, in a letter to McConnell, called for Mulvaney, Robert Blair, John Bolton and Michael Duffey to testify in the expected Senate trial, and suggested that pre-trial proceedings take place on January 6, 2020.[200] Two days later, McConnell rejected the call for witnesses to testify, saying that the Senate's job is only to judge, not to investigate. Schumer quickly replied, citing bipartisan public support for the testimony of witnesses who could fill in gaps caused by Trump preventing his staff from testifying in the House investigation.[201][202]

Citing a need to "See what the process is on the Senate side," on the day of the impeachment Pelosi declined to commit on when, or even if, the impeachment resolution would be transmitted to the Senate, stating, "So far we haven’t seen anything that looks fair to us."[203]

Public opinion

As of mid December 2019, Americans remained sharply divided on whether Trump should be removed from office.[204] A USA Today/Suffolk University poll conducted on December 10–14, 2019 found that 45% of respondents supported the impeachment and removal of Trump of office, while 51% opposed it.[205] A CNN poll conducted on December 12–15 also found 45% supported impeachment, compared to 48% who opposed the idea.[206] A Gallup poll released on the day of Trump's impeachment found that Trump's approval rating increased by 6 points during the impeachment process, while support for the impeachment fell. [207]

Polling of support for the impeachment and removal of Trump from office among Americans
Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Support[e] Oppose[e] Undecided
YouGov/Yahoo! News[208] Dec 4–6 1500 ± 2.8% 47% 39% 16%
Monmouth University[209] Dec 4–8 903 ± 3.3% 45% 50% 5%
Fox News[210] Dec 8–11 1000 ± 3% 50% 41% 5%
NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist[211] Dec 9–11 1508 ± 3.5% 46% 49% 5%
USA Today / Suffolk[205] Dec 10–14 1000 ± 3% 45% 50% 5%
Quinnipiac University[212] Dec 11–15 1390 ± 4.1% 45% 51% 4%
CNN / SSRS[206] Dec 12–15 888 ± 3.7% 45% 48% 9%

Notes

  1. ^ Privileged business takes precedence over the regular order of business, so the House addressed it right away.[29]
  2. ^ Firtash also hired Joseph diGenova and Victoria Toensing, a husband and wife team of attorneys with ties to Giuliani and Trump and who frequently appear on Fox News to promote conspiracy theories related to Ukraine.[46][47] DiGenova and Toensing met with Attorney General William Barr and other Justice Department officials in a failed attempt to convince the prosecutors to drop the charges against Firtash.[48][49]
  3. ^ Ukraine is not a European Union member, but has sought to become one, a move that Russia and pro-Russia Ukrainians have sought to obstruct.
  4. ^ Alexander Vindman later testified that this transcript omitted crucial words and phrases, including 'Burisma', the name of the company Hunter Biden had worked for.[84][85]
  5. ^ a b These polls are color-coded relative to the margin of error (×2 for spread). If the poll is within the doubled margin of error, both colors are used. If the margin of error is, for example, 2.5, then the spread would be 5, so a 50% support / 45% oppose would be tied.

References

  1. ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Shear, Michael D. (December 18, 2019). "Trump Impeached for Abuse of Power and Obstruction of Congress – Voting nearly along party lines, the House approved two articles of impeachment against President Trump, making him the third president in history to face removal by the Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  2. ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clare; Miller, Zeke; Long, Colleen; Tucker, Eric; Colvin, Jill (December 3, 2019). "House Releases 300-Page Report Outlining Evidence for Trump's Impeachment". Time. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  3. ^ Weiland, Noah (December 3, 2019). "Impeachment Briefing: The Democratic Report". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (December 3, 2019). "Report of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Pursuant to H. Res. 660 in Consultation with the House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs" (PDF). U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  5. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Baker, Peter (December 18, 2019). "Key Moments: The Day the House Impeached Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  6. ^ Revesz, Rachael (January 20, 2017). "Website aiming to impeach Donald Trump so popular it crashed". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 7, 2019 suggested (help)
  7. ^ Gold, Matea (January 20, 2017). "The campaign to impeach President Trump has begun". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  8. ^ Singman, Brooke (June 7, 2017). "Reps. Green and Sherman announce plan to file articles of impeachment". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  9. ^ Draft resolutions: Sherman, Brad (June 12, 2017). "Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors" (PDF). United States House of Representatives. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017. and Green, Al (May 17, 2017). "Calling for Impeachment of the President" (PDF). Congressional Record. Vol. 63, no. 85. United States House of Representatives. pp. H4227 – H4228. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017. (video at YouTube Archived June 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine)
  10. ^ McPherson, Lindsey (June 12, 2017). "Democratic Rep. Sherman Drafts Article of Impeachment Against Trump". Roll Call. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
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